Simple Charging of Li-Ion, NiMH and NiCd Batteries
■
Very High Efficiency: Up to 97%
■
Precision 0.5% Charging Voltage Accuracy
■
Preset Battery Voltages: 12.3V, 12.6V,
16.4V and 16.8V
■
5% Charging Current Accuracy
■
Charging Current Programmed by Resistor or DAC
■
0.5V Dropout Voltage, Duty Cycle > 99.5%
■
AC Adapter Current Limit* Maximizes Charging Rate
■
Flag Indicates Li-Ion Charge Completion
■
Auto Shutdown with Adapter Removal
■
Only 10µA Battery Drain When Idle
■
Synchronizable Up to 280kHz
U
APPLICATIO S
■
Notebook Computers
■
Portable Instruments
■
Chargers for Li-Ion, NiMH, NiCd and Lead Acid
Rechargeable Batteries
LT1505
Constant-Current/Voltage
U
DESCRIPTIO
The LT®1505 PWM battery charger controller fast charges
multiple battery chemistries including lithium-ion (Li-Ion),
nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) and nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
using constant-current or constant-voltage control. Maximum current can be easily programmed by resistors or a
DAC. The constant-voltage output can be selected for 3 or 4
series Li-Ion cells with 0.5% accuracy.
A third control loop limits the current drawn from the AC
adapter during charging*. This allows simultaneous operation of the equipment and fast battery charging without overloading the AC adapter.
The LT1505 can charge batteries ranging from 2.5V to 20V
with dropout voltage as low as 0.5V. Synchronous
N-channel FETs switching at 200kHz give high efficiency
and allow small inductor size. A diode is not required in
series with the battery because the charger automatically
enters a 10µA sleep mode when the wall adapter is un-
plugged. A logic output indicates Li-Ion full charge when
current drops to 20% of the programmed value.
The LT1505 is available in a 28-pin SSOP package.
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation.
TGATE, BGATE Current Continuous ....................... 0.2A
TGATE, BGATE Output Energy (per cycle) ............... 2µJ
Maximum Operating VCC......................................... 24V
Operating Ambient Temperature Range....... 0°C to 70°C
Operating Junction Temperature Range .... 0°C to 125°C
Storage Temperature Range ................. –65°C to 150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)..................300°C
1
BOOST
2
TGATE
3
SW
4
SYNC
5
SHDN
6
AGND
7
UV
8
INFET
9
NC
10
NC
11
GND
12
CAP
13
FLAG
14
4.1V
28-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP
T
= 125°C, θJA = 100°C/W
JMAX
TOP VIEW
G PACKAGE
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
PGND
BGATE
GBIAS
BOOSTC
V
CC
BAT
SPIN
SENSE
BAT2
PROG
V
C
V
FB
3CELL
4.2V
ORDER PART
NUMBER
LT1505CG-1
NOTE: LT1505CG-1 DOES NOT
HAVE INPUT CURRENT
LIMITING FUNCTION.
Consult factory for Industrial and Military grade parts.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = 18V, V
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full operating
= 12.6V, V
BAT
= VCC (LT1505), no load on any
CLN
outputs unless otherwise noted.
PARAMETERCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
Overall
Supply CurrentVCC ≤ 24V●1215mA
Sense Amplifier CA1 Gain and Input Offset Voltage11V ≤ VCC ≤ 24V , 0V ≤ V
(With R
(Measured across R
= 200Ω, RS3 = 200Ω)R
S2
, Figure 1) (Note 2)R
S1
BOOST Pin CurrentV
= 4.93k95100105mV
PROG
= 4.93k●92108mV
PROG
= 49.3k71013mV
R
PROG
= VSW + 8V, 0V ≤ VSW ≤ 20V
BOOST
TGATE High23mA
TGATE Low23mA
BOOSTC Pin CurrentV
= VCC + 8V1mA
BOOSTC
Reference
Reference Voltage (Note 3)R
= 4.93k, Measured at VFB with V
PROG
Supplying I
and Switching Off
PROG
Reference Voltage Tolerance11V ≤ VCC ≤ 24V●2.4412.489V
BAT
≤ 20V
A
2.4532.4652.477V
2
LT1505
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = 18V, V
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full operating
= 12.6V, V
BAT
= VCC (LT1505), no load on any
CLN
outputs unless otherwise noted.
PARAMETERCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
Preset Battery Voltage (12.3V, 16.4V, 12.6V, 16.8V)
All Preset Battery VoltagesMeasured at BAT2 Pin0.5%
Preset Battery Voltage Tolerance(V
BAT2 Pin Input CurrentV
Voltage Setting Resistors Tolerance (R4, R5, R6, R7)–4040%
Shutdown
Undervoltage Lockout (TGATE and BGATE “Off”)Measured at UV Pin●6.36.77.15V
Threshold (Note 9)
UV Pin Input Current0V ≤ VUV ≤ 8V●–15µA
Reverse Current from Battery in MicropowerV
Shutdown (Note 10)V
Shutdown Threshold at SHDN Pin When V
is Connected
SHDN Pin Current0V ≤ V
Supply Current in ShutdownVCC ≤ 24V1520mA
(V
is Low, VCC is Connected)
SHDN
Minimum I
Minimum I
Current Sense Amplifier CA1 Inputs (SENSE, BAT)
Input Bias Current (SENSE, BAT)V
Input Common Mode Low●–0.25V
Input Common Mode High●VCC – 0.3V
SPIN Input CurrentV
Oscillator
Switching Frequency (f
Switching Frequency Tolerance●170200230kHz
SYNC Pin Input CurrentV
Synchronization Pulse Threshold on SYNC Pin0.91.22.0V
Synchronization Frequency●240280kHz
Maximum Duty Cycle
V
BOOST
(Comparator A2) (Note 4) Low to High
Maximum Duty Cycle of Natural Frequency 200kHz●8590%
(Note 5)
Current Amplifier CA2
TransconductanceVC = 1V, IVC = ±1µA150200300µmho
Maximum VC for Switch Off●0.6V
IVC Current (Out of Pin)VC ≥ 0.6V●50µA
VC at ShutdownV
for Switching “On”–1–4–22µA
PROG
for Switching “Off” at V
PROG
)180200220kHz
NOM
Threshold to Turn TGATE OffMeasured at (V
CC
≤ 1V●–1–2.4mA
PROG
+ 0.3V) ≤ VCC ≤ 24V●–11%
BAT
= V
BAT2
≤ 20V, VUV ≤ 0.4V,1030µA
BAT
= VSW = Battery Voltage
CC
SHDN
= High●–50– 120µA
SHDN
V
= Low (Shutdown)–10µA
SHDN
= High, V
SHDN
V
= Low (Shutdown)10µA
SHDN
= 0V–0.5mA
SYNC
V
= 2V–30µA
SYNC
Hysteresis0.25V
VC < 0.45V●3mA
= Low (Shutdown)●0.35V
SHDN
– 1V●6µA
PRESET
●12V
≤ 3V8µA
≥ 2V (Note 8)●2mA
SPIN
– VSW)
BOOST
●6.87.17.3V
3
LT1505
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. VCC = 18V, V
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full operating
= 12.6V, V
BAT
= VCC (LT1505), no load on any
CLN
outputs unless otherwise noted.
PARAMETERCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
Voltage Amplifier VA
Transconductance (Note 3)Output Current from 50µA to 500µA0.210.61.0mho
Output Source CurrentVFB = V
VFB Input Bias CurrentAt 0.5mA VA Output Current, TA = 25°C±3±10nA
At 0.5mA VA Output Current, T
(3 CELL, 4.1V, 4.2V Are Not Connected, V
Current Limit Amplifier CL1
Turn-On Threshold0.5mA Output Current879297mV
TransconductanceOutput Current from 50µA to 500µA0.513mho
CLP Input Current0.5mA Output Current13µA
CLN Input Current0.5mA Output Current0.82mA
Input P-Channel FET Driver (INFET)
INFET “On” Clamping Voltage (VCC – V
INFET “On” Driver CurrentV
INFET “Off” Clamping Voltage (VCC – V
)VCC ≥ 11V●6.57.89V
INFET
INFET
)VCC Not Connected, I
INFET
INFET “Off” Drive CurrentVCC Not Connected, (VCC – V
Charging Completion Flag (Comparator E6)
Charging Completion Threshold (Note 6)Measured at V
Threshold On CAP PinLow to High Threshold●3.34.2V
High to Low Threshold●0.6V
V
at ShutdownV
CAP
FLAG (Open Collector) Output LowV
FLAG Pin Leakage CurrentV
SHDN
CAP
CAP
Gate Drivers (TGATE, BGATE)
V
GBIAS
V
High (V
TGATE
V
HighI
BGATE
V
Low (V
TGATE
V
LowI
BGATE
– VSW)I
TGATE
– VSW)I
TGATE
11V < VCC < 24V, I
V
SHDN
TGATE
BGATE
TGATE
BGATE
Peak Gate Drive Current10nF Load1A
Gate Drive Rise and Fall Time1nF Load25ns
V
, V
TGATE
at ShutdownV
BGATE
SHDN
I
TGATE
Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life
of a device may be impaired.
Note 2: Tested with Test Circuit 1.
Note 3: Tested with Test Circuit 2.
Note 4: When V
and battery voltage differential is low, high duty factor
CC
is required. The LT1505 achieves a duty factor greater than 99% by
skipping cycles. Only when V
drops below the comparator A2
BOOST
threshold will TGATE be turned off. See Applications Information.
Note 5: When the system starts, C2 (boost cap) has to be charged up to
drive TGATE and to start the system. The LT1505 will keep TGATE off and
turn BGATE on for 0.2µs at 200kHz to charge up C2. Comparator A2
senses V
and switches to the normal PWM mode when V
BOOST
above the threshold.
= V
PROG
+ 10mV1.1mA
REF
= 70°C–10 25nA
A
BAT2
= 0V)
= VCC – 6V●820mA
< –2µA1.4V
INFET
) ≥ 2V– 2.5mA
INFET
, V
RS1
= 2V (Note 7)142028mV
CAP
= Low (Shutdown)●0.130.3V
= 4V, I
< 1mA●0.3V
FLAG
= 0.6V●3µA
≤ 15mA●8.48.99.3V
GBIAS
= Low (Shutdown)●13V
≤ 20mA, V
BOOST
= V
– 0.5V●5.66.6V
GBIAS
≤ 20mA●6.27.2V
≤ 50mA●0.8V
≤ 50mA●0.8V
= Low (Shutdown)●1V
= I
= 10µA
BGATE
Note 6: See “Lithium-Ion Charging Completion” in the Applications
Information Section.
Note 7: Tested with Test Circuit 3.
Note 8: I
not present to avoid high surge current from C
keeps switching on to keep V
SPIN
regulated when battery is
BAT
when battery is
OUT
inserted.
Note 9: Above undervoltage threshold switching is enabled.
BOOST
is
Note 10: Do not connect V
will cause the internal diode between V
and may cause high current to flow from V
removed, V
will be held up by the body diode of M1.
CC
directly to V
CC
(see Figure 1). This connection
IN
and VCC to be forward-biased
BAT
. When the adapter is
IN
4
UW
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
LT1505
Efficiency of Figure 1 Circuit
105
VIN = 19V
= 12.6V
V
BAT
100
95
90
EFFICIENCY (%)
85
(mV)
FB
∆V
80
4
3
2
1
1
0
∆V
vs IVA (Voltage Amplifier)
FB
2
I
BAT
(A)
3
125°C
25°C
V
vs I
GBIAS
9.2
9.1
9.0
8.9
8.8
(V)
8.7
GBIAS
V
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.3
4
5
1505 G01
8.1
0 –2–4–6
GBIAS
125°C
–8
I
0°C
25°C
–12 –14 –16 –18 –20
–10
(mA)
GBIAS
1505 G02
0.003
0.002
0.001
(V)
REF
∆V
–0.001
–0.002
–0.003
V
Line Regulation
REF
0°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C
0
0
5
ALL TEMPERATURES
101520
VCC (V)
2530
1505 G03
Current Limit Amplifier
CL1 Threshold
98
96
94
92
THRESHOLD (mV)
90
(mA)
CC
I
ICC vs V
15
14
13
12
11
CC
0°C
25°C
125°C
0
0.20.10.30.50.70.9
0
0.4
IVA (mA)
PROG Pin Characteristics
6
CURRENT FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER OPEN LOOP
(mA)
0
PROG
I
–6
0123
V
PROG
(V)
0.6
125°C
0.8
1505 G04
25°C
1505 G07
1.0
88
0 255075100
TEMPERATURE (°C)
125
1505 G05
VC Pin Characteristics
–1.2
–1.0
–0.8
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
(mA)
0
VC
I
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
54
1.0
00.4 0.60.2
0.8 1.0
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
VC (V)
1505 G08
10
1013
16
V
(V)
CC
192225
Reference Voltage vs Temperature
2.470
2.468
2.466
2.464
2.462
REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V)
2.460
2.458
0
5075100
25
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE (°C)
1505 G06
125150
1505 G09
5
LT1505
UUU
PIN FUNCTIONS
BOOST (Pin 1): This pin is used to bootstrap and supply
power for the topside power switch gate drive and control
circuity. In normal operation, V
internally generated 8.6V regulator V
+ 8.9V when TGATE is high. Do not force an external
voltage on BOOST pin.
TGATE (Pin 2): This pin provides gate drive to the topside
power FET. When TGATE is driven on, the gate voltage will
be approximately equal to VSW + 6.6V. A series resistor of
5Ω to 10Ω should be used from this pin to the gate of the
topside FET.
SW (Pin 3): This pin is the reference point for the floating
topside gate drive circuitry. It is the common connection
for the top and bottom side switches and the output
inductor. This pin switches between ground and VCC with
very high dv/dt rates. Care needs to be taken in the PC
layout to keep this node from coupling to other sensitive
nodes. A 1A Schottky clamp diode should be placed from
this pin to the ground pin, using very short traces to
prevent the chip substrate diode from turning on. See
Applications Information for more details.
SYNC (Pin 4): Synchronization Input. The LT1505 can be
synchronized to an external clock with pulses that have
duty cycles between 10% and 95%. An internal one shot
that is triggered on the rising edge of the sync pulse makes
this input insensitive to the duty cycle of the sync pulse.
The input voltage range on this pin is 0V to 20V. This pin
can float if not used.
SHDN (Pin 5): Shutdown. When this pin is pulled below 1V,
switching will stop, GBIAS will go low and the input currents of CA1 will be off. Note that input current of about 4µA
keeps the device in shutdown unless an external pull-up
signal is applied. The voltage range on this pin is 0V to VCC.
AGND (Pin 6): Low Current Analog Ground.
UV (Pin 7): Undervoltage Lockout Input. The rising thresh-
old is 6.7V with a hysteresis of 0.5V. Switching stops in
undervoltage lockout. When the input supply (normally
the wall adapter output) to the chip is removed, the UV pin
must be pulled down to below 0.7V (a 5k resistor from
adapter output to GND is required), otherwise the reversebattery current will be approximately 200µA instead of
10µA. Do not leave the UV pin floating. If it is connected
is powered from an
BOOST
, V
GBIAS
BOOST
≈ V
CC
to VIN with no resistor divider, the built-in 6.7V undervoltage
lockout will be effective. Maximum voltage allowed on this
pin is VCC.
INFET (Pin 8): For very low dropout applications, an
external P-channel MOSFET can be used to connect the
input supply to VCC. This pin provides the gate drive for the
PFET. The gate drive is clamped to 8V below VCC. The gate
is driven on (low) when VCC >(V
VUV > 6.7V. The gate is off (high) when VCC < (V
The body diode of the PFET is used to pull up VCC to turn
on the LT1505.
CLP (Pin 9): LT1505: Positive Input to the Input Current
Limit Amplifier CL1. The threshold is set at 92mV. When
used to limit input current, a filter is needed to filter out the
200kHz switching noise. (LT1505-1: No Connection.)
CLN (Pin 10): LT1505: Negative Input to the Input Current
Limit Amplifier CL1. When used, both CLP and CLN should
be connected to a voltage higher than 6V and normally
VCC (to the VCC bypass capacitor for less noise). Maximum
voltage allowed on both CLP and CLN is VCC + 1V.
(LT1505-1: No Connection.)
COMP1 (Pin 11): LT1505: Compensation Node for the
Input Current Limit Amplifier CL1. At input adapter current
limit, this pin rises to 1V. By forcing COMP1 low with an
external transistor, amplifier CL1 will be disabled (no
adapter current limit). Output current is less than 0.2mA.
See the Figure 1 circuit for the required resistor and
capacitor values. (LT1505-1: connect to GND.)
CAP (Pin 12): A 0.1µF capacitor from CAP to ground is
needed to filter the sampled charging current signal. This
filtered signal is used to set the FLAG pin when the
charging current drops below 20% of the programmed
maximum charging current.
FLAG (Pin 13): This pin is an open-collector output that is
used to indicate the end of charge. The FLAG pin is driven
low when the charge current drops below 20% of the
programmed charge current. A pull-up resistor is
required if this function is used. This pin is capable of
sinking at least 1mA. Maximum voltage on this pin is VCC.
17): These four pins are used to select the battery voltage
using the preset internal resistor network. The VFB pin is
+ 0.2V) and
BAT
+ 0.2V).
BAT
6
UUU
PIN FUNCTIONS
LT1505
the noninverting input to the amplifier, VA in the Block
Diagram, that controls the charging current when the
device operates in constant voltage mode. The amplifier
VA controls the charging current to maintain the voltage
on the VFB pin at the reference voltage (2.465V). Input bias
current for VA is approximately 3nA. The LT1505 incorporates a resistor divider that can be used to select the
correct voltage for either three or four 4.1V or 4.2V
lithium-ion cells. For three cells the 3CELL pin is shorted
to the VFB pin. For four cells the 3CELL pin is not connected. For 4.1V cells the 4.1V pin is connected to the V
pin and the 4.2V pin is not connected. For 4.2V cells the
4.2V pin is connected to VFB and the 4.1V pin is not
connected. See the table below.
PRESET BATTERY VOLTAGEPIN SELECTION
12.3V (3 × 4.1V Cell)4.1V, VFB, 3CELL Short Together
16.4V (4 × 4.1V Cell)4.1V, VFB, Short Together, 3CELL Floats
12.6V (3 × 4.2V Cell)4.2V, VFB, 3CELL Short Together
16.8V (4 × 4.2V Cell)4.2V, VFB, Short Together, 3CELL Floats
For battery voltages other than the preset values, an
external resistor divider can be used. If an external divider
is used then the 4.1V, 4.2V and 3CELL pins should not be
connected and BAT2 pin should be grounded. To maintain
the tight voltage tolerance, the external resistors should
have better than 0.25% tolerance. Note that the VFB pin will
float high and inhibit switching if it is left open.
VC (Pin 18): This is the control signal of the inner loop of
the current mode PWM. Switching starts at 0.9V, higher
VC corresponds to higher charging current in normal
operation and reaches 1.1V at full charging current. A
capacitor of at least 0.33µF to GND filters out noise and
controls the rate of soft start. Pulling this pin low will stop
switching. Typical output current is 60µA.
PROG (Pin 19): This pin is for programming the charge
current and for system loop compensation. During normal
operation, V
more than 1mA is drawn out of the pin, switching will stop.
When a microprocessor controlled DAC is used to program charging current, it must be capable of sinking
current at a compliance up to 2.465V.
stays at 2.465V. If it is shorted to GND or
PROG
FB
BAT2 (Pin 20): This pin is used to connect the battery to
the internal preset voltage setting resistor. An internal
switch disconnects the internal divider from the battery
when the device is in shutdown or when power is disconnected. This disconnect function eliminates the current
drain due to the resistor divider. This pin should be
connected to the positive node of the battery if the internal
preset divider is used. This pin should be grounded if an
external divider is used. Maximum input voltage on this
pin is 20V.
SENSE (Pin 21): This pin is the noninverting input to the
current amplifier CA1 in the Block Diagram. Typical bias
current is –50µA.
SPIN (Pin 22): This pin is for the internal amplifier CA1
bias. It must be connected as shown in the application
circuit.
BAT (Pin 23): Current Amplifier CA1 Inverting Input.
Typical bias current is –50µA.
VCC (Pin 24): Input Supply. For good bypass, a low ESR
capacitor of 10µF or higher is required. Keep the lead
length to a minimum. VCC should be between 11V and 24V.
Do not force VCC below V
battery present.
BOOSTC (Pin 25): This pin is used to bootstrap and supply
the current sense amplifier CA1 for very low dropout
condition. VCC can be as low as only 0.4V above the battery
voltage. A diode and a capacitor are needed to get the
voltage from V
is always 3V or higher than V
floating or tied to VCC. Do not force this pin to a voltage
lower than VCC. Typical input current is 1mA.
GBIAS (Pin 26): This is the output of the internal 8.6V
regulator to power the drivers and control circuits. This pin
must be bypassed to a ground plane with a minimum of
2.2µF ceramic capacitor. Switching will stop when V
drops below 7V.
BGATE (Pin 27): Low Side Power MOSFET Drive.
PGND (Pin 28): MOSFET Driver Power Ground. A solid
system ground plane is very important. See the LT1505
Demo Manual for further information.
. If low dropout is not needed and V
BOOST
by more than 1V with the
BAT
, this pin can be left
BAT
CC
GBIAS
7
LT1505
BLOCK DIAGRAM
W
(LT1505)
V
IN
8
V
CC
6.7V
–
+
–
+
SHOT
ONE
0.2V
–
E2
+
+
+
+
E1
–
SHUTDOWN
E5
E7
E4
SR
OSC
200k
I
VA
4
PWM
I
–
+
+
PROG
–
3.3V
UV
7
BAT
V
24
CC
GBIAS
V
IN
SHDN
SYNC
CAP
FLAG
+
7V
5
4U
+
1.3V
4
12
13
E6
6.7V
+
E3
C1
+
–
4V
VR
S1
+
0.02V
SLOPE COMP
+
E8
SHUTDOWN
SW
+
+
–
V
CC
7.8V
A13
Q4
+
–
+
7V
2.5V
–
+
+
A8
A10
Q2
Q1
I
PROG
R1
1k
I
VA
–
A4
+
A6
A12
BGATE
A5
A7
Q3
–
B1
R2
R3
+
–
CA2
C
+
PROG
V
REF
PROG
R
PROG
R8
75k
6
AGND
V
C
INFET
A2
A3
111918
VA
CL1*
V
CC
A1
+
8.9V
A9
+
CA1
–
R4
50.55k
R5
21k
+
–
V
REF
2.465V
92mV
+
+
–
COMP1
*LT1505 ONLY. SEE PIN FUNCTIONS
FOR LT1505-1 CONNECTIONS
A11
I
PROG
R6
0.33k
R7
12.3k
V
BOOST
1
TGATE
2
50k
SW
3
GBIAS
26
4.7µF
BGATE
27
50k
PGND
28
BOOSTC
25
SPIN
22
SENSE
21
BAT
23
BAT2
+
20
CC
C2
1µF
M1
VR
L1
10µH
C3
I
BAT
M2
R
S3
R
S2
S1
+–
R
S1
+
12.6V
BATTERY
–
3CELL
16
V
FB
17
4.1V
14
4.2V
15
V
IN
CLP
1505 BD
9
CLN
10
SYSTEM
LOAD
R
S
V
CC
8
TEST CIRCUITS
LT1505
Test Circuit 1
SPIN
R
S3
200Ω
SENSE
+
R
S2
200Ω
BAT
–
R
10Ω
S1
+
V
BAT
0.047µF
LT1505
–
V
C
75k
CA2
+
V
300Ω
REF
1µF
1k
PROG
R
PROG
CA1
+
1k
+
≈ 0.65V
LT1006
–
1505 TC01
20k
Test Circuit 2
LT1505
VFB OR BAT2
2nF
I
PROG
PROG
+
VA
V
–
REF
2k
–
0.033µF
0.047µF
+
2V
1k
–+
LT1013
20k
CAP
FLAG
0.47µF
R
PROG
LT1013
+
+
2.465V
1505 TC02
Test Circuit 3
R
LT1505
I
VA
–
E6
+
4
I
PROG
I
PROG
CA1
+
3.3V
I
VA
PROG
10k
0.47µF
4.93k
SENSE
+
BAT
–
V
+
VA
V
–
REF
10k
–
LT1013
+
+
2.465V
S3
200Ω
+
R
V
S2
200Ω
RS1
10Ω
–
+
V
FB
BAT
1505 TC03
9
LT1505
U
OPERATION
The LT1505 is a synchronous current mode PWM stepdown (buck) switcher. The battery DC charge current is programmed by a resistor R
the PROG pin and the ratio of sense resistors RS2 over R
(see Block Diagram). Amplifier CA1 converts the charge current through RS1 to a much lower current I
I
• RS1/RS2) fed into the PROG pin. Amplifier CA2 com-
BAT
pares the output of CA1 with the programmed current and
drives the PWM loop to force them to be equal. High DC
accuracy is achieved with averaging capacitor C
that I
through R1 and generates a ramp signal that is fed to the
PWM control comparator C1 through buffer B1 and level
shift resistors R2 and R3, forming the current mode inner
loop. The BOOST pin supplies the topside power switch gate
drive. The LT1505 generates an 8.6V V
and V
CA1 with a voltage higher than VCC for low dropout application. For batteries like lithium that require both constantcurrent and constant-voltage charging, the 0.5% 2.465V
reference and the amplifier VA reduce the charge current
when battery voltage reaches the preset level. For NiMH and
NiCd, VA can be used for overvoltage protection.
The amplifier CL1 monitors and limits the input current,
normally from the AC adapter, to a preset level (92mV/RS).
has both AC and DC components. I
PROG
BOOSTC
. BOOSTC pin supplies the current amplifier
(or a DAC output current) at
PROG
PROG (IPROG
PROG
to power drives
GBIAS
PROG
S1
=
. Note
goes
At input current limit, CL1 will supply the programming
current I
To prevent current shoot-through between topside and
lowside switches, comparators A3 and A4 assure that one
switch turns off before the other is allowed to turn on.
Comparator A12 monitors charge current level and turns
lowside switch off if it drops below 20% of the programmed
value (20mV across RS1) to allow for inductor discontinuous mode operation. Therefore sometimes even in continuous mode operation with light current level the lowside
switch stays off.
Comparator E6 monitors the charge current and signals
through the FLAG pin when the charger is in voltage mode
and the charge current level is reduced to 20%. This charge
complete signal can be used to start a timer for charge
termination.
The INFET pin drives an external P-channel FET for low
dropout application.
When input voltage is removed, VCC will be held up by the
body diode of the topside MOSFET. The LT1505 goes into
a low current, 10µA typical, sleep mode as VCC drops
below the battery voltage. To shut down the charger
simply pull the VC pin or SHDN pin low with a transistor.
, thus reducing battery charging current.
PROG
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Input and Output Capacitors
In the 4A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1), the input
capacitor (CIN) is assumed to absorb all input switching
ripple current in the converter, so it must have adequate
ripple current rating. Worst-case RMS ripple current will
be equal to one half of output charging current. Actual
capacitance value is not critical. Solid tantalum capacitors
such as the AVX TPS and Sprague 593D series have high
ripple current rating in a relatively small surface mount
package, but
tors are used for input bypass
can be created when the adapter is hot-plugged to the
charger and solid tantalum capacitors have a known
failure mechanism when subjected to very high turn-on
surge currents. Highest possible voltage rating on the
caution must be used when tantalum capaci-
. High input surge currents
10
capacitor will minimize problems. Consult the manufacturer before use. Alternatives include new high capacity
ceramic (at least 20µF) from Tokin or United Chemi-Con/
Marcon, et al.
The output capacitor (C
output switching current ripple. The general formula for
capacitor current is:
0.29 (V
I
=
RMS
For example, VCC = 19V, V
and f = 200kHz, I
BAT
(L1)(f)
RMS
) is also assumed to absorb
OUT
V
) 1 –
= 0.4A.
BAT
()
V
CC
= 12.6V, L1 = 15µH,
BAT
LT1505
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
EMI considerations usually make it desirable to minimize
ripple current in the battery leads. Beads or inductors may
be added to increase battery impedance at the 200kHz
switching frequency. Switching ripple current splits between the battery and the output capacitor depending on
the ESR of the output capacitor and the battery impedance. If the ESR of C
is raised to 4Ω with a bead or inductor, only 5% of the
ripple current will flow in the battery.
Soft Start and Undervoltage Lockout
The LT1505 is soft started by the 0.33µF capacitor on the
VC pin. On start-up, the VC pin voltage will rise quickly to
0.5V, then ramp up at a rate set by the internal 45µA pull-
up current and the external capacitor. Battery charge
current starts ramping up when VC voltage reaches 0.7V
and full current is achieved with VC at 1.1V. With a 0.33µF
capacitor, time to reach full charge current is about 10ms
and it is assumed that input voltage to the charger will
reach full value in less than 10ms. The capacitor can be
increased up to 1µF if longer input start-up times are
needed.
In any switching regulator, conventional timer-based soft
starting can be defeated if the input voltage rises much
slower than the time out period. This happens because the
switching regulators in the battery charger and the computer power supply are typically supplying a fixed amount
of power to the load. If input voltage comes up slowly
compared to the soft start time, the regulators will try to
deliver full power to the load when the input voltage is still
well below its final value. If the adapter is current limited,
it cannot deliver full power at reduced output voltages and
the possibility exists for a quasi “latch” state where the
adapter output stays in a current limited state at reduced
output voltage. For instance, if maximum charger plus
computer load power is 30W, a 15V adapter might be
current limited at 2.5A. If adapter voltage is less than
(30W/2.5A = 12V) when full power is drawn, the adapter
voltage will be pulled down by the constant 30W load until
it reaches a lower stable state where the switching regulators can no longer supply full load. This situation can be
prevented by setting
minimum adapter voltage where full power can be achieved.
is 0.2Ω and the battery impedance
OUT
undervoltage lockout
higher than the
92mV
+
CL1
–
LT1505
Figure 2. Adapter Current Limiting
CLP
+
1µF
CLN
V
CC
+
UV
*R
=
S4
ADAPTER CURRENT LIMIT
500Ω
AC ADAPTER
RS4*
C
IN
92mV
OUTPUT
R5
R6
1505 F02
V
IN
A resistor divider is used to set the desired VCC lockout
voltage as shown in Figure 2. A typical value for R6 is 5k
and R5 is found from:
R6(V– V)
R5 =
UV
IN
V
UV
VUV = Rising lockout threshold on the UV pin
VIN = Charger input voltage that will sustain full load power
Example: With R6 = 5k, VUV = 6.7V and setting VIN at 16V;
R5 = 5k (16V – 6.7V)/6.7V = 6.9k
The resistor divider should be connected directly to the
adapter output as shown, not to the VCC pin to prevent
battery drain with no adapter voltage. If the UV pin is not
used, connect it to the adapter output (not VCC) and
connect a resistor no greater than 5k to ground. Floating
the pin will cause reverse battery current to increase from
10µA to 200µA.
Adapter Current Limiting
(Not Applicable for the LT1505-1)
An important feature of the LT1505 is the ability to
automatically adjust charge current to a level which avoids
overloading the wall adapter. This allows the product to
operate at the same time batteries are being charged
without complex load management algorithms. Additionally, batteries will automatically be charged at the maximum
possible rate of which the adapter is capable.
11
LT1505
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
This is accomplished by sensing total adapter output
current and adjusting charge current downward if a preset
adapter current limit is exceeded. True analog control is
used, with closed loop feedback ensuring that adapter load
current remains within limits. Amplifier CL1 in Figure 2
senses the voltage across RS4, connected between the
CLP and CLN pins. When this voltage exceeds 92mV, the
amplifier will override programmed charge current to limit
adapter current to 92mV/RS4. A lowpass filter formed by
500Ω and 1µF is required to eliminate switching noise. If
the current limit is not used, then the R7 /C1 filter and the
COMP1 (R1/C7) compensation networks are not needed,
and both CLP and CLN pins should be connected to VCC.
Charge Current Programming
The basic formula for charge current is (see Block
Diagram):
I
BAT
where R
R
= I
PROG
is the total resistance from PROG pin to ground.
PROG
S2
()
R
S1
2.465V
=
()()
R
PROG
R
S2
R
S1
RS2 = RS3 =
(I
BAT
)(R
PROG
)(RS1)
2.465V
(4A)(5k)(0.025)
= = 200Ω
2.465V
Charge current can also be programmed by pulse width
modulating I
with a switch Q1 to R
PROG
at a frequency
PROG
higher than a few kHz (Figure 3). Charge current will be
proportional to the duty cycle of the switch with full current
at 100% duty cycle.
When a microprocessor DAC output is used to control
charge current, it must be capable of sinking current at a
compliance up to 2.5V if connected directly to the PROG
pin.
Lithium-Ion Charging
The 4A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1) charges lithiumion batteries at a constant 4A until battery voltage reaches
the preset value. The charger will then automatically go
into a constant-voltage mode with current decreasing to
near zero over time as the battery reaches full charge.
For the sense amplifier CA1 biasing purpose, RS3 should
have the same value as RS2 and SPIN should be connected
directly to the sense resistor (RS1) as shown in the Block
Diagram.
For example, 4A charging current is needed. For low power
dissipation on R
and enough signal to drive the amplifier
S1
CA1, let RS1 = 100mV/4A = 0.025Ω. This limits RS1 power
to 0.4W. Let R
Figure 3. PWM Current Programming
PROG
5V
0V
I
= (DC)(4A)
BAT
PWM
= 5k, then:
LT1505
R
4.7k
Q1
VN2222
PROG
PROG
C
PROG
1µF
1505 F03
Preset Battery Voltage Settings
The LT1505 provides four preset battery voltages: 12.3V,
12.6V, 16.4V and 16.8V. See the Pin Functions section for
pin setting voltage selection. An internal switch connects
the resistor dividers to the battery sense pin, BAT2. When
shutting down the LT1505 by removing adaptor power or
by pulling the SHDN pin low, the resistor dividers will be
disconnected and will not drain the battery. The BAT2 pin
should be connected to the battery when any of the preset
battery voltages are used.
External Battery Voltage Setting Resistors
When an external divider is used for other battery voltages,
BAT2 should be grounded. Pins 4.1V, 4.2V and 3CELL
should be left floating. To minimize battery drain when the
charger is off, current through the R3/R4 divider (Figure 4)
is set at 15µA . The input current to the VFB pin is 3nA and
the error can be neglected.
12
LT1505
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
With divider current set at 15µA, R4 = 2.465/15µA = 162k
and,
R3
R4 V2.465
()
=
−
()
BAT
2.465
=
390k
Li-Ion batteries typically require float voltage accuracy of
1% to 2%. Accuracy of the LT1505 VFB voltage is ±0.5%
at 25°C and ±1% over the full temperature range. This
leads to the possibility that very accurate (0.1%) resistors
might be needed for R3 and R4. Actually, the temperature
of the LT1505 will rarely exceed 50°C in float mode
because charging currents have tapered off to a low level,
so 0.25% resistors will normally provide the required level
of overall accuracy.
LT1505
V
FB
Figure 4. External Resistor Divider
Lithium-Ion Charging Completion
Some battery manufacturers recommend termination of
constant-voltage float mode after charge current has
dropped below a specified level (typically around 20% of
the full current) and a further time-out period of 30
minutes to 90 minutes has elapsed. Check with manufacturers for details. The LT1505 provides a signal at the
FLAG pin when charging is in voltage mode and current is
reduced to 20% of full current, assuming full charge
current is programmed to have 100mV across the current
sense resistor (V
). The comparator E6 in the Block
RS1
Diagram compares the charge current sample I
output current IVA voltage amplifier VA. When the charge
current drops to 20% of full current, I
0.25 IVA and the open-collector output V
and can be used to start an external timer. When this
feature is used, a capacitor of at least 0.1µF is required at
the CAP pin to filter out the switching noise and a pull-up
162k 8.42.465
=
−
()
2.465
R3
390k
0.25%
R4
162k
0.25%
+
V
8.4V
1505 F04
will be equal to
PROG
FLAG
BAT
to the
PROG
will go low
resistor is also needed at the FLAG pin. If this feature is not
used, C6 is not needed.
Very Low Dropout Operation
The LT1505 can charge the battery even when VCC goes
as low as 0.5V above the combined voltages of the
battery and the drops on the sense resistor as well as
parasitic wiring. This low VCC sometimes requires a duty
factor greater then 99% and TGATE stays on for many
switching cycles. While TGATE stays on, the voltage
V
across the capacitor C2 drops down because
BOOST
TGATE control circuits require 2mA DC current. C2 needs
to be recharged before V
drops too low to keep the
BOOST
topside switch on. A unique design allows the LT1505 to
operate under these conditions; the comparator A2 monitors V
and when it drops from 8.9V to 6.9V, TGATE
BOOST
will be turned off for about 0.2µs to recharge C2. Note that
the LT1505 gets started the same way when power turns
on and there is no initial V
BOOST
.
It is important to use 0.56µF or greater value for C2 to hold
V
up for a sufficient amount of time.
BOOST
When minimum operating VCC is less than 2.5V above the
battery voltage, D3 and C4 (see Figure 1) are also needed
to bootstrap V
BOOSTC
higher than VCC to bias the current
amplifier CA1. They are not needed if VCC is at least 2.5V
higher than V
replaced with a diode if VIN is at least 3V higher than V
. The PFET M3 is optional and can be
BAT
BAT
.
The gate control pin INFET turns on M3 when VIN gets up
above the undervoltage lockout level set by R5 and R6 and
is clamped internally to 8V below VCC. In sleep mode when
VIN is removed, INFET will clamp M3 VSG to 0.2V.
Shutdown
When adapter power is removed, VCC will drift down and
be held by the body diode of the topside NFET switch. As
soon as VCC goes down to 0.2V above V
, the LT1505 will
BAT
go into sleep mode drawing only 10µA from the battery.
There are two ways to stop switching: pulling the SHDN
pin low or pulling the VC pin low. Pulling the SHDN pin low
will also turn off V
VC pin low will only stop switching and V
and CA1 input currents. Pulling the
GBIAS
stays high.
GBIAS
Make sure there is a pull-up resistor on the SHDN pin even
13
LT1505
R2
5.49k
R1
49.3k
PROG
C
PROG
1µF
Q1
LT1505
1505 F07
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
if the SHDN pin is not used, otherwise internal pull-down
current will keep the SHDN pin low and switching off when
power turns on.
Each TGATE and BGATE pin has a 50k pull-down resistor
to keep the external power FETs off when shut down or
power is off.
Note that maximum operating VCC is 24V. For short
transients the LT1505 can be operated as high as 27V. For
VCC higher than 24V it is preferred to use the VC pin to shut
down. If the SHDN pin has to be used to shut down at V
higher than 24V, the Figure 5 pull-up circuit must be used
to slow down the V
ramp-up rate when the SHDN pin
GBIAS
is released. Otherwise, high surge current charging the
bypass capacitor might damage the LT1505. For VCC less
than 24V, only a 100k resistor and no capacitor is needed
at SHDN pin to VIN for pull-up.
Synchronization
CC
24V ≤ VCC < 27V
LT1505
PULSE WIDTH > 200ns
V
IN
SHDN
Figure 5
5V TO 20V
5k
VN2222
Figure 6
3M
OPEN DRAIN
3.3µF
1505 F05
LT1505
SYNC
1505 F06
The LT1505 can be synchronized to a frequency range
from 240kHz to 280kHz. With a 200ns one-shot timer on
chip, the LT1505 provides flexibility on the synchronizing
pulse width. Sync pulse threshold is about 1.2V (Figure 6).
Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal-Hydride Charging
The circuit in the 4A Lithium Battery Charger (Figure 1) can
be modified to charge NiCd or NiMH batteries. For
example, 2-level charging is needed; 2A when Q1 is on,
and 200mA when Q1 is off (Figure 7).
For 2A full current, the current sense resistor (RS1) should
be increased to 0.05Ω so that enough signal (10mV) will
be across RS1 at 0.2A trickle charge to keep charging
current accurate.
For a 2-level charger, R1 and R2 are found from:
2.465 4000
()()
R1
=
I
LOWHILOW
R2
2.465 4000
()()
=
−
II
All battery chargers with fast charge rates require some
means to detect full charge state in the battery to terminate
the high charge current. NiCd batteries are typically charged
at high current until temperature rise or battery voltage
decrease is detected as an indication of near full charge.
Figure 7. 2-Level Charging
The charge current is then reduced to a much lower value
and maintained as a constant trickle charge. An intermediate “top off” current may be used for a fixed time period
to reduce 100% charge time.
NiMH batteries are similar in chemistry to NiCd but have
two differences related to charging. First, the inflection
characteristic in battery voltage as full charge is approached is not nearly as pronounced. This makes it
more difficult to use –∆V as an indicator of full charge,
and an increase in temperature is more often used with
a temperature sensor in the battery pack. Secondly,
constant trickle charge may not be recommended.
14
LT1505
1505 F09
SHDN
LT1505
D5
1N4148
100k
V
BAT
V
IN
U
WUU
APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
Instead, a moderate level of current is used on a pulse
basis (≈1% to 5% duty cycle) with the time-averaged
value substituting for a constant low trickle. Please
contact the Linear Technology Applications department
about charge termination circuits.
If overvoltage protection is needed, R3 and R4 in Figure 4
should be calculated according to the procedure described
in the Lithium-Ion Charging section. The VFB pin should be
grounded if not used.
Charger Crowbar Protection
If the VIN connector of Figure 1 can be instantaneously
shorted (crowbarred) to ground, then a small P-channel FET
M4 should be used to quickly turn off the input
P-channel FET M3 (see Figure 8), otherwise, high reverse
surge current might damage M3. M3 can also be replaced
by a diode if dropout voltage and heat dissipation are not
problems.
R
V
IN
M3
Figure 8. VIN Crowbar Protection
Figure 9. V
BAT
S4
M4
TPO610
INFET
Crowbar Protection
LT1505
1505 F08
V
CC
Note that the LT1505 will operate even when V
grounded. If V
of Figure 1 charger gets shorted to
BAT
BAT
is
ground very quickly (crowbarred) from a high battery
voltage, slow loop response may allow charge current to
build up and damage the topside N-channel FET M1. A
small diode D5 (see Figure 9) from the SHDN pin to V
BAT
will shut down switching and protect the charger.
Note that M4 and/or D5 are needed only if the charger
system can be potentially crowbarred.
Layout Considerations
Switch rise and fall times are under 20ns for maximum
efficiency. To prevent radiation, the power MOSFETs, the
SW pin and input bypass capacitor leads should be kept as
short as possible. A Schottky diode (D4 in Figure 1) rated
for at least 1A is necessary to clamp the SW pin and should
be placed close to the low side MOSFET. A ground plane
should be used under the switching circuitry to prevent
interplane coupling and to act as a thermal spreading path.
Note that the inductor is probably the most heat dissipating device in the charging system. The resistance on a 4A,
15µH inductor, can be 0.03Ω . With DC and AC losses, the
power dissipation can go as high as 0.8W. Expanded
traces should be used for the inductor leads for low
thermal resistance.
The fast switching high current ground path including the
MOSFETs, D4 and input bypass capacitor should be kept
very short. Another smaller input bypass (1µF ceramic)
should be placed very close the chip. The demo board
DC219 should be used for layout reference.
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
15
LT1505
PACKAGE DESCRIPTION
0.205 – 0.212**
(5.20 – 5.38)
U
Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted.
G Package
28-Lead Plastic SSOP (0.209)
(LTC DWG # 05-08-1640)
0.397 – 0.407*
(10.07 – 10.33)
252622 21 20 19 181716 1523242728
0.301 – 0.311
(7.65 – 7.90)
12345678 9 10 11 121413
0.068 – 0.078
(1.73 – 1.99)
° – 8°
0
0.005 – 0.009
(0.13 – 0.22)
*
DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH
SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE
**
DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD
FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE
0.022 – 0.037
(0.55 – 0.95)
0.0256
(0.65)
BSC
0.010 – 0.015
(0.25 – 0.38)
0.002 – 0.008
(0.05 – 0.21)
G28 SSOP 0694
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LT1510Constant-Voltage/Constant-Current Battery ChargerUp to 1.5A Charge Current, Small SO-8 Footprint
LT15113A Constant-Voltage/Constant-Current Battery ChargerCharges Lithium, NiCd and NiMH Batteries, 28-Lead SO Package
LT1512SEPIC CC/CV Battery ChargerVIN Can Be Higher or Lower Than Battery Voltage, 2A Internal Switch
LT1513SEPIC CC/CV Battery ChargerVIN Can Be Higher or Lower Than Battery Voltage, 3A Internal Switch
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16
Linear T echnology Corporation
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417
(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507
●
www.linear-tech.com
1505fa LT/TP 0400 2K REV A • PRINTED IN USA
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1999
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