FEATURES
Operates from +1.7 V to 618 V
Low Supply Current: 15 mA/Amplifier
Low Offset Voltage: 75 mV
Outputs Sink and Source: 68 mA
No Phase Reversal
Single or Dual Supply Operation
High Open-Loop Gain: 600 V/mV
Unity-Gain Stable
APPLICATIONS
Digital Scales
Strain Gages
Portable Medical Equipment
Battery Powered Instrumentation
Temperature Transducer Amplifier
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The OP193 family of single-supply operational amplifiers features a combination of high precision, low supply current and
the ability to operate at low voltages. For high performance in
single supply systems the input and output ranges include
ground, and the outputs swing from the negative rail to within
600 mV of the positive supply. For low voltage operation the
OP193 family can operate down to 1.7 volts or ± 0.85 volts.
The combination of high accuracy and low power operation
make the OP193 family useful for battery powered equipment.
Its low current drain and low voltage operation allow it to continue performing long after other amplifiers have ceased functioning either because of battery drain or headroom.
The OP193 family is specified for single +2 volt through dual
±15 volt operation over the HOT (–40°C to +125°C) tempera-
ture range. They are available in plastic DIPs, plus SOIC surface mount packages.
Operational Amplifiers
OP193/OP293/OP493*
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
8-Lead SO
(S Suffix)
8-Lead SO
(S Suffix)
OUT A
–IN A
OP293
+IN A
V–
14-Lead Epoxy DIP
(P Suffix)
V+
OUT B
–IN B
+IN B
8-Lead Epoxy DIP
(P Suffix)
8-Lead Epoxy DIP
(P Suffix)
OUT A
–IN A
+IN A
V–
1
OP293
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
V+
OUT B
–IN B
+IN B
16-Lead Wide Body SOL
(S Suffix)
*Patent pending.
REV. A
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Gain Bandwidth ProductGBP3535kHz
Channel SeparationV
= 10 V p-p,
OUT
RL = 2 kΩ, f = 1 kHz120120dB
NOTES
1
Long term offset voltage is guaranteed by a 1000 hour life test performed on three independent lots at +125°C, with an LTPD of 1.3.
2
Offset voltage drift is the average of the –40°C to +25°C delta and the +25 °C to +125 °C delta.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
–2–
REV. A
Page 3
OP193/OP293/OP493
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(@ VS = +5.0 V, VCM = 0.1 V, TA = +258C unless otherwise noted)
“E” Grade“F” Grade
Parameter SymbolConditionsMin Typ MaxMin Typ MaxUnits
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Offset VoltageV
OS
OP19375150µV
OP193, –40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C175250µV
A
OP293100250µV
OP293, –40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C200350µV
A
OP493125275µV
OP493, –40°C ≤ T
Input Bias CurrentI
Input Offset CurrentI
Input Voltage RangeV
B
OS
CM
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C1520nA
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C24nA
Common-Mode RejectionCMRR0.1 ≤ V
≤ +4 V10011696116dB
CM
≤ +125°C225375µV
A
0404V
0.1 ≤ VCM ≤ +4 V,
Large Signal Voltage GainA
VO
–40°C ≤ T
RL = 100 kΩ,
0.03 ≤ V
≤ +125°C9292 dB
A
≤ +4.0 V200200V/mV
OUT
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C125125V/mV
Large Signal Voltage GainA
VO
–40°C ≤ T
RL = 10 kΩ,
0.03 ≤ V
≤ +125°C130130V/mV
A
≤ +4.0 V7575V/mV
OUT
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +85°C5050V/mV
Long Term Offset VoltageV
OS
–40°C ≤ T
Note 1150300µV
≤ +125°C7070V/mV
A
Offset Voltage Drift∆VOS/∆TNote 20.21.25µV/°C
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage Swing HighV
OH
IL = 100 µA4.44.4V
IL = 1 mA+4.1 4.4+4.1 4.4V
I
= 1 mA,
L
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C+4.0+4.0V
I
= 5 mA+4.0 4.4+4.0 4.4V
Output Voltage Swing LowV
OL
L
IL = –100 µA140160140160mV
I
= –100 µA,
L
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C220220mV
No Load55mV
I
= –1 mA280400280400mV
L
I
= –1 mA,
L
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C500500mV
I
= –5 mA700900700900mV
Short Circuit CurrentI
SC
L
±8±8mA
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply Rejection RatioPSRRV
= ±1.7 V to ±6.0 V10012097120dB
S
VS = ±1.5 V to ±18 V,
Supply Current/AmplifierI
–40°C ≤ T
SY
VCM = 2.5 V, RL = ∞14.514.5µA
≤ +125°C9490 dB
A
NOISE PERFORMANCE
Voltage Noise Densitye
Current Noise Densityi
n
n
f = 1 kHz6565nV/√Hz
f = 1 kHz0.050.05pA/√Hz
Voltage Noiseen p-p0.1 Hz to 10 Hz33µV p-p
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Slew RateSRR
= 2 kΩ1212V/ms
L
Gain Bandwidth ProductGBP3535kHz
NOTES
1
Long term offset voltage is guaranteed by a 1000 hour life test performed on three independent lots at +125°C, with an LTPD of 1.3.
2
Offset voltage drift is the average of the –40°C to +25°C delta and the +25 °C to +125 °C delta.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
REV. A
–3–
Page 4
OP193/OP293/OP493
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(@ VS = +3.0 V, VCM = 0.1 V, TA = +258C unless otherwise noted)
“E” Grade“F” Grade
Parameter SymbolConditionsMin Typ MaxMin Typ MaxUnits
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Offset VoltageV
OS
OP19375150µV
OP193, –40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C175250µV
A
OP293100250µV
OP293, –40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C200350µV
A
OP493125275µV
OP493, –40°C ≤ T
Input Bias CurrentI
Input Offset CurrentI
Input Voltage RangeV
B
OS
CM
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C1520nA
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C24nA
Common-Mode RejectionCMRR0.1 ≤ V
≤ +2 V9711694116dB
CM
≤ +125°C225375µV
A
0202V
0.1 ≤ VCM ≤ +2 V,
Large Signal Voltage GainA
VO
–40°C ≤ T
RL = 100 kΩ, 0.03 ≤ V
–40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C9087dB
A
≤ +85°C7575V/mV
A
≤ 2 V100100V/mV
OUT
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C100100V/mV
Long Term Offset VoltageV
OS
Note 1150300µV
Offset Voltage Drift∆VOS/∆T Note 20.21.25µV/°C
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage Swing HighV
OH
IL = 1 mA+2.1 2.14+2.1 2.14V
IL = 1 mA,
–40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C1.91.9V
A
IL = 5 mA+1.9 2.1+1.9 2.1V
Output Voltage Swing LowV
OL
IL = –1 mA280400280400mV
IL = –1 mA
–40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C500500mV
A
IL = –5 mA700900700900mV
Short Circuit CurrentI
SC
±8±8mA
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply Rejection RatioPSRRV
= +1.7 V to +6 V,10097
S
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C9490dB
Supply Current/AmplifierI
SY
VCM = 1.5 V, RL = ∞14.5 2214.5 22µA
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C2222µA
Supply Voltage RangeV
S
+2±18+2±18V
NOISE PERFORMANCE
Voltage Noise Densitye
Current Noise Densityi
n
n
f = 1 kHz6565nV/√Hz
f = 1 kHz0.050.05pA/√Hz
Voltage Noiseen p-p0.1 Hz to 10 Hz33µV p-p
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Slew RateSRR
= 2 kΩ1010V/ms
L
Gain Bandwidth ProductGBP2525kHz
Channel SeparationV
= 10 V p-p,
OUT
RL = 2 kΩ, f = 1 kHz120120dB
NOTES
1
Long term offset voltage is guaranteed by a 1000 hour life test performed on three independent lots at +125°C, with an LTPD of 1.3.
2
Offset voltage drift is the average of the –40°C to +25°C delta and the +25 °C to +125 °C delta.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
–4–
REV. A
Page 5
OP193/OP293/OP493
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(@ VS = +2.0 V, VCM = 0.1 V, TA = +258C unless otherwise noted)
“E” Grade“F” Grade
Parameter SymbolConditionsMin Typ MaxMin Typ MaxUnits
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Offset VoltageV
OS
OP19375150µV
OP193, –40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C175250µV
A
OP293100250µV
OP293, –40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C175350µV
A
OP493125275µV
Input Bias CurrentI
Input Offset CurrentI
Input Voltage RangeV
Large Signal Voltage GainA
B
OS
CM
VO
OP493, –40°C ≤ T
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C1520nA
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C24nA
RL = 100 kΩ, 0.03 ≤ V
≤ +125°C225375µV
A
0101V
≤ 1 V6060V/mV
OUT
–40°C ≤ TA ≤ +125°C7070V/mV
Long Term Offset VoltageV
OS
Note 1150300µV
POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply Rejection RatioPSRRV
Supply Current/AmplifierI
Supply Voltage RangeV
SY
S
= +1.7 V to +6 V,10097
S
–40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C9490dB
A
VCM = 1.0 V, RL = ∞13.2 2013.2 20µA
–40°C ≤ T
≤ +125°C2525µA
A
+2±18+2±18V
NOISE PERFORMANCE
Voltage Noise Densitye
Current Noise Densityi
n
n
f = 1 kHz6565nV/√Hz
f = 1 kHz0.050.05pA/√Hz
Voltage Noiseen p-p0.1 Hz to 10 Hz33µV p-p
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Slew RateSRR
= 2 kΩ1010V/ms
L
Gain Bandwidth ProductGBP2525kHz
W AFER TEST LIMITS
(@ VS = +5.0 V, VCM = 0.1 V, V
= 2 V, TA = +258C unless otherwise noted)
OUT
ParameterSymbolConditionsLimitUnits
Offset VoltageV
Input Bias CurrentI
Input Offset CurrentI
Input Voltage Range
1
OS
B
OS
V
CM
Common-Mode RejectionCMRR0 ≤ V
Power Supply Rejection RatioPSRRV
Large Signal Voltage GainA
Output Voltage Swing HighV
Output Voltage Swing LowV
Supply Current/AmplifierI
NOTES
Electrical tests and wafer probe to the limits shown. Due to variations in assembly methods and normal yield loss, yield after packaging is not guaranteed for standard
product dice. Consult factory to negotiate specifications based on dice lot qualifications through sample lot assembly and testing.
1
Guaranteed by CMRR test.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
VO
OH
OL
SY
VS = ±15 V, V
V
= +2 V, V
S
= 0 V±75µV max
OUT
= 1.0 V±75µV max
OUT
VCM = 1.0 V20nA max
VCM = 1.0 V4nA max
0 to 4V min
≤ 4 V96dB min
CM
= ±1.5 V to ±18 V100dB min
S
RL = 100 kΩ100V/mV min
IL = 1 mA4.1V min
IL = –1 mA400mV max
VO = 0 V, RL = ∞, VS = ±18 V25µA max
Absolute maximum ratings apply to both DICE and packaged parts, unless
otherwise noted.
2
For supply voltages less than ± 18 V, the input voltage is limited to the supply
voltage.
3
θJA is specified for the worst case conditions, i.e., θJA is specified for device in socket
for P-DIP, and θ
package.
is specified for device soldered in circuit board for SOIC
JA
1
3
JA
θ
JC
Units
ORDERING GUIDE
TemperaturePackagePackage
ModelRangeDescriptionOption
OP193EP–40°C to +125°C8-Pin Plastic DIPN-8
OP193ES–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP193ES-REEL–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP193ES-REEL7–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP193FP–40°C to +125°C8-Pin Plastic DIPN-8
OP193FS–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP193FS-REEL–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP193FS-REEL7–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP193GBC+25°CDICE
OP293EP–40°C to +125°C8-Pin Plastic DIPN-8
OP293ES–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP293ES-REEL–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP293ES-REEL7–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP293FP–40°C to +125°C8-Pin Plastic DIPN-8
OP293FS–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP293FS-REEL–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP293FS-REEL7–40°C to +125°C8-Pin SOICSO-8
OP293GBC+25°CDICE
OP493EP–40°C to +125°C14-Pin Plastic DIPN-14
OP493ES–40°C to +125°C16-Pin SOLSOL-16
OP493ES-REEL–40°C to +125°C16-Pin SOLSOL-16
OP493FP–40°C to +125°C14-Pin Plastic DIPN-14
OP493FS–40°C to +125°C16-Pin SOLSOL-16
OP493FS-REEL–40°C to +125°C16-Pin SOLSOL-16
OP493GBC+25°CDICE
DICE CHARACTERISTICS
1
8
7
OP193 Die Size 0.070 × 0.055 Inch, 3,850 Sq. Mils Substrate
(Die Backside) Is Connected to V– Transistor Count, 55
(Die Backside) Is Connected to V– Transistor Count, 215
OP293 Die Size 0.072 × 0.110 Inch, 7,920 Sq. Mils Substrate
(Die Backside) Is Connected to V– Transistor Count, 105
CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the OP193/OP293/OP493 feature proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent
damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore,
proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of
functionality.
–6–
WARNING!
ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
REV. A
Page 7
T ypical Performance Characteristics–OP193/OP293/OP493
100
80
40
10 100 1k 10k
FREQUENCY – Hz
60
20
0
PSRR – dB
+PSRR
5V ≤ VS ≤ 30V
TA = +25°C
–PSRR
120
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT – mA
| –ISC
|
VS = ±15V
75
20
–50
0
10
TEMPERATURE – °C
30
–25125025 50100
40
+ISC
V
S
= ±15V
| –ISC
|
VS = +5V
+ISC
V
S
= +5V
200
VS = ±15V
= +25°C
T
160
120
80
40
NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS
0
A
450 x PDIPS
OFFSET – µV
756030150–15–30–45–60–75
45
Figure 1. OP193 Offset Distribution,
V
= ±15 V
S
150
VS = ±15V
120
90
60
30
NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS
–40°C ≤ T
450 x PDIPS
≤ +125°C
A
200
160
120
80
40
NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS
0
–75
–456045–30030
OFFSET – µV
VS = +3V
V
CM
= +25°C
T
A
450 x PDIPS
15–15–60
= 0.1V
75
Figure 2. OP193 Offset Distribution,
= +3 V
V
S
1
VS = +5V
0
–1
–2
–3
INPUT BIAS CURRENT – nA
–40°C
+125°C
+25°C
150
120
90
60
30
NUMBER OF AMPLIFIERS
0
0
0.20.80.4
TCV
OS
VS = +3V
V
= 0.1V
CM
–40°C ≤ T
450 x PDIPS
0.6
– µV/°C
≤ +125°C
A
1.0
Figure 3. OP193 TCVOS Distribution,
= +3 V
V
S
0
0
0.20.80.4
Figure 4. OP193 TCVOS Distribution,
= ±15 V
V
S
120
100
80
60
CMRR – dB
40
20
0
10 100 1k 10k
VS = +5V
FREQUENCY – Hz
Figure 7. CMRR vs. Frequency
REV. A
TCV
VS = ±15V
– µV/°C
OS
0.6
TA = +25°C
1.0
–4
0
1234
COMMON MODE VOLTAGE – Volts
5
Figure 5. Input Bias Current vs.
Common-Mode Voltage
Figure 16. Voltage Gain (RL = 100 kΩ)
vs. Temperature
CURRENT NOISE DENSITY – pA/√
1
0.1 1 10 100 1k
FREQUENCY – Hz
Figure 14. Current Noise Density vs.
Frequency
1000
800
600
400
200
VOLTAGE GAIN – V/mV
0
–50
–2512502550100
VS = ±15V
–10V ≤ V
VS = +5V
0.03V ≤ V
TEMPERATURE – °C
OUT
≤ 4V
OUT
≤ +10V
75
Figure 17. Voltage Gain (RL = 10 kΩ)
vs. Temperature
DELTA FROM SUPPLY RAIL – mV
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
LOAD CURRENT – µA
Figure 15. Delta Output Swing from
Either Rail vs. Current Load
60
TA = +25°C
= +5V
V
40
20
GAIN – dB
0
–20
10 100 1k 10k 100k
FREQUENCY – Hz
S
Figure 18. Closed-Loop Gain vs.
Frequency, V
= 5 V
S
–8–
REV. A
Page 9
OP193/OP293/OP493
GAIN – dB
60
40
100 1k 10k 100k 1M
0
–20
VS = +5V
FREQUENCY – Hz
20
PHASE
–40
GAIN
PHASE – Degrees
90
0
–45
45
–90
Q4
Q1
Q5
Q3
Q2
OUTPUT
I
1
I
2
I
3
FROM
INPUT
STAGE
V+
V–
60
40
20
GAIN – dB
0
–20
10 100 1k 10k 100k
Figure 19. Closed-Loop Gain vs.
Frequency, V
60
40
20
0
GAIN – dB
–20
–40
100 1k 10k 100k 1M
Figure 22. Open Loop, Gain and
Phase vs. Frequency
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
The OP193 family of operational amplifiers are single-supply,
micropower, precision amplifiers whose input and output ranges
both include ground. Input offset voltage (V
maximum, while the output will deliver ± 5 mA to a load. Supply current is only 17 µA.
A simplified schematic of the input stage is shown in Figure 23.
Input transistors Q1 and Q2 are PNP devices, which permit the
inputs to operate down to ground potential. The input transistors have resistors in series with the base terminals to protect the
junctions from over voltage conditions. The second stage is an
NPN cascode which is buffered by an emitter follower before
driving the final PNP gain stage.
The OP193 includes connections to taps on the input load resistors, which can be used to null the input offset voltage, V
The OP293 and OP493 have two additional transistors, Q7 and
Q8. The behavior of these transistors is discussed in the Output
Phase Reversal section of this data sheet.
The output stage, shown in Figure 24, is a noninverting NPN
“totem-pole” configuration. Current is sourced to the load by
emitter follower Q1, while Q2 provides current sink capability.
When Q2 saturates, the output is pulled to within 5 mV of
ground without an external pull-down resistor. The totem-pole
output stage will supply a minimum of 5 mA to an external
load, even when operating from a single 3.0 V power supply.
By operating as an emitter follower, Q1 offers a high impedance
load to the final PNP collector of the input stage. Base drive to
Q2 is derived by monitoring Q1’s collector current. Transistor
REV. A
FREQUENCY – Hz
= ±15 V
S
PHASE
GAIN
FREQUENCY – Hz
TA = +25°C
V
= ±15V
S
VS = ±15V
90
45
0
PHASE – Degrees
–45
–90
OS
60
VS = +5V TA = +25°C
A
= 1
V
50
50mV ≤ V
LOADS TO GND
40
30
20
OVERSHOOT – %
10
0
10 100 1000 10000
≤ 150mV
IN
+OS
=
∞
R
L
–OS
RL =
CAPACITIVE LOAD – pF
∞
+OS = | –OS
RL = 50kΩ
+OS = | –OS
RL = 10kΩ
Figure 20. Small Signal Overshoot
vs. Capacitive Load
Q5 tracks the collector current of Q1. When Q1 is on, Q5 keeps
Q4 off, and current source I1 keeps Q2 turned off. When Q1 is
driven to cutoff (i.e., the output must move toward V–), Q5
allows Q4 to turn on. Q4’s collector current then provides the
base drive for Q3 and Q2, and the output low voltage swing is
set by Q2’s V
–9–
|
|
Figure 21. Open Loop, Gain and
Phase vs. Frequency
I
1
Q1Q2
Q7
R1
A
R1
B
NULLING
TERMINALS
(OP193 ONLY)
which is about 5 mV.
CE,SAT
Q8
R2
A
R2
B
Q3
V+
I
2
I3I
4
Q5
Q6
Q4
TO
I5I
OUTPUT
STAGE
6
V–
D1
Page 10
OP193/OP293/OP493
LITHIUM SULPHUR DIOXIDE
CELL VOLTAGE – Volts
50000
2
1
HOURS
3
100070002000300040006000
4
0
OP493OP293
OP193
6
5
7
4
1
2
3
V–
V+
OP193
100kΩ
Driving Capacitive Loads
OP193 family amplifiers are unconditionally stable with capacitive loads less than 200 pF. However, the small signal, unitygain overshoot will improve if a resistive load is added. For
example, transient overshoot is 20% when driving a 1000pF/
10 kΩ load. When driving large capacitive loads in unity-gain
configurations, an in-the-loop compensation technique is recommended as illustrated in Figure 28.
Input Overvoltage Protection
As previously mentioned, the OP193 family of op amps use a
PNP input stage with protection resistors in series with the
inverting and noninverting inputs. The high breakdown of the
PNP transistors, coupled with the protection resistors, provides
a large amount of input protection from over voltage conditions.
The inputs can therefore be taken 20 V beyond either supply
without damaging the amplifier.
Output Phase Reversal—OP193
The OP193’s input PNP collector-base junction can be forwardbiased if the inputs are brought more than one diode drop
(0.7 V) below ground. When this happens to the noninverting
input, Q4 of the cascode stage turns on and the output goes
high. If the positive input signal can go below ground, phase
reversal can be prevented by clamping the input to the negative
supply (i.e., GND) with a diode. The reverse leakage of the
diode will, of course, add to the input bias current of the amplifier. If input bias current is not critical, a 1N914 will add less
than 10 nA of leakage. However, its leakage current will double
for every 10°C increase in ambient temperature. For critical
applications, the collector-base junction of a 2N3906 transistor
will only add about 10 pA of additional bias current. To limit
the current through the diode under fault conditions, a 1 kΩ
resistor is recommended in series with the input. (The OP193’s
internal current limiting resistors will not protect the external
diode).
Output Phase Reversal—OP293 and OP493
The OP293 and OP493 include lateral PNP transistors Q7 and
Q8 to protect against phase reversal. If an input is brought more
than one diode drop (≈0.7 V) below ground, Q7 and Q8 combine to level shift the entire cascode stage, including the bias to
Q3 and Q4, simultaneously. In this case Q4 will not saturate
and the output remains low.
The OP293 and OP493 do not exhibit output phase reversal for
inputs up to –5 V below V– at +25°C. The phase reversal limit
at +125°C is about –3 V. If the inputs can be driven below these
levels, an external clamp diode, as discussed in the previous section, should be added.
Battery Powered Applications
OP193 series op amps can be operated on a minimum supply
voltage of +1.7 V, and draw only 13 µA of supply current per
amplifier from a 2.0 V supply. In many battery-powered circuits, OP193 devices can be continuously operated for thousands of hours before requiring battery replacement, thus
reducing equipment downtime and operating cost.
High performance portable equipment and instruments frequently use lithium cells because of their long shelf life, light
weight, and high energy density relative to older primary cells.
Most lithium cells have a nominal output voltage of 3 V and are
noted for a flat discharge characteristic. The low supply voltage
requirement of the OP193, combined with the flat discharge
characteristic of the lithium cell, indicates that the OP193 can
be operated over the entire useful life of the cell. Figure 25
shows the typical discharge characteristic of a 1 AH lithium cell
powering the OP193, OP293, and OP493, with each amplifier,
in turn, driving 2.1 Volts into a 100 kΩ load.
Figure 25. Lithium Sulfur Dioxide Cell Discharge Characteristic with OP193 Family and 100 k
Ω
Loads
Input Offset Voltage Nulling
The OP193 provides two offset nulling terminals that can be
used to adjust the OP193’s internal V
. In general, operational
OS
amplifier terminals should never be used to adjust system offset
voltages. The offset null circuit of Figure 26 provides about
±7 mV of offset adjustment range. A 100 kΩ resistor placed in
series with the wiper arm of the offset null potentiometer, as
shown in Figure 27, reduces the offset adjustment range to
400 µV and is recommended for applications requiring high null
resolution. Offset nulling does not adversely affect TCV
OS
performance, providing that the trimming potentiometer temperature coefficient does not exceed ±100 ppm/°C.
Figure 26. Offset Nulling Circuit
–10–
REV. A
Page 11
6
7
2
3
C1
1000pF
OP193
V
BE2
4
R2
1.5MΩ
Q1
V
OUT
(1.23V @ 25°C)
5
R1
240kΩ
V+
(+2.5V TO +36V)
Q2
1
2
3
7
6
5
V
BE1
MAT-01AH
∆V
BE
R3 68kΩ
R5 20kΩ
OUTPUT
ADJUST
R4
130kΩ
V1
6
7
2
3
OP193
4
R2
100kΩ
V
OUT =
100mV/mA(I
TEST
)
5
V+
1
R2
9.9kΩ
R3
100kΩ
R5
100Ω
R1
1Ω
TO CIRCUIT
UNDER TEST
I
TEST
V+
7
2
OP193
3
1
6
4
5
100kΩ
100kΩ
V–
Figure 27. High Resolution Offset Nulling Circuit
A Micropower False-Ground Generator
Some single supply circuits work best when inputs are biased
above ground, typically at 1/2 of the supply voltage. In these
cases a false ground can be created by using a voltage divider
buffered by an amplifier. One such circuit is shown in Figure 28.
This circuit will generate a false-ground reference at 1/2 of the
supply voltage, while drawing only about 27 µA from a 5 V sup-
ply. The circuit includes compensation to allow for a 1 µF by-
pass capacitor at the false-ground output. The benefit of a large
capacitor is that not only does the false ground present a very
low dc resistance to the load, but its ac impedance is low as well.
The OP193 can both sink and source more than 5 mA, which
improves recovery time from transients in the load current.
+5V OR +12V
10kΩ
0.022µF
240kΩ
7
240kΩ
1µF
2
3
OP193
4
100Ω
6
+2.5V OR +6V
1µF
Figure 28. A Micropower False-Ground Generator
A Battery Powered Voltage Reference
The circuit of Figure 29 is a battery-powered voltage reference
that draws only 17 µA of supply current. At this level, two AA
alkaline cells can power this reference for more than 18 months.
At an output voltage of 1.23 V @ 25°C, drift of the reference is
only 5.5 µV/°C over the industrial temperature range. Load
regulation is 85 µV/mA with line regulation at 120 µV/V.
Design of the reference is based on the Brokaw bandgap core
technique. Scaling of resistors R1 and R2 produces unequal currents in Q1 and Q2. The resulting ∆V
perature-proportional voltage (PTAT) which, in turn, produces
across R3 creates a tem-
BE
a larger temperature-proportional voltage across R4 and R5, V1.
The temperature coefficient of V1 cancels (first order) the
complementary to absolute temperature (CTAT) coefficient of
V
BE1
tempco is at a minimum. Bandgap references can have start-up
problems. With no current in R1 and R2, the OP193 is beyond
its positive input range limit and has an undefined output state.
Shorting Pin 5 (an offset adjust pin) to ground forces the output
high under these circumstances and insures reliable startup
. When adjusted to 1.23 V @ +25°C, output voltage
without significantly degrading the OP193’s offset drift.
REV. A
OP193/OP293/OP493
Figure 29. A Battery Powered Voltage Reference
A Single-Supply Current Monitor
Current monitoring essentially consists of amplifying the voltage
drop across a resistor placed in series with the current to be
measured. The difficulty is that only small voltage drops can be
tolerated, and with low precision op amps this greatly limits the
overall resolution. The single-supply current monitor of Figure
30 has a resolution of 10 µA and is capable of monitoring 30
mA of current. This range can be adjusted by changing the current sense resistor R1. When measuring total system current, it
may be necessary to include the supply current of the current
monitor, which bypasses the current sense resistor, in the final
result. This current can be measured and calibrated (together
with the residual offset) by adjustment of the offset trim potentiometer, R2. This produces a deliberate temperature dependent
offset. However, the supply current of the OP193 is also proportional to temperature, and the two effects tend to track. Current
in R4 and R5, which also bypasses R1, can be adjusted via a
gain trim.
Figure 30. Single-Supply Current Monitor
–11–
Page 12
OP193/OP293/OP493
+5V
V+
V–
+5V
V+
V–
V
OUT
+IN
1/2 OP293
A2
R4
1.98M
R3
20k
R2
1.98M
R1
20k
–IN
1/2 OP293
A1
+5V
10k
Q1
Q2
VN2222
I
OUT
+
V
TEMP
× R6 + R7
()
R2×R10
– V
SET
R2 + R6 + R7
R2 × R10
∆I
OUT
∆T
=
∆V
TEMP
∆T
(R6 + R7)
R2× R10
A Single-Supply Instrumentation Amplifier
Designing a true single-supply instrumentation amplifier with
zero-input and zero-output operation requires special care. The
traditional configuration, shown in Figure 31, depends upon
amplifier A1’s output being at 0 V when the applied commonmode input voltage is at 0 V. Any error at the output is multiplied by the gain of A2. In addition, current flows through
resistor R3 as A2’s output voltage increases. A1’s output must
remain at 0 V while sinking the current through R3, or a gain
error will result. With a maximum output voltage of 4 V, the
current through R3 is only 2 µA, but this will still produce an
appreciable error.
–IN
+IN
R1
20k
R2
1.98M
+5V
A1
1/2 OP293
R3
V+
V–
I
SINK
20k
R4
1.98M
+5V
V+
A2
1/2 OP293
V–
V
OUT
Figure 31. A Conventional Instrumentation Amplifier
One solution to this problem is to use a pull-down resistor. For
example, if R3 = 20 kΩ, then the pull-down resistor must be
less than 400 Ω. However, the pull-down resistor appears as a
fixed load when a common-mode voltage is applied. With a 4 V
common-mode voltage, the additional load current will be 10 mA,
which is unacceptable in a low power application.
Figure 32 shows a better solution. A1’s sink current is provided
by a pair of N-channel FET transistors, configured as a current
mirror. With the values shown, sink current of Q2 is about
340 µA. Thus, with a common-mode voltage of 4 V, the addi-
tional load current is limited to 340 µA versus 10 mA with a
400 Ω resistor.
REF-43BZ
V
TEMP
R3
100kΩ
R2
1kΩ
R5
5kΩ
V
2
IN
V
6
OUT
3
V
TEMP
GND
R1 10kΩ
4
ALL RESISTORS 1/4W, 5% UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED
2
8
1
4
1/2 OP293
3
Figure 33. Temperature to 4–20 mA Transmitter
Figure 32. An Improved Single-Supply, 0 VIN, 0 V
OUT
Instrumentation Amplifier
A Low-Power, Temperature to 4–20 mA Transmitter
A simple temperature to 4–20 mA transmitter is shown in Figure 33. After calibration, this transmitter is accurate to ± 0.5°C
over the –50°C to +150°C temperature range. The transmitter
operates from +8 V to +40 V with supply rejection better than
3 ppm/V. One half of the OP293 is used to buffer the V
TEMP
pin, while the other half regulates the output current to satisfy
the current summation at its noninverting input:
The change in output current with temperature is the derivative
of the transfer function:
R4
20kΩ
ZERO
TRIM
1N4002
SPAN TRIM
R6
3kΩ
R7
5kΩ
6
1/2 OP293
V
SET
5
7
R9
100kΩ
1%, 1/2 W
R8
1kΩ
R10
100Ω
2N1711
I
OUT
R
LOAD
V+
+8V TO +40V
–12–
REV. A
Page 13
From the formulas, it can be seen that if the span trim is ad-
8
4
1/2 OP293
1
2
3
R3
100kΩ
V
CONTROL
R4
200kΩ
TRIANGLE
OUT
A1
+5V
R1
200kΩ
R2
200kΩ
1/2 OP293
6
5
7
A2
SQUARE
OUT
+5V
R6
200kΩ
R7
200kΩ
S3
S4
S1
1 IN/OUT
2 OUT/IN
CONT 12
OUT/IN 10
3 OUT/IN
S2
CONT 13
4 IN/OUT
6 CONT
5 CONT
7
V
SS
IN/OUT 8
IN/OUT 11
OUT/IN 9
V
DD
14
+5V
+5V
CD4066
R8
200kΩ
+5V
R5
200kΩ
C1
75nF
justed before the zero trim, the two trims are not interactive,
which greatly simplifies the calibration procedure.
Calibration of the transmitter is simple. First, the slope of the
output current versus temperature is calibrated by adjusting the
span trim, R7. A couple of iterations may be required to be sure
the slope is correct.
Once the span trim has been completed, the zero trim can be
made. Remember that adjusting the zero trim will not affect the
gain.
The zero trim can be set at any known temperature by adjusting
R5 until the output current equals:
OP193/OP293/OP493
I
OUT
=
∆I
∆T
OPERATING
FS
(T
AMBIENT−TMIN
)+ 4 mA
Table I shows the values of R6 required for various temperature
ranges.
Table I. R6 Values vs. Temperature
Temp RangeR6
0°C to +70°C10 kΩ
–40°C to +85°C6.2 kΩ
–55°C to +150°C3 kΩ
A Micropower Voltage Controlled Oscillator
An OP293 in combination with an inexpensive quad CMOS
analog switch forms the precision VCO of Figure 34. This circuit provides triangle and square wave outputs and draws only
50 µA from a single 5 V supply. A1 acts as an integrator; S1
switches the charging current symmetrically to yield positive and
negative ramps. The integrator is bounded by A2 which acts as
a Schmitt trigger with a precise hysteresis of 1.67 volts, set by
resistors R5, R6, and R7, and associated CMOS switches. The
resulting output of A1 is a triangle wave with upper and lower
levels of 3.33 and 1.67 volts. The output of A2 is a square wave
with almost rail-to-rail swing. With the components shown, frequency of operation is given by the equation:
but this can easily be changed by varying C1. The circuit operates well up to 500 Hz.
f
OUT
= V
CONTROL
(Volts) × 10 Hz/V
Figure 34. Micropower Voltage Controlled Oscillator
A Micropower, Single-Supply Quad Voltage Output 8-Bit
DAC
The circuit of Figure 35 uses the DAC8408 CMOS quad 8-bit
DAC and the OP493 to form a single-supply quad voltage output DAC with a supply drain of only 140 µA. The DAC8408 is
used in the voltage switching mode and each DAC has an output resistance (≈10 kΩ) independent of the digital input code.
The output amplifiers act as buffers to avoid loading the DACs.
The 100 kΩ resistors ensure that the OP493 outputs will swing
to within 1/2 LSB of ground, i.e.:
1
1.23V
×
2
256
= 3mV
REV. A
–13–
Page 14
OP193/OP293/OP493
+5V
3.6k
25
4
5
6
AD589
1.23V
I
OUT
I
OUT
I
OUT
I
OUT
1A
2A/2B
1B
1C
+5V
1
V
DD
DAC A
1/4
DAC8408
DAC B
1/4
DAC8408
DAC C
1/4
DAC8408
+5V
A Single-Supply Micropower Quad Programmable-Gain
Amplifier
4
The combination of the quad OP493 and the DAC8408 quad
8-bit CMOS DAC creates a quad programmable gain amplifier
with a quiescent supply drain of only 140 µA (Figure 36). The
digital code present at the DAC, which is easily set by a micro-
2
A
V
A
2
REF
V
B
8
REF
3
6
5
1/4 OP493
B
1/4 OP493
V
OUT
1
11
R1
100kΩ
V
OUT
7
R2
100kΩ
processor, determines the ratio between the fixed DAC feedback
A
resistor and the resistance that the DAC feedback ladder presents to the op amp feedback loop. The gain of each amplifier is:
V
V
OUT
IN
256
=
n
where n equals the decimal equivalent of the 8-bit digital code
B
present at the DAC.
If the digital code present at the DAC consists of all zeros, the
feedback loop will be open causing the op amp to saturate. The
10 MΩ resistors placed in parallel with the DAC feedback loop
eliminates this problem with a very small reduction in gain accuracy. The 2.5 V reference biases the amplifiers to the center of