TE800 Series
TE820B / TE820
User Manual
601-00019 Rev. A3
445 Jan Davis Drive NW
Digium, Inc.
Huntsvil le, AL 35806
United States
Main Number: 1.256. 428.6000
Tech Support: 1.256.428.6161
U.S. Toll Free : 1.877.344.4861
Sales: 1.256.428.6262
www.digium.com
www.asterisk.org
www.asterisknow.org
© Digium, Inc. 2 013
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be copied, distributed, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a
retri eval s yst em , or t ran sl ated i nt o a ny huma n or compu te r lan gu ag e with ou t t he pr io r wri tte n
permission of Digium, Inc.
Digium, Inc. has made every effort to ensure that the instructions contained in this document
are ade q uate and error f ree . The manufact u re r w i ll, if neces s ar y , ex pl ain issu es w h ic h m ay
not be covered by this documentation. The manufacturer’s liability for any errors in the
docume nts is limited to the correct ion of errors and the aforementioned a dvisory services .
This doc ument h as been p repar ed for us e by profe ssiona l and pr operly tr ained p ersonn el,
and the cus to m er as su m es fu ll re sp onsibility when us in g it.
Adobe and Acrobat are registered trademarks, and Acrobat Reader is a trademark of Adobe
Systems Incorporated.
Asterisk, Digium, Switchvox, and AsteriskNOW are registered trademarks and Asterisk
Business Edition, AsteriskGUI, and Asterisk Appliance are trademarks of Digium, Inc.
Any other trademarks mentioned in the document are the property of their respective owners.
Digium, Inc. Page 2
Compliance Information
Compliance information for this product is available at
http://www.digium.com/ccs-compliance.
Digium, Inc. Page 3
Introduction to TE800 Series Documentation
This manual is a user guide for Digi um’s TE800 Serie s cards . The Digium
TE800 Series cards are a T1/E1 capable card series created for voice. The
cards in this series a re as fol lo w s:
Model Features Type
TE820B
TE820
Table 1: TE800 Series Cards
8 Ports, Echo Cancellation
8 Ports
PCI Express
PCI Express
Digium, Inc. Page 4
Document Organization
The TE800 Series user’s guide is organized in the following manner:
Chapter/
Appendix
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
Title Description
Overview Identifies the features of the card you received. This
Card Installation Provides instructions for installing the card in your
Configuration Provides examples for configuring dial plan options.
Troublesh ooting Explains resolutions to common problems and
Pin Assignments Lists the connectors and pin as s ignments.
Specifications Details card specifications.
Glossary and
Acronyms
chapter cov e r s application s a nd us es of the TE800
Series cards i n the real world.
PC, acquiring correct drivers , and checking device
compatibility.
frequentl y as ked questions pertaining to card
installation and usage.
Defines terms related to this product.
Digium, Inc. Page 5
Symbol Definitions
Caution stat emen ts in dicate a c onditio n whe r e d amage to t he un it o r
its configuration could occur if operational procedures are not
followed. To reduce the risk of damage or injury, follow all steps or
procedures as instructed.
The ESD sym b o l in d i ca t es electrostat i c sen s i tive d evices. O b ser v e
prec autions for handling de vices. Wear a properly grounded
electrostatic discharge (ESD) wrist strap while handling the device.
The Electrical Hazard Symbol indicates a possibility of electrical
shock when operat ing this unit in certain s ituations. To reduce the
risk of damage or injury, follow all steps or pr ocedures as
instructed.
Digium, Inc. Page 6
User Cautions
Servicing.
Do not attempt to service this card unless specifically instructed to do
so. Do not attempt to remove the card from your equipment while
power is present. Refer servicing to qualified service pe rsonnel.
Important Safety Instructions
Water and Moisture.
Do not spill liquids on this unit. Do not operate this equipment in a
wet environment.
Heat.
Do not operate or store this product near heat sources such as
radiators, air ducts, areas subject to direc t, intense sunlight, or other
products that produce heat.
Static Electricity.
To reduce the risk of damaging the unit or your equipment, do not
attempt to open the e nclosur e or ga in acc es s to areas where you are
not instructed to do so. Refer servicing to qualified service personnel.
Save these instructions for future reference.
Digium, Inc. Page 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Chapter 2
Card Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Echo-Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
What is Asterisk®? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Asterisk as a Phone S witch (PBX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Asterisk asa Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Asterisk in the Call Ce nter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Asterisk in the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Asterisk Everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Unpacking the Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Shipment Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Identifying Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
T1/E1 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Connecting Timing Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Slot Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Hardware Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Software Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Installing Asterisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 3
Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Digiu m, In c . Page 8
Table Of Contents
ConfiguringCard Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
ConfiguringT1/E1 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Testing Your Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Chapter 4
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Appendix A
Pin Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Appendix B
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Appendix C
Glossary and Ac ronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
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List of Figures
Figure : Sample Legacy Phone Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure : Sample Channel Bank Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Figure : Sample IP Phone Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Figure : TE820B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure : TE820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Figure : Y -adapter Dongle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Figure : Dongle Split End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Figure : Differential Timing Port Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure : Legacy Timing P ort Exam ple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Figure : Motherboard Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Figure : Insert the Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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List of T ables
Table 1: TE800 Series Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 1: Card Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table A-1: TE800 Series RJ45 Telco Port Connector . . . . . . . . . 60
Table A-2: Dongle Split A RJ45 Telco Port Connector . . . . . . . .61
Table A-3: Dongle Split B RJ45 Telco Port Connector . . . . . . . .62
Table B-4: Maximum Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Digium, Inc. Page 11
Chapter 1 Overview
The Digium TE800 Series is a T1/E1/J1 capable car d serie s created for
voice. They support industry standard protocols, including Robbed Bit
Signaling (also known as CAS or Channel Associate d Signaling), CCS
(Common Channel Signaling), E&M, and Primary Rate IS DN (PRI).
They are also capable of DACSing channels from one span to another.
The TE800 Series cards are ideal for connecting phones to a channel
bank, connecting to T1/E1 switches, or connecting to a legacy PBX. The
Y-adapter dongle that Digium engineered for use with the Digium TE800
Series allows twice the amount of spans to fit in a single PC slot, taking
up less space to allow for more peripher al s. Des igned to be fully
compatible with existing sof tware applications and integrate fully with
the Asterisk platfor m, th e TE800 Series cards allow many advanced call
features.
This manual is for use with the TE820/TE820B PCI Express car d. The se
are identified colle ctively as the TE800 Series cards throughout this
manual.
Digiu m, In c . P age 1 2
Voice Modes:
Chapter 1: Overview
PR I CP E an d PRI N E T
– NI1
– NI2
– Eu roISDN
– 4ESS (AT&T)
– 5ESS (Lucent)
– DMS100
– Q.SIG
E&M
– Wink
– Feature Group B
– Feature Group D
FXO and FXS
– Ground Start
– Loop Start
– Loop Start with Disconnect Detect
The TE800 Series cards can be used to connect your Asterisk machine to
the PSTN world, your channel bank, or even another PBX. This is
accomplished via a T1/E1 interface. The cards allow Asterisk software to
Digium, Inc. Page 13
Chapter 1: Overview
connect to your network, creating a professional telephony environment.
Figure 2 shows an example of the card’s primary applicat ion.
Figure 1: Sample Legacy Phone Application
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Chapter 1: Overview
Figure 2: Sample Channel Bank Application
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Chapter 1: Overview
Figure 3: Sample IP Phone Application
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Echo-Cancellation
Chapter 1: Overview
Users connecting their TE800 Series cards to the PSTN or other devices
are likely to be placing calls that will result, at some point, in an
unbalanced 4-wire/2- wire hybrid. The result of this hybrid is the
reflection of a ne ar-end echo to the calling party. Elimination of this echo
is the responsibility of ec ho cancellation.
The TE800 Series cards, unless other wise equipped, utilize Asterisk to
perform software-based echo cancellation. Asterisk mainta ins a number
of open source echo c ancelers. These open sou rce echo cancelers provide
a moderate level of echo cancellation, but are not capabl e of dealing with
higher levels of, or more advanced, echoes.
Digium recommends that those users concerned about echo cancellation
purchase the VPMOCT256 hardware echo cancellation module. The
VPMOCT256 may be combined with any of the TE800 Series cards.
The VPMOCT256 is designed t o handle up to 128ms of echo ca ncell ation
across all channels and provides a G.168 compliant echo cancellation
solution.
If equipped and not explicitly disabled in chan_dahdi.conf, th e
VPMOCT256 will automatically oper ate and cancel all network echo
within its tail range (1024 ta ps).
Digium, Inc. Page 17
Chapter 1: Overview
What is Asterisk®?
Asterisk is th e world’ s leading open source telephony engine and tool kit.
Offering fle xibility unheard of in the world of proprietary
communications, Asterisk empowers developers and integrators to create
advanced communication solutions...for free. Asterisk is released as open
source under the GNU General Public License (GPL), a nd it is available
for download free of charge. Asterisk is the most popular open source
telephony software available, with the Aste risk Community being the top
influencer in VoIP.
Asterisk as a Phone Switch (PBX)
Asterisk can be configured as th e core of an IP or hybrid PBX, switching
calls, managing routes, enabling features, and connecting callers with the
outside world over IP, analog (POTS), and digital (T1/E1/J1/BRI)
connections.
Asterisk runs on a wide variety of opera ting systems including Linux,
Mac OS X, OpenBSD, FreeBSD, and Sun Solaris. It provides all of the
features you would exp ect from a PBX inclu ding many advanced f eatu res
that are often associate d with high end (and high cost) proprietary PBXs.
Asterisk's archi tecture is designed for maximum flexibility and supports
Voice over IP in many protocols, and can interoperate with almost all
standards-base d telephony equipment using relatively inexpensive
hardware.
Asterisk as a Gateway
It can also be built out as the heart of a media gateway, bridging the
legacy PSTN to the expanding world of IP telephony. Asterisk’s modular
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Chapter 1: Overview
architecture a llows it to co nvert betwee n a wide ran ge of communicat ions
protocols and media codecs.
Asterisk as a Feature/Media Server
Need an IVR? Asterisk’s got you covered. How about a conference
bridge? Yep. It’s in there. What about an autom ated attendant? Asterisk
does that too. How about a replacement for your agi ng legacy voicemail
system? Can do. Unified messaging? No problem. Need a telephony
interface for your web site? Okay.
Asterisk in the Call Center
Asterisk has been adopted by call centers around the world based on its
flexibility. Call center and contact center developers have built complete
ACD systems based on Asterisk. Asterisk has also added new life to
existing call center solutions by adding remote IP agent capabilities,
advanced skills-based routing, predictive and bulk dialing, and more.
Asterisk in the Network
Internet Telephony Service Providers (ITSPs), Competitive Local
Exchange Ca rri ers (C LEC s ) an d eve n first -t ier incu m b en ts hav e
discovered the power of open source communications with Asterisk.
Feature servers, hosted services clusters, voicemail systems, and pre-paid
calling solution s, al l based on Asterisk have helped reduce costs and
enabled flexibility.
Digium, Inc. Page 19
Asterisk Everywhere
Chapter 1: Overview
Asterisk has become the basis for thousands of communications
solutions. If you need to communicate, Asterisk is your answe r. For more
information on Asteris k, visit http://www.asterisk .org or
http://www.digium.com.
Digium, Inc. Page 20
Chapter 2 Card Installation
This chapter provides the following information:
Unpacking the Card on page 22
Sh i pment Inspecti on on page 22
I den tify i ng P or ts on page 23
T1/E1 Selection on page 26
Connecting Timing Cables on page 27
Slot Compatibility on page 30
Hardware Installation on page 32
Software Installation on page 34
Note: The TE800 Series card installation instructions are written so
that they will apply to any card in the series. E xamples and card
specific inf ormation are included as ne ed ed.
Digiu m, In c . Page 21
Unpacking the Card
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
When you unpack your card, carefull y inspect it fo r any damage that may
have occurred in shipment. If damage is sus pected, file a claim with the
carrier and contact your reseller from which the card was purchased, or
contact Digium Technical Support (+1.256.428.6161). Keep the original
shipping container to use fo r future shipment or proof of damage during
shipment.
Note: Only qualified service personnel should install the card. Users
should not attempt to perform thi s function themselves. The installer
must ensure that the equipment is permanently connected equipment,
pluggable type B or connecte d t o a socke t-outle t tha t has bee n checke d
to ensure that it is reliably earthed in accordance with the National
Electrica l Code.
Shipmen t Ins pec ti o n
The following items are includ ed in shipment of the TE800 Series:
TE800 Series card (TE820/820B)
Four Y-adapter dongles
Digium, Inc. Page 22
Identifyi ng P or ts
Port
1
2
3
4
PCI Express
Connector
Differential
Timing
Port
Voice
Processing
Module
Legacy
Timing
Port
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
The TE800 Series cards consists of 4 RJ45 ports and eight status LEDs.
The ports are used for connecting T1, E1, or J1 cables via Y-adapter
dongles. Refer to Figure 4 on page 23 and Figure 5 on page 24 to locate
the ports and status LEDs.
Note: The TE800 Series cards c an be used without Y-adapter dongles,
but only spans 1 through 4 will be accessible .
Figure 4: TE820B
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Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Span
Status
LEDs
Figure 5: TE820
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Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Split A
Spans 1-4
Split B
Spans 5-8
The Y-adapter dongles are provided for accessing all 8 spans on
the TE800 Series cards. Refer to Figure 6 and Figure 7 to identify a
dongle and its split end ports. Pin assignments are available starting on
page 60.
Figure 6: Y-adapter Dongle
Figure 7: Dongle Split End
Digium, Inc. Page 25
T1/E1 Selection
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
The TE800 Series cards can be configur e d for either T1 or E1 mode. The
T1/E1 mode may be specified in the drivers using either the
default_linemode=t1 or default_linemode=e1 module parameter when
the drivers are loaded. This will set the mode for all spans on the card.
T1 Mode (Recommended Method) - Include the following in
/etc/modprobe.d/dahdi.conf:
options wct4xxp default_linemode=t1
T1 Mode (Alternate Method):
# modprobe wct4xxp default_linemode=t1
E1 Mode (Recommended Method) - Include the following in
/etc/modprobe.d/dahdi.conf:
options wct4xxp default_linemode=e1
E1 Mode (Alternate Method):
# modprobe wct4xpp default_linemode=e1
Digium, Inc. Page 26
Connecting Timing Cables
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
The timing port allows up to three TE800 Series cards to share the same
sync (timing) source from the T1 line provider, or provide a consistent
sync source across multipl e cards. This is a useful feature for fax modes
and some voice applications to prevent corruption due to timing slips on
the second, or third cards.
T o utilize this feature, dai sy-chain the P3 connector between each card
using the Digium 3-position, 10-pin tim ing cable. See Figure 8 on page 28
for an example.
Note: Certain previous model Digium products use a Legacy Timing
Port instead of the Dif ferential Timing Port (P3 connector). If a card is
installed that has only a Legacy Timing Port, daisy-chain the P4
connector between each card using the Digium 4-position timing
cable. See Figure 9 on page 29 for an example.
Enable this feature in the drivers using the
the drivers are loaded:
# modprobe wct4xxp timingcable=1
Note: Do not hook up the Dif f erential Timing Port and Legacy Timing
Port at the same time. Only one can be used at a time.
timingcable=1 switch when
Digium, Inc. Page 27
Figure 8: Differential Timing Port Example
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Digium, Inc. Page 28
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Figure 9: Le gacy Timing Port E x am ple
Caution.
Only qualified service personnel s hould continue wi th
hardware inst allation and configuration of the TE800 Series
card. Non-q ualified personnel should not attempt to perf orm
these functions themselves.
Digium, Inc. Page 29
Slot Compatibility
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Check your motherboa rd to verify that a compatible slot is avai la ble for a
TE800 Series card. To determine which slots you have on your
motherboard, identify them by comparing them to those shown in
Figure 10.
Slot Number:
0: AGP Pro Slot
1: 64-bit 5.0 volt PCI Slot
2: 64-bit 3.3 volt PCI Slot
3: 32-bit 5.0 volt PCI Slot
4: PCI Express 1-lane (x1) Slot
5: PCI Express 4-lane (x4) Slot
6: PCI Express 8-lane (x8) Slot
7: PCI Express 16-lane (x16) Slot
Figure 10: Motherboard Slots
Digium, Inc. Page 30
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
The TE820/TE820B card is keyed for a PCI Express 1-lane (x1) slot and
will work in any PCIe revision 1.0 compliant slot, including lane lengths
x4, x8, and x16. This means that in the motherboard shown in Figure 10,
the TE820/TE820B card will f it into Slots 4, 5, 6, or 7 (PCI Express), but
cannot fi t into a n y o f th e o ther sl ots.
Digium, Inc. Page 31
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Hardware Installat ion
1. Now that you are acquainted with the cards, power down your
computer and unplug it from its power sourc e.
2. Attach a static strap to your wrist and open the case.
3. Remove the bracket place holder and insert the card into a PCI
Express slot. See Figure 11 for an example of card installation.
Figure 1 1: Insert the Card
4. Replace the cover to your computer.
5. Plug all T1 or E1 equipment cables and dongles into the RJ45 ports as
needed.
Caution.
This unit must be connected to the Telecommunications
Network in your country using an approved line cord (e.g. for
Australia us e only line cords complying with AS/CA
S008:2010).
Digium, Inc. Page 32
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Caution.
This unit must be connected only to the appropriate
Telecommuni cations Network port (as approved for use in your
specific country).
Digium, Inc. Page 33
Software Installation
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
Digium hardware requires drivers and libraries that are not integrated
with the Linux kernel. Digium hardware is supported only under Linux.
Digium recommends CentOS, Debian, R ed Hat, and Ubuntu di stribut ions
of Linux. However, m any other distributions are supported by Digium
Technical Support.
Digium’s software, including drivers and application software, may be
obtained from Digium’s download server at:
http://downloads.digium.com
For an introduction to Asterisk, Digium’s telephony software, including
additional infor mation on its configuration, setup, and features, please
refer to:
http://www.asterisk.org
For the latest information on se tting up and configuring DAHDI drivers
for your Digium hardwar e product, please refer to t he lat est relea se of t his
manual which is available fro m the product-specific documentation
section at:
http://www.digium.com
To install your TE800 Series card, you will need:
Linux 2.6 kernel headers
Development libraries and headers for ncurses
Development libraries and headers for zlib and openssl
Development libraries and headers for newt
GCC and standard software b uild tools
It is recommended that you use the most recent version of the Asterisk,
DAHDI, and libpri software for the best re sults. If you have previously
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Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
installed any of these, Digium recommends that you upgrade to the latest
“-current” version of each.
Note: DAHDI 2.6.0 or newer is required. If you are using the 1.4.x
series of Asterisk, you will need Asterisk 1.4.22 or newer.
Digium, Inc. Page 35
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
1. After the machine has booted to Linux, log in and execute the
following command to list the devic es detected by the PCI bus:
# lspci -nn | grep d161
Confirm that the output from lspci lists a device with Digium’s PCI
vendor ID which is “d161”. The screen output should be similar to the
following:
04:08.0 Communication controller [0780]: Digium,
Inc. Device [d161:<card identifier>] (rev 02)
Note: The output from lspci may or may not state “Unknown
device”. If it does, this does not indicate a problem.
In the PCI device listing shown above, <card identifier> will be
populated with one of the identifiers listed in the table below.
Digium, Inc. Page 36
Table 1: Card Identifiers
Model Identifier
TE820B 1820
TE820 1820
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
A Digium TE800 Series (TE820B/TE820) card identifier should be
listed. If a matching card identifier is not listed, then your machine is
not PCI Express compatible, and the card will not work with your
motherboard.
2. Download the latest version of libpri. Substitu te the version of libpri
for the X.X in the command line below. libpri is availa ble for
download from:
http://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/libpri
# wget http://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/
libpri/libpri-X.X.current.tar.gz
Note: There is no coorelation between the versioning of libpri and
Asterisk. The libpri 1.4 br anch will function with the Asterisk 1.6 and
1.8 branches.
3. Ex p and th e down l oad ed file , com pil e its c onten ts , and in s tal l the
libraries. Substitute the version of libpri for the X.X and X.X.X in the
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Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
command lines below.
# tar -zxvf libpri-X.X-current.tar.gz
# cd libpri-X.X.X/
# make
# make install
4.
Download the latest DAHDI drivers with tools. DAHDI 2.6.0 or
newer is required. DAHDI is available for download from:
http://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/dahdi-linux-complete
# wget http://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/
dahdi-linux-complete/dahdi-linux-completecurrent.tar.gz
5.
Expand the dow nl oad ed file , compile its contents , and in sta l l the
drivers and tools. Substitute the version of DAHDI for the X.X.X in
the command lines below.
# tar -zxvf dahdi-linux-complete-current.tar.gz
# cd dahdi-linux-complete-X.X.X+X.X.X
# make
# make install
# make config
Note: Executing ‘make config’ will install an init script and symlinks
which will allow you to start and stop DAHDI as a service.
Digium, Inc. Page 38
Installing Asteris k
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
If you wish to use Asterisk with your new hardware, you can follow the
instructions below.
1. Download the latest release version of Asterisk, ei ther 1.4.22 (or
later), 1.6.0.1 (or later), or 1.8.0 (or later). Substitute the version of
Asterisk for the X.X in the command below. Asterisk is available for
download from:
http://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/asterisk
# wget http://downloads.digium.com/pub/telephony/
asterisk/asterisk-X.X-current.tar.gz
2.
Expand the dow nl oad ed file , compile its contents , and in sta l l the
application. Substitute the version of Asterisk for the the X.X and
X.X.X in the command lines below.
# tar -zxvf asterisk-X.X-current.tar.gz
# cd asterisk-X.X.X/
# ./configure
# make menuselect
# make
# make install
Digium, Inc. Page 39
Chapte r 2 : C ar d I n st a lla t io n
3. If this is the fir st Asterisk i nsta llat ion o n this s yste m, yo u should insta ll
the sample configurati on files. T o do this, r un:
# make samples
Note: Running this command will overwrite, after making a backup
copy, any older Asterisk configuration files that you have in the /etc/
asterisk directory.
If your installation has failed, it may be because you are missing one
or more of the build dependencies, the kerne l headers, or the
development tools. Please contact your reseller where the card was
purchased, or call Digium Technical Support (+1.256.428.6161) for
assistance.
Complete instructi ons for installing Asterisk are available at
www.asterisk.org.
Digium, Inc. Page 40
Chapter 3 Configuration
The TE800 Series cards have a variety of configuration options. This
chapter provides confi gurations for PRI, channel bank, and E&M wink.
These sample configurations are provided to assist you in familiarizing
yourself with the flexibi lity of editing the conf iguration fi les to meet your
specific needs. The list of possible configurations is too expansive to
cover in this user manual.
Digiu m, In c . Page 41
Chapter 3: Configuration
Configuring Card Feature s
You will need to modify the chan_dahdi.conf f ile which is located in the
/etc/asterisk directory in order to configure the essential features of your
card. This file is the configuration layer between DAHDI and Asterisk.
Switchtype:
national: National ISDN 2 (default)
dms100: Nortel DMS100
4ess: AT&T 4ESS
5ess: Lucent 5ESS
euroisdn: EuroISDN
ni1: Old National ISDN 1
qsig: Q.SIG
Echocancel:
Echo Cancellation is enabl ed in chan_dahdi.conf by preceding the
channel variab le with a variable ca lled ech ocancel a nd it s lengt h in t aps (#
of milliseconds multiplied by 8); for example:
echocancel = yes
channel => 1-23
By default, and when set ting to " yes," echo ca ncellat ion i s enabled and set
to 16 ms (128 taps). Echo cancellation is expl icitly disabled by setting:
echocancel = no
Digium does not recommend that users set echo cancellation to "no."
Digium, Inc. Page 42
Chapter 3: Configuration
Users of open source Asterisk-based echo cancelers also have the
following options:
echocancel = 128 (this sets 128 taps or 16ms)
or
echocancel = 256 (this sets 256 taps or 32ms)
Audio quality issues may result from choosing a taps length greater than
the server's ability to pr ocess the echo in real-time. If audio quality is
affected , reduc e the taps length or combine your TE800 Series card with
Digium's VPMOCT256.
Users of Digium 's VPMOCT256 hardware echo cancellation module will
have 128ms of echo cancellation performed at all times unless explicitly
disabled by setting the echocancel variable equal to "no."
Digium, Inc. Page 43
Signalling:
pri_cpe for CPE side
pri_net for NET side
Chapter 3: Configuration
If you have a T1 PRI, add these lines to the following lines of the sample
file.
signalling = pri_cpe
switchtype = national
group = 1
context = incoming
channel => 1-23
E1 PRI
signalling = pri_cpe
switchtype = euroisdn
context = incoming
channel => 1-15,17-31
You can also configure a T1 channel bank of phones
signalling = fxo_ks
group = 1
context = phones
channel => 1-24
E1 channel bank
signalling = fxo_ks
group = 1
context = phones
channel => 1-15,17-31
Digium, Inc. Page 44
Configuring T1/E1 Lines
Chapter 3: Configuration
1. Begin by opening the system.conf file from the /etc/dahdi directory.
2. Specify the two letter country code for your loadzone and de fau ltzone.
This will preload tone zone data and specif y a def ault tone zone for
your interfaces.
The following is a typical setup for a telco in the US:
loadzone = us
defaultzone = us
3.
Configure the SPAN Map.
For each T1/E1 you are using, you will need to define a span. The
SPAN map includes defini ng the SPAN number, timing, li ne build out ,
framing, and coding. Configur ation details for each of these items is
explained in this section.
span => <Number>,<Timing>,<Line Build
Out>,<Framing>,<Coding>[,Yellow]
Number:
This is the span the T1/E1 line is plugged into. Refer to Figure 5 on
page 24 to determine the span.
Digium, Inc. Page 45
Chapter 3: Configuration
Timing:
This determines how timing is handle d by the card.
0 - This span is not used to determine timing. If al l spans on the card
are set to 0, the card will u se its inter n al clo ck as th e tim ing source.
1, 2, 3, ... - A value greater than 0 will cau se the s p an to at te mpt to
recover a cloc k sou rce fro m th e line fo r the en ti re car d to us e as
timing. Since only one source of timing is valid per card, this value
defines a priority that de termines which span recovers a clock in the
case that multiple are defined. 1 is the h ighest priority span, followed
by 2, 3, and so on.
Line Build Out:
For most setups the line build out is 0.
0: 0 db (CSU) / 0-133 feet (DSX-1)
1: 133-266 feet (DSX-1)
2: 266-399 feet (DSX-1)
3: 399-533 feet (DSX-1)
4: 533-655 feet (DSX-1)
5: -7.5db (CSU)
6: -15db (CSU)
7: -22.5db (CSU)
Framing:
T1 utilizes framing set for D4 (SF) or ESF. E1 utilizes CAS or CCS.
Digium, Inc. Page 46
Chapter 3: Configuration
Coding:
T1 coding can be AMI or B8ZS. E1 coding can be AMI or HDB3. E1
can also have the extra flag CRC4 at the end for CRC4 checking.
Yellow:
The optional yellow flag can be added at the end for transmitting a
yellow alarm when no channels are open.
The following is a typical setup for a telco in the US:
span => 1,1,0,esf,b8zs
In Europe:
span => 1,1,0,ccs,hdb3
Specify the channel defin itions. The format is:
4.
<device> = <channel list>
A list of valid devices are specified in the sample system.conf file.
The followi ng is a typi ca l set up for a T1 PRI in the US:
bchan = 1-23
dchan = 24
DAHDI uses modular echo cancellers that are configured per channel.
5.
The echo cancellers are compiled and installed as part of the dahdilinux package. You can specify the echo canceller to be used for each
channel. The default behavior is for there to be no echo canceller on
Digium, Inc. Page 47
Chapter 3: Configuration
any channel. So, it is very important that you specify one in the
system.conf file if you do not h ave hardware echo cancellers and need
echo cancel latio n . Th e format is:
echocanceller = <echocanceller name>,<channel(s)>
A list of valid echo cancellers are specified in the sample system.conf
file.
The following i s a typical setup f or a T1 PRI in the US using softwarebased echo cancellation:
echocanceller = mg2,1-23
Digium, Inc. Page 48
Chapter 3: Configuration
First Example: Channel Bank
The Channel Bank in this example has 24 FXS ports. In this
configuration, the system.conf is set for the card to pr ovide timing to the
channel bank and fxoks is set for 24 stations.
chan_dahdi.conf to mirror the configuration with signalling =
Set
fxo_ks
and define it for channels 1-24.
/etc/dahdi/system.conf:
loadzone = us
defaultzone = us
span = 1,0,0,esf,b8zs
fxoks = 1-24
echocanceller = mg2,1-24
/etc/asterisk/chan_dahdi.conf:
group = 1
echocancel = yes
context = channelbank
signalling = fxo_ks
channel = 1-24
Digium, Inc. Page 49
Chapter 3: Configuration
Second Example: E&M Line
In the E&M Line configuration, the system.conf is set for the card to
take timing from the telco on E&M with wink while chan_dahdi.conf
mirrors the configuration. Feat_D is a type of E&M with wink that
accepts DID, but there are many other E&M options; E&M_W, E&M,
Feat_B, etc.
/etc/dahdi/system.conf:
loadzone = us
defaultzone = us
span = 1,1,0,esf,b8zs
e&m = 1-24
echocanceller = mg2,1-24
/etc/asterisk/chan_dahdi.conf:
group = 1
echocancel = yes
context = incoming
signalling = feat_d
channel = 1-24
Digium, Inc. Page 50
Chapter 3: Configuration
Third Example: PRI
By configuring the card for a T1 PRI lin e in system.conf, you acquir e 23
bearer (B) channels for voice on the first 23 channels, and 1 delta (D)
channel for signalling information on the 24th channel. In the
chan_dahdi.conf file, define pri_cpe as the signalling type to act as the
client side. Define the switch type you are connecting to as national. You
will then have 23 voice channels for Asterisk.
PRI T1:
/etc/dahdi/system.conf:
loadzone = us
defaultzone = us
span = 1,1,0,esf,b8zs
bchan = 1-23
dchan = 24
echocanceller = mg2,1-23
/etc/asterisk/chan_dahdi.conf:
group = 1
echocancel = yes
signalling = pri_cpe
switchtype = national
context = incoming
channel = 1-23
Digium, Inc. Page 51
PRI E1:
/etc/dahdi/system.conf:
loadzone = es
defaultzone = es
span = 1,1,0,ccs,hdb3
bchan = 1-15,17-31
dchan = 16
echocanceller = mg2,1-15,17-31
/etc/asterisk/chan_dahdi.conf:
group = 1
echocancel = yes
signalling = pri_cpe
switchtype = euroisdn
context = incoming
channel = 1-15,17-31
Chapter 3: Configuration
Digium, Inc. Page 52
Chapter 3: Configuration
Testing Your Configura tion
1. Load DAHDI drivers into the kernel using the modprobe utility. The
appropriate driver for the TE800 Series cards is
countries except Austra lia should use the following modprobe
wct4xxp. Users in all
command:
# modprobe wct4xxp
# dahdi_cfg -vv
Run dahdi_tool from the command line and see if the span turns
2.
green for each span you have connected.
# dahdi_tool
3.
Execute the fol lo w ing A ste ri sk command to see if the span came up
successfully.
# asterisk
# asterisk -vvvr
Digium, Inc. Page 53
Chapter 4 Troubleshooting
This chapter provides frequently asked questions as identified from
Digium Technical Support and possible resolutions. Multiple resour ces
are available to obtain more information about Asterisk and Digium
products. These resources are listed on page 59.
What do the Status LED co lo rs ind i cate?
Steady Green - Card is in-sync with the far end.
Steady Yellow - Card is sync hronizin g or is r eceiving a red alar m from
Steady Red - Card is not seeing far end, circuit is not up, or cable is
the far end. Use a soft w are to ol suc h as dahdi_tool to get a textual
description of the state of the card.
bad.
Singular Blinking Green - Line has been placed into loopback mode,
either from a remote lookup command or usage of the maintenance
utility dahdi_maint.
Sweeping Green - TE800 Series DAHDI driver is not loaded.
I can't receive DID calls even though I have it enabled in
extensions.conf.
Your telco might be sending calls with a method you are not expecting.
Digiu m, In c . Page 54
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting
1. Check the method being used by attempting the followi ng in your line
context:
_X.,1,NoOp(My DID matches as ${EXTEN})
Then type reload in the Asterisk console and call in. You should see
2.
the DID come in on your T1/E1 line.
My D Channel seems to go up and down.
Check to be sure you have set your timing parameters correctly. Also,
check the common causes of problems for a T1. See the Common Fixes
for all cards , page 58.
I have trouble dialing out. It seems that one type of dialing works
(local, long distance, in ternational), but another does not.
Check your
pridialplan variable and veri fy that you are dialing using the
method your telco is expecting .
I am having trouble receiving DID information over E&M.
Try the other t ypes of E&M (featd, f eatb, etc.) to match the method your
telco is using to stream infor mation.
Digium, Inc. Page 55
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting
I am having issues with my PRI. How can I see the messages coming
across my D chan nel?
Enter the following command:
*CLI> PRI debug span X
where X is the port from which you are connected. This command will
show you the PRI messages coming across your D channel for that span.
I am still having problems and the telco tells me it is my equipment.
The first thing to do in this situat ion is to test your equipment.
Plug in a loopback cable. (A loopback cable is a cable that has pin 1
going to pin 4 and pin 2 going to pin 5.) Plug the cable into the span
and wait for its LED to turn green.
Alternatively, the dahdi_maint utilit y may be used to place a span into
loopback mode. An example using dahdi_maint to place a span in
loopback mode is provided below.
# dahdi_maint -s <span_number> -l localhost
3.
Stop Asterisk a nd edit system.conf by removing the lines defined for
your card and replacing them with the following:
span => 1,0,0,esf,b8zs
clear = 1-24
Digium, Inc. Page 56
Or if you have an E1 span:
span => 1,0,0,ccs,hdb3
clear = 1-31
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting
Navigate to the tools/ dire ctory in your DAHDI complete source
4.
directory and type:
# make tests
Followed by:
# ./patlooptest <channel> <timeout>
The first argument in the patlooptest command is the channel number
you want to test. You should always test the first channel of a span.
The second argument is the dura tion in se conds to run the test.
This runs a p attern loopt est for x seconds. I f you re ceive any fail ures, it
is possible you have a bad card and will need to call Digium Technical
Support (+1.256.428 .6161)
If the dahdi_maint utility was used to plac e a span into loopback
mode, execute the following command to turn off loopback mode for
that span.
# dahdi_maint -s <span_number> -l off
Digium, Inc. Page 57
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting
How can I enable more features?
To view all of the options available to add to your dial plan, type the
following commands from within Aster isk:
*CLI> core show applications
*CLI> core show functions
Digium also offers ser vices to help configure and add features you might
need. Contact Digium Technical Support (+1.256.428.6161) for more
information.
Common F ixe s for a ll cards
1. Check to see if the X Window System (e.g. X.Org Server) is running
by entering the following:
# ps aux | grep X
If the X Window System is running, stop the application since it may
cause a conflict with Asterisk.
2. Check to see if your PATA IDE hard drives are running with DMA
levels set. Advance user can perform an hdparm on your hard drive
interface.
Use hdparm with caut ion as t he man pa ge st ates that h ar d drive
corruptio n can occur when using incorrect setti ngs. Please
review t he man page for hdp arm and mak e sur e you unde rst and
the risks before using thi s tool.
Digium, Inc. Page 58
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting
Check the current mode using this command:
hdparm -vi /dev/[IDE Device]
Use this command to set the drives into UDMA2 mode:
hdparm -d 1 -X udma2 -c 3 /dev/[IDE Device]
If you are still having problems, contact your reseller from which the
card was purchased, or Digium Technical Support (+1.256.428.6161).
Where can I find answers to additional questions?
There are several places to inquire for more information about Asterisk
Digium products:
1. Digium Technical Support (+1.256. 428.6161), or Toll Free in the U.S.
(1.877.344.4861), is available 7am-8pm Central Time (GMT -6),
Monday - Friday.
2. Asterisk users mailing list (asterisk.org/lists.digium.com).
3. IR C ch ann el #asterisk on (irc.freenode.net).
Subscription Services Program
Digium is dedicated to support ing your Asterisk system by offering full
technical support through our Subscription Services Program. Through
this program, you can be at ease knowing that your business will always
have access to the Asterisk expert s. Prici ng on Subscription Servic es may
be obtained from your nearest reseller or you may call Digium Sales for
referral to your neares t rese ller at +1.256.428.6000 or e-mail
sales@digium.com.
Digium, Inc. Page 59
Appendix A
Pin 8
Pin 1
Pin Assignments
All four ports on the TE800 Series card bracket are 8-pin RJ45 ports. The
pin assignments are identif ied in Table A-1.
Table A-1: TE800 Series RJ45 Telco Port Connector
Pin Description
1 Rx (Pin 1 on Dongle Split A)
2 Rx (Pin 2 on Dongle Split A)
3 Tx (Pin 4 on Dongle Split B)
4 Tx (Pin 4 on Dongle Split A)
5 Tx (Pin 5 on Dongle Split A)
6 Tx (Pin 5 on Dongle Split B)
7 Rx (Pin 1 on Dongle Split B)
8 Rx (Pin 2 on Dongle Split B)
Digiu m, In c . Page 60
Appendix A: Pin Assignments
Pin 8
Pin 1
Table A-2: Dongle Split A RJ45 Telco Port C onnector
Pin Description
1 Rx
2 Rx
3 Not used
4 Tx
5 Tx
6 Not used
7 Not used
8 Not used
Digium, Inc. Page 61
Appendix A: Pin Assignments
Pin 8
Pin 1
Table A-3: Dongle Split B RJ45 Telco Port C onnector
Pin Description
1 Rx
2 Rx
3 Not used
4 Tx
5 Tx
6 Not used
7 Not used
8 Not used
Digium, Inc. Page 62
Appendix B Specifications
This appendix provides specifications, required environmental
conditions, and maximum power consumption f or the T E800 Series
cards.
Physical (All Cards).
Size: 6.6” × 3.93” × 0.062” (16.8 x 10 x 0.16 cm)
PCB size, does not include the PCI bracket
Weight: 4.5 oz (127gm) - Without Echo Cancellation Module
Interfaces.
Local Loop Access: E1, T1, J1, PRI; RJ45
(TE820) - PCI-E X1, compliant with PCI-E X1 1.0 or greater.
Environment.
Temperature: 0 to 50° C (32 to 122° F) operation
-20 to 65° C (4 to 149° F) storage
Humidity: 10 to 90% non-condensing
Digiu m, In c . Page 63
Appendix B: Specifications
Hardware an d Softw a re Requirements.
Equivalent of Pentium dual-core 1.8GHz processor or better
2GB RAM
Available PCI-E (TE820) Slot
Table B-4: Maximum Power Consumption
Model Power
TE820B 8.6 Watts
TE820 4 Watts
VPMOCT256 4.6 Watts
Digium, Inc. Page 64
Appendix C Gloss ary and Acronyms
ACD Automat ic C all D is t ri bu t io n
A technology th at dist ribute s incoming call s to a spe cific g roup of de vice s
that are associa te d to age nts . As teri s k's Qu eue ap p lic ation p erforms
automatic ca ll dis t ribut io n .
ANSI American National Standards Institute
An organization which proposes and establishes standards for
international communications.
asynchronous
Not synchronized; not timed to an outside clock source. Transmi ssion is
controlled by start bits a t the beginning and stop bits at the end of each
character. Asynchronous communications are often found in internet
access and remote office applications.
attenuation
The dissipation of a transmitted signal’s power as it travels over a wire.
bandwidth
The capacity to carry traffic. Higher bandwidth indicates the ability to
transfer more data in a given time period.
Digiu m, In c . Page 65
bit
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
The smallest element of information in a digital system. A bit can be
either a zero or a one.
bps bits per second
A measurement of transmission spe ed across a data connection.
BRI
Basic Rate ISDN
broadband
Broadband transmission sha res the bandwidth of a particular medium
(copper or fiber optic) to integrate multiple signals. The channels take up
different f requencies on the cable, integrat ing voic e, data, and video over
one line.
channel
A generic term for an individual dat a stre am. Ser vice providers can use
multiplexing techniques to transmit multiple channels over a common
medium.
Cat5
Category of Performance for wiring a nd cabling. Cat 5 cabling support
applications up to 100 MHz.
Digium, Inc. Page 66
Cat5E
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
Category of Performance for wiring a nd cabling. Category 5 Enhanced
wiring supports signal r ates up to 100 MHz but adheres to stricter quality
specifications.
CLEC Competitive Local Exchange Carrier
A term for telephone companies established after the
T elecommunications Act of 1996 deregulated the LECs. CLECs compete
with ILECs to offer local service. See als o LEC and ILEC.
CO Central Office
The CO houses local switching equipment. All local access lines in a
particular geographic area terminate at this facility (which is usually
owned and operated by an ILEC).
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
T erminal equipment which is connected to the telecommunications
network and which resides within the home or of fice of the customer . This
includes telephones, modems, terminals, routers, and television set-top
boxes.
DAHDI Digium Asterisk Hardware Device Interface
A telephony project dedicated to implementing a reasonable and
affordable com puter telephony platform into the world marketplace. In
addition, the collective name for the Digium-provided drivers for Digium
telephony interface products.
Digium, Inc. Page 67
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
DS0 Digital Signal, Level 0
A voice grade channel of 64 kbps. The worldwide standar d speed for
digitizing voice conversation using PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).
DS1 Digital Signal, Level 1
1.544 Mbps in North America (T1) and Japan (J1) -up to 24 voice
channels (DS0s), 2.048 Mbps in Europe (E1) - up to 32 voice channels
(DS0s). DS1/T1/E1 lines are part of the PSTN.
DS3 Digital Signal, Level 3
T3 in North America and Japan, E3 in Europe. Up to 672 voice channels
(DS0s). DS3/T3/E3 lines are not part of the PSTN.
DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
Push-button or touch tone dial ing.
E1
The European equivalent of North Ameri can T1, transmits data at 2.048
Mbps, up to 32 channels (DS0s).
E3
The European equival ent of North American T3, transmits data at 34.368
Mbps, up to 512 channels (DS0s). Equivale nt to 16 E1 lines.
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
Unwanted electrical noise.
Digium, Inc. Page 68
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
full duplex
Data transmission in two directions simultaneously.
FXO Foreign Exchange Office
Receives the ringing voltage from an FXS device. Outside lines are
connected to FXO ports.
FXS Foreign Exchan ge Station
Initiates and sends ringing voltage. Phones are connected to FXS ports.
G.711
A recommendation by the Telecommunicati on Standardization Sect or
(ITU-T) for an algorithm designe d to transmit and receive mulaw PCM
voice and A-law at a digital bit rate of 64 kbps.
G.723.1
A recommendation by the Telecommunicati on Standardization Sect or
(ITU-T) for an algorithm designe d to transmit and receive audio at 6.3
kbps or 5.3 kbps.
G.729a
A recommendation by the Telecommunicati on Standardization Sect or
(ITU-T) for an algorithm designe d to transmit and receive audio at 8
kbps.
H.323
A recommendation by the Telecommunicati on Standardization Sect or
(ITU-T) for multimedia communic ations over packet-based networks.
Digium, Inc. Page 69
HDLC High-Level Data Link Control
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
A bit-oriented synchr onous data link layer protocol developed by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
IAX Inter-Asterisk eXchange
The native VoIP protocol used by Asterisk. It is an IETF standard used to
enable VoIP connections between Asterisk ser vers, a nd between servers
and clients that also use the IAX protoc ol.
iLBC internet Low Bitrate Codec
A free speech codec used for voice over IP. It is designed for narrow band
speech with a payload bitrate of 13.33 kbps (frame length = 30ms) and
15.2 kbps (frame length = 20ms).
ILEC Incumbe nt Local Exch ange Carrier
The LECs that were the or iginal carr iers in the market pr ior to th e entry of
competition and theref ore have the dominant position in the market.
interface
A point of contact between two systems, networks, or devices.
ISO International Standards Organization
IVR Interactive Voice Menu
An interactive technology that allows a telephone system to detect voice
and keypad input.
Digium, Inc. Page 70
LED Light-emitting Diode
Linux
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
A robust, feature-packed open source operating system based on Unix
that remains freely available on the internet. It boasts dependa bility and
offers a wide range of compatibility with hardware and software. Asterisk
is supported exclusively on Linux.
loopback
A state in which the transmi t signal i s reversed back a s the recei ve sign al,
typically by a far end network element.
MGCP M edia Gateway Cont rol Protocol
multiplexing
Transmitting multiple signals over a single line or channel. FDM
(frequency divisi on multiplexing) and TDM (time division multiplexing)
are the two most common methods. FDM separates signals by dividing
the data onto different carrier frequencies, and TDM separates signals by
interleaving bit s one after the other.
mux multiplexer
A device which transmits multipl e signals over a single communications
line or channel. See multiplexing.
NT Network Termination
A device connecting the customer' s telephone or data equipment to the
local ISDN exchange carrier's line. NT devices are connected to TE
devices.
Digium, Inc. Page 71
PBX Private Branch Exchange
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
A smaller version of a phone company’s large centr a l switching office.
Example: Asterisk.
PCI peripheral component interconn ect
A standard bus used in most computers to connect per iphe ral devices.
POP Point of Presence
The physical connection point between a network and a telephone
network. A POP is usually a network node serving as the equivalent of a
CO to a network service provider or an interexchange carrier.
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service
The public switched teleph one network (PSTN) is the network of the
world's public circui t-switched telephone networks. Originally a network
of fixed-line analog te lephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely
digital, and now includes mobile as well as fixed telephones.
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
Type of communications link that connects a single device to another
single device, such as a remote terminal to a host computer.
PRI
Prim a r y R ate IS D N
PSTN Public Switch ed Telephone Network
A communications network which uses telephones to establish
connections between two poin ts. Also r eferred to as the dial network.
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PTMP Point-to-Multipoint
Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
A connection where data is broadcast between more than two endpoints.
PTP Point-to-Point
A connection restricted to two endpoints.
PTT Post, Telegraph, and Tel ephone
The government agencies in many countries that traditionally operated
and monopolized the public postal, telegraph, and telephone servic e s.
QoS Qualit y of Ser v ic e
A set of quality requirements fo r tele phone service.
RBOC Regional Bell Operating Companies
The creation of Regional Bell Operating Companies were a result of
AT&T's telephone monopoly being broken up in 1983.
REN Ringer Equivalence Number
An arbitrary v alue which d enotes the electr ical lo ad a tele phone r inger has
on a line.
RJ11
A six-pin ja ck typically used f or connecting tele phones, modems, and fax
machines in residentia l and business settings to PBX or the local
telephone CO.
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Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
An IETF standard for setting up sessions be tween one or more clients. It
is currently the leading signaling protocol for Voice over IP, gradually
replacing H.323.
T1
A dedicated digital carrier facility which transmits up to 24 voice
channels (DS0s) and transmit s data at 1.544 Mbps. Commonly used to
carry traff ic to and from priva te business networks and ISPs.
T3
A dedicated digital carrie r fa cility which consists of 28 T1 lines and
transmits data at 44.736 Mbps. Equivalent to 672 voice channels (DS0s).
TDM Time D iv is io n Multiplexe r
A device that supports simul taneous transmissi on of multiple data streams
into a single high-speed dat a stre am. TDM combines signals by
interleaving bit s one after the other.
TE Terminal Equipment
A device that is esta blished as a p oint of ter minati on of a communicat ions
circuit or channel. Terminal equipment comprises all customer premises
equipment (CPE). TE devices are connecte d to NT devices.
telco
A generic name which refers to the telephone companies throughout the
world, including RBOCs, LECs, and PTTs.
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Appendix C Glossary and Acronyms
tip and ring
The standard terminati on on the two conduct ors of a telephone circuit;
named after the physical appear a nce of the contact areas on the jack plug.
twisted pair
T wo copper wires commonly used for telephony and data
communications. The wires are wrapped loosely around each other to
minimize radio frequency interference or interference from other pairs in
the same bundle.
V Volts
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
T echnology used for transmitting voice traffic over a data network using
the Internet Protoco l.
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