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Evaluation Board for PWM, Step-Down DC-to-DC Controller with
Margining and Tracking
INTRODUCTION
This data sheet describes the design, operation, and test of the
ADP1822 standard evaluation board. In all tests, the board is
operated from an input voltage range of 9 V to 15 V, and
generates up to 10 A at V
fixed at 300 kHz.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The ADP1822 is a versatile and inexpensive synchronous buck
PWM controller. The converter power input voltage range is
1 V to 24 V, while the ADP1822 controller is specified from
3.0 V to 5.5 V. The ADP1822 free-running frequency is logicselectable at either 300 kHz or 600 kHz. Alternatively, it can be
synchronized to an external clock at any frequency between
300 kHz and 1.2 MHz. The internal gate drivers control an all
N-channel power stage to regulate a converter output voltage as
low as 0.6 V with up to 20 A load current.
The regulated output of the ADP1822 can track another power
supply and be dynamically adjusted up or down with the
margining control inputs of the controller.
= 1.8 V. The switching frequency is
OUT
The ADP1822 includes an adjustable soft start to limit input
inrush current and to facilitate sequencing. It provides currentlimit and short-circuit protection, and a power-good logic output.
The ADP1822 is well suited for a wide range of power
applications, such as DSP and processor core power in
telecommunications, medical imaging, high performance
servers, and industrial applications.
SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1. Evaluation Board Specifications
Description Parameter
V
1.8 V
OUT
Frequency 300 kHz
Maximum I
Current Limit 15 A
High and Low Voltage Margining 5%
10 A
OUT
PLEASE SEE THE LAST PAGE FOR AN IMPORTANT
WARNING AND LEGAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
Evaluation Board Schematic and Layout..................................... 12
Ordering Information .................................................................... 14
Bill of Materials ........................................................................... 14
Rev. A | Page 2 of 16
Page 3
Evaluation Board User Guide UG-366
TEST INSTRUCTIONS
Test instructions:
1. Make sure that Jumper 2 is open. Power on the board
(output voltage is at 1.8 V).
2. If Jumper 1 is shorted, replace the inductor to another
value to fit 600 kHz operation.
3. If Jumper 3 is shorted, the output high margining is at
1.89 V. If Jumper 4 is open, the output low margining is at
1.71 V.
4. Verify the output voltage tracking features when
connecting the external generator to the TRKN point.
5. Use the PWGD point for monitoring operation behavior.
Table 2. Jumper and Connector Descriptions
Name Description
M1 VIN
M2 GND In
M3 VIN
M4 GND Out
Jumper 1 Open: 300 kHz
Short: 600 kHz
Jumper 2 Open: enable the board
Short: disable the board
Jumper 3 Open: output voltage normal mode.
Short: active voltage margin
Jumper 4 Open: high margin
Short: low margin
Table 3. Margining Description
MAR MSEL Voltage Margin
Low (Jumper 3
open)
High (Jumper 3
shorted)
High (Jumper 3
shorted)
X None
High (Jumper 4
open)
Low (Jumper 4
shorted)
High margin (FB
connected to MUP)
Low margin (FB
connected to MDN)
Default
Status
Open
Open
Open
Open
Rev. A | Page 3 of 16
Page 4
UG-366 Evaluation Board User Guide
)1(D
f
KI
V
L
SWCR
OUT
OUT
−=
+∆=∆
OUT
SW
L
OUT
Cf
ESRIV
8
1
up
OUT
OUT
min1OUT,
VV
LI
C
∆
∆
=
2
2
down
UTO
IN
OUT
min2OUT,
VVV
LI
C
∆−
∆
=
)(2
2
12
2
L
COUT
II∆
=
DSON
L
UTO
lowC
R
I
IDP
∆
+−=
12
)1(
2
2
,
SWGGG
fQVP =
2
)(
SW
FRLIN
T
fttIV
P+=
COMPONENT SELECTION
INPUT CAPACITOR
In continuous mode, the source current of the high-side
MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle V
OUT/VIN
. To prevent
large voltage transients, use a low ESR input capacitor sized for
the maximum rms current. The maximum rms capacitor
current is given by I
√D(1 − D)
L
OUTPUT INDUCTOR
In high switching applications, if the inductor is too big, the
dI/dt is too low and cannot respond to load changes quickly. If
the inductor is too small, the output ripple would be high.
Therefore, if good transient response is needed, smaller
inductors and larger capacitors are better, within the constraint
of the maximum allowed ripple current in the capacitor and the
maximum dissipation of the core (core temperature).
The output inductor can be chosen according to the following
equation:
(1)
where:
is the output voltage.
V
OUT
I
is the rated output current.
OUT
K
is the ratio of current ripple, ΔIL/IO.
CR
f
is the switching frequency.
SW
D is the duty cycle
Generally, K
should be chosen around 20% ~ 40%.
cr
OUTPUT CAPACITOR
The selection of C
capacitance. The output voltage ripple can be approximated as
is determined by the ESR and the
OUT
(4)
where:
is the step load.
ΔI
OUT
ΔV
is the output voltage overshoot when the load is
up
stepped down.
ΔV
is the output voltage overshoot when the load is
down
stepped up.
V
is the input voltage.
IN
C
is the minimum capacitance according to the overshoot
OUT,min1
voltage ΔV
C
OUT,min2
voltage ΔV
Select an output capacitance that is greater than both C
and C
up.
is the minimum capacitance according to the overshoot
down.
OU T, min1
.
OU T, min2
Make sure that the ripple current rating of the output capacitors
is greater than the following current:
(5)
MOSFET SELECTION
The choice of MOSFET directly affects the dc-to-dc converter
performance. The MOSFET must have low on resistance
(R
) to reduce the conduction loss, and low gate charge to
DSON
reduce switching loss.
For the low-side (synchronous) MOSFET, the dominant loss is
the conduction loss. It can be calculated as
(6)
(2)
Generally, the voltage ripple caused by the capacitance or ESR
depends on the capacitor chosen.
ESR affects the output voltage ripple; thus, an MLCC capacitor
is recommended because of its low ESR.
During a load transient on the output, the amount of
capacitance needed is determined by the maximum energy
stored in the inductor. The capacitance must be sufficient to
absorb the change in inductor current when a high current to
low current transition occurs and to supply the load when a low
current to high current transition occurs.
(3)
The gate charge loss is approximated by the following equation:
where:
V
G
Q
G
The high-side (switching) MOSFET has to be able to handle
conduction loss and switching loss. The high-side MOSFET
switching loss is approximated by the equation
where t
Rev. A | Page 4 of 16
(7)
is the driver voltage.
is the MOSFET total gate charge.
(8)
and tF are the rise and fall times of the MOSFET.
R
Page 5
Evaluation Board User Guide UG-366
G
SPG
GD
GS
R
R
VV
Q
Q
t
−
+
=
2
G
SP
GD
GS
F
R
V
Q
Q
t+=
2
m
UTO
TH
SP
g
I
VV+≈
DSON
L
OUT
highC
R
I
IDP
∆
+=
12
2
2
,
6.0
6.0−
=
OUT
V
RR21
()
lowDSON
L
L
lowDSON
CSLCSL
CSL
R
I
IRRIV
__
2
∆
+−+=
CSL
lowDSON
L
CSL
I
R
I
I
R
_
2
∆
+
=
limit
kΩ100
8.0
6.0
1ln×
−−
=
SS
SS
t
C
tR and tF can be calculated using
and
where:
and Q
Q
GS
R
is the gate resistance
G
V
is approximated using
SP
are provided in the MOSFET data sheet.
GD
In normal operation, the direction of current flow through the
low-side FET causes a negative voltage to appear on its drain.
This voltage is V = IR, where I is the instantaneous FET current
and R is its R
. A +42 μA current source at the ADP1822
DSON
CSL pin causes a fixed voltage drop in the current sense resistor
that is connected from the CSL pin to the drain of the low-side
FET. This current through the current limit set resistor produces
a voltage in the opposite direction, thus raising (in the positive
direction) the potential at the CSL pin. The resulting net voltage
on the CSL pin is compared with ground. During normal
operation, the CSL pin stays above ground potential. The
overcurrent protection circuitry is triggered when increased
FET current produces increased negative voltage on the lowside MOSFET drain, thus causing the voltage on the CSL pin to
go negative with respect to ground.
Therefore, the resistor R
can be calculated from the following
CSL
equation:
where g
is the MOSFET transconductance.
m
The high-side MOSFET conduction loss can be calculated as
(9)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
The regulation threshold at the FB pin is 0.6 V, and t he
maximum input bias current is 100 nA. This bias current can
introduce significant error if the divider impedance is too high.
In order to get the best accuracy, the bottom resistor, R2, should
be no higher than 50 kΩ. On the other hand, very low values of
R2 will dissipate excess power. For R2, a 1% resistor with a value
between 1 kΩ and 10 kΩ is recommended.
The upper divider is then set using the following formula (it
should also be a 1% type):
(10)
CURRENT LIMIT SET RESISTOR
The voltage on the CSL pin can be calculated by the following
formula:
(11)
where:
is the voltage on the CSL pin.
V
CSL
I
is the current out from the CSL pin, I
CSL
R
is the current limited resistor.
CSL
R
I
ΔI
is the conduction resistor of the lower side MOSFET.
DSON_low
is the output current.
L
is the output current ripple.
L
= 42 μA.
CSL
(12)
SETTING THE SOFT START
The soft start characteristic is set by the capacitor connected
from SS to GND. The ADP1822 charges C
internal resistor. The soft start period (t
V
= 0.6 V.
CSS
to 0.8 V through an
SS
) is achieved when
SS
(13)
where 100 kΩ is the internal resistor.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE TRACKING
The ADP1822 features an internal comparator that forces the
output voltage to track an external voltage at startup, which
prevents the output voltage from exceeding the tracking voltage.
The comparator turns off the high-side switch if the positive
tracking (TRKP) input voltage exceeds the negative tracking
(TRKN) input voltage. Connect TRKP to the output voltage and
drive TRKN with the voltage to be tracked. If the voltage at
TRKN is below the regulation voltage, the output voltage at
TRKN is below the regulation voltage, and the output voltage is
limited to the voltage at TRKN. If the voltage at TRKN is above
the regulation voltage, the output voltage regulates the desired
voltage set by the voltage divider.
Rev. A | Page 5 of 16
Page 6
UG-366 Evaluation Board User Guide
OUTPUT VOLTAGE MARGINING
The ADP1822 features output voltage margining. MSEL is the
margin select input. Drive MSEL high to activate the voltage
margining feature. Drive MSEL low to regulate the output
voltage to the nominal value. If not used, connect MSEL to
GND. MAR is the margin control input. MAR is used with
MSEL to control output voltage margining. MAR chooses
between high voltage and low voltage margining when MSEL is
driven high. If not used, connect MAR to GND.
The internal switches from FB are connected to MUP and
MSEL terminals to determine the high and low margining. The
high voltage is margined by switching a resistor from FB to
GND, and the low voltage is margined by switching a resistor
from FB to the output voltage.
Table 4. Voltage Margining Control
MAR MSEL Voltage Margin
Low X None
High High High margin (FB connected to MUP)
High Low Low margin (FB connected to MDN)
Rev. A | Page 6 of 16
Page 7
Evaluation Board User Guide UG-366
)(
)(
)(
sD
sV
sG
OUT
VD
=
2
2
1
1
1
)(
OO
C
L
IN
VD
s
Q
s
sCR
R
R
V
sG
ω
+
ω
+
××+
×
+
=
LC
RR
RR
C
L
O
+
+
=ω
O
L
C
C
L
L
R
CRR
CRR
R
L
R
R
Q
ω
⋅
+×++
+
=
1
)(
1
π
+
π
+
π
+
π
+
=
21
21
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
)(
PP
ZZ
EA
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
ksG
1R
3R
k−=
R3C17
f
Z
π=2
1
1
18C2R1R
f
Z
)(2
1
2
+π
=
C19C17
C19C17
R
f
P
+
⋅
π=32
1
1
R4C18
f
P
π=2
1
2
L1
R8
C20
R9
HIGH SIDE
DRIVER
LOW SIDE
DRIVER
OUT
OUT
C21
C22
R11
R
C
C1
RL1
R10
COMP
06388-002
V
OUT
V
IN
V
FB
V
REF
R3
C17
C19
R1R4
C18
R2
OUT
06388-003
V
COMP
V
REF
V
OUT
CONTROL LOOP DESIGN AND EQUATIONS
Figure 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of the overall control loop.
Figure 2. Control Loop
POWER STAGE TRANSFER FUNCTION
The power stage transfer function of the ADP1822 is given by
the following equation:
(14)
(15)
where:
is the ESR of the output capacitor.
R
C
R
is the series resistance of output inductor.
L
CONTROL CIRCUIT AND TRANSFER FUNCTION
Refer to the compensation circuit shown in Figure 3.
The equation for the compensation transfer function is
(16)
where:
The switching frequency is 300 kHz. For best performance, set
the crossover frequency to about 1/10 of switching frequency,
f
, or around 60 kHz. Lower crossover frequencies cause poor
SW
dynamic response, while higher crossover frequencies can cause
instability. The best performance usually results from the
highest possible crossover frequency that allows adequate gain
and phase margins. A phase margin in the range of 40° to 60° is
recommended.
Figure 3. Compensation Circuit
Rev. A | Page 7 of 16
Page 8
UG-366 Evaluation Board User Guide
RAMP
EA
VD
V
sGsG
sT
)()()(×
=
OVERALL LOOP GAIN
The transfer function for the overall control loop can be written as
(17)
where V
the ADP1822 controller.
is the PWM peak ramp voltage (typically 1.25 V) of
RAMP
Use the following guidelines to select the compensation
components:
1. Set the loop gain cross frequency f
place the cross frequency f
2. Cancel ESR zero f
Z
C
by compensator pole fP1.
3. Place the high frequency pole f
. A good choice is to
C
at fSW/10 for fast response.
to achieve maximum
P2
attenuation of switching ripple and high frequency noise.
4. Place two compensator zeros nearby at the power stage
resonant frequency f
place f
between fO and fC.
Z2
. Typically, place fZ1 below fO and
O
5. Check the phase margin to ensure good regulation
performance.
Rev. A | Page 8 of 16
Page 9
Evaluation Board User Guide UG-366
06388-004
CH1 20.0VM4.00µsA CH1 1.20mV
T 42.80%
1
T
Δ: 16.8mV
@: –7.60mV
90
85
80
75
70
EFFICIENCY (%)
024681012
IO (A)
06388-006
95
VIN = 9V
V
IN
= 15V
V
IN
= 12V
3
06388-008
CH1 1.00V
CH3 1.00V
M20.0msA CH3 1.86V
T 72.60%
Δ: 1.32mV
@: 1.78mV
T
1
06388-005
CH1 20.0mVM4.00µsA CH1 1.20mV
1
T 42.80%
Δ: 20.0mV
@: –9.20mV
T
3
06388-007
CH1 20.0mVM200µsA CH3 5.20A
1
T 405.200µs
T
Δ: 62.8mV
@: –32.8mV
CH3 5.00A Ω
4
2
06388-009
CH3 2.00V
CH2 2.00VM4.00msA CH3 1.56V
T 29.80%
Δ: 1.76V
@: 4.44V
T
3
CH4 100mV
TEST RESULTS AND MAJOR WAVEFORMS
Figure 4. Output Voltage Ripple, Without Load,
Channel 1: Output Voltage
Figure 5. Efficiency vs. Load Current
Figure 7. Output Voltage Ripple,10 A,
Channel 1: Output Voltage
Figure 8. Load Transient Response,
Channel 1: Output Voltage (AC-Coupled), Channel 3: Output Current
LY. Customer understands and agrees that the Evaluation Board is provided
SORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM CUSTOMER’S POSSESSION OR USE OF
in accordance with the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of
NOTES
ESD Caution
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Charged devices and circuit boards can discharge without detection. Although this product features patented or proprietary protection
circuitry, damage may occur on devices subjected to high e nergy ESD. Therefore, proper ESD precaution s should be taken to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
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set forth below (“Agreement”) unless you have purchased the Evaluation Board, in which case the Analog Devices Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale s hall govern. Do not use the Evaluation Board until you
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temporary, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable license to use the Evaluation Board FOR EVALUATION PURPOSES ON
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