Datasheet LTC1485 Datasheet (Linear Technology)

Page 1
LTC1485
Differential Bus Transceiver
EATU
F
ESD Protection over ±10kV
Low Power: ICC = 1.8mA Typ
28ns Typical Driver Propagation Delays with
RE
S
4ns Skew
Designed for RS485 or RS422 Applications
Single 5V Supply
–7V to 12V Bus Common-Mode Range Permits ±7V Ground Difference Between Devices on the Bus
Thermal Shutdown Protection
Power-Up/Down Glitch-Free Driver Outputs
Driver Maintains High Impedance in Three-State or with the Power Off
Combined Impedance of a Driver Output and Receiver Allows up to 32 Transceivers on the Bus
60mV Typical Input Hysteresis
Pin Compatible with the SN75176A, DS75176A, and SN75LBC176
U
O
PPLICATI
A
Low Power RS485/RS422 Transceiver
Level Translator
S
DUESCRIPTIO
The LTC®1485 is a low power differential bus/line trans­ceiver designed for multipoint data transmission standard RS485 applications with extended common-mode range (12V to –7V). It also meets the requirements of RS422.
The CMOS with Schottky design offers significant power savings over its bipolar counterpart without sacrificing ruggedness against overload or ESD damage.
The driver and receiver feature three-state outputs, with the driver outputs maintaining high impedance over the entire common-mode range. Excessive power dissipation caused by bus contention or faults is prevented by a thermal shutdown circuit which forces the driver outputs into a high impedance state. I/O pins are protected against multiple ESD strikes of over ±10kV.
The receiver has a fail-safe feature which guarantees a high output state when the inputs are left open.
Both AC and DC specifications are guaranteed from – 40°C to 85°C and 4.75V to 5.25V supply voltage range.
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
A
U
O
PPLICATITYPICAL
5V
8
6
7
5
DRIVER
RECEIVER
RE
DE
3
4
DI
1
RO
2
1485 TA01
RO
DE
3
4
DI
DRIVER
1
RECEIVER
RE
5V
8
LTC1485 LTC1485
2
6
120
7
4000 FT 24 GAUGE TWISTED PAIR
5
120
1
Page 2
LTC1485
WU
U
PACKAGE
/
O
RDER I FOR ATIO
W
O
A
(Note 1)
LUTEXI T
S
Supply Voltage (VCC) .............................................. 12V
Control Input Voltages ................... – 0.5V to VCC + 0.5V
Control Input Currents ........................ – 50mA to 50mA
Driver Input Voltages ..................... – 0.5V to VCC + 0.5V
Driver Input Currents .......................... –25mA to 25mA
Driver Output Voltages ......................................... ±14V
Receiver Input Voltages ........................................ ±14V
Receiver Output Voltages .............. – 0.5V to VCC + 0.5V
Operating Temperature Range
LTC1485C............................................... 0°C to 70°C
A
WUW
ARB
U G
I
S
TOP VIEW
1
RO
2
RE
3
DE
45
DI
N8 PACKAGE
8-LEAD PLASTIC DIP
T
= 125°C, θJA = 100°C/ W (N)
JMAX
= 150°C, θJA = 150°C/ W (S)
T
JMAX
8
R
7
D
6
S8 PACKAGE
8-LEAD PLASTIC SOIC
V
CC
B A
GND
ORDER PART
NUMBER
LTC1485CN8 LTC1485IN8 LTC1485CS8 LTC1485IS8
S8 PART MARKING
1485 1485I
LTC1485I .......................................... – 40°C to 85°C
Storage Temperature Range ................ –65°C to 150°C
Consult factory for Military grade parts.
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)................ 300°C
LECTRICAL C CHARA TERIST
E
V
= 5V (Notes 2, 3), unless otherwise noted.
CC
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
V
OD1
V
OD2
V
OD
V
OC
|VOC| Change in Magnitude of Driver Common-Mode R = 27 or R = 50 (Figure 1) 0.2 V
V
INH
V
INL
I
IN1
I
IN2
V
TH
V
TH
V
OH
V
OL
I
OZR
I
CC
R
IN
I
OSD1
I
OSD2
I
OSR
Differential Driver Output Voltage (Unloaded) IO = 0 5V Differential Driver Output Voltage (With Load) R = 50, (RS422) 2V
Change in Magnitude of Driver Differential R = 27 or R = 50 (Figure 1) 0.2 V Output Voltage for Complementary Output States
Driver Common-Mode Output Voltage R = 27 or R = 50 (Figure 1) 3V
Output Voltage for Complementary Output States Input High Voltage DI, DE, RE 2.0 V Input Low Voltage DI, DE, RE 0.8 V Input Current DI, DE, RE ±2 µA Input Current (A, B) VCC = 0V or 5.25V, VIN = 12V 1.0 mA
Differential Input Threshold Voltage for Receiver – 7V VCM 12V – 0.2 0.2 V Receiver Input Hysteresis VCM = 0V 60 mV Receiver Output High Voltage IO = – 4mA, VID = 0.2V 3.5 V Receiver Output Low Voltage IO = 4mA, VID = – 0.2V 0.4 V Three-State Output Current at Receiver VCC = Max 0.4V VO 2.4V ±1 µA Supply Current No Load; DI = GND or V
Receiver Input Resistance – 7V VCM 12V 12 k Driver Short-Circuit Current, V Driver Short-Circuit Current, V Receiver Short-Circuit Current 0V VO V
= High VO = – 7V 250 mA
OUT
= Low VO = 10 V 250 mA
OUT
ICSCD
R = 27, (RS485) (Figure 1) 1.5 5 V
VCC = 0V or 5.25V, VIN = – 7V – 0.8 mA
Outputs Enabled 1.8 2.3 mA Outputs Disabled 1.7 2.3 mA
CC
CC
785mA
2
Page 3
LTC1485
U
S
WI
VCC = 5V (Notes 2, 3), unless otherwise noted.
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
t
PLH
t
PHL
t
SKEW
tr, t
f
t
ZH
t
ZL
t
LZ
t
HZ
t
PLH
t
PHL
t
SKEW
t
ZL
t
ZH
t
LZ
t
HZ
The denotes specifications which apply over the operating temperature range.
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the safety of the device cannot be guaranteed.
I
TCH
GC CHARA TERIST
Driver Input to Output R
Driver Input to Output R
Driver Output to Output R
Driver Rise or Fall Time R
Driver Enable to Output High CL = 100pF (Figures 4, 6) S2 Closed 40 70 ns Driver Enable to Output Low CL = 100pF (Figures 4, 6) S1 Closed 40 70 ns Driver Disable Time from Low CL = 15pF (Figures 4, 6) S1 Closed 40 70 ns Driver Disable Time from High CL = 15pF (Figures 4, 6) S2 Closed 40 70 ns Receiver Input to Output R Receiver Input to Output R | t
– t
PLH
Differential Receiver Skew Receiver Enable to Output Low CL = 15pF (Figures 3, 8) S1 Closed 30 45 ns Receiver Enable to Output High CL = 15pF (Figures 3, 8) S2 Closed 30 45 ns Receiver Disable from Low CL = 15pF (Figures 3, 8) S1 Closed 30 45 ns Receiver Disable from High CL = 15pF (Figures 3, 8) S2 Closed 30 45 ns
|R
PHL
ICS
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF 10 30 50 ns
DIFF
(Figures 2, 5)
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF 10 30 50 ns
DIFF
(Figures 2, 5)
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF 410 ns
DIFF
(Figures 2, 5)
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF 51525 ns
DIFF
(Figures 2, 5)
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF (Figures 2, 7) 15 25 50 ns
DIFF
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF (Figures 2, 7) 20 30 55 ns
DIFF
= 54, CL1 = CL2 = 100pF (Figures 2, 7) 515 ns
DIFF
Note 2: All currents into device pins are positive. All currents out of device pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to device ground unless otherwise specified.
Note 3: All typicals are given for V
= 5V and TA = 25°C.
CC
LPER
F
O
Receiver Output Low Voltage vs Output Current
36
TA = 25°C
32
28
24
20
16
12
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
8
4
0
0.5 1.5
0
1.0
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
R
ATYPICA
2.0
1485 G01
UW
CCHARA TERIST
E
C
Receiver Output High Voltage vs Output Current
–18
TA = 25°C
–16
–14
–12
–10
–8
–6
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
–4
–2
0
5
ICS
43
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1485 G02
2
Receiver Output High Voltage vs Temperature
4.8 I = 8mA
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
3.4
3.2
3.0
–25 125
–50
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
25
75 100
1485 G03
3
Page 4
LTC1485
TEMPERATURE (°C)
–50
1.55
INPUT THRESHOLD VOLTAGE (V)
1.59
50
1485 G09
1.57
–25 125
1.61
1.63
0
25
75 100
LPER
F
O
R
ATYPICA
UW
CCHARA TERIST
E
C
ICS
Receiver Output Low Voltage vs Temperature
0.9 I = 8mA
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0.2
0.1
0
–25 125
–50
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
25
Driver Output Low Voltage vs Output Current
TA = 25°C
80
60
75 100
1485 G04
Driver Differential Output Voltage vs Output Current
64
48
32
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
16
0
13
0
2
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Driver Output High Voltage vs Output Current
–96
–72
TA = 25°C
TA = 25°C
4
1485 G05
Driver Differential Output Voltage vs Temperature
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE (V)
1.6 –50
0
–25 125
25
TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
TTL Input Threshold vs Temperature
RL =54
75 100
1485 G06
40
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
20
0
0
Receiver | t Temperature
5
4
3
TIME (ns)
2
1
–50
–25 125
13
2
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
– t
PLH
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
| vs
PHL
25
50
4
1485 G07
75 100
1485 G10
–48
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
–24
0
5
4
3
TIME (ns)
2
1
–50
13
0
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
0
–25 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
2
4
1485 G08
Supply Current vs TemperatureDriver Skew vs Temperature
1.8
DRIVER ENABLED
1.7
1.6
DRIVER DISABLED
SUPPLY CURRENT (mA)
1.5
50
75 100
1485 G11
25
1.4 –50
0
–25 125
25
TEMPERATURE (°C)
50
75 100
1485 G12
4
Page 5
LTC1485
1485 F04
C
L
S1
S2
500
V
CC
OUTPUT
UNDER TEST
DI R
DIFF
1485 F02
DRIVER RECEIVER
C
L1
C
L2
RO
15pF
A
B
A
B
U
UU
PI FU CTIO S
RO (Pin 1): Receiver Output. If the receiver output is enabled (RE low), then if A > B by 200mV, RO will be high. If A < B by 200mV, then RO will be low.
RE (Pin 2): Receiver Output Enable. A low enables the receiver output, RO. A high input forces the receiver output into a high impedance state.
DE (Pin 3): Driver Output Enable. A high on DE enables the driver outputs, A and B. A low input will force the driver outputs into a high impedance state.
TEST CIRCUITS
A
R
V
OD2
R
V
B
OC
DI (Pin 4): Driver Input. If the driver outputs are enabled (DE high), then a low on DI forces the driver outputs A low and B high. A high on DI will force A high and B low.
GND (Pin 5): Ground Connection. A (Pin 6): Driver Output/Receiver Input. B (Pin 7): Driver Output/Receiver Input. V
(Pin 8): Positive Supply. 4.75V VCC 5.25V.
CC
1485 F01
Figure 1. Driver DC Test Load Figure 2. Driver/Receiver Timing Test Circuit
S1
RECEIVER
OUTPUT
C
1k
L
Figure 3. Receiver Timing Test Load
1k
V
CC
S2
1485 F03
Figure 4. Driver Timing Test Load
5
Page 6
LTC1485
WITCHI
U G
TI
V
A – VB
W
E
DI
–V
V
O
DE
A,B
W
WAVEFORS
3V
1.5V
0V
V
O
O
B
A
3V
0V
5V
V
OL
10%
t
50%
1/2 V
PLH
1.5V
t
ZL
t
r
O
2.3V
S
f = 1MHz; tr 10ns; tf 10ns
90%
1/2 V
O
t
SKEW
Figure 5. Driver Propagation Delays
f = 1MHz; tr 10ns; tf 10ns
t
OUTPUT NORMALLY LOW
1.5V
LZ
90%
1.5V
t
0.5V
PHL
t
f
t
SKEW
50%
10%
1485 F05
V
A,B
OH
0V
t
ZH
OUTPUT NORMALLY HIGH
2.3V
0.5V
t
HZ
1485 F06
Figure 6. Driver Enable and Disable Times
V
OD2
t
0V
PLH
– V
V
A
B
–V
OD2
V
OH
RO
V
OL
f = 1MHz; tr 10ns; tf 10ns
1.5V
INPUT
OUTPUT
0V
t
PHL
1.5V
1485 F07
Figure 7. Receiver Propagation Delays
6
Page 7
LTC1485
WITCHI
U
G
TI
W
E
RO
RO
WAVEFORS
3V
RE
0V
5V
V
OL
V
OH
0V
1.5V
t
t
ZH
ZL
W S
f = 1MHz; tr 10ns; tf 10ns
1.5V
OUTPUT NORMALLY LOW
1.5V
OUTPUT NORMALLY HIGH
Figure 8. Receiver Enable and Disable Times
PPLICATI
A
U
O
S
I FOR ATIO
WU
U
Typical Application
A typical connection of the LTC1485 is shown in Figure 9. Two twisted pair wires connect up to 32 driver/receiver pairs for half duplex data transmission. There are no restrictions on where the chips are connected to the wires and it isn’t necessary to have the chips connected at the ends. However, the wires must be terminated only at the
1.5V
t
LZ
0.5V
0.5V
t
HZ
1485 F08
ends with a resistor equal to their characteristic imped­ance, typically 120. The input impedance of a receiver is typically 20k to GND, or 0.6 unit RS485 load, so in practice 50 to 60 transceivers can be connected to the same wires. The optional shields around the twisted pair help reduce unwanted noise, and are connected to GND at one end.
RX
DX
1 2
3
4
LTC1485
RECEIVER
DRIVER
7
120
8
RECEIVER
7
DRIVER
8
Figure 9. Typical Connection
120
LTC1485
LTC1485
1
RECEIVER
DRIVER
1
RX
2
3
4
DX
2 3
4
1485 F09
RX
DX
7
Page 8
LTC1485
FREQUENCY (MHz)
0.1
0.1
LOSS PER 100 FT (dB)
1
10
1 10 100
1485 F10
DATA RATE (bps)
10k
10
CABLE LENGTH (FT)
100
1k
10k
100k 1M 10M
1485 F11
2.5M
PPLICATI
A
U
O
S
I FOR ATIO
WU
U
Thermal Shutdown
The LTC1485 has a thermal shutdown feature which protects the part from excessive power dissipation. If the outputs of the driver are accidentally shorted to a power supply or low impedance source, up to 250mA can flow through the part. The thermal shutdown circuit disables the driver outputs when the internal temperature reaches 150°C and turns them back on when the temperature cools to 130°C. If the outputs of two or more LTC1485 drivers are shorted directly, the driver outputs can not supply enough current to activate the thermal shutdown. Thus, the thermal shutdown circuit will not prevent con­tention faults when two drivers are active on the bus at the same time.
Cables and Data Rate
The transmission line of choice for RS485 applications is a twisted pair. There are coaxial cables (twinaxial) made for this purpose that contain straight pairs, but these are less flexible, more bulky, and more costly than twisted pairs. Many cable manufacturers offer a broad range of 120 cables designed for RS485 applications.
Figure 10. Attenuation vs Frequency for Belden 9481
Losses in a transmission line are a complex combination of DC conductor loss, AC losses (skin effect), leakage, and AC losses in the dielectric. In good polyethylene cables such as the Belden 9841, the conductor losses and dielec­tric losses are of the same order of magnitude, leading to relatively low overall loss (Figure 10).
When using low loss cables, Figure 11 can be used as a guideline for choosing the maximum line length for a given data rate. With lower quality PVC cables the dielectric loss factor can be 1000 times worse. PVC twisted pairs have terrible losses at high data rates (>100kbs), and greatly reduce the maximum cable length. At low data rates however, they are acceptable and much more economical.
Cable Termination
The proper termination of the cable is very important. If the cable is not terminated with its characteristic imped­ance, distorted waveforms will result. In severe cases, distorted (false) data and nulls will occur. A quick look at the output of the driver will tell how well the cable is terminated. It is best to look at a driver connected to the
Figure 11. Cable Length vs Data Rate
end of the cable, since this eliminates the possibility of getting reflections from two directions. Simply look at the driver output while transmitting square wave data. If the cable is terminated properly, the waveform will look like a square wave (Figure 12).
If the cable is loaded excessively (47) the signal initially sees the surge impedance of the cable and jumps to an initial amplitude. The signal travels down the cable and is reflected back out of phase because of the mistermination. When the reflected signal returns to the driver, the ampli­tude will be lowered. The width of the pedestal is equal to twice the electrical length of the cable (about 1.5ns/foot). If the cable is lightly loaded (470) the signal reflects in phase and increases the amplitude at the driver output. An input frequency of 30kHz is adequate for tests out to 4000 feet of cable.
8
Page 9
LTC1485
O
PPLICATI
A
DX
Rt = 120
Rt = 47
Rt = 470
AC Cable Termination
S
PROBE HERE
DRIVER RECEIVER
Figure 12. Termination Effects
U
I FOR ATIO
R
t
WU
U
RX
1485 F12
of the coupling capacitor should therefore be set at 16.3pF per foot of cable length for 120 cables. With the coupling capacitors in place, power is consumed only on the signal edges and not when the driver output is idling at a 1 or 0 state. A 100nF capacitor is adequate for lines up to 400 feet in length. Be aware that the power savings start to de­crease once the data rate surpasses 1/(120 • C).
Receiver Open-Circuit Fail-Safe
Some data encoding schemes require that the output of the receiver maintains a known state (usually a logic 1) when the data is finished transmitting and all drivers on the line are forced into three-state. The receiver of the LTC1485 has a fail-safe feature which guarantees the output to be in a logic 1 state when the receiver inputs are left floating (open-circuit).
If the receiver output must be forced to a known state, the circuits of Figure 14 can be used.
Cable termination resistors are necessary to prevent un­wanted reflections, but they consume power. The typical differential output voltage of the driver is 2V when the cable is terminated with two 120 resistors, causing 33mA of DC current to flow in the cable when no data is being sent. This DC current is about 10 times greater than the supply current of the LTC1485. One way to eliminate the unwanted current is by AC-coupling the termination resistors as shown in Figure 13.
120
C
C = LINE LENGTH (FT) • 16.3pF
Figure 13. AC-Coupled Termination
RECEIVER
RX
1485 F13
The coupling capacitor must allow high frequency energy to flow to the termination, but block DC and low frequen­cies. The dividing line between high and low frequency depends on the length of the cable. The coupling capacitor must pass frequencies above the point where the line represents an electrical one-tenth wavelength. The value
5V
110
130
RECEIVER
110
130
5V
1.5k
120
1.5k
5V
100k
C
120
Figure 14. Forcing “0” When All Drivers Are Off
RECEIVER
RECEIVER
1485 F14
RX
RX
RX
9
Page 10
LTC1485
PPLICATI
A
U
O
S
I FOR ATIO
WU
U
The termination resistors are used to generate a DC bias which forces the receiver output to a known state, in this case a logic 0. The first method consumes about 208mW and the second about 8mW. The lowest power solution is to use an AC termination with a pull-up resistor. Simply swap the receiver inputs for data protocols ending in logic 1.
Fault Protection
All of LTC’s RS485 products are protected against ESD transients up to 2kV using the human body model (100pF, 1.5k). However, some applications need more protection. The best protection method is to connect a bidirectional TransZorb® from each line side pin to ground (Figure 15).
A TransZorb is a silicon transient voltage suppressor that has exceptional surge handling capabilities: fast response
A
DRIVER
Figure 15. ESD Protection with TransZorbs
120
B
1485 F15
time and low series resistance. They are available from General Semiconductor Industries and come in a variety of breakdown voltages and prices. Be sure to pick a breakdown voltage higher than the common-mode volt­age required for your application (typically 12V). Also, don’t forget to check how much the added parasitic capacitance will load down the bus.
TransZorb is a registered trademark of General Instruments, GSI
U
O
PPLICATITYPICAL
SA
RS232 Receiver
RS232
IN
5.6k
RS232 to RS485 Level Translator with Hysteresis
220k
RS232
IN
10k
DRIVER
5.6k
HYSTERESIS = 10k • V
RECEIVER
1485 TA02
A
B
– VB /R ≈ 19 (kΩ • VOLT)/R
A
RX
120
1485 TA03
10
Page 11
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
U
Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted.
N8 Package
8-Lead Plastic DIP
0.400* (10.160)
MAX
876
LTC1485
5
0.255 ± 0.015* (6.477 ± 0.381)
0.300 – 0.325
(7.620 – 8.255)
0.065
(1.651)
0.009 – 0.015
(0.229 – 0.381)
+0.025
0.325
–0.015
+0.635
8.255
()
–0.381
*THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010 INCH (0.254mm).
TYP
0.045 ± 0.015
(1.143 ± 0.381)
(2.540 ± 0.254)
12
0.045 – 0.065
(1.143 – 1.651)
0.100 ± 0.010
3
4
0.130 ± 0.005
(3.302 ± 0.127)
0.125
(3.175)
MIN
0.018 ± 0.003
(0.457 ± 0.076)
0.015
(0.380)
MIN
N8 0694
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no represen­tation that the interconnection of circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
11
Page 12
LTC1485
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
U
Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted.
S8 Package
8-Lead Plastic SOIC
0.189 – 0.197* (4.801 – 5.004)
7
8
6
5
0.150 – 0.157* (3.810 – 3.988)
4
0.004 – 0.010
(0.101 – 0.254)
0.050
(1.270)
BSC
(0.254 – 0.508)
0.008 – 0.010
(0.203 – 0.254)
*THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006 INCH (0.15mm).
0.010 – 0.020
0.016 – 0.050
0.406 – 1.270
× 45°
0°– 8° TYP
0.228 – 0.244
(5.791 – 6.197)
0.053 – 0.069
(1.346 – 1.752)
0.014 – 0.019
(0.355 – 0.483)
1
3
2
RELATED PARTS
PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
LTC486 Quad RS485 Driver Fits 75172 Pinout, Only 110µA I LTC488 Quad RS485 Receiver Fits 75173 Pinout, Only 7mA I LTC490 Full Duplex RS485 Transceiver Fits 75179 Pinout, Only 300µA I LTC1481 Ultra-Low Power Half Duplex RS485 Transceiver Fits 75176 Pinout, 80µA I
Q
SO8 0294
Q
Q
Q
12
Linear Technology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7487
(408) 432-1900
FAX
: (408) 434-0507
TELEX
: 499-3977
LT/GP 0795 2K REV A • PRINTED IN THE USA
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1995
Loading...