Datasheet MAX3243IDBR, MAX3243IDWR Datasheet (Texas Instruments)

MAX3243

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

D

Single-Chip and Single-Supply Interface for
IBM PC/AT Serial Port

D

Meets or Exceeds the Requirements of
TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU v.28 Standards

D

Operates With 3-V to 5.5-V VCC Supply

D

Always-Active Noninverting Receiver
Output (ROUT2B)

D

Operates up to 250 kbit/s

D

Low Standby Current ...1 µA Typical

D

External Capacitors ...4 × 0.1 µF

D

Accepts 5-V Logic Input With 3.3-V Supply

D

Designed to Be Interchangeable With
Maxim MAX3243

D

Serial-Mouse Driveability

D

RS-232 Bus-Pin ESD Protection Exceeds
±15-kV Using Human-Body Model (HBM)

D

Applications
– Battery-Powered Systems, PDAs,

Notebooks, Laptops, Palmtop PCs, and
Hand-Held Equipment

D

Package Options Include Plastic
Small-Outline (DW), Shrink Small-Outline
(DB), and Thin Shrink Small-Outline (PW)
Packages

DB, DW, OR PW PACKAGE

(TOP VIEW)

C2+
C2–

V–
RIN1
RIN2
RIN3
RIN4
RIN5

DOUT1
DOUT2
DOUT3

DIN3
DIN2
DIN1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

C1+

28

V+

27

V

26

GND

25

C1–

24

FORCEON

23

FORCEOFF

22

INVALID

21

ROUT2B

20

ROUT1

19

ROUT2

18

ROUT3

17
16

ROUT4

15

ROUT5

CC

description

The MAX3243 device consists of three line drivers, five line receivers, and a dual charge-pump circuit with
±15-kV ESD protection pin-to-pin (serial-port connection pins, including GND). The device meets the
requirements of TIA/EIA-232-F and provides the electrical interface between an asynchronous communication
controller and the serial-port connector. This combination of drivers and receivers matches that needed for the
typical serial port used in an IBM PC/AT, or compatible. The charge pump and four small external capacitors
allow operation from a single 3-V to 5.5-V supply . In addition, the device includes an always-active noninverting
output (ROUT2B), which allows applications using the ring indicator to transmit data while the device is powered
down. The device operates at data signaling rates up to 250 kbit/s and a maximum of 30-V/µs driver output slew
rate.

Flexible control options for power management are available when the serial port is inactive. The
auto-powerdown feature functions when FORCEON is low and FORCEOFF
operation, if the device does not sense a valid RS-232 signal, the driver outputs are disabled. If FORCEOFF
is set low, both drivers and receivers (except ROUT2B) are shut of f, and the supply current is reduced to 1 µA.
Disconnecting the serial port or turning off the peripheral drivers causes the auto-powerdown condition to occur .

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

is high. During this mode of

PRODUCT PREVIEW

AT, IBM, and PC are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.

PRODUCT PREVIEW information concerns products in the formative or
design phase of development. Characteristic data and other
specifications are design goals. Texas Instruments reserves the right to
change or discontinue these products without notice.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

Copyright  2000, Texas Instruments Incorporated

1

MAX3243

OUTPUT

y

Normal o eration with

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

description (continued)

Auto-powerdown can be disabled when FORCEON and FORCEOFF are high, and should be done when driving
a serial mouse. With auto-powerdown enabled, the device is activated automatically when a valid signal is
applied to any receiver input. The INV ALID output is used to notify the user if an RS-232 signal is present at any
receiver input. INV ALID
or has been between –0.3 V and 0.3 V for less than 30 µs. INVALID is low (invalid data) if all receiver input
voltages are between –0.3 V and 0.3 V for more than 30 µs. Refer to Figure 5 for receiver input levels.

The MAX3243C is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C. The MAX3243I is characterized for operation
from –40°C to 85°C.

is high (valid data) if any receiver input voltage is greater than 2.7 V or less than –2.7 V

AVAILABLE OPTIONS

PACKAGED DEVICES

T

A

0°C to 70°C MAX3243CDB MAX3243CDW MAX3243CPW

–40°C to 85°C MAX3243IDB MAX3243IDW MAX3243IPW

The DB, DW, and PW packages are available taped and reeled. Add the suffix R to
device type (e.g., MAX3243CDBR).

SHRINK

SMALL OUTLINE

(DB)

SMALL OUTLINE

(DW)

THIN SHRINK

SMALL OUTLINE

(PW)

DIN FORCEON

X X L X Z Powered off
L H H X H
H HH XL
L L H Yes H
H LHYesL

PRODUCT PREVIEW

L L H No Z
H L H No Z

H = high level, L = low level, X = irrelevant, Z = high impedance

INPUTS

RIN2

L X L X L Z

H XL XH Z

L L H Yes L H
L HH YesL L

H LHYesH H
H HHYesH L

Open Open H No L H

H = high level, L = low level, X = irrelevant, Z = high impedance (off), Open = input disconnected or connected
driver off

RIN1,

RIN3–RIN5

INPUTS

FORCEOFF

FORCEOFF

Function Tables

EACH DRIVER

VALID RIN

RS-232 LEVEL

EACH RECEIVER

VALID RIN

RS-232 LEVEL

DOUT

auto-powerdown disabled

auto-powerdown enabled

auto-powerdown feature

OUTPUTS

ROUT2B ROUT

DRIVER STATUS

Normal operation with

Normal operation with

Powered off by

RECEIVER STATUS

Powered off while
ROUT2B is active

p

auto-powerdown

disabled/enabled

2

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logic diagram (positive logic)

MAX3243

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

DIN1

DIN2

DIN3

FORCEOFF

FORCEON

ROUT1

ROUT2B

ROUT2

14

13

12

22

23

19
20

18

Auto-powerdown

10

11

21

9

4

5

DOUT1

DOUT2

DOUT3

INVALID

RIN1

RIN2

ROUT3

ROUT4

ROUT5

17

16

15

6

RIN3

7

RIN4

8

RIN5

PRODUCT PREVIEW

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3

MAX3243

Suppl

oltage

V

VIHDriver and control high-level input voltage

DIN, FORCEOFF, FORCEON

V

TAO erating free-air tem erature

°C

ICCSu ly current

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)

Supply voltage range, VCC (see Note 1) –0.3 V to 6 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Positive output supply voltage range, V+ (see Note 1) –0.3 V to 7 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Negative output supply voltage range, V– (see Note 1) 0.3 V to –7 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supply voltage difference, V+

– V– (see Note 1) 13 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Input voltage range, VI: Driver (FORCEOFF, FORCEON) –0.3 V to 6 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Receiver –25 V to 25 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Output voltage range, VO: Driver –13.2 V to 13.2 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Receiver (INVALID) –0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Note 2): DB package 62°C/W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DW package 46°C/W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PW package 62°C/W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds 260°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Storage temperature range, T

†

Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

NOTES: 1. All voltages are with respect to network GND.

2. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51.

–65°C to 150°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

stg

recommended operating conditions (see Note 3 and Figure 6)

MIN NOM MAX UNIT

pp

y v

p

V
V
V

PRODUCT PREVIEW

NOTE 3: Test conditions are C1–C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2–C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.

Driver and control low-level input voltage DIN, FORCEOFF, FORCEON 0.8 V

IL

Driver and control input voltage DIN, FORCEOFF, FORCEON 0 5.5 V

I

Receiver input voltage –25 25 V

I

p

p

VCC = 3.3 V 3 3.3 3.6
VCC = 5 V 4.5 5 5.5
VCC = 3.3 V 2
VCC = 5 V 2.4

MAX3243C 0 70
MAX3243I –40 85

†

°

electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 3 and Figure 6)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP‡MAX UNIT

I

Input leakage current FORCEOFF, FORCEON ±0.01 ±1 µA

I

pp

‡

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

NOTE 3. Test conditions are C1–C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2–C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.

4

Auto-powerdown disabled
Powered off No load, FORCEOFF at GND 1 10

Auto-powerdown enabled

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No load,
FORCEOFF

No load, FORCEOFF at VCC,
FORCEON at GND,
All RIN are open or grounded

and FORCEON at V

CC

0.3 1 mA

1 10

µA

MAX3243

I

Sh

‡

±35

±60

mA

SR(tr)

g

CC

V/µs

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

DRIVER SECTION

electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 3 and Figure 6)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP†MAX UNIT

V
V

V

I

IH

I

IL

OS

r

o

I

off

†

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

‡

Short-circuit durations should be controlled to prevent exceeding the device absolute power dissipation ratings, and not more than one output
should be shorted at a time.

NOTE 3. Test conditions are C1–C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2–C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.

High-level output voltage All DOUT at RL = 3 kΩ to GND 5 5.4 V

OH

Low-level output voltage All DOUT at RL = 3 kΩ to GND –5 –5.4 V

OL

Output voltage

O

(mouse driveability)
High-level input current VI = V

Low-level input current VI at GND ±0.01 ±1 µA

ort-circuit output current

Output resistance VCC, V+, and V– = 0 V, VO = ±2 V 300 10M Ω
Output leakage current FORCEOFF = GND, VO = ±12 V, VCC = 0 to 5.5 V ±25 µA

DIN1 = DIN2 = GND, DIN3 = VCC,
3-kΩ to GND at DOUT3,
DOUT1 = DOUT2 = 2.5 mA

CC

VCC = 3.6 V, VO = 0 V
VCC = 5.5 V, VO = 0 V

±5 V

±0.01 ±1 µA

switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 3 and Figure 6)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP†MAX UNIT

Maximum data rate

t

sk(p)

†

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

§

Pulse skew is defined as |t

NOTE 3. Test conditions are C1–C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2–C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.

Pulse skew
Slew rate, transition region VCC = 3.3 V,

(see Figure 1)

§

– t

PLH

PHL

CL = 1000 pF,
One DOUT switching,

CL = 150 pF to 2500 pF

RL = 3 kΩ to 7 kΩ

| of each channel of the same device.

RL = 3 kΩ,
See Figure 1

RL = 3 kΩ to 7 kΩ,
See Figure 2

CL = 150 pF to 1000 pF 6 30
CL = 150 pF to 2500 pF 4 30

250 kbit/s

100 ns

PRODUCT PREVIEW

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5

MAX3243

V

Positive-going input threshold voltage

V

V

Negative-going input threshold voltage

V

C

150 pF, See Figure 3

C

150 pF, R

See Figure 4

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

RECEIVER SECTION

electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 3 and Figure 6)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP

V
V

V
I

off

r

i

†

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

NOTE 3. Test conditions are C1–C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2–C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.

High-level output voltage IOH = –1 mA VCC – 0.6 V VCC – 0.1 V V

OH

Low-level output voltage IOL = 1.6 mA 0.4 V

OL

IT+

IT–

Input hysteresis (V

hys

Output leakage current (except ROUT2B) FORCEOFF = 0 V ±0.05 ±10 µA
Input resistance VI = ±3 V to ±25 V 3 5 7 kΩ

p

p

– V

IT+

) 0.5 V

IT–

VCC = 3.3 V 1.6 2.4
VCC = 5 V 1.9 2.4
VCC = 3.3 V 0.6 1.1
VCC = 5 V 0.8 1.4

switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Note 3)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP†MAX UNIT

t

PLH

t

PHL

t

en

t

dis

t

sk(p)

†

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

‡

Pulse skew is defined as |t

NOTE 3. Test conditions are C1–C4 = 0.1 µF at VCC = 3.3 V ± 0.3 V; C1 = 0.047 µF, C2–C4 = 0.33 µF at VCC = 5 V ± 0.5 V.

Propagation delay time, low- to high-level output
Propagation delay time, high- to low-level output
Output enable time
Output disable time
Pulse skew

‡

– t

PLH

| of each channel of the same device.

PHL

p

=

L

p

=

L

See Figure 3 50 ns

= 3 kΩ,

L

†

MAX UNIT

150 ns
150 ns
200 ns
200 ns

PRODUCT PREVIEW

6

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MAX3243

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

AUTO-POWERDOWN SECTION

electrical characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Figure 5)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN

V

T+(valid)

V

T–(valid)

V

T(invalid)

V

OH

V

OL

†

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

Receiver input threshold
for INVALID

Receiver input threshold
for INVALID

Receiver input threshold
for INVALID

INVALID high-level output voltage

INVALID low-level output voltage

high-level output voltage

high-level output voltage

low-level output voltage

FORCEON = GND,
FORCEOFF

FORCEON = GND,
FORCEOFF

FORCEON = GND,
FORCEOFF

IOH = –1 mA, FORCEON = GND,
FORCEOFF

IOL = 1.6 mA, FORCEON = GND,
FORCEOFF

= V

= V

= V

= V

= V

CC

CC

CC

CC

CC

–2.7 V

–0.3 0.3 V

VCC – 0.6 V

switching characteristics over recommended ranges of supply voltage and operating free-air
temperature (unless otherwise noted) (see Figure 5)

PARAMETER MIN TYP†MAX UNIT

t

valid

t

invalid

t

en

†

All typical values are at VCC = 3.3 V or VCC = 5 V, and TA = 25°C.

Propagation delay time, low- to high-level output 1 µs
Propagation delay time, high- to low-level output 30 µs
Supply enable time 100 µs

TYP

†

MAX UNIT

2.7 V

0.4 V

PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION

Generator

(see Note B)

NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.

B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 250 kbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

50 Ω

R

L

3 V

FORCEOFF

TEST CIRCUIT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

6V

or t

Input

Output

TLH

RS-232
Output

CL
(see Note A)

SR(tr)

+

t

THL

Figure 1. Driver Slew Rate

t

THL

3 V

–3 V

–3 V

3 V

t

TLH

3 V

0 V

V

V

PRODUCT PREVIEW

OH

OL

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7

MAX3243
3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION

Input

Output

Generator

(see Note B)

RS-232
Output

50 Ω

R

L

3 V

FORCEOFF

TEST CIRCUIT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

CL
(see Note A)

1.5 V

50%

t

PHL

1.5 V

50%

t

PLH

3 V

0 V

V

V

OH

OL

NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.

NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.

B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 250 kbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

3 V or 0 V

FORCEON

Generator

(see Note B)

B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

50 Ω

3 V

FORCEOFF

TEST CIRCUIT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

Figure 3. Receiver Propagation Delay Times

PRODUCT PREVIEW

3 V or 0 V

FORCEOFF

Generator

(see Note B)

3 V or 0 V

FORCEON

50 Ω

TEST CIRCUIT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

Figure 2. Driver Pulse Skew

Output

CL
(see Note A)

V

CC

S1

C
(see Note A)

GND

R

L

Output

L

Input

t

Output

Input

(S1 at GND)

Output

(S1 at VCC)

Output

PHL

t

PHZ

0.3 V
t

PLZ

0.3 V

1.5 V 1.5 V

50% 50%

1.5 V 1.5 V

t

PLH

t

PZH

(S1 at GND)

50%

t

PZL

(S1 at VCC)

50%

3 V

–3 V

V

OH

V

OL

3 V

–3 V

V

V

OH

OL

NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.

B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.
C. t
D. t

PLZ
PZL

and t
and t

are the same as t

PHZ

are the same as ten.

PZH

Figure 4. Receiver Enable and Disable Times

8

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dis

.

3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION

MAX3243

Generator

(see Note B)

FORCEOFF

FORCEON

2.7 V

Receiver

Input

ROUT

50 Ω

INVALID

Auto-

powerdown

DIN

TEST CIRCUIT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS

INVALID

CL = 30 pF
(see Note A)

DOUT

Output

V+

Supply

Voltages

V–

2.7 V

0.3 V
0 V

–0.3 V

–2.7 V

†

Auto-powerdown disables drivers and reduces
supply current to 1 µA.

–2.7 V

t

invalid

50% V

CC

Valid RS-232 Level, INVALID

Indeterminate

If Signal Remains Within This Region
For More Than 30 µs, INVALID

Indeterminate

Valid RS-232 Level, INVALID

50% V

High

Is Low

High

2.7 V

–2.7 V

t

valid

t

en

CC

0.3 V

0.3 V

†

3 V

0 V
0 V

–3 V

V

CC

0 V

≈V+

V

CC

0 V

≈V–

PRODUCT PREVIEW

NOTES: A. CL includes probe and jig capacitance.

B. The pulse generator has the following characteristics: PRR = 5 kbit/s, ZO = 50 Ω, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns.

Figure 5. INVALID Propagation Delay Times and Supply Enabling Time

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9

MAX3243
3-V TO 5.5-V MULTICHANNEL RS-232 LINE DRIVER/RECEIVER

SLLS350B – APRIL 1999 – REVISED JANUARY 2000

APPLICATION INFORMATION

C4

RS-232 Inputs

RS-232 Outputs

C1+

1

2

3

4
5
6

7
8

9

10

C2+

C2–

V–

V

GND

C1–

Auto-

5 kΩ

+

C2

–

–
+

RIN1

RIN2
RIN3

RIN4
RIN5

DOUT1

DOUT2

28

27

V+

26

CC

25

24

23

22

powerdown

21

20

19

+
–

+

C

BYPASS

= 0.1 µF

–

FORCEON

FORCEOFF

INVALID

ROUT2B

ROUT1

C3

†

+

C1

–

DOUT3

DIN3

PRODUCT PREVIEW

Logic Inputs

†

C3 can be connected to VCC or GND.

NOTE A: Resistor values shown are nominal.

DIN2

DIN1

Figure 6. Typical Operating Circuit and Capacitor Values

11

12

13

14

VCC vs CAPACITOR VALUES

V

CC

3.3 V ± 0.3 V
5 V ± 0.5 V

3 V to 5.5 V

C1 C2, C3, and C4

0.1 µF

0.047 µF

0.1 µF

5 kΩ

5 kΩ

5 kΩ

5 kΩ

0.1 µF

0.33 µF

0.47 µF

18

17

16

15

ROUT2

Logic Outputs

ROUT3

ROUT4

ROUT5

10

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IMPORTANT NOTICE

T exas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue
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