The LT®3028 is a dual, micropower, low noise, low dropout regulator with independent inputs. With an external
0.01µF bypass capacitor, output noise is a low 20µV
over a 10Hz to 100kHz bandwidth. Designed for use in
battery-powered systems, the low 30µA quiescent current
per output makes it an ideal choice. In shutdown, quiescent current drops to less than 0.1µA. Shutdown control
is independent for each output, allowing for flexibility in
power management. The device is capable of operating
over an input voltage range of 1.8V to 20V. Output 1 can
supply 500mA of output current with a dropout voltage of
320mV. The device can supply 100mA of output current
from Output 2 with a dropout voltage of 300mV. Quiescent
current is well controlled in dropout.
The LT3028 regulator is stable with output capacitors as
low as 1µF for the 100mA output and 3.3µF for the 500mA
output. Small ceramic capacitors can be used without the
series resistance required by other regulators.
Internal protection circuitry includes reverse-battery protection, current limiting and thermal limiting protection.
The device is available as an adjustable device with a 1.22V
reference voltage. The LT3028 regulator is available in the
thermally enhanced 16-lead TSSOP and 16-lead, low
profile (5mm × 3mm × 0.75mm) DFN packages.
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
Protected by U.S. Patents including 6118263, 6144250.
RMS
TYPICAL APPLICATIO
3.3V/2.5V Low Noise Regulators
OUT1
V
3.7V TO
20V
V
2.9V TO
20V
IN1
IN2
1µF
1µF
IN1
SHDN1
IN2
SHDN2
LT3028
GND
BYP1
ADJ1
OUT2
BYP2
ADJ2
U
0.01µF10µF
422k
249k
0.01µF10µF
261k
249k
3028 TA01a
3.3V AT 500mA
NOISE
20µV
RMS
2.5V AT 100mA
NOISE
20µV
RMS
10Hz to 100kHz Output Noise
V
OUT
100µV/DIV
3028 TA01b
20µV
RMS
3028f
1
Page 2
LT3028
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ADJ1
SHDN1
IN1
IN1
IN2
IN2
SHDN2
ADJ2
BYP1
NC
OUT1
OUT1
GND
OUT2
OUT2
BYP2
TOP VIEW
DHC PACKAGE
16-LEAD (5mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN
WWWU
ABSOLUTE AXI U RATI GS
(Note 1)
IN1, IN2 Pin Voltage .............................................. ±20V
OUT1, OUT2 Pin Voltage ....................................... ±20V
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life
of a device may be impaired.
Note 2: The LT3028 regulator is tested and specified under pulse load
conditions such that T
≈ TA. The LT3028E is guaranteed to meet
J
performance specifications from 0°C to 125°C junction temperature.
Specifications over the –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature
= 1mA0.100.15V
LOAD
= 1mA●0.19V
LOAD
I
= 10mA0.170.22V
LOAD
I
= 10mA●0.29V
LOAD
I
= 50mA0.240.31V
LOAD
I
= 50mA●0.40V
LOAD
I
= 100mA0.300.35V
LOAD
I
= 100mA●0.45V
LOAD
= 10mA0.120.19V
LOAD
= 10mA●0.25V
LOAD
I
= 50mA0.170.22V
LOAD
I
= 50mA●0.32V
LOAD
I
= 100mA0.210.28V
LOAD
I
= 100mA●0.34V
LOAD
I
= 500mA0.320.37V
LOAD
I
= 500mA●0.47V
LOAD
= 0mA●2550µA
LOAD
= 1mA●6095µA
LOAD
I
= 10mA●230400µA
LOAD
= 50mA●12 mA
LOAD
I
= 100mA●2.24mA
LOAD
= 0mA●3075µA
LOAD
= 1mA●65120µA
LOAD
I
= 50mA●11.6mA
LOAD
= 100mA●23 mA
LOAD
I
= 250mA●58 mA
LOAD
I
= 500mA●1016mA
LOAD
= 10µF, C
OUT
= 0.01µF, I
BYP
= Full Current,20µV
LOAD
RMS
BW = 10Hz to 100kHz
= Off to On●0.801.4V
OUT
V
= On to Off●0.250.65V
OUT
, V
SHDN1
, V
SHDN1
I
= Full Current
LOAD
Output 1, V
= 0V●00.5µA
SHDN2
= 20V●13.0µA
SHDN2
= 0V, V
SHDN1
RIPPLE
= 7V, V
IN2
V
IN2
IN1
V
IN1
OUT2
= 2.3V, ∆V
= 7V, V
OUT1
= 2.3V, ∆V
= 0V●1mA
OUT
= 0V0.010.1µA
SHDN2
= 0.5V
P-P
, f
= 120Hz,5565dB
RIPPLE
= 0V500mA
= –0.1V●110mA
OUT2
= 0V1.3A
= –0.1V●520mA
OUT1
range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with
statistical process controls. The LT3028I is guaranteed and tested over the
full –40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range.
Note 3: The LT3028 is tested and specified for these conditions with the
ADJ1/ADJ2 pin connected to the corresponding OUT1/OUT2 pin.
3028f
3
Page 4
LT3028
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Note 4: Operating conditions are limited by maximum junction
temperature. The regulated output voltage specification will not apply for
all possible combinations of input voltage and output current. When
operating at maximum input voltage, the output current range must be
limited. When operating at maximum output current, the input voltage
range must be limited.
Note 5: To satisfy requirements for minimum input voltage, the LT3028 is
tested and specified for these conditions with an external resistor divider
(two 250k resistors) for an output voltage of 2.44V. The external resistor
divider will add a 5µA DC load on the output.
Note 6: Dropout voltage is the minimum input to output voltage differential
needed to maintain regulation at a specified output current. In dropout, the
output voltage will be equal to: V
IN
– V
DROPOUT
.
Note 7: GND pin current is tested with V
load. This means the device is tested while operating in its dropout region
or at the minimum input voltage specification. This is the worst-case GND
pin current. The GND pin current will decrease slightly at higher input
voltages. Total GND pin current is equal to the sum of GND pin currents
from Output 1 and Output 2.
Note 8: ADJ1 and ADJ2 pin bias current flows into the pin.
Note 9: SHDN1 and SHDN2 pin current flows into the pin.
Note 10: For the LT3028 dropout voltage will be limited by the minimum
input voltage specification under some output voltage/load conditions. See
the curve of Minimum Input Voltage in the Typical Performance
Characteristics.
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Output 2
Typical Dropout Voltage
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
100
50
0
0 102030
40
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
TJ = 125°C
TJ = 25°C
60 70 80 90 100
50
3028 G01
Output 2
Guaranteed Dropout Voltage
500
= TEST POINTS
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
100
50
0
0 102030
TJ ≤ 125°C
TJ ≤ 25°C
40
50
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
60 70 80 90 100
3028 G02
= 2.44V and a current source
IN
Output 2 Dropout Voltage
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
100
50
0
–50
–25
IL = 100mA
25
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
IL = 50mA
IL = 10mA
IL = 1mA
50
100
125
3028 G03
75
Output 1
Typical Dropout Voltage
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
4
TJ = 125°C
TJ = 25°C
200
300 350 400 450 500
250
3028 G04
Output 1
Guaranteed Dropout Voltage
500
= TEST POINTS
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
GUARANTEED DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
0
0 50 100 150
TJ ≤ 125°C
TJ ≤ 25°C
200
300 350 400 450 500
250
OUTPUT CURRENT (mA)
3028 G05
Output 1 Dropout Voltage
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
DROPOUT VOLTAGE (mV)
100
50
0
–50
I
= 50mA
L
–25
I
= 100mA
L
0
25
TEMPERATURE (°C)
= 250mA
I
L
IL = 10mA
50
IL = 500mA
IL = 1mA
75
100
125
3028 G06
3028f
Page 5
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
LT3028
Quiescent Current (Per Output)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)
10
5
0
VIN = 6V
= 250k, IL = 5µA
R
L
–50
V
= V
SHDN
IN
050–252575125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Output 2 GND Pin Current
2.50
2.25
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
GND PIN CURRENT (mA)
0.50
0.25
0
0123
RL = 12.2Ω
I
= 100mA*
L
RL = 1.22k
= 1mA*
I
L
4
5
INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
RL = 24.4Ω
I
L
100
3028 G07
TJ = 25°C
*FOR V
= 1.22V
OUT
= 50mA*
RL = 122Ω
= 10mA*
I
L
678910
3028 G10
ADJ1 or ADJ2 Pin VoltageQuiescent Current (Per Output)
GIVEN CHANNEL IS TESTED
WITH 50mVRMS SIGNAL ON
OPPOSING CHANNEL, BOTH
CHANNELS DELIVERING FULL
CURRENT
= 25°C
T
J
1001k1M10k100k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
20mV/DIV
20mV/DIV
3028 G34
Output 1 Load Regulation
5
∆IL = 1mA TO 500mA
0
–5
LOAD REGULATION (mV)
Channel-to-Channel Isolation
0
–1
V
V
OUT1
OUT2
C
C
C
∆I
∆I
V
= 22µF50µs/DIV3028 G50
OUT1
= 10µF
OUT2
= C
BYP1
L1
L2
= 6V, V
IN
= 0.01µF
BYP2
= 50mA TO 500mA
= 10mA TO 100mA
OUT1
= V
OUT2
= 5V
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
LOAD REGULATION (mV)
–8
–9
∆IL = 1mA TO 100mA
–10
–50
05075
–2525100 125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
Output Noise Spectral DensityOutput Noise Spectral Density
10
1
0.1
C
= 10µF
OUT
= 0
C
BYP
= FULL LOAD
I
L
= 25°C
T
J
V
OUT
V
SET FOR 5V
=V
OUT
ADJ
10
0.1
1
V
OUT
V
OUT
C
SET FOR 5V
=V
ADJ
= 0.01µF
BYP
C
= 10µF
OUT
= FULL LOAD
I
L
= 25°C
T
J
C
= 1000pF
BYP
C
= 100pF
BYP
3028 G35
–10
–50
RMS Output Noise
vs Bypass Capacitor
140
V
= 5V
OUT
120
)
100
RMS
OUTPUT 1
80
V
= 1.22V
OUT
60
40
OUTPUT NOISE (µV
20
0
10
OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT 1
050–252575125
TEMPERATURE (°C)
C
OUT
= FULL LOAD
I
L
= 10Hz TO 100kHz
f
BW
= 25°C
T
J
OUTPUT 2
100100010000
C
(pF)
BYP
100
3028 G36
= 10µF
3028 G39
OUTPUT NOISE SPECTRAL DENSITY (µV/√Hz)
0.01
0.01110100
0.1
FREQUENCY (kHz)
Output 2
RMS Output Noise vs Load
Current (10Hz to 100kHz)
160
C
= 10µF
OUT2
= 25°C
T
J
)
RMS
OUTPUT NOISE (µV
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.01
= 0
C
BYP
= 0.01µF
C
BYP
V
SET FOR 5V
OUT2
0.1110010
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
V
OUT2
V
OUT2
SET FOR 5V
V
OUT2
=V
=V
3028 G37
ADJ2
ADJ2
3028 G40
OUTPUT NOISE SPECTRAL DENSITY (µV/√Hz)
0.01
0.01110100
0.1
FREQUENCY (kHz)
Output 1
RMS Output Noise vs Load
Current (10Hz to 100kHz)
160
C
= 10µF
OUT1
= 25°C
T
140
J
C
= 0
0
0.01
BYP
= 0.01µF
C
BYP
V
SET FOR 5V
OUT1
0.11
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
V
OUT1
V
OUT1
V
OUT1
101001000
)
RMS
OUTPUT NOISE (µV
120
100
80
60
40
20
3028 G38
= V
ADJ1
SET FOR 5V
= V
ADJ1
3028 G41
3028f
8
Page 9
UW
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
LT3028
V
OUT
100µV/DIV
V
OUT
100µV/DIV
10Hz to 100kHz Output Noise
= 0pF
C
BYP
= 10µF1ms/DIV 3028 G42
C
OUT
IL = FULL LOAD
SET FOR 5V
V
OUT
10Hz to 100kHz Output Noise
C
= 0.01µF
BYP
10Hz to 100kHz Output Noise
= 100pF
C
BYP
V
OUT
100µV/DIV
= 10µF1ms/DIV 3028 G43
C
OUT
IL = FULL LOAD
SET FOR 5V
V
OUT
Output 2 Transient Response
C
= 0pF
BYP
V
= 6V, V
IN2
0.2
= 10µF
C
IN2
C
OUT2
0.1
= 25°C
T
J
0
–0.1
DEVIATION (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
–0.2
= 10µF
SET FOR 5V
OUT2
10Hz to 100kHz Output Noise
C
BYP
V
OUT
100µV/DIV
C
OUT
IL = FULL LOAD
V
OUT
Output 2 Transient Response
C
BYP
V
IN2
0.04
C
IN2
C
OUT2
0.02
= 25°C
T
J
0
–0.02
DEVIATION (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
–0.04
= 1000pF
= 10µF1ms/DIV 3028 G44
SET FOR 5V
= 0.01µF
= 6V, V
= 10µF
= 10µF
SET FOR 5V
OUT2
C
= 10µF1ms/DIV 3028 G45
OUT
IL = FULL LOAD
SET FOR 5V
V
OUT
Output 1 Transient Response
C
= 0pF
BYP
V
= 6V, V
IN1
0.4
= 10µF
C
IN1
= 10µF
C
OUT1
0.2
= 25°C
T
J
0
–0.2
DEVIATION (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
–0.4
600
400
(mA)
200
LOAD CURRENT
0
0200
SET FOR 5V
OUT1
400
LOAD CURRENT
6008001000
TIME (µs)
100
(mA)
50
0
0400
3028 G48
800
120016002000
TIME (µs)
100
50
(mA)
0
LOAD CURRENT
3028 G46
Output 1 Transient Response
C
= 0.01µF
BYP
V
0.10
0.05
–0.05
DEVIATION (V)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
–0.10
600
400
(mA)
200
LOAD CURRENT
0
0
C
IN1
C
OUT1
T
J
0203050709010
= 10µF
= 25°C
= 6V, V
IN1
= 10µF
OUT1
40
SET FOR 5V
TIME (µs)
040 6010020
6080100
80
120 140180160200
TIME (µs)
3028 G49
3028 G47
3028f
9
Page 10
LT3028
U
PI FU CTIO S
GND (Pins 5, 17)/(Pins 1, 5, 8, 9, 16, 17): Ground. The
Exposed Pad must be soldered to PCB ground for optimum thermal performance.
ADJ1/ADJ2 (Pins 16/9)/(Pins 15/10): Adjust Pin. These
are the inputs to the error amplifiers. These pins are
internally clamped to ±7V. They have a bias current of
30nA which flows into the pin (see curve of ADJ1/ADJ2 Pin
Bias Current vs Temperature in the Typical Performance
Characteristics section). The ADJ1 and ADJ2 pin voltage
is 1.22V referenced to ground and the output voltage
range is 1.22V to 20V.
BYP1/BYP2 (Pins 1/8)/(Pins 2/7): Bypass. The BYP1/BYP2
pins are used to bypass the reference of the LT3028
regulator to achieve low noise performance from the
regulator. The BYP1/BYP2 pins are clamped internally to
±0.6V (one V
corresponding output to this pin will bypass the reference
to lower the output voltage noise. A maximum value of
0.01µF can be used for reducing output voltage noise to a
typical 20µV
used, this pin must be left unconnected.
OUT1/OUT2 (Pins 3, 4/6, 7)/(Pins 3, 4/6): Output. The
outputs supply power to the loads. A minimum output
capacitor of 1µF is required to prevent oscillations on
Output 2; Output 1 requires a minimum of 3.3µF. Larger
output capacitors will be required for applications with
large transient loads to limit peak voltage transients. See
the Applications Information section for more information
on output capacitance and reverse output characteristics.
) from ground. A small capacitor from the
BE
RMS
UU
(DFN Package)/(TSSOP Package)
over a 10Hz to 100kHz bandwidth. If not
SHDN1/SHDN2 (Pins 15/10)/(Pins 14/11): Shutdown.
The SHDN1/SHDN2 pins are used to put the corresponding output of the LT3028 regulator into a low power
shutdown state. The output will be off when the pin is
pulled low. The SHDN1/SHDN2 pins can be driven either
by 5V logic or open-collector logic with pull-up resistors.
The pull-up resistors are required to supply the pull-up
current of the open-collector gates, normally several microamperes, and the SHDN1/SHDN2 pin current, typically
1µA. If unused, the pin must be connected to VIN. The
device will not function if the SHDN1/SHDN2 pins are not
connected.
IN1/IN2 (Pins 13, 14/11, 12)/(Pins 13/12): Inputs. Power
is supplied to the device through the IN pins. A bypass
capacitor is required on these pins if the device is more
than six inches away from the main input filter capacitor.
In general, the output impedance of a battery rises with
frequency, so it is advisable to include a bypass capacitor
in battery-powered circuits. A bypass capacitor in the
range of 1µF to 10µF is sufficient. The LT3028 regulator is
designed to withstand reverse voltages on the IN pins with
respect to ground and the OUT pins. In the case of a
reverse input, which can happen if a battery is plugged in
backwards, the device will act as if there is a diode in series
with its input. There will be no reverse current flow into the
regulator and no reverse voltage will appear at the load.
The device will protect both itself and the load.
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
The LT3028 is a dual 100mA/500mA low dropout regulator with independent inputs, micropower quiescent current, and shutdown. The device is capable of supplying
100mA from Output 2 at a dropout voltage of 300mV.
Output 1 delivers 500mA at a dropout voltage of 320mV.
The two regulators have common GND pins and are
thermally coupled, however, the two inputs and outputs of
the LT3028 operate independently. They can be shut down
10
independently and a fault condition on one output will not
affect the other output electrically. Output voltage noise
can be lowered to 20µV
bandwidth with the addition of a 0.01µF reference bypass
capacitor. Additionally, the reference bypass capacitor will
improve transient response of the regulator, lowering the
settling time for transient load conditions. The low operating quiescent current (30µA per output) drops to less
over a 10Hz to 100kHz
RMS
3028f
Page 11
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LT3028
than 1µA in shutdown. In addition to the low quiescent
current, the LT3028 regulator incorporates several protection features which make it ideal for use in batterypowered systems. The device is protected against reverse
input voltages. Additionally, in dual supply applications
where the regulator load is returned to a negative supply,
the output can be pulled below ground by as much as 20V
and still allow the device to start and operate.
Adjustable Operation
The LT3028 has an output voltage range of 1.22V to 20V.
The output voltage is set by the ratio of two external resistors as shown in Figure 1. The device servos the output to
maintain the corresponding ADJ pin voltage at 1.22V referenced to ground. The current in R1 is then equal to
1.22V/R1 and the current in R2 is the current in R1 plus the
ADJ pin bias current. The ADJ pin bias current, 30nA at
25°C, flows through R2 into the ADJ pin. The output voltage can be calculated using the formula in Figure 1. The
value of R1 should be no greater than 250k to minimize
errors in the output voltage caused by the ADJ pin bias
current. Note that in shutdown the output is turned off and
the divider current will be zero. Curves of ADJ Pin Voltage
vs Temperature and ADJ Pin Bias Current vs Temperature
appear in the Typical Performance Characteristics.
is –1mV typical at V
= 1.22V. At V
OUT
= 12V, load
OUT
regulation is:
(12V/1.22V)(–1mV) = –9.8mV
Bypass Capacitance and Low Noise Performance
The LT3028 regulator may be used with the addition of a
bypass capacitor from V
to the corresponding BYP pin
OUT
to lower output voltage noise. A good quality low leakage
capacitor is recommended. This capacitor will bypass the
reference of the regulator, providing a low frequency noise
pole. The noise pole provided by this bypass capacitor will
lower the output voltage noise to as low as 20µV
RMS
with
the addition of a 0.01µF bypass capacitor. Using a bypass
capacitor has the added benefit of improving transient
response. With no bypass capacitor and a 10µF output
capacitor, a 10mA to 100mA load step on Output 2 will
settle to within 1% of its final value in less than 100µs. With
the addition of a 0.01µF bypass capacitor, the output will
stay within 1% for the same load step. Both outputs exhibit
this improvement in transient response (see Transient
Reponse in Typical Performance Characteristics section).
However, regulator start-up time is inversely proportional
to the size of the bypass capacitor, slowing to 15ms with
a 0.01µF bypass capacitor and 10µF output capacitor.
The device is tested and specified with the ADJ pin tied to
the corresponding OUT pin for an output voltage of 1.22V.
Specifications for output voltages greater than 1.22V will
be proportional to the ratio of the desired output voltage
to 1.22V: V
/1.22V. For example, load regulation on
OUT
Output 2 for an output current change of 1mA to 100mA
OUT1/OUT2
IN1/IN2
LT3028
V
IN
ADJ1/ADJ2
GND
Figure 1. Adjustable Operation
R1
3024 F01
V
OUT
+
VV
=+
R2
122 1
OUTADJ
VV
=
122
ADJ
InAATC
=°
3025
ADJ
OUTPUT RANGEV TO V
R
2
⎛
⎞
IR
+
.
⎜
⎟
⎝
⎠
R
1
.
12220
= .
2
()()
Output Capacitance and Transient Response
The LT3028 regulator is designed to be stable with a wide
range of output capacitors. The ESR of the output capacitor affects stability, most notably with small capacitors.
A minimum output capacitor of 1µF with an ESR of 3Ω or
less is recommended for Output 2 to prevent oscillations.
A minimum output capacitor of 3.3µF with an ESR of 3Ω
or less is recommended for Output 1. The LT3028 is a
micropower device and output transient response will be
a function of output capacitance. Larger values of output
capacitance decrease the peak deviations and provide
improved transient response for larger load current
changes. Bypass capacitors, used to decouple individual
components powered by the LT3028, will increase the
effective output capacitor value. With larger capacitors
3028f
11
Page 12
LT3028
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
used to bypass the reference (for low noise operation),
larger values of output capacitors are needed. For 100pF
of bypass capacitance on Output 2, 2.2µF of output
capacitor is recommended. With a 330pF bypass capacitor or larger on this output, a 3.3µF output capacitor is
recommended. For Output 1, 4.7µF of output capacitor is
recommended for 100pF of bypass capacitance. With
1000pF or larger bypass capacitor on this output, a 6.8µF
output capacitor is recommended. The shaded region of
Figures 2 and 3 define the regions over which the LT3028
regulator is stable. The minimum ESR needed is defined
by the amount of bypass capacitance used, while the
maximum ESR is 3Ω.
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
ESR (Ω)
C
1.5
BYP
C
1.0
0.5
0
1
STABLE REGION
= 0
= 100pF
BYP
C
= 330pF
BYP
C
> 3300pF
BYP
310
245
OUTPUT CAPACITANCE (µF)
6789
3028 F02
Extra consideration must be given to the use of ceramic
capacitors. Ceramic capacitors are manufactured with a
variety of dielectrics, each with different behavior across
temperature and applied voltage. The most common
dielectrics used are Z5U, Y5V, X5R and X7R. The Z5U and
Y5V dielectrics are good for providing high capacitances
in a small package, but exhibit strong voltage and temperature coefficients as shown in Figures 4 and 5. When
used with a 5V regulator, a 10µF Y5V capacitor can exhibit
an effective value as low as 1µF to 2µF over the operating
temperature range. The X5R and X7R dielectrics result in
more stable characteristics and are more suitable for use
as the output capacitor. The X7R type has better stability
across temperature, while the X5R is less expensive and
is available in higher values.
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
ESR (Ω)
C
BYP
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
1
STABLE REGION
= 0
C
= 100pF
BYP
OUTPUT CAPACITANCE (µF)
C
= 330pF
BYP
C
BYP
310
245
≥ 1000pF
6
78
9
3028 F03
Figure 2. Output 2 Stability
20
0
–20
–40
–60
CHANGE IN VALUE (%)
–80
–100
0
BOTH CAPACITORS ARE 16V,
1210 CASE SIZE, 10µF
X5R
Y5V
26
4
8
DC BIAS VOLTAGE (V)
14
12
10
3028 F04
Figure 4. Ceramic Capacitor DC Bias Characteristics
12
Figure 3. Output 1 Stability
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
CHANGE IN VALUE (%)
–80
BOTH CAPACITORS ARE 16V,
1210 CASE SIZE, 10µF
–100
–50
16
–250
2575
TEMPERATURE (°C)
X5R
Y5V
50100 125
3028 F05
Figure 5. Ceramic Capacitor Temperature Characteristics
3028f
Page 13
WUUU
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
LT3028
Voltage and temperature coefficients are not the only
sources of problems. Some ceramic capacitors have a
piezoelectric response. A piezoelectric device generates
voltage across its terminals due to mechanical stress,
similar to the way a piezoelectric accelerometer or
microphone works. For a ceramic capacitor the stress
can be induced by vibrations in the system or thermal
transients. The resulting voltages produced can cause
appreciable amounts of noise, especially when a ceramic
capacitor is used for noise bypassing. A ceramic capacitor produced Figure 6’s trace in response to light tapping
from a pencil. Similar vibration induced behavior can
masquerade as increased output voltage noise.
C
= 10µF
OUT
C
= 0.01µF
BYP
= 100mA
I
LOAD
V
OUT
500µV/DIV
100ms/DIV3028 F05
Figure 6. Noise Resulting from Tapping on a Ceramic Capacitor
Thermal Considerations
The power handling capability of the device will be limited
by the maximum rated junction temperature (125°C). The
power dissipated by the device will be made up of two
components for each output:
For continuous normal conditions, the maximum junction
temperature rating of 125°C must not be exceeded. It is
important to give careful consideration to all sources of
thermal resistance from junction to ambient. Additional
heat sources mounted nearby must also be considered.
For surface mount devices, heat sinking is accomplished
by using the heat spreading capabilities of the PC board
and its copper traces. Copper board stiffeners and plated
through-holes can also be used to spread the heat generated by power devices.
The following tables list thermal resistance for several
different board sizes and copper areas. All measurements
were taken in still air on 3/32" FR-4 board with one ounce
copper.
Table 1. FE Package, 16-Lead TSSOP
COPPER AREATHERMAL RESISTANCE
TOPSIDE*BACKSIDEBOARD AREA(JUNCTION-TO-AMBIENT)
2500mm22500mm
1000mm22500mm
2
225mm
100mm
*Device is mounted on topside.
2
2500mm
2500mm
2
2
2
2
2500mm
2500mm
2500mm
2500mm
Table 2. DHC Package, 16-Lead DFN
COPPER AREATHERMAL RESISTANCE
TOPSIDE*BACKSIDEBOARD AREA(JUNCTION-TO-AMBIENT)
2500mm22500mm
1000mm22500mm
2
225mm
100mm
*Device is mounted on topside.
2
2500mm
2500mm
2
2
2
2
2500mm
2500mm
2500mm
2500mm
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
38°C/W
43°C/W
48°C/W
60°C/W
40°C/W
45°C/W
50°C/W
62°C/W
1. Output current multiplied by the input/output voltage
differential: (I
)(VIN – V
OUT
OUT
), and
2. GND pin current multiplied by the input voltage:
(I
)(VIN).
GND
The ground pin current can be found by examining the
GND Pin Current curves in the Typical Performance Characteristics section. Power dissipation will be equal to the
sum of the two components listed above.
The LT3028 regulator has internal thermal limiting designed to protect the device during overload conditions.
The thermal resistance junction-to-case (θJC), measured
at the Exposed Pad on the back of the die is 10°C/W for the
DFN package and 8°C/W for the TSSOP package.
Calculating Junction Temperature
Example: Given Output 1 set for an output voltage of 3.3V,
Output 2 set for an output voltage of 2.5V, an input voltage
range of 3.8V to 5V, an output current range of 0mA to
500mA for Output 1, an output current range of 0mA to
100mA for Output 2 and a maximum ambient temperature
of 50°C, what will the maximum junction temperature be?
3028f
13
Page 14
LT3028
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
The power dissipated by each output will be equal to:
I
OUT(MAX)(VIN(MAX)
Where for Output 1:
I
OUT(MAX)
V
IN(MAX)
I
GND
For Output 2:
I
OUT(MAX)
V
IN(MAX)
I
GND
So for Output 1:
P = 500mA (5V – 3.3V) + 9mA (5V) = 0.90W
For Output 2:
P = 100mA (5V – 2.5V) + 2mA (5V) = 0.26W
The thermal resistance will be in the range of 35°C/W to
55°C/W depending on the copper area. So the junction
temperature rise above ambient will be approximately
equal to:
(0.90W + 0.26W) 50°C/W = 57.8°C
The maximum junction temperature will then be equal to
the maximum junction temperature rise above ambient
plus the maximum ambient temperature or:
at (I
at (I
= 500mA
= 5V
OUT
= 100mA
= 5V
OUT
– V
= 500mA, VIN = 5V) = 9mA
= 100mA, VIN = 5V) = 2mA
OUT
) + I
GND(VIN(MAX)
)
Current limit protection and thermal overload protection
are intended to protect the device against current overload
conditions at the output of the device. For normal operation, the junction temperature should not exceed 125°C.
The input of the device will withstand reverse voltages of
20V. Current flow into the device will be limited to less than
1mA (typically less than 100µA) and no negative voltage
will appear at the output. The device will protect both itself
and the load. This provides protection against batteries
which can be plugged in backward.
The output of the LT3028 can be pulled below ground
without damaging the device. If the input is left open circuit
or grounded, the output can be pulled below ground by
20V. The output will act like an open circuit; no current will
flow out of the pin. If the input is powered by a voltage
source, the output will source the short-circuit current of
the device and will protect itself by thermal limiting. In this
case, grounding the SHDN1/SHDN2 pins will turn off the
device and stop the output from sourcing the short-circuit
current.
The ADJ pins can be pulled above or below ground by as
much as 7V without damaging the device. If the input is left
open circuit or grounded, the ADJ pins will act like an open
circuit when pulled below ground and like a large resistor
(typically 100k) in series with a diode when pulled above
ground.
T
= 50°C + 57.8°C = 107.8°C
JMAX
Protection Features
The LT3028 regulator incorporates several protection
features which make it ideal for use in battery-powered
circuits. In addition to the normal protection features
associated with monolithic regulators, such as current
limiting and thermal limiting, the device is protected
against reverse input voltages and reverse voltages from
output to input. The two regulators have common inputs
and GND pins and are thermally coupled, however, the two
outputs of the LT3028 operate independently. They can be
shut down independently and a fault condition on one
output will not affect the other output electrically.
14
In situations where the ADJ pins are connected to a
resistor divider that would pull the pins above their 7V
clamp voltage if the output is pulled high, the ADJ pin input
current must be limited to less than 5mA. For example, a
resistor divider is used to provide a regulated 1.5V output
from the 1.22V reference when the output is forced to 20V.
The top resistor of the resistor divider must be chosen to
limit the current into the ADJ pin to less than 5mA when the
ADJ pin is at 7V. The 13V difference between output and
ADJ pin divided by the 5mA maximum current into the ADJ
pin yields a minimum top resistor value of 2.6k.
3028f
Page 15
LT3028
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
In circuits where a backup battery is required, several
different input/output conditions can occur. The output
voltage may be held up while the input is either pulled to
ground, pulled to some intermediate voltage or is left open
circuit.
When the IN pin of the LT3028 is forced below either OUT
pin or either OUT pin is pulled above the IN pin, input current
U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
FE Package
16-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1663)
Exposed Pad Variation BB
3.58
(.141)
for the corresponding regulator will typically drop to less
than 2µA. This can happen if the input of the device is
connected to a discharged (low voltage) battery and the output is held up by either a backup battery or a second regulator circuit. The state of the SHDN1/SHDN2 pin will have
no effect on the reverse output current when the output is
pulled above the input.
4.90 – 5.10*
(.193 – .201)
3.58
(.141)
16 1514 13 12 11
10 9
6.60 ±0.10
4.50 ±0.10
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
0.09 – 0.20
(.0035 – .0079)
NOTE:
1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS
2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN
3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
SEE NOTE 4
0.65 BSC
4.30 – 4.50*
(.169 – .177)
0.50 – 0.75
(.020 – .030)
MILLIMETERS
(INCHES)
0.45 ±0.05
2.94
(.116)
1.05 ±0.10
1345678
2
0.25
REF
0° – 8°
0.65
(.0256)
BSC
0.195 – 0.30
(.0077 – .0118)
TYP
4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE
FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT
*DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH
SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE
2.94
(.116)
1.10
(.0433)
MAX
0.05 – 0.15
(.002 – .006)
FE16 (BB) TSSOP 0204
6.40
(.252)
BSC
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
3028f
15
Page 16
LT3028
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
3.50 ±0.05
1.65 ±0.05
(2 SIDES)
2.20 ±0.05
0.25 ± 0.05
0.50 BSC
4.40 ±0.05
(2 SIDES)
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
NOTE:
1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE VARIATION OF VERSION (WJED-1) IN JEDEC
PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-229
2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
U
DHC Package
16-Lead Plastic DFN (5mm × 3mm)
(Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1706)
5.00 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.65 ±0.05
PACKAGE
OUTLINE
PIN 1
TOP MARK
(SEE NOTE 6)
0.200 REF
4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE
MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE
5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED
6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE
TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
3.00 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.75 ±0.05
R = 0.20
1.65 ± 0.10
(2 SIDES)
0.00 – 0.05
TYP
R = 0.115
TYP
0.25 ± 0.05
0.50 BSC
4.40 ±0.10
(2 SIDES)
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
169
18
0.40 ± 0.10
PIN 1
NOTCH
(DHC16) DFN 1103
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