Digi S2DSM User Manual

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Module

User Guide

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide

90002002 v

Revision Date Description

A-R Various Initial release and subsequent releases for various editorial updates and technical content updates

to keep current with product changes.

S May 2015 Update the SMT dimensions drawing. Added a section on deep sleep and sleep current

measurements. Updated the baud rates supported by the BD command. Updated the Brazil ANATEL certification information.

T July 2015 Revised the Maximum RF payload size section. Frames 0x90 and 0x91 no longer report the 0x40

indicator - removed it.

U December 2015 Updated XBee-PRO Surface Mount agency approvals. Added missing Extended Modem Status

status code descriptions to the 0x98 frame. Added ANATEL labels.

V April 2016 Updated the firmware release notes section. Updated several hardware specifications with S2D

hardware information. Updated regulatory information. Revised the Programmable XBee SDK section. Added the ED command. Updated the BD command. Added antennas for the S2D hardware.

Product documentation

To find up-to-date documentation for all Digi products, visit www.digi.com/documentation.

To provide feedback on this documentation, send your comments to techcomm@digi.com.

Trademarks and copyright

Digi, Digi International, and the Digi logo are trademarks or registered trademarks in the United States and other countries worldwide. All other trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of their respective owners.

Disclaimers

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Digi International. Digi provides this document “as is,” without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of fitness or merchantability for a particular purpose. Digi may make improvements and/or changes in this manual or in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this manual at any time.

Warranty

To view product warranties online, visit www.digi.com/howtobuy/terms.

Customer support

Digi offers multiple technical support plans and service packages to help our customers get the most out of their Digi product. For information on Technical Support plans and pricing, please contact us at 952.912.3456 or visit

www.digi.com/support.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 2

If you have a customer account, sign in to the Customer Support Web Portal at www.digi.com/support.

Applicable firmware and hardware

Hardware: S2C

Firmware: 401x, 402x, 403x, 404x, 405x

Hardware: S2D

Firmware: 705x

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 3

Contents

Overview of the XBee ZigBee RF Module

Worldwide acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Firmware release notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Hardware specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Agency approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Serial communications specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

UART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

GPIO specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Hardware specifications for the programmable variant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Mechanical drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Pin signals for the surface mount module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Pin signals for the through-hole module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

EM357 pin mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Design notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Power supply design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Recommended pin connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Board layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Module operation for the programmable variant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Programmable XBee SDK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Module operation

Serial communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

UART data flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

SPI communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Serial buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

UART flow control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Break control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Serial interface protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Modes of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Idle Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Transmit Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Receive Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Command Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Sleep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 4

ZigBee networks

Introduction to ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

ZigBee stack layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

ZigBee networking concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Device types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

PAN ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Operating channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

ZigBee application layers: in depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Application Support Sublayer (APS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Application profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

ZigBee Coordinator operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Forming a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Channel selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

PAN ID selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Security policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Persistent data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

XBee ZigBee Coordinator startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Permit joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Resetting the Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Leaving a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Replacing a Coordinator (security disabled only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Example: starting a Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Example: replacing a Coordinator (security disabled) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

ZigBee Router operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Discovering ZigBee networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Joining a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Persistent data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

ZB Router joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Permit joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Joining always enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Joining temporarily enabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Router network connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Leaving a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Network Locator option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Resetting the Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Example: joining a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

End Device operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Discovering ZigBee networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Joining a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Parent child relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

End Device capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Persistent data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Orphan scans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

ZigBee End Device joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Parent Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Resetting the End Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Leaving a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Example: joining a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

ZigBee channel scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Managing multiple ZigBee networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

PAN ID filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 5

Pre-configured security keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Permit joining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Application messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Transmission, addressing, and routing

Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

64-bit device addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

16-bit device addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Application layer addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Data transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Broadcast transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Unicast transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Binding transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Multicast transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Data transmission examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

RF packet routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Link status transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

AODV Mesh routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Many-to-One routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

High/Low RAM Concentrator mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Source routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Encrypted transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Maximum RF payload size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Latency timing specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

ZDO transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

ZDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Sending a ZDO command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Receiving ZDO commands and responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Transmission timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Unicast timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Extended timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Transmission examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

ZigBee Security

Security modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ZigBee security model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Network layer security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Frame counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Message integrity code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Network layer encryption and decryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Network key updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

APS layer security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Message integrity code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

APS link keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

APS layer encryption and decryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Network and APS layer encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Trust center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Forming and joining a secure network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Implementing security on the XBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Enabling security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 6

Setting the Network Security Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Setting the APS Trust Center Link Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Enabling APS encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Using a Trust Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

XBee security examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Example 1: forming a network with security (pre-configured link keys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Example 2: forming a network with security (obtaining keys during joining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Network commissioning and diagnostics

Device configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Device placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Link testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

RSSI indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Device discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Network discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

ZDO discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Joining Announce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Commissioning Pushbutton and Associate LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Commissioning Pushbutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Associate LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Group Table API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Managing End Devices

End Device operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Parent operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

End Device poll timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Packet buffer usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Non-Parent device operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

XBee End Device configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Pin sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Cyclic sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Recommended sleep current measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Transmitting RF data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Receiving RF data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

I/O sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Waking end devices with the Commissioning Pushbutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Parent verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Rejoining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

XBee Router/Coordinator configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

RF packet buffering timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Child poll timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Transmission timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Putting it all together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Short sleep periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Extended sleep periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Sleep examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Analog and digital I/O lines

XBee ZB through-hole RF module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

I/O configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 7

I/O sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Queried sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Periodic I/O sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Change detection sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

RSSI PWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

I/O examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

PWM1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

API Operation

API frame specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

API examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

API serial port exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

AT commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Transmitting and receiving RF data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Remote AT commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Source routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Supporting the API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

API frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

AT command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

AT command - Queue Parameter Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

ZigBee Transmit Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Explicit Addressing ZigBee Command frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Remote AT Command Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Create Source Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

AT Command Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Modem Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

ZigBee Transmit Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

ZigBee Receive Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

ZigBee Explicit Rx Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

ZigBee IO Data Sample Rx Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

XBee Sensor Read Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Node Identification Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Remote Command Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Extended Modem Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Over-the-Air firmware update status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Route Record Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Many-to-One Route Request Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Sending ZigBee Device Objects (ZDO) commands with the API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Sending ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) commands with the API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Sending Public Profile Commands with the API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Command reference tables

Addressing commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Networking commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Security commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

RF interfacing commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Serial interfacing (I/O) commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

I/O commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Diagnostics commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

AT command options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Sleep commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Execution commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 8

Module support

XCTU configuration tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Customizing XBee ZB firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Design considerations for Digi drop-in networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

XBee Bootloader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Programming XBee Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Serial firmware updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Invoke the XBee Bootloader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Send a firmware image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Writing custom firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Regulatory compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Enabling GPIO 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Detecting XBee versus XBee-PRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Special instructions for using the JTAG interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Agency certifications

United States FCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

OEM Labeling Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

FCC notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

FCC-approved antennas (2.4 GHz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Associated antenna descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

RF exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Europe (ETSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

OEM labeling requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Declarations of Conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

IC (Industry Canada) Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Labeling requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

For XBee ZB surface mount: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

For XBee-PRO ZB surface mount: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

For XBee ZB through hole: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

For XBee-PRO ZB through hole: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Transmitters for detachable antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Detachable antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

For XBee S2D SMT: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Australia (RCM/C-Tick) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

ANATEL (Brazil) certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Migrating from XBee through-hole to XBee surface-mount modules

Pin mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Manufacturing information

Definitions

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 9

Overview of the XBee ZigBee RF Module

This manual describes the operation of the XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Module, which consists of ZigBee firmware loaded onto XBee S2C and PRO S2C hardware.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules provide wireless connectivity to end-point devices in ZigBee mesh networks. Using the ZigBee PRO Feature Set, these modules are inter-operable with other ZigBee devices, including devices from other vendors. With the XBee, users can have their ZigBee network up-and-running in a matter of minutes without configuration or additional development.

The XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules are compatible with other devices that use XBee ZigBee technology. These include ConnectPortX gateways, XBee and XBee-PRO Adapters, Wall Routers, XBee Sensors, and other products with the ZB name.

Worldwide acceptance

• FCC Approval (USA): Refer to Agency certifications on page 203 for FCC Requirements. Systems that

contain XBee/XBee-PRO ZB RF Modules inherit Digi Certifications

• ISM (Industrial, Scientific & Medical) 2.4 GHz frequency band

• Manufactured under ISO 9001:2000 registered standards

• XBee/XBee-PRO ZB RF Modules are optimized for use in US, Canada, Australia, Europe (XBee only) and Japan

(XBee only). Contact Digi for a complete list of agency approvals

Firmware release notes

You can view the current release notes in the Firmware Explorer section of XCTU.

Specifications

Hardware specifications

The following table provides the specifications for the module.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 10

Specifications

Specification XBee ZigBee S2C XBee-PRO ZigBee S2C XBee ZigBee S2D

Performance

Indoor/Urban Range Up to 200 ft. (60 m) Up to 300 ft. (90 m) Up to 200 ft. (60m)

Outdoor RF line-of-sight Range Up to 4000 ft. (1200 m) Up to 2 miles (3200 m) Up to 4000 ft. (1200m)

Transmit Power Output (maximum)

RF Data Rate 250,000 b/s

Receiver Sensitivity -102 dBm, Boost mode

Power Requirements

Adjustable Power Yes

Supply Voltage 2.1 - 3.6 V

Operating Current (Transmit) 45mA (+8 dBm, Boost mode)

Operating Current (Receive) 31mA (Boost mode)

Power-down Current < 1 µA @ 25°C < 3 uA @ 25 °C

General

6.3mW (+8dBm), Boost mode

3.1mW (+5dBm), Normal mode Channel 26 max power is +3dBm

-100 dBm, Normal mode

2.2 - 3.6 V for Programmable Version

33mA (+5 dBm, Normal mode)

28mA (Normal mode)

63mW (+18 dBm) 6.3 mW(+8 dBm)

Channel 26 max power is +1 dBm

-101 dBm -102 dBm, Boost mode

-100 dBm, Normal mode

2.7 - 3.6 V 2.1 - 3.6 V

120mA @ +3.3 V, +18 dBm 45 mA

31mA 31 mA

Operating Frequency Band ISM 2.4 - 2.5 GHz

Form Factor Through-Hole, Surface Mount Surface Mount

Dimensions Through-Hole: 0.960 x 1.087 in (2.438 x

2.761 cm)

SMT: 0.866 x 1.33 x 0.120 in (2.199 x 3.4 x 0.305 cm)

Operating Temperature -40 to 85°C (industrial)

Antenna Options Through-Hole: PCB antenna, U.FL connector, RPSMA connector, or integrated wire

SMT: RF pad, PCB antenna, or U.FL connector

Networking and Security

Supported Network Topologies Point-to-point, Point-to-multipoint, Peer-to-peer, and Mesh

Number of Channels 16 Direct Sequence Channels 15 Direct Sequence

Interface Immunity DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 11

Through-Hole: 0.960 x

1.297 in (2.438 x 3.294 cm)

SMT: 0.866 x 1.33 x 0.120 in (2.199 x 3.4 x 0.305 cm)

Channels

SMT: 0.866 x 1.33 x

0.120 in (2.199 x 3.4 x

0.305 cm)

16 Direct Sequence Channels

Specifications

Specification XBee ZigBee S2C XBee-PRO ZigBee S2C XBee ZigBee S2D

Channels 11 to 26

Addressing Options PAN ID and Addresses, Cluster IDs and Endpoints (optional)

Interface Options

UART 1 Mb/s maximum (burst)

SPI 5 Mb/s maximum (burst)

Agency approvals

The following table provides the agency approvals for the module.

Note Legacy XBee-PRO SMT (model: PRO S2C; hardware version 21xx) has different FCC and IC IDs; see Agency

certifications on page 203.

Approval

United States (FCC Part

15.247)

Industry Canada (IC)

FCC/IC Test Transmit Power Output range

Europe (CE)

XBee (Surface Mount)

FCC ID: MCQ-XBS2C FCC ID: MCQ-XBPS2C

IC: 1846A-XBS2C IC: 1846A-XBPS2C

-26 to +8 dBm -0.7 to +19.4 dBm -26 to +8 dBm +1 to +19 dBm -10 to +8 dBm

ETSI ETSI ETSI

XBee-PRO (Surface Mount)

(revision K and earlier)

FCC ID: MCQ-PS2CSM (revision L and later)

(revision K and earlier)

IC: 1846A-PS2CSM (revision L and later)

XBee (Through-hole)

FCC ID: MCQ-S2CTH FCC ID: MCQ-PS2CTH FCC ID: MCQ-

IC: 1846A-S2CTH IC: 1846A-PS2CTH IC: 1846A-S2DSM

XBee-PRO (Through-hole)

XBee S2D SMT

S2DSM

Australia C-Tick RCM RCM RCM

Japan R201WW10215369 R210-105563

Brazil (Res.

506)

RoHS Compliant

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 12

ANATEL: 0616-151209

ANATEL: 1533-151209

ANATEL: 4556-151209

ANATEL: 4077-151209

Serial communications specifications

XBee RF modules support both UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter) and SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) serial connections.

UART

The SC1 (Serial Communication Port 1) of the Ember 357 is connected to the UART port. The following table provides the UART pin assignments.

Specifications Module Pin Number

UART Pins XBee (surface-mount) XBee (through-hole)

DOUT 3 2

DIN / CONFIG

CTS

/ DIO7 25 12

RTS

/ DIO6 29 16

More information on UART operation is found in the UART section in Module operation on page 28.

SPI

The SC2 (Serial Communication Port 2) of the Ember 357 is connected to the SPI port.

Specifications Module Pin Number

SPI Pins XBee (surface mount) XBee (through-hole)

SPI_SCLK 14 18

SPI_SSEL

SPI_MOSI 16 11

SPI_MISO 17 4

For more information on SPI operation, see the SPI section in Module operation on page 28.

15 17

GPIO specifications

XBee RF modules have 15 General Purpose Input / Output (GPIO) ports available. The exact list will depend on the module configuration, as some GPIO pads are used for purposes such as serial communication.

See Enabling GPIO 1 and 2 on page 201 for more information on configuring and using GPIO ports.

GPIO Electrical Specification Value

Voltage - Supply 2.1 - 3.6 V

Low Schmitt switching threshold 0.42 - 0.5 x VCC

High Schmitt switching threshold 0.62 - 0.8 x VCC

Input current for logic 0 -0.5 A

Input current for logic 1 0.5 A

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 13

Hardware specifications for the programmable variant

GPIO Electrical Specification Value

Input pull-up resistor value 29 k

Input pull-down resistor value 29 k

Output voltage for logic 0 0.18 x VCC (maximum)

Output voltage for logic 1 0.82 x VCC (minimum)

Output source/sink current for pad numbers 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26,

4 mA

28, 29, 30, and 32 on the SMT modules

Output source/sink current for pin numbers 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, and 19

4 mA

on the TH modules

Output source/sink current for pad numbers 7, 8, 24, 31, and 33 on the SMT

8 mA

modules

Output source/sink current for pin numbers 6, 7, 11, 18, and 20 on the TH

8 mA

modules

Total output current (for GPIO pads) 40 mA

Hardware specifications for the programmable variant

If the module has the programmable secondary processor, add the following table values to the specifications listed on page 8. For example, if the secondary processor is running at 20 MHz and the primary processor is in receive mode then the new current value will be I

current of the secondary processor and I

is the receive current of the primary.

Optional Secondary Processor Specification

total

= Ir2 + I

= 14 mA + 9 mA = 23 mA, where I

These numbers add to specifications (Add to RX, TX, and sleep currents depending on mode of operation)

is the runtime

Runtime current for 32k running at 20MHz +14mA

Runtime current for 32k running at 1MHz +1mA

Sleep current +0.5A typical

For additional specifications see Freescale

MC9S08QE32

Datasheet and Manual

Minimum Reset low pulse time for EM357 +26S

VREF Range 1.8VDC to VCC

Mechanical drawings

The following mechanical drawings of the XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF ModuleRF Modules show all dimensions in inches. The first drawing shows the surface-mount model (antenna options not shown).

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 14

Mechanical drawings

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XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 15

The drawings below show the XBee-PRO through-hole model.

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Pin signals for the surface mount module

Pin # Name Direction Default State Description

1GND --

2VCC --

3DOUT / DIO13 BothOutput

4 DIN / CONFIG

5DIO12 Both

6RESET

7 RSSI PWM / DIO10 Both Output

8PWM1 / DIO11 BothDisabled

9 [reserved] - Disabled

10 DTR

11 GND - -

/ DIO14 Both Input

Input

/ SLEEP_RQ / DIO8 Both Input

Ground

Power Supply

UART Data Out / GPIO

UART Data In / GPIO

GPIO

Module Reset

RX Signal Strength Indicator / GPIO

Pulse Width Modulator / GPIO

Do Not Connect

Pin Sleep Control Line / GPIO

Ground

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 16

Pin signals for the surface mount module

Pin # Name Direction Default State Description

12 SPI_ATTN

13 GND - -

14 SPI_CLK / DIO18 Input Input

15 SPI_SSEL

16 SPI_MOSI / DIO16 Input Input

17 SPI_MISO / DIO15 Output Output

18 [reserved]* - Disabled

19 [reserved]* - Disabled

20 [reserved]* - Disabled

21 [reserved]* - Disabled

22 GND - -

23 [reserved] - Disabled

24 DIO4 Both Disabled

25 CTS

/ BOOTMODE / DIO19 Output Output

/ DIO 17 Input Input

/ DIO7 Both Output

Serial Peripheral Interface Attention

Do not tie low on reset

Ground

Serial Peripheral Interface Clock / GPIO

Serial Peripheral Interface not Select / GPIO

Serial Peripheral Interface Data In / GPIO

Serial Peripheral Interface Data Out / GPIO

Do Not Connect

Ground

Do Not Connect

GPIO

Clear to Send Flow Control / GPIO

26 ON / SLEEP

27 VREF Input -

28 ASSOCIATE / DIO5 Both Output

29 RTS

30 AD3 / DIO3 Both Disabled

31 AD2 / DIO2 Both Disabled

32 AD1 / DIO1 Both Disabled

33 AD0 / DIO0 Both Input

34 [reserved] - Disabled

35 GND - -

36 RF Both -

/ DIO9 Both Output

/ DIO6 Both Input

Module Status Indicator / GPIO

Not used for EM357. Used for programmable secondary processor. For compatibility with other XBee modules, we recommend connecting this pin to the voltage reference if Analog Sampling is desired. Otherwise, connect to GND.

Associate Indicator / GPIO

Request to Send Flow Control / GPIO

Analog Input / GPIO

Analog Input / GPIO / Commissioning Button

Do Not Connect

Ground

RF IO for RF Pad Variant

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 17

Pin signals for the through-hole module

Pin # Name Direction Default State Description

37 [reserved] - Disabled

Signal Direction is specified with respect to the module

See Design notes for SMT RF pad modules on page 23 for details on pin connections

* Refer to the Writing Custom Firmware section for instructions on using these pins if JTAG functions are needed

Do Not Connect

Pin signals for the through-hole module

Pin # Name Direction Default State Description

1VCC --

2DOUT / DIO13 BothOutput

3 DIN / CONFIG

4 DIO12 / SPI_MISO Both Disabled

5RESET

6 RSSI PWM / PWMO DIO10 Both Output

7PWM1 / DIO11 BothDisabled

8[reserved] --

/ DIO14 Both Input

Input Input

Power Supply

UART Data Out

UART Data In

GPIO/ SPI slave out

Module Reset

RX signal strength indicator / GPIO

GPIO

Do Not Connect

9DTR

10 GND - -

11 SPI_MOSI / DIO4 Both Disabled

12 CTS

13 ON_SLEEP

14 VREF - -

15 ASSOCIATE / DIO5 Both Output

16 RTS

17 AD3 / DIO3 / SPI_SSE

18 AD2 / DIO2 / SPI_CLK Both Disabled

19 AD1 / DIO1 / SPI_ATTN

20 AD0 / DIO0 / CB Both Disabled

/ SLEEP_RQ / DIO8 Both Input

/ DIO7 Both Output

/ DIO9 Both Output

/ DIO6 Both Input

L Both Disabled

Both Disabled

Pin Sleep Control Line / GPIO

Ground

GPIO/ SPI slave in

Clear-to-Send Flow Control / GPIO

Module Status Indicator / GPIO

Not connected

Associate Indicator / GPIO

Request to Send Flow Control / GPIO

Analog Input / GPIO / SPI Slave Select

Analog Input / GPIO / SPI Clock

Analog Input / GPIO / SPI Attention

Analog Input / GPIO / Commissioning Button

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 18

Pin signals for the through-hole module

EM357 pin mappings

The following table shows how the EM357 pins are used on the XBee.

Note Some lines may not go to the external XBee pins in the programmable secondary processor version.

EM357 Pin # EM357 Pin Name

RST

PA7

PB3

PB4

PA0 / SC2MOSI

PA1 / SC2MISO

PA2 / SC2SCLK

PA3 / SC2SSEL

PA4 / PTI_EN

PA5 / PTI_DATA / BOOTMODE

PA6

PB1 / SC1TXD

XBee (SMT) Pad #

29 16

25 12

16 11

17 4

14 18

15 17

32 19

12 NA

XBee (TH) Pin #

Other Usage

Programming

Used for UART

Used for SPI

OTA packet tracing

OTA packet tracing, force embedded serial bootloader, and SPI attention line

Used for UART

PB2 / SC1RXD

PC2 / JTDO / SWO

PC3 / JTDI

PC4 / JTMS / SWDIO

PB0

PC1 / ADC3

PB7 / ADC2

PB6 / ADC1

PB5 / ADC0 Temperature sensor on PRO version

26 13

28 15

10 9

30 17

31 18

33 20

Used for UART

JTAG (see Writing custom firmware on page 201)

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 19

Design notes

The XBee modules do not specifically require any external circuitry or specific connections for proper operation. However, there are some general design guidelines that are recommended for help in troubleshooting and building a robust design.

Power supply design

Poor power supply can lead to poor radio performance, especially if the supply voltage is not kept within tolerance or is excessively noisy. To help reduce noise, we recommend placing both a 1F and 8.2pF capacitor as near to (pad 2/SMT, pin 1/TH) on the PCB as possible. If using a switching regulator for your power supply, switching frequencies above 500kHz are preferred. Power supply ripple should be limited to a maximum 50mV peak to peak.

Note For designs using the programmable modules, an additional 10F decoupling cap is recommended near

(pad 2/SMT, pin 1/TH) of the module. The nearest proximity to (pad 2/SMT, pin 1/TH) of the three caps should be in the following order: 8.2pf, 1F followed by 10F.

Recommended pin connections

The only required pin connections are VCC, GND, DOUT and DIN. To support serial firmware updates, VCC, GND, DOUT, DIN, RTS, and DTR should be connected.

All unused pins should be left disconnected. All inputs on the radio can be pulled high or low with 30k internal pull-up or pull-down resistors using the PR and PD software commands. No specific treatment is needed for unused outputs.

For applications that need to ensure the lowest sleep current, unconnected inputs should never be left floating. Use internal or external pull-up or pull-down resistors, or set the unused I/O lines to outputs.

Other pins may be connected to external circuitry for convenience of operation, including the Associate LED pad (pad 28/SMT, pin 15/TH) and the Commissioning pad (pad 33/SMT, pin 20/TH). The Associate LED pad will flash differently depending on the state of the module to the network, and a pushbutton attached to pad 33 can enable various join functions without having to send serial port commands. See Commissioning Pushbutton and

Associate LED on page 93 for more details. The source and sink capabilities are limited to 4mA for pad numbers 3,

4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 and 32, and 8mA for pad numbers 7, 8, 24, 31 and 33 on the SMT module. The source and sink capabilities are limited to 4mA for pin numbers 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, and 19, and 8mA for pin numbers 6, 7, 11, 18, and 20 on the TH module.

The VRef pad (pad 27) is only used on the programmable versions of the SMT modules. For the TH modules, a VRef pin (Pin #14) is used. For compatibility with other XBee modules, we recommend connecting this pin to a voltage reference if analog sampling is desired. Otherwise, connect to GND.

Board layout

XBee modules are designed to be self sufficient and have minimal sensitivity to nearby processors, crystals or other PCB components. As with all PCB designs, Power and Ground traces should be thicker than signal traces and able to comfortably support the maximum current specifications. A recommended PCB footprint for the module can be found in Manufacturing information on page 228. No other special PCB design considerations are required for integrating XBee radios except in the antenna section.

The choice of antenna and antenna location is very important for correct performance. With the exception of the RF Pad variant, XBees do not require additional ground planes on the host PCB. In general, antenna elements

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 20

Design notes

radiate perpendicular to the direction they point. Thus a vertical antenna emits across the horizon. Metal objects near the antenna cause reflections and may reduce the ability for an antenna to radiate efficiently. Metal objects between the transmitter and receiver can also block the radiation path or reduce the transmission distance, so external antennas should be positioned away from them as much as possible. Some objects that are often overlooked are metal poles, metal studs or beams in structures, concrete (it is usually reinforced with metal rods), metal enclosures, vehicles, elevators, ventilation ducts, refrigerators, microwave ovens, batteries, and tall electrolytic capacitors.

Design notes for PCB antenna modules

PCB Antenna modules should not have any ground planes or metal objects above or below the antenna. For best results, the module should not be placed in a metal enclosure, which may greatly reduce the range. The module should be placed at the edge of the PCB on which it is mounted. The ground, power and signal planes should be vacant immediately below the antenna section. The drawings on the following pages illustrate important recommendations when designing with PCB antenna modules. It should be noted that for optimal performance, this module should not be mounted on the RF Pad footprint described in the next section because the footprint requires a ground plane within the PCB Antenna keep out area.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 21

Surface-mount keepout area

Design notes

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 22

Through-hole keepout area

Design notes

Design notes for SMT RF pad modules

The RF Pad is a soldered antenna connection. The RF signal travels from pin 36 on the module to the antenna through an RF trace transmission line on the PCB. Note that any additional components between the module and antenna will violate modular certification. The RF trace should have a controlled impedance of 50 ohms. We recommend using a microstrip trace, although coplanar waveguide may also be used if more isolation is needed. Microstrip generally requires less area on the PCB than coplanar waveguide. Stripline is not recommended because sending the signal to different PCB layers can introduce matching and performance problems.

It is essential to follow good design practices when implementing the RF trace on a PCB. The following figures show a layout example of a host PCB that connects an RF Pad module to a right angle, through hole RPSMA jack. The top two layers of the PCB have a controlled thickness dielectric material in between. The second layer has a ground plane which runs underneath the entire RF Pad area. This ground plane is a distance d, the thickness of the dielectric, below the top layer. The top layer has an RF trace running from pin 36 of the module to the RF pin of the RPSMA connector. The RF trace's width determines the impedance of the transmission line with relation to

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 23

Design notes

the ground plane. Many online tools can estimate this value, although the PCB manufacturer should be consulted for the exact width. Assuming d=0.025”, and that the dielectric has a relative permittivity of 4.4, the width in this example will be approximately 0.045" for a 50 ohm trace. This trace width is a good fit with the module footprint's

0.060" pad width. Using a trace wider than the pad width is not recommended, and using a very narrow trace (under 0.010") can cause unwanted RF loss. The length of the trace is minimized by placing the RPSMA jack close to the module. All of the grounds on the jack and the module are connected to the ground planes directly or through closely placed vias. Any ground fill on the top layer should be spaced at least twice the distance d (in this case, at least 0.050") from the microstrip to minimize their interaction.

Implementing these design suggestions will help ensure that the RF Pad module performs to its specifications. The following illustration shows PCB layer 1 of an example RF layout.

The following illustration shows PCB layer 2 of an example RF layout.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 24

Module operation for the programmable variant

The modules with the programmable option have a secondary processor with 32k of flash and 2k of RAM. This allows module integrators to put custom code on the XBee module to fit their own unique needs. The DIN, DOUT, RTS, CTS, and RESET lines are intercepted by the secondary processor to allow it to be in control of the data transmitted and received. All other lines are in parallel and can be controlled by either the EM357 or the MC9SO8QE micro (see the Block Diagram for details). The pin use is automatically handled by the Programmable XBee SDK native APIs.

In order for the secondary processor to sample with ADCs, the XBee VREF pin (27/SMT, 14/TH) must be connected to a reference voltage.

Digi provides a bootloader that can take care of programming the processor over the air or through the serial interface. This means that over the air updates can be supported through an XMODEM protocol. The processor can also be programmed and debugged through a one wire interface BKGD (Pin 9/SMT, Pin 8/TH).

Programmable XBee SDK

The XBee Programmable module is equipped with a Freescale MC9S08QE32 application processor. This application processor comes with a supplied bootloader. To interface your application code running on this processor to the XBee Programmable module's supplied bootloader, use the Programmable XBee SDK.

To use the SDK, you must also download CodeWarrior. The download links are:

• CodeWarrior IDE: http://ftp1.digi.com/support/sampleapplications/40003004_B.exe

• Programmable XBee SDK: http://ftp1.digi.com/support/sampleapplications/40003003_D.exe

If these revisions change, search for the part number on Digi’s website. For example, search for “40003003”.

Install the IDE first, then install the SDK.

The documentation for the Programmable XBee SDK is built into the SDK, so the Getting Started guide appears when you open CodeWarrior.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 25

The following figure shows the programmable connections for the SMT.

Overview of the XBee ZigBee RF Module

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 26

The following illustration shows the programmable connections for the TH Module.

Overview of the XBee ZigBee RF Module

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 27

Module operation

Serial communications

XBee RF Modules interface to a host device through a serial port. Through its serial port, the module can communicate with any logic and voltage compatible UART, through a level translator to any serial device (for example, through a RS-232 or USB interface board), or through a Serial Peripheral Interface, which is a synchronous interface to be described later.

Two Wire serial Interface (TWI) is also available, but not supported by Digi. For information on the TWI, see the EM357 specification.

UART data flow

Devices that have a UART interface can connect directly to the pins of the RF module as shown in the figure below.

System data flow diagram in a UART-interfaced environment (Low-asserted signals distinguished with horizontal line over signal name.)

Serial data

Data enters the module UART through the DIN (pin 4) as an asynchronous serial signal. The signal should idle high when no data is being transmitted.

Each data byte consists of a start bit (low), 8 data bits (least significant bit first) and a stop bit (high). The following figure illustrates the serial bit pattern of data passing through the module.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 28

Serial communications

UART data packet 0x1F (decimal number “31”) as transmitted through the RF module Example Data Format is 8-N-1 (bits - parity - # of stop bits)

Serial communications depend on the two UARTs (the microcontroller's and the RF module's) to be configured with compatible settings (baud rate, parity, start bits, stop bits, data bits).

The UART baud rate, parity, and stop bits settings on the XBee module can be configured with the BD, NB, and SB commands respectively. See Serial interfacing (I/O) commands on page 186 for details.

SPI communications

The XBee modules support SPI communications in slave mode. Slave mode receives the clock signal and data from the master and returns data to the master. The SPI port uses the following signals on the XBee:

• SPI_MOSI (Master Out, Slave In) - inputs serial data from the master

• SPI_MISO (Master In, Slave Out) - outputs serial data to the master

• SPI_SCLK (Serial Clock) - clocks data transfers on MOSI and MISO

• SPI_SSEL (Slave Select) - enables serial communication with the slave

The above four pins are standard for SPI. This module also supports an additional pin, which may be configured to alert the SPI master when it has data to send. This pin is called SPI_ATTN (through polling or interrupts), it can know when it needs to receive data from the module. SPI_ATTN whenever it has data to send and it remains asserted until all available data has been shifted out to the SPI master.

In this mode, the following apply:

. If the master monitors this pin

asserts

• Data/clock rates of up to 5 Mb/s are possible

• Data is MSB first

• Frame format mode 0 is used (see below)

The following illustration shows the frame format for SPI communications.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 29

Serial communications

Serial

Receiver

Buffer

RF TX

Buffer

Transmitter

RF Switch

Antenna

Port

Receiver

Serial Transmit

Buffer

RF RX

Buffer

Processor

DIN

DOUT

CTS

RTS

SPI operation

When the slave select (SPI_SSEL) signal is asserted by the master, SPI transmit data is driven to the output pin (SPI_MISO), and SPI data is received from the input pin SPI_MOSI. The SPI_SSEL the transmit serializer to drive data to the output signal SPI_MISO. A rising edge on SPI_SSEL shift registers.

pin has to be asserted to enable

resets the SPI slave

If the SPI_SCLK is present, the SPI_MISO line is always driven whether with or without the SPI_SSEL

line driven. This is a known issue with the Ember EM357 chip, and makes additional hardware necessary if multiple slaves are using the same bus as the XBee.

If the input buffer is empty, the SPI serializer transmits a busy token (0xFF). Otherwise, all transactions on the SPI port use API operation. See API Operation on page 130 for more information.

The SPI slave controller must guarantee that there is time to move new transmit data from the transmit buffer into the hardware serializer. To provide sufficient time, the SPI slave controller inserts a byte of padding at the start of every new string of transmit data. Whenever the transmit buffer is empty and data is placed into the transmit buffer, the SPI hardware inserts a byte of padding onto the front of the transmission as if this byte were placed there by software.

Serial port selection

In the default configuration the UART and SPI ports will both be configured for serial port operation. In this case, serial data will go out the UART until the SPI_SSEL signal is asserted. Thereafter all serial communications will operate only on the SPI interface until a reset occurs.

If only the UART is enabled, then only the UART will be used, and SPI_SSEL will be ignored.

If only the SPI is enabled, then only the SPI will be used, and UART communications will be ignored. If DOUT is held low during boot, then only the SPI will be used.

Once SPI is in use, do not attempt to apply changes (AC) which change the UART or SPI settings. Instead, use 0x09 frames to reconfigure UART/SPI/other settings, use WR to save the settings, then FR to reset the XBee and use the new configuration settings.

If neither serial port is enabled, then UART will remain enabled, only the UART will be used, and SPI_SSEL will be ignored.

Serial buffers

The XBee modules maintain small buffers to collect received serial and RF data, which is illustrated in the figure below. The serial receive buffer collects incoming serial characters and holds them until they can be processed. The serial transmit buffer collects data that is received via the RF link that will be transmitted out the UART or SPI port. The following figure shows an internal data flow diagram.

XBee/XBee-PRO ZigBee RF Modules User Guide 30

+ 202 hidden pages

Digi S2DSM User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Overview of the XBee ZigBee RF Module

Worldwide acceptance

Firmware release notes

Specifications

Hardware specifications

Agency approvals

Serial communications specifications

UART

GPIO specifications

Hardware specifications for the programmable variant

Mechanical drawings

Pin signals for the surface mount module

Pin signals for the through-hole module

EM357 pin mappings

Design notes

Power supply design

Recommended pin connections

Board layout

Module operation for the programmable variant

Programmable XBee SDK

Module operation

Serial communications

UART data flow

SPI communications

Serial buffers