Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:
•Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
•Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the
intended manner and under normal conditions.
•There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our
knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data
Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
•Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
•Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not
mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our
products. Attempts to break Microchip’s code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts
allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Information contained in this publication regarding device
applications and the like is provided only for your convenience
and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to
ensure that your application meets with your specifications.
MICROCHIP MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WHETHER EXPRESS OR
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INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ITS CONDITION,
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conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any Microchip
intellectual property rights.
Trademarks
The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, Accuron,
dsPIC, K
EELOQ, KEELOQ logo, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro,
PICSTART, rfPIC, SmartShunt and UNI/O are registered
trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the
U.S.A. and other countries.
FilterLab, Linear Active Thermistor, MXDEV, MXLAB,
SEEVAL, SmartSensor and The Embedded Control Solutions
Company are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology
Incorporated in the U.S.A.
logo, PowerCal,
PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, REAL ICE, rfLAB, Select
Mode, Total Endurance, TSHARC, WiperLock and ZENA are
trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the
U.S.A. and other countries.
SQTP is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated
in the U.S.A.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their
respective companies.
Microchip received ISO/TS-16949:2002 certification for its worldwide
headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in Chandler and
Tempe, Arizona; Gresham, Oregon and design centers in California
and India. The Company’s quality system processes and procedures
are for its PIC
devices, Serial EEPROMs, microperipherals, nonvolatile memory and
analog products. In addition, Microchip’s quality system for the design
and manufacture of development systems is ISO 9001:2000 certified.
dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 PRODUCT
FAMILIES
The device names, pin counts, memory sizes and
peripheral availability of each device are listed below.
The following pages show their pinout diagrams.
dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 Controller Families
Remappable Peripherals
(3)
Device
dsPIC33FJ06GS101 1862568201112x2
dsPIC33FJ06GS102 286256 16201112x2030113621SPDIP
dsPIC33FJ06GS202 2861K16211112x2231113621SPDIP
dsPIC33FJ16GS402 28162K16322113x2030114821SPDIP
dsPIC33FJ16GS404 44162K30322113x2030114835QFN
dsPIC33FJ16GS502 28162K16322114x2
dsPIC33FJ16GS504 44162K30322114x2
Pins
RAM (Bytes)
Program Flash Memory (Kbytes)
16-bit Timer
Remappable Pins
Input Cap tur e
UART
Output Compare
(2)
SPI
PWM
Analog Compara tor
(1)
0 3 011 3 613SOIC
(1)
431126821SPDIP
(1)
4311261235QFN
DAC Output
External Interrupts
2
C™
I
SARs
ADC
I/O Pins
Packages
Analog-to-Digital Inputs
Sample and Hold (S&H) Circuit
SOIC
QFN-S
SOIC
QFN-S
SOIC
QFN-S
TQFP
SOIC
QFN-S
TQFP
Note 1:The PWM4H:PWM4L pins are remappable.
2:The PWM Fault pins and PWM synchronization pins are remappable.
3:Only two out of three interrupts are remappable.
2.0Guidelines for Getting Started with 16-bit Digital Signal Controllers .......................................................................................... 19
5.0Flash Program Memory.............................................................................................................................................................. 81
12.0 Timer2/3 features .................................................................................................................................................................... 185
20.0 High-Speed Analog Comparator .............................................................................................................................................. 259
21.0 Special Features ...................................................................................................................................................................... 263
22.0 Instruction Set Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 271
23.0 Development Support............................................................................................................................................................... 279
Index ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 337
The Microchip Web Site..................................................................................................................................................................... 341
Customer Change Notification Service .............................................................................................................................................. 341
Customer Support .............................................................................................................................................................................. 341
Product Identification System ............................................................................................................................................................ 343
It is our intention to provide our valued customers with the best documentation possible to ensure successful use of your Microchip
products. To this end, we will continue to improve our publications to better suit your needs. Our publications will be refined and
enhanced as new volumes and updates are introduced.
If you have any questions or comments regarding this publication, please contact the Marketing Communications Department via
E-mail at docerrors@microchip.com or fax the Reader Response Form in the back of this data sheet to (480) 792-4150. We
welcome your feedback.
Most Current Data Sheet
To obtain the most up-to-date version of this data sheet, please register at our Worldwide Web site at:
http://www.microchip.com
You can determine the version of a data sheet by examining its literature number found on the bottom outside corner of any page.
The last character of the literature number is the version number, (e.g., DS30000A is version A of document DS30000).
Errata
An errata sheet, describing minor operational differences from the data sheet and recommended workarounds, may exist for current
devices. As device/documentation issues become known to us, we will publish an errata sheet. The errata will specify the revision
of silicon and revision of document to which it applies.
To determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please check with one of the following:
• Microchip’s Worldwide Web site; http://www.microchip.com
• Your local Microchip sales office (see last page)
When contacting a sales office, please specify which device, revision of silicon and data sheet (include literature number) you are
using.
Customer Notification System
Register on our web site at www.microchip.com to receive the most current information on all of our products.
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 families of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the “dsPIC33F FamilyReference Manual”. Please see the
Microchip web site (www.microchip.com)
for the latest “dsPIC33F F amily Refer enceManual” sections.
This document contains device-specific information for
the following dsPIC33F Digital Signal Controller (DSC)
devices:
• dsPIC33FJ06GS101
• dsPIC33FJ06GS102
• dsPIC33FJ06GS202
• dsPIC33FJ16GS402
• dsPIC33FJ16GS404
• dsPIC33FJ16GS502
• dsPIC33FJ16GS504
ds
PIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
devices contain extensive Digital Signal Processor
X04
(DSP) functionality with a high-performance, 16-bit
microcontroller (MCU) architecture.
Figure 1-1 shows a general block diagram of the core
and peripheral modules in the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02
and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 devices. Table 1-1 lists
the functions of the various pins shown in the pinout
diagrams.
CN0-CN29ISTNoChange notification inputs. Can be software programmed for
IC1-IC2ISTYesCapture inputs 1/2
OCFA
OC1-OC2
INT0
INT1
INT2
RA0-RA4I/OSTNoPORTA is a bidirectional I/O port
RB0-RB15I/OSTNoPORTB is a bidirectional I/O port
RC0-RC13I/OSTNoPORTC is a bidirectional I/O port
RP0-RP29I/OSTNo
T1CK
T2CK
T3CK
U1CTS
U1RTS
U1RX
U1TX
SCK1
SDI1
SDO1
SS1
SCL1
SDA1
TMS
TCK
TDI
TDO
Legend: CMOS = CMOS compatible input or outputAnalog = Analog inputI = Input
ST = Schmitt Trigger input with CMOS levelsP = PowerO = Output
TTL = Transistor-Transistor LogicPPS = Peripheral Pin Select
Pin
Type
I/O
O
O
O
I/O
O
I/O
I/O
I/O
O
Buffer
Type
IOST/CMOS—NoNoExternal clock source input. Always associated with OSC1 pin
I
ST/CMOS—NoNoOscillator crystal input. ST buffer when configured in RC mode;
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ST
—
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
—
ST
—
ST
ST
—
ST
ST
ST
TTL
TTL
TTL
—
PPS
Capable
function.
Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal
Oscillator mode. Optionally functions as CLKO in RC and EC
modes. Always associated with OSC2 pin function.
CMOS otherwise.
Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal
Oscillator mode. Optionally functions as CLKO in RC and EC
modes.
internal weak pull-ups on all inputs.
Yes
Compare Fault A input (for Compare Channels 1 and 2)
Yes
Compare Outputs 1 through 2
No
External Interrupt 0
Yes
External Interrupt 1
Yes
External Interrupt 2
Remappable I/O pins
Yes
Timer1 external clock input
Yes
Timer2 external clock input
Yes
Timer3 external clock input
Yes
UART1 clear to send
Yes
UART1 ready to send
Yes
UART1 receive
Yes
UART1 transmit
Yes
Synchronous serial clock input/output for SPI1
Yes
SPI1 data in
Yes
SPI1 data out
Yes
SPI1 slave synchronization or frame pulse I/O
NoNoSynchronous serial clock input/output for I2C1
I/PSTNoMaster Clear (Reset) input. This pin is an active-low Reset to the
Legend: CMOS = CMOS compatible input or outputAnalog = Analog inputI = Input
ST = Schmitt Trigger input with CMOS levelsP = PowerO = Output
TTL = Transistor-Transistor LogicPPS = Peripheral Pin Select
Buffer
Type
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
I
Analog
PPS
Capable
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Description
Comparator 1 Channel A
Comparator 1 Channel B
Comparator 1 Channel C
Comparator 1 Channel D
Comparator 2 Channel A
Comparator 2 Channel B
Comparator 2 Channel C
Comparator 2 Channel D
Comparator 3 Channel A
Comparator 3 Channel B
Comparator 3 Channel C
Comparator 3 Channel D
Comparator 4 Channel A
Comparator 4 Channel B
Comparator 4 Channel C
Comparator 4 Channel D
clock
I
I
I
ST
ST
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
ST
ST
Yes
Fault Inputs to PWM module
Yes
External synchronization signal to PWM Master Time Base
Yes
PWM master time base for external device synchronization
No
PWM1 low output
No
PWM1 high output
No
PWM2 low output
No
PWM2 high output
No
PWM3 low output
No
PWM3 high output
Yes
PWM4 low output
Yes
PWM4 high output
No
Data I/O pin for programming/debugging communication Channel 1
No
Clock input pin for programming/debugging communication
Channel 1
ST
I
ST
No
Data I/O pin for programming/debugging communication Channel 2
No
Clock input pin for programming/debugging communication
Channel 2
ST
I
ST
No
Data I/O pin for programming/debugging communication Channel 3
No
Clock input pin for programming/debugging communication
Channel 3
2.0GUIDELINES FOR GETTING
STARTED WITH 16-BIT
DIGITAL SIGNAL
CONTROLLERS
Note:This data sheet summarizes the features
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 family of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the dsPIC33F FamilyReference Manual, which is available from
the Microchip website
(www.microchip.com).
2.1Basic Connection Requirements
Getting started with the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 family of 16-bit Digital Signal
Controllers (DSC) requires attention to a minimal set of
device pin connections before proceeding with
development. The following is a list of pin names, which
must always be connected:
DD and VSS pins
•All V
(see Section 2.2 “Decoupling Capacitors”)
•All AV
•VCAP/VDDCORE
•MCLR pin
• PGECx/PGEDx pins used for In-Circuit Serial
• OSC1 and OSC2 pins when external oscillator
DD and AVSS pins (regardless if ADC module
is not used)
(see Section 2.2 “Decoupling Capacitors”)
(see Section 2.3 “Capacitor on Internal Voltage
Regulator (V
(see Section 2.4 “Master Clear (MCLR) Pin”)
Programming™ (ICSP™) and debugging purposes
(see Section 2.5 “ICSP Pins”)
source is used
(see Section 2.6 “External Oscillator Pins”)
CAP/VDDCORE)”)
2.2Decoupling Capacitors
The use of decoupling capacitors on every pair of
power supply pins, such as V
SS is required.
AV
Consider the following criteria when using decoupling
capacitors:
• Value and type of cap a cito r: Recommendation
of 0.1 μF (100 nF), 10-20V. This capacitor should
be a low-ESR and have resonance frequency in
the range of 20 MHz and higher. It is
recommended that ceramic capacitors be used.
• Placement on the printed circuit board: The
decoupling capacitors should be placed as close
to the pins as possible. It is recommended to
place the capacitors on the same side of the
board as the device. If space is constricted, the
capacitor can be placed on another layer on the
PCB using a via; however, ensure that the trace
length from the pin to the capacitor is within
one-quarter inch (6 mm) in length.
• Handlin g high frequency noise: If the board is
experiencing high frequency noise, upward of
tens of MHz, add a second ceramic-type capacitor
in parallel to the above described decoupling
capacitor. The value of the second capacitor can
be in the range of 0.01 μF to 0.001 μF. Place this
second capacitor next to the primary decoupling
capacitor. In high-speed circuit designs, consider
implementing a decade pair of capacitances as
close to the power and ground pins as possible.
For example, 0.1 μF in parallel with 0.001 μF.
• Maximizing performance: On the board layout
from the power supply circuit, run the power and
return traces to the decoupling capacitors first,
and then to the device pins. This ensures that the
decoupling capacitors are first in the power chain.
Equally important is to keep the trace length
between the capacitor and the power pins to a
minimum thereby reducing PCB track inductance.
pin breakdown, due to
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) or Electrical
Overstress (EOS). Ensure that the MCLR
pin
V
IH and VIL specifications are met.
C
R1
R
V
DD
MCLR
dsPIC33F
JP
FIGURE 2-1:RECOMMENDED
MINIMUM CONNECTION
2.2.1TANK CAPACITORS
On boards with power traces running longer than six
inches in length, it is suggested to use a tank capacitor
for integrated circuits including DSCs to supply a local
power source. The value of the tank capacitor should
be determined based on the trace resistance that connects the power supply source to the device, and the
maximum current drawn by the device in the application. In other words, select the tank capacitor so that it
meets the acceptable voltage sag at the device. Typical
values range from 4.7 μF to 47 μF.
2.4Master Clear (MCLR) Pin
The MCLR pin provides for two specific device
functions:
• Device Reset
• Device programming and debugging.
During device programming and debugging, the
resistance and capacitance that can be added to the
pin must be considered. Device programmers and
debuggers drive the MCLR
specific voltage levels (V
transitions must not be adversely affected. Therefore,
specific values of R and C will need to be adjusted
based on the application and PCB requirements.
For example, as shown in Figure 2-2, it is
recommended that the capacitor C, be isolated from
the MCLR
pin during programming and debugging
operations.
Place the components shown in Figure 2-2 within
one-quarter inch (6 mm) from the MCLR
FIGURE 2-2:EXAMPLE OF MCLR PIN
CONNECTIONS
pin. Consequently,
IH and VIL) and fast signal
pin.
2.3Capacitor on Internal Voltage
Regulator (V
A low-ESR (< 5 Ohms) capacitor is required on the
CAP/VDDCORE pin, which is used to stabilize the
V
voltage regulator output voltage. The V
pin must not be connected to VDD, and must have a
capacitor between 4.7 μF and 10 μF, 16V connected to
ground. The type can be ceramic or tantalum. Refer to
Section 24.0 “Electrical Characteristics” for
additional information.
The placement of this capacitor should be close to the
CAP/VDDCORE. It is recommended that the trace
V
length not exceed one-quarter inch (6 mm). Refer to
The PGECx and PGEDx pins are used for In-Circuit
Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) and debugging
purposes. It is recommended to keep the trace length
between the ICSP connector and the ICSP pins on the
device as short as possible. If the ICSP connector is
expected to experience an ESD event, a series resistor
is recommended, with the value in the range of a few
tens of Ohms, not to exceed 100 Ohms.
Pull-up resistors, series diodes, and capacitors on the
PGECx and PGEDx pins are not recommended as they
will interfere with the programmer/debugger
communications to the device. If such discrete
components are an application requirement, they
should be removed from the circuit during programming and debugging. Alternatively, refer to the AC/DC
characteristics and timing requirements information in
the respective device Flash programming specification
for information on capacitive loading limits and pin input
voltage high (V
Ensure that the “Communication Channel Select”
(i.e., PGECx/PGEDx pins) programmed into the device
matches the physical connections for the ICSP to
MPLAB
ICE™.
For more information on ICD 2, ICD 3, and REAL ICE
connection requirements, refer to the following
documents that are available on the Microchip website.
•“MPLAB
Guide” DS51331
•“Using MPLAB
•“MPLAB® ICD 2 Design Advisory” DS51566
•“Using MPLAB® ICD 3” (poster) DS51765
•“MPLAB
•“MPLAB® REAL ICE™ In-Circuit Debugger
User's Guide” DS51616
•“Using MPLAB
IH) and input low (VIL) requirements.
®
ICD 2, MPLAB® ICD 3, or MPLAB® REAL
®
ICD 2 In-Circuit Debugger User's
®
ICD 2” (poster) DS51265
®
ICD 3 Design Advisory” DS51764
®
REAL ICE™” (poster) DS51749
2.6External Oscillator Pins
Many DSCs have options for at least two oscillators: a
high-frequency primary oscillator and a low-frequency
secondary oscillator (refer to Section 8.0 “OscillatorConfiguration” for details).
The oscillator circuit should be placed on the same
side of the board as the device. Also, place the
oscillator circuit close to the respective oscillator pins,
not exceeding one-half inch (12 mm) distance
between them. The load capacitors should be placed
next to the oscillator itself, on the same side of the
board. Use a grounded copper pour around the
oscillator circuit to isolate them from surrounding
circuits. The grounded copper pour should be routed
directly to the MCU ground. Do not run any signal
traces or power traces inside the ground pour. Also, if
using a two-sided board, avoid any traces on the
other side of the board where the crystal is placed. A
suggested layout is shown in Figure 2-3.
If the PLL of the target device is enabled and
configured for the device start-up oscillator, the
maximum oscillator source frequency must be limited
to 4 MHz < F
start-up conditions. This means that if the external
oscillator frequency is outside this range, the
application must start up in the FRC mode first. The
default PLL settings after a POR with an oscillator
frequency outside this range will violate the device
operating speed.
Once the device powers up, the application firmware
can initialize the PLL SFRs, CLKDIV, and PLLDBF to a
suitable value, and then perform a clock switch to the
Oscillator + PLL clock source. Note that clock switching
must be enabled in the device Configuration word.
IN < 8 MHz to comply with device PLL
2.8Configuration of Analog and
Digital Pins During ICSP
Operations
If MPLAB ICD 2, ICD 3 or REAL ICE is selected as a
debugger, it automatically initializes all of the A/D input
pins (ANx) as “digital” pins, by setting all bits in the
ADPCFG register.
The bits in the registers that correspond to the A/D pins
that are initialized by MPLAB ICD 2, ICD 3, or REAL
ICE, must not be cleared by the user application firmware; otherwise, communication errors will result
between the debugger and the device.
If your application needs to use certain A/D pins as
analog input pins during the debug session, the user
application must clear the corresponding bits in the
ADPCFG register during initialization of the ADC module.
When MPLAB ICD 2, ICD 3, or REAL ICE is used as a
programmer, the user application firmware must
correctly configure the ADPCFG register. Automatic
initialization of these registers is only done during
debugger operation. Failure to correctly configure the
register(s) will result in all A/D pins being recognized as
analog input pins, resulting in the port value being read
as a logic '0', which may affect user application functionality.
2.9Unused I/Os
Unused I/O pins should be configured as outputs and
driven to a logic-low state.
Alternatively, connect a 1k to 10k resistor to V
unused pins and drive the output to logic low.
SS on
2.10Typical Application Connection
Examples
Examples of typical application connections are shown
in Figure 2-4 through Figure 2-11.
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 families of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the “dsPIC33F FamilyReference Manual”, Section 2. “CPU”
(DS70204), which is available from the
Microchip web site (www.microchip.com).
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 CPU module has a 16-bit (data) modified Harvard
architecture with an enhanced instruction set, including
significant support for DSP. The CPU has a 24-bit
instruction word with a variable length opcode field. The
Program Counter (PC) is 23 bits wide and addresses up
to 4M x 24 bits of user program memory space. The
actual amount of program memory implemented varies
from device to device. A single-cycle instruction prefetch
mechanism is used to help maintain throughput and
provides predictable execution. All instructions execute in
a single cycle, with the exception of instructions that
change the program flow, the double-word move (MOV.D)
instruction and the table instructions. Overhead-free
program loop constructs are supported using the DO and
REPEAT instructions, both of which are interruptible at
any point.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 devices have sixteen, 16-bit working registers in the
programmer’s model. Each of the working registers can
serve as a data, address or address offset register. The
sixteenth working register (W15) operates as a software
Stack Pointer (SP) for interrupts and calls.
There are two classes of instruction in the
ds
PIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04
devices: MCU and DSP. These two instruction
classes are seamlessly integrated into a single CPU.
The instruction set includes many addressing modes
and is designed for optimum C compiler efficiency.
For most instructions, the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02
and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 is capable of executing a data (or program data) memory read, a working register (data) read, a data memory write and a
program (instruction) memory read per instruction
cycle. As a result, three parameter instructions can
be supported, allowing A + B = C operations to be
executed in a single cycle.
A block diagram of the CPU is shown in Figure 3-1,
and the programmer’s model for the
dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 is shown in Figure 3-2.
3.1Data Addressing Overview
The data space can be addressed as 32K words or
64 Kbytes and is split into two blocks, referred to as X
and Y data memory. Each memory block has its own
independent Address Generation Unit (AGU). The
MCU class of instructions operates solely through
the X memory AGU, which accesses the entire
memory map as one linear data space. Certain DSP
instructions operate through the X and Y AGUs to
support dual operand reads, which splits the data
address space into two parts. The X and Y data space
boundary is device-specific.
Overhead-free circular buffers (Modulo Addressing
mode) are supported in both X and Y address spaces.
The Modulo Addressing removes the software
boundary checking overhead for DSP algorithms.
Furthermore, the X AGU circular addressing can be
used with any of the MCU class of instructions. The X
AGU also supports Bit-Reversed Addressing to greatly
simplify input or output data reordering for radix-2 FFT
algorithms.
The upper 32 Kbytes of the data space memory map
can optionally be mapped into program space at any
16K program word boundary defined by the 8-bit
Program Space Visibility Page (PSVPAG) register. The
program-to-data space mapping feature lets any
instruction access program space as if it were data
space.
3.2DSP Engine Overview
The DSP engine features a high-speed, 17-bit by 17-bit
multiplier, a 40-bit ALU, two 40-bit saturating
accumulators and a 40-bit bidirectional barrel shifter.
The barrel shifter is capable of shifting a 40-bit value up
to 16 bits, right or left, in a single cycle. The DSP
instructions operate seamlessly with all other
instructions and have been designed for optimal realtime performance. The MAC instruction and other associated instructions can concurrently fetch two data
operands from memory while multiplying two W
registers and accumulating and optionally saturating
the result in the same cycle. This instruction
functionality requires that the RAM data space be split
for these instructions and linear for all others. Data
space partitioning is achieved in a transparent and
flexible manner through dedicating certain working
registers to each address space.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 features a 17-bit by 17-bit single-cycle multiplier that
is shared by both the MCU ALU and DSP engine. The
multiplier can perform signed, unsigned and mixed sign
multiplication. Using a 17-bit by 17-bit multiplier for 16-bit
by 16-bit multiplication not only allows you to perform
mixed sign multiplication, it also achieves accurate
results for special operations, such as (-1.0) x (-1.0).
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 supports 16/16 and 32/16 divide operations, both
fractional and integer. All divide instructions are iterative
operations. They must be executed within a REPEAT
loop, resulting in a total execution time of 19 instruction
cycles. The divide operation can be interrupted during
any of those 19 cycles without loss of data.
A 40-bit barrel shifter is used to perform up to a 16-bit
left or right shift in a single cycle. The barrel shifter can
be used by both MCU and DSP instructions.
FIGURE 3-1:dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 CPU CORE
bit 7-5IPL<2:0>: CPU Interrupt Priority Level Status bits
111 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 7 (15), user interrupts disabled
110 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 6 (14)
101 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 5 (13)
100 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 4 (12)
011 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 3 (11)
010 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 2 (10)
001 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 1 (9)
000 = CPU Interrupt Priority Level is 0 (8)
bit 4RA: REPEAT Loop Active bit
1 = REPEAT loop in progress
0 = REPEAT loop not in progress
bit 3N: MCU ALU Negative bit
1 = Result was negative
0 = Result was non-negative (zero or positive)
bit 2OV: MCU ALU Overflow bit
This bit is used for signed arithmetic (2’s complement). It indicates an overflow of a magnitude that
causes the sign bit to change state.
1 = Overflow occurred for signed arithmetic (in this arithmetic operation)
0 = No overflow occurred
bit 1Z: MCU ALU Zero bit
1 = An operation that affects the Z bit has set it at some time in the past
0 = The most recent operation that affects the Z bit has cleared it (i.e., a non-zero result)
bit 0C: MCU ALU Carry/Borrow
1 = A carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred
0 = No carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred
bit
(2)
Note 1: This bit can be read or cleared (not set).
2: The IPL<2:0> bits are concatenated with the IPL<3> bit (CORCON<3>) to form the CPU Interrupt Priority
Level (IPL). The value in parentheses indicates the IPL if IPL<3> = 1. User interrupts are disabled when
IPL<3> = 1.
3: The IPL<2:0> Status bits are read-only when NSTDIS = 1 (INTCON1<15>).
4: Clearing this bit will clear SA and SB.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 ALU is 16 bits wide and is capable of addition,
subtraction, bit shifts and logic operations. Unless
otherwise mentioned, arithmetic operations are 2’s
complement in nature. Depending on the operation, the
ALU can affect the values of the Carry (C), Zero (Z),
Negative (N), Overflow (OV) and Digit Carry (DC) Status
bits in the SR register. The C and DC Status bits operate
as Borrow
subtraction operations.
The ALU can perform 8-bit or 16-bit operations,
depending on the mode of the instruction that is used.
Data for the ALU operation can come from the W
register array or data memory, depending on the
addressing mode of the instruction. Likewise, output
data from the ALU can be written to the W register array
or a data memory location.
Refer to the “dsPIC30F/33F Programmer ’s ReferenceManual” (DS70157) for information on the SR bits
affected by each instruction.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 CPU incorporates hardware support for both multiplication and division. This includes a dedicated hardware
multiplier and support hardware for 16-bit-divisor division.
3.5.1MULTIPLIER
Using the high-speed, 17-bit x 17-bit multiplier of the
DSP engine, the ALU supports unsigned, signed or
mixed sign operation in several MCU multiplication
modes:
• 16-bit x 16-bit signed
• 16-bit x 16-bit unsigned
• 16-bit signed x 5-bit (literal) unsigned
• 16-bit unsigned x 16-bit unsigned
• 16-bit unsigned x 5-bit (literal) unsigned
• 16-bit unsigned x 16-bit signed
• 8-bit unsigned x 8-bit unsigned
and Digit Borrow bits, respectively, for
3.5.2DIVIDER
The divide block supports 32-bit/16-bit and 16-bit/16-bit
signed and unsigned integer divide operations with the
following data sizes:
• 32-bit signed/16-bit signed divide
• 32-bit unsigned/16-bit unsigned divide
• 16-bit signed/16-bit signed divide
• 16-bit unsigned/16-bit unsigned divide
The quotient for all divide instructions ends up in W0 and
the remainder in W1. 16-bit signed and unsigned DIV
instructions can specify any W register for both the 16-bit
divisor (Wn) and any W register (aligned) pair
(W(m + 1):Wm) for the 32-bit dividend. The divide
algorithm takes one cycle per bit of divisor, so both 32-bit/
16-bit and 16-bit/16-bit instructions take the same
number of cycles to execute.
3.6DSP Engine
The DSP engine consists of a high-speed, 17-bit x
17-bit multiplier, a barrel shifter and a 40-bit adder/
subtracter (with two target accumulators, round and
saturation logic).
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 is a single-cycle instruction flow architecture; therefore, concurrent operation of the DSP engine with MCU
instruction flow is not possible. However, some MCU ALU
and DSP engine resources can be used concurrently by
the same instruction (for example, ED, EDAC).
The DSP engine can also perform inherent
accumulator-to-accumulator operations that require no
additional data. These instructions are ADD, SUB and
NEG.
The DSP engine has options selected through bits in
the CPU Core Control register (CORCON), as listed
below:
• Fractional or integer DSP multiply (IF)
• Signed or unsigned DSP multiply (US)
• Conventional or convergent rounding (RND)
• Automatic saturation on/off for ACCA (SATA)
• Automatic saturation on/off for ACCB (SATB)
• Automatic saturation on/off for writes to data
memory (SATDW)
• Accumulator Saturation mode selection
(ACCSAT)
A block diagram of the DSP engine is shown in
Figure 3-3.
EDACA = A + (x – y)2No
MACA = A + (x * y)Yes
MACA = A + x2No
MOVSACNo change in AYes
MPYA = x * yNo
MPYA = x 2No
MPY.NA = – x * yNo
MSCA = A – x * yYes
The 17-bit x 17-bit multiplier is capable of signed or
unsigned operation and can multiplex its output using a
scaler to support either 1.31 fractional (Q31) or 32-bit
integer results. Unsigned operands are zero-extended
into the 17th bit of the multiplier input value. Signed
operands are sign-extended into the 17th bit of the
multiplier input value. The output of the 17-bit x 17-bit
multiplier/scaler is a 33-bit value that is sign-extended
to 40 bits. Integer data is inherently represented as a
signed 2’s complement value, where the Most
Significant bit (MSb) is defined as a sign bit. The range
of an N-bit 2’s complement integer is -2
• For a 16-bit integer, the data range is -32768
(0x8000) to 32767 (0x7FFF) including 0.
• For a 32-bit integer, the data range is
-2,147,483,648 (0x8000 0000) to 2,147,483,647
(0x7FFF FFFF).
When the multiplier is configured for fractional
multiplication, the data is represented as a 2’s
complement fraction, where the MSb is defined as a
sign bit and the radix point is implied to lie just after the
sign bit (QX format). The range of an N-bit 2’s
complement fraction with this implied radix point is -1.0
to (1 – 2
is -1.0 (0x8000) to 0.999969482 (0x7FFF) including 0
and has a precision of 3.01518x10-5. In Fractional
mode, the 16 x 16 multiply operation generates a
1.31 product that has a precision of 4.65661 x 10
The same multiplier is used to support the MCU
multiply instructions, which include integer 16-bit
signed, unsigned and mixed sign multiply operations.
The MUL instruction can be directed to use byte or
word-sized operands. Byte operands will direct a 16-bit
result, and word operands will direct a 32-bit result to
the specified register(s) in the W array.
1-N
). For a 16-bit fraction, the Q15 data range
N-1
to 2
N-1
– 1.
-10
.
3.6.2DATA ACCUMULATORS AND
ADDER/SUBTRACTER
The data accumulator consists of a 40-bit adder/
subtracter with automatic sign extension logic. It can
select one of two accumulators (A or B) as its preaccumulation source and post-accumulation
destination. For the ADD and LAC instructions, the data
to be accumulated or loaded can be optionally scaled
using the barrel shifter prior to accumulation.
3.6.2.1Adder/Subtracter, Overflow and
Saturation
The adder/subtracter is a 40-bit adder with an optional
zero input into one side, and either true or complement
data into the other input.
• In the case of addition, the Carry/B
active-high and the other input is true data (not
complemented).
• In the case of subtraction, the Carry/Borrow input
is active-low and the other input is complemented.
The adder/subtracter generates Overflow Status bits,
SA/SB and OA/OB, which are latched and reflected in
the STATUS register:
• Overflow from bit 39: this is a catastrophic
overflow in which the sign of the accumulator is
destroyed.
• Overflow into guard bits, 32 through 39: this is a
recoverable overflow. This bit is set whenever all
the guard bits are not identical to each other.
The adder has an additional saturation block that
controls accumulator data saturation, if selected. It
uses the result of the adder, the Overflow Status bits
described previously and the SAT<A:B>
(CORCON<7:6>) and ACCSAT (CORCON<4>) mode
control bits to determine when and to what value to
saturate.
Six STATUS register bits support saturation and
overflow:
• OA: ACCA overflowed into guard bits
• OB: ACCB overflowed into guard bits
• SA: ACCA saturated (bit 31 overflow and
saturation)
or
ACCA overflowed into guard bits and saturated
(bit 39 overflow and saturation)
• SB: ACCB saturated (bit 31 overflow and
saturation)
or
ACCB overflowed into guard bits and saturated
(bit 39 overflow and saturation)
• OAB: Logical OR of OA and OB
• SAB: Logical OR of SA and SB
The OA and OB bits are modified each time data
passes through the adder/subtracter. When set, they
indicate that the most recent operation has overflowed
into the accumulator guard bits (bits 32 through 39).
The OA and OB bits can also optionally generate an
arithmetic warning trap when set and the corresponding Overflow Trap Flag Enable bits (OVATE, OVBTE) in
the INTCON1 register are set (refer to Section 7.0“Interrupt Controller”). This allows the user applica-
tion to take immediate action, for example, to correct
system gain.
The SA and SB bits are modified each time data
passes through the adder/subtracter, but can only be
cleared by the user application. When set, they indicate
that the accumulator has overflowed its maximum
range (bit 31 for 32-bit saturation or bit 39 for 40-bit
saturation) and will be saturated (if saturation is
enabled). When saturation is not enabled, SA and SB
default to bit 39 overflow and thus, indicate that a catastrophic overflow has occurred. If the COVTE bit in the
INTCON1 register is set, SA and SB bits will generate
an arithmetic warning trap when saturation is disabled.
The Overflow and Saturation Status bits can optionally
be viewed in the STATUS Register (SR) as the logical
OR of OA and OB (in bit OAB) and the logical OR of SA
and SB (in bit SAB). Programmers can check one bit in
the STATUS register to determine if either accumulator
has overflowed, or one bit to determine if either
accumulator has saturated. This is useful for complex
number arithmetic, which typically uses both
accumulators.
The device supports three Saturation and Overflow
modes:
• Bit 39 Overflow and Saturation:
When bit 39 overflow and saturation occurs, the
saturation logic loads the maximally positive
9.31 (0x7FFFFFFFFF) or maximally negative
9.31 value (0x8000000000) into the target accumulator. The SA or SB bit is set and remains set until
cleared by the user application. This condition is
referred to as ‘super saturation’ and provides
protection against erroneous data or unexpected
algorithm problems (such as gain calculations).
• Bit 31 Overflow and Saturation:
When bit 31 overflow and saturation occurs, the
saturation logic then loads the maximally positive
1.31 value (0x007FFFFFFF) or maximally negative 1.31 value (0x0080000000) into the target
accumulator. The SA or SB bit is set and remains
set until cleared by the user application. When
this Saturation mode is in effect, the guard bits are
not used, so the OA, OB or OAB bits are never
set.
• Bit 39 Catastrophic Overflow:
The bit 39 Overflow Status bit from the adder is
used to set the SA or SB bit, which remains set
until cleared by the user application. No saturation
operation is performed, and the accumulator is
allowed to overflow, destroying its sign. If the
COVTE bit in the INTCON1 register is set, a
catastrophic overflow can initiate a trap exception.
3.6.3ACCUMULATOR ‘WRITE BACK’
The MAC class of instructions (with the exception of
MPY, MPY.N, ED and EDAC) can optionally write a
rounded version of the high word (bits 31 through 16)
of the accumulator that is not targeted by the instruction
into data space memory. The write is performed across
the X bus into combined X and Y address space. The
following addressing modes are supported:
• W13, Register Direct:
The rounded contents of the non-target
accumulator are written into W13 as a
1.15 fraction.
• [W13] + = 2, Register Indirect with Post-Increment:
The rounded contents of the non-target
accumulator are written into the address pointed
to by W13 as a 1.15 fraction. W13 is then
incremented by 2 (for a word write).
3.6.3.1Round Logic
The round logic is a combinational block that performs
a conventional (biased) or convergent (unbiased)
round function during an accumulator write (store). The
Round mode is determined by the state of the RND bit
in the CORCON register. It generates a 16-bit,
1.15 data value that is passed to the data space write
saturation logic. If rounding is not indicated by the
instruction, a truncated 1.15 data value is stored and
the least significant word is simply discarded.
Conventional rounding zero-extends bit 15 of the accumulator and adds it to the ACCxH word (bits 16 through
31 of the accumulator).
• If the ACCxL word (bits 0 through 15 of the
accumulator) is between 0x8000 and 0xFFFF
(0x8000 included), ACCxH is incremented.
• If ACCxL is between 0x0000 and 0x7FFF, ACCxH
is left unchanged.
A consequence of this algorithm is that over a
succession of random rounding operations, the value
tends to be biased slightly positive.
Convergent (or unbiased) rounding operates in the
same manner as conventional rounding, except when
ACCxL equals 0x8000. In this case, the Least
Significant bit (bit 16 of the accumulator) of ACCxH is
examined:
• If it is ‘1’, ACCxH is incremented.
• If it is ‘0’, ACCxH is not modified.
Assuming that bit 16 is effectively random in nature,
this scheme removes any rounding bias that may
accumulate.
The SAC and SAC.R instructions store either a
truncated (SAC), or rounded (SAC.R) version of the
contents of the target accumulator to data memory via
the X bus, subject to data saturation (see
Section 3.6.3.2 “Data Space Write Saturation”). For
the MAC class of instructions, the accumulator writeback operation functions in the same manner,
addressing combined MCU (X and Y) data space
though the X bus. For this class of instructions, the data
is always subject to rounding.
In addition to adder/subtracter saturation, writes to data
space can also be saturated, but without affecting the
contents of the source accumulator. The data space
write saturation logic block accepts a 16-bit, 1.15
fractional value from the round logic block as its input,
together with overflow status from the original source
(accumulator) and the 16-bit round adder. These inputs
are combined and used to select the appropriate
1.15 fractional value as output to write to data space
memory.
If the SATDW bit in the CORCON register is set, data
(after rounding or truncation) is tested for overflow and
adjusted accordingly:
• For input data greater than 0x007FFF, data
written to memory is forced to the maximum
positive 1.15 value, 0x7FFF.
• For input data less than 0xFF8000, data written to
memory is forced to the maximum negative
1.15 value, 0x8000.
The Most Significant bit of the source (bit 39) is used to
determine the sign of the operand being tested.
If the SATDW bit in the CORCON register is not set, the
input data is always passed through unmodified under
all conditions.
3.6.4BARREL SHIFTER
The barrel shifter can perform up to 16-bit arithmetic or
logic right shifts, or up to 16-bit left shifts in a single
cycle. The source can be either of the two DSP
accumulators or the X bus (to support multi-bit shifts of
register or memory data).
The shifter requires a signed binary value to determine
both the magnitude (number of bits) and direction of the
shift operation. A positive value shifts the operand right.
A negative value shifts the operand left. A value of ‘0’
does not modify the operand.
The barrel shifter is 40 bits wide, thereby obtaining a
40-bit result for DSP shift operations and a 16-bit result
for MCU shift operations. Data from the X bus is
presented to the barrel shifter between bit positions 16
and 31 for right shifts, and between bit positions 0 and
16 for left shifts.
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 families of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the “dsPIC33F Family
Reference Manual”, Section 4. “Program
Memory” (DS70202), which is available
from the Microchip web site
(www.microchip.com).
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 architecture features separate program and data
memory spaces and buses. This architecture also allows
the direct access to program memory from the data
space during code execution.
4.1Program Address Space
The program address memory space of the
dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 devices is 4M instructions. The space is
addressable by a 24-bit value derived either from the
23-bit Program Counter (PC) during program execution,
or from table operation or data space remapping as
described in Section 4.6 “Interfacing Program andData Memory Spaces”.
User application access to the program memory space
is restricted to the lower half of the address range
(0x000000 to 0x7FFFFF). The exception is the use of
TBLRD/TBLWT operations, which use TBLPAG<7> to
permit access to the Configuration bits and Device ID
sections of the configuration memory space.
The memory maps for the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02
and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 devices are shown in
Figure 4-1.
FIGURE 4-1:PROGRAM MEMORY MAPS FOR dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
The program memory space is organized in wordaddressable blocks. Although it is treated as 24 bits
wide, it is more appropriate to think of each address of
the program memory as a lower and upper word, with
the upper byte of the upper word being unimplemented.
The lower word always has an even address, while the
upper word has an odd address (see Figure 4-2).
Program memory addresses are always word-aligned
on the lower word, and addresses are incremented or
decremented by two during the code execution. This
arrangement provides compatibility with data memory
space addressing and makes data in the program
memory space accessible.
4.1.2INTERRUPT AND TRAP VECTORS
All dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 devices reserve the addresses between 0x00000
and 0x000200 for hard-coded program execution vectors.
A hardware Reset vector is provided to redirect code execution from the default value of the PC on device Reset to
the actual start of code. A GOTO instruction is
programmed by the user application at 0x000000, with
the actual address for the start of code at 0x000002.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 devices also have two interrupt vector tables, located
from 0x000004 to 0x0000FF and 0x000100 to 0x0001FF.
These vector tables allow each of the device interrupt
sources to be handled by separate Interrupt Service
Routines (ISRs). A more detailed discussion of the
interrupt vector tables is provided in Section 7.1
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 CPU has a separate, 16-bitwide data memory space. The data space is accessed
using separate Address Generation Units (AGUs) for
read and write operations. The data memory maps is
shown in Figure 4-3.
All Effective Addresses (EAs) in the data memory space
are 16 bits wide and point to bytes within the data space.
This arrangement gives a data space address range of
64 Kbytes or 32K words. The lower half of the data
memory space (that is, when EA<15> = 0) is used for
implemented memory addresses, while the upper half
(EA<15> = 1) is reserved for the Program Space
Visibility area (see Section 4.6.3 “Reading Data FromProgram Memory Using Program Space Visibility”).
dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 devices implement up to 30 Kbytes of data
memory. Should an EA point to a location outside of
this area, an all-zero word or byte will be returned.
4.2.1DATA SPACE WIDTH
The data memory space is organized in byte
addressable, 16-bit wide blocks. Data is aligned in data
memory and registers as 16-bit words, but all data
space EAs resolve to bytes. The Least Significant
Bytes (LSBs) of each word have even addresses, while
the Most Significant Bytes (MSBs) have odd
addresses.
4.2.2DATA MEMORY ORGANIZATION
AND ALIGNMENT
To maintain backward compatibility with PIC
devices and improve data space memory usage
efficiency, the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 instruction set supports both
word and byte operations. As a consequence of byte
accessibility, all effective address calculations are
internally scaled to step through word-aligned memory.
For example, the core recognizes that Post-Modified
Register Indirect Addressing mode [Ws++] that results
in a value of Ws + 1 for byte operations and Ws + 2 for
word operations.
Data byte reads will read the complete word that
contains the byte, using the LSB of any EA to
determine which byte to select. The selected byte is
placed onto the LSB of the data path. That is, data
memory and registers are organized as two parallel
byte-wide entities with shared (word) address decode
but separate write lines. Data byte writes only write to
the corresponding side of the array or register that
matches the byte address.
®
MCU
All word accesses must be aligned to an even address.
Misaligned word data fetches are not supported, so
care must be taken when mixing byte and word
operations, or translating from 8-bit MCU code. If a
misaligned read or write is attempted, an address error
trap is generated. If the error occurred on a read, the
instruction underway is completed. If the error occurred
on a write, the instruction is executed but the write does
not occur. In either case, a trap is then executed,
allowing the system and/or user application to examine
the machine state prior to execution of the address
Fault.
All byte loads into any W register are loaded into the
Least Significant Byte. The Most Significant Byte is not
modified.
A sign-extend instruction (SE) is provided to allow user
applications to translate 8-bit signed data to 16-bit
signed values. Alternatively, for 16-bit unsigned data,
user applications can clear the MSB of any W register
by executing a zero-extend (ZE) instruction on the
appropriate address.
4.2.3SFR SPACE
The first 2 Kbytes of the near data space, from 0x0000
to 0x07FF, is primarily occupied by Special Function
Registers (SFRs). These are used by the
dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 core and peripheral modules for controlling the
operation of the device.
SFRs are distributed among the modules that they
control, and are generally grouped together by module.
Much of the SFR space contains unused addresses;
these are read as ‘0’.
Note:The actual set of peripheral features and
interrupts varies by the device. Refer to
the corresponding device tables and
pinout diagrams for device-specific
information.
4.2.4NEAR DATA SPACE
The 8-Kbyte area between 0x0000 and 0x1FFF is
referred to as the near data space. Locations in this
space are directly addressable via a 13-bit absolute
address field within all memory direct instructions.
Additionally, the whole data space is addressable using
MOV instructions, which support Memory Direct
Addressing mode with a 16-bit address field, or by
using Indirect Addressing mode using a working
register as an Address Pointer.
The core has two data spaces, X and Y. These data
spaces can be considered either separate (for some
DSP instructions), or as one unified linear address
range (for MCU instructions). The data spaces are
accessed using two Address Generation Units (AGUs)
and separate data paths. This feature allows certain
instructions to concurrently fetch two words from RAM,
thereby enabling efficient execution of DSP algorithms,
such as Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filtering and
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
The X data space is used by all instructions and
supports all addressing modes. X data space has
separate read and write data buses. The X read data
bus is the read data path for all instructions that view
data space as combined X and Y address space. It is
also the X data prefetch path for the dual operand DSP
instructions (MAC class).
The Y data space is used in concert with the X data
space by the MAC class of instructions (CLR, ED,EDAC,MAC,MOVSAC,MPY,MPY.N and MSC) to
provide two concurrent data read paths.
Both the X and Y data spaces support Modulo
Addressing mode for all instructions, subject to
addressing mode restrictions. Bit-Reversed Addressing
mode is only supported for writes to X data space.
All data memory writes, including in DSP instructions,
view data space as combined X and Y address space.
The boundary between the X and Y data spaces is
device-dependent and is not user-programmable.
All effective addresses are 16 bits wide and point to
bytes within the data space. Therefore, the data space
address range is 64 Kbytes, or 32K words, though the
implemented memory locations vary by device.
Legend:x = unknown value on Reset, — = unimplemented, read as ‘0’. Reset values are shown in hexadecimal.
Note 1:Reset value shown is for POR only. Value on other Reset states is dependent on the state of memory write or erase operations at the time of Reset.
TABLE 4-43:PMD REGISTER MAP FOR dsPIC33FJ06GS101 DEVICES ONLY
In addition to its use as a working register, the W15
register in the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 devices is also used as a
software Stack Pointer. The Stack Pointer always
points to the first available free word and grows from
lower to higher addresses. It predecrements for stack
pops and post-increments for stack pushes, as shown
in Figure 4-6. For a PC push during any CALL instruction, the MSb of the PC is zero-extended before the
push, ensuring that the MSb is always clear.
Note:A PC push during exception processing
concatenates the SRL register to the MSb
of the PC prior to the push.
The Stack Pointer Limit register (SPLIM) associated
with the Stack Pointer sets an upper address boundary
for the stack. SPLIM is uninitialized at Reset. As is the
case for the Stack Pointer, SPLIM<0> is forced to ‘0’
because all stack operations must be word-aligned.
Whenever an EA is generated using W15 as a source
or destination pointer, the resulting address is
compared with the value in SPLIM. If the contents of
the Stack Pointer (W15) and the SPLIM register are
equal and a push operation is performed, a stack error
trap will not occur. The stack error trap will occur on a
subsequent push operation. For example, to cause a
stack error trap when the stack grows beyond address
0x1000 in RAM, initialize the SPLIM with the value
0x0FFE.
Similarly, a Stack Pointer underflow (stack error) trap is
generated when the Stack Pointer address is found to
be less than 0x0800. This prevents the stack from
interfering with the Special Function Register (SFR)
space.
A write to the SPLIM register should not be immediately
followed by an indirect read operation using W15.
FIGURE 4-6:CALL STACK FRAME
4.3Instruction Addressing Modes
The addressing modes shown in Table 4-48 form the
basis of the addressing modes optimized to support the
specific features of individual instructions. The
addressing modes provided in the MAC class of
instructions differ from those in the other instruction
types.
4.3.1FILE REGISTER INSTRUCTIONS
Most file register instructions use a 13-bit address field
(f) to directly address data present in the first 8192
bytes of data memory (near data space). Most file
register instructions employ a working register, W0,
which is denoted as WREG in these instructions. The
destination is typically either the same file register or
WREG (with the exception of the MUL instruction),
which writes the result to a register or register pair. The
MOV instruction allows additional flexibility and can
access the entire data space.
4.3.2MCU INSTRUCTIONS
The three-operand MCU instructions are of the form:
Operand 3 = Operand 1 <function> Operand 2
where Operand 1 is always a working register (that is,
the addressing mode can only be register direct), which
is referred to as Wb. Operand 2 can be a W register,
fetched from data memory, or a 5-bit literal. The result
location can be either a W register or a data memory
location. The following addressing modes are
supported by MCU instructions:
• Register Direct
• Register Indirect
• Register Indirect Post-Modified
• Register Indirect Pre-Modified
• 5-Bit or 10-Bit Literal
Note:Not all instructions support all the
addressing modes given above. Individual
instructions can support different subsets
of these addressing modes.
File Register DirectThe address of the file register is specified explicitly.
Register DirectThe contents of a register are accessed directly.
Register IndirectThe contents of Wn forms the Effective Address (EA).
Register Indirect Post-ModifiedThe contents of Wn forms the EA. Wn is post-modified (incremented or
decremented) by a constant value.
Register Indirect Pre-ModifiedWn is pre-modified (incremented or decremented) by a signed constant value
to form the EA.
Register Indirect with Register Offset
(Register Indexed)
Register Indirect with Literal OffsetThe sum of Wn and a literal forms the EA.
The sum of Wn and Wb forms the EA.
4.3.3MOVE AND ACCUMULATOR
INSTRUCTIONS
Move instructions and the DSP accumulator class of
instructions provide a greater degree of addressing
flexibility than other instructions. In addition to the
addressing modes supported by most MCU
instructions, move and accumulator instructions also
support Register Indirect with Register Offset
Addressing mode, also referred to as Register Indexed
mode.
Note:For the MOV instructions, the addressing
mode specified in the instruction can differ
for the source and destination EA.
However, the 4-bit Wb (register offset)
field is shared by both source and
destination (but typically only used by
one).
In summary, the following addressing modes are
supported by move and accumulator instructions:
• Register Direct
• Register Indirect
• Register Indirect Post-modified
• Register Indirect Pre-modified
• Register Indirect with Register Offset (Indexed)
• Register Indirect with Literal Offset
• 8-Bit Literal
• 16-Bit Literal
Note:Not all instructions support all the
addressing modes given above. Individual
instructions may support different subsets
of these addressing modes.
4.3.4MAC INSTRUCTIONS
The dual source operand DSP instructions (CLR, ED,EDAC, MAC, MPY, MPY.N, MOVSAC and MSC), also referred
to as MAC instructions, use a simplified set of addressing
modes to allow the user application to effectively
manipulate the data pointers through register indirect
tables.
The two-source operand prefetch registers must be
members of the set {W8, W9, W10, W11}. For data
reads, W8 and W9 are always directed to the X RAGU,
and W10 and W11 are always directed to the Y AGU.
The effective addresses generated (before and after
modification) must, therefore, be valid addresses within
X data space for W8 and W9 and Y data space for W10
and W11.
Note:Register Indirect with Register Offset
Addressing mode is available only for W9
(in X space) and W11 (in Y space).
In summary, the following addressing modes are
supported by the MAC class of instructions:
• Register Indirect
• Register Indirect Post-Modified by 2
• Register Indirect Post-Modified by 4
• Register Indirect Post-Modified by 6
• Register Indirect with Register Offset (Indexed)
4.3.5OTHER INSTRUCTIONS
Besides the addressing modes outlined previously, some
instructions use literal constants of various sizes. For
example, BRA (branch) instructions use 16-bit signed
literals to specify the branch destination directly, whereas
the DISI instruction uses a 14-bit unsigned literal field. In
some instructions, such as ADD Acc, the source of an
operand or result is implied by the opcode itself. Certain
operations, such as NOP, do not have any operands.
Start Addr = 0x1100
End Addr = 0x1163
Length = 0x0032 words
Byte
Address
MOV#0x1100, W0
MOVW0, XMODSRT;set modulo start address
MOV#0x1163, W0
MOVW0, MODEND;set modulo end address
MOV#0x8001, W0
MOVW0, MODCON;enable W1, X AGU for modulo
MOV#0x0000, W0;W0 holds buffer fill value
MOV#0x1110, W1;point W1 to buffer
DOAGAIN, #0x31;fill the 50 buffer locations
MOVW0, [W1++];fill the next location
AGAIN: INC W0, W0;increment the fill value
4.4Modulo Addressing
Modulo Addressing mode is a method used to provide
an automated means to support circular data buffers
using hardware. The objective is to remove the need
for software to perform data address boundary checks
when executing tightly looped code, as is typical in
many DSP algorithms.
Modulo Addressing can operate in either data or program
space (since the data pointer mechanism is essentially
the same for both). One circular buffer can be supported
in each of the X (which also provides the pointers into
program space) and Y data spaces. Modulo Addressing
can operate on any W register pointer. However, it is not
advisable to use W14 or W15 for Modulo Addressing
since these two registers are used as the Stack Frame
Pointer and Stack Pointer, respectively.
In general, any particular circular buffer can be
configured to operate in only one direction as there are
certain restrictions on the buffer start address (for
incrementing buffers), or end address (for
decrementing buffers), based upon the direction of the
buffer.
The only exception to the usage restrictions is for
buffers that have a power-of-two length. As these
buffers satisfy the start and end address criteria, they
can operate in a bidirectional mode (that is, address
boundary checks are performed on both the lower and
upper address boundaries).
4.4.1START AND END ADDRESS
The Modulo Addressing scheme requires that a
starting and ending address be specified and loaded
into the 16-bit Modulo Buffer Address registers:
XMODSRT, XMODEND, YMODSRT and YMODEND
(see Table 4-1).
Note:Y space Modulo Addressing EA
calculations assume word-sized data (LSb
of every EA is always clear).
The length of a circular buffer is not directly specified. It
is determined by the difference between the
corresponding start and end addresses. The maximum
possible length of the circular buffer is 32K words
(64 Kbytes).
4.4.2W ADDRESS REGISTER
SELECTION
The Modulo and Bit-Reversed Addressing Control
register, MODCON<15:0>, contains enable flags as
well as a W register field to specify the W Address
registers. The XWM and YWM fields select the
registers that will operate with Modulo Addressing:
• If XWM = 15, X RAGU and X WAGU Modulo
Addressing is disabled.
• If YWM = 15, Y AGU Modulo Addressing is
disabled.
The X Address Space Pointer W register (XWM), to
which Modulo Addressing is to be applied, is stored in
MODCON<3:0> (see Table 4-1). Modulo Addressing is
enabled for X data space when XWM is set to any value
other than ‘15’ and the XMODEN bit is set at
MODCON<15>.
The Y Address Space Pointer W register (YWM) to
which Modulo Addressing is to be applied is stored in
MODCON<7:4>. Modulo Addressing is enabled for Y
data space when YWM is set to any value other than
‘15’ and the YMODEN bit is set at MODCON<14>.
Modulo Addressing can be applied to the Effective
Address (EA) calculation associated with any W
register. Address boundaries check for addresses
equal to:
• The upper boundary addresses for incrementing
buffers
• The lower boundary addresses for decrementing
buffers
It is important to realize that the address boundaries
check for addresses less than or greater than the upper
(for incrementing buffers) and lower (for decrementing
buffers) boundary addresses (not just equal to).
Address changes can, therefore, jump beyond
boundaries and still be adjusted correctly.
Note:The modulo corrected effective address is
written back to the register only when PreModify or Post-Modify Addressing mode is
used to compute the effective address.
When an address offset (such as
[W7 + W2]) is used, Modulo Addressing
correction is performed but the contents of
the register remain unchanged.
4.5Bit-Reversed Addressing
Bit-Reversed Addressing mode is intended to simplify
data re-ordering for radix-2 FFT algorithms. It is
supported by the X AGU for data writes only.
The modifier, which can be a constant value or register
contents, is regarded as having its bit order reversed. The
address source and destination are kept in normal order.
Thus, the only operand requiring reversal is the modifier.
4.5.1BIT-REVERSED ADDRESSING
IMPLEMENTATION
Bit-Reversed Addressing mode is enabled in any of
these situations:
• BWM bits (W register selection) in the MODCON
register are any value other than 15 (the stack
cannot be accessed using Bit-Reversed
Addressing)
• The BREN bit is set in the XBREV register
• The addressing mode used is Register Indirect
with Pre-Increment or Post-Increment
If the length of a bit-reversed buffer is M = 2
the last ‘N’ bits of the data buffer start address must
be zeros.
XB<14:0> is the Bit-Reversed Address modifier, or
‘pivot point,’ which is typically a constant. In the case of
an FFT computation, its value is equal to half of the FFT
data buffer size.
Note:All bit-reversed EA calculations assume
word-sized data (LSb of every EA is
always clear). The XB value is scaled
accordingly to generate compatible (byte)
addresses.
When enabled, Bit-Reversed Addressing is executed
only for Register Indirect with Pre-Increment or PostIncrement Addressing and word-sized data writes. It
will not function for any other addressing mode or for
byte-sized data, and normal addresses are generated
instead. When Bit-Reversed Addressing is active, the
W Address Pointer is always added to the address
modifier (XB), and the offset associated with the Register Indirect Addressing mode is ignored. In addition, as
word-sized data is a requirement, the LSb of the EA is
ignored (and always clear).
Note:Modulo Addressing and Bit-Reversed
Addressing should not be enabled
together. If an application attempts to do so,
Bit-Reversed Addressing will assume
priority when active for the X WAGU and X
WAGU; Modulo Addressing will be disabled. However, Modulo Addressing will
continue to function in the X RAGU.
If Bit-Reversed Addressing has already been enabled
by setting the BREN (XBREV<15>) bit, a write to the
XBREV register should not be immediately followed by
an indirect read operation using the W register that has
been designated as the Bit-Reversed Pointer.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 architecture uses a 24-bit-wide program space and a
16-bit-wide data space. The architecture is also a modified Harvard scheme, meaning that data can also be
present in the program space. To use this data success-
fully, it must be accessed in a way that preserves the
alignment of information in both spaces.
Aside from normal execution, the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/
X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 architecture
provides two methods by which program space can be
accessed during operation:
• Using table instructions to access individual bytes
or words anywhere in the program space
• Remapping a portion of the program space into
the data space (Program Space Visibility)
Table instructions allow an application to read or write
to small areas of the program memory. This capability
makes the method ideal for accessing data tables that
need to be updated periodically. It also allows access
to all bytes of the program word. The remapping
method allows an application to access a large block of
data on a read-only basis, which is ideal for look ups
from a large table of static data. The application can
only access the least significant word of the program
word.
4.6.1ADDRESSING PROGRAM SPACE
Since the address ranges for the data and program
spaces are 16 and 24 bits, respectively, a method is
needed to create a 23-bit or 24-bit program address
from 16-bit data registers. The solution depends on the
interface method to be used.
For table operations, the 8-bit Table Page register
(TBLPAG) is used to define a 32K word region within
the program space. This is concatenated with a 16-bit
EA to arrive at a full 24-bit program space address. In
this format, the Most Significant bit of TBLPAG is used
to determine if the operation occurs in the user memory
(TBLPAG<7> = 0) or the configuration memory
(TBLPAG<7> = 1).
For remapping operations, the 8-bit Program Space
Visibility Register (PSVPAG) is used to define a
16K word page in the program space. When the Most
Significant bit of the EA is ‘1’, PSVPAG is concatenated
with the lower 15 bits of the EA to form a 23-bit program
space address. Unlike table operations, this limits
remapping operations strictly to the user memory area.
Table 4-50 and Figure 4-9 show how the program EA is
created for table operations and remapping accesses
from the data EA. Here, P<23:0> refers to a program
space word, and D<15:0> refers to a data space word.
TABLE 4-50:PROGRAM SPACE ADDRESS CONSTRUCTION
Access Type
Instruction Access
(Code Execution)
TBLRD/TBLWT
(Byte/Word Read/Write)
Program Space Visibility
(Block Remap/Read)
Note 1:Data EA<15> is always ‘1’ in this case, but is not used in calculating the program space address. Bit 15 of
The address for the table operation is determined by the data EA
within the page defined by the TBLPAG register.
Only read operations are shown; write operations are also valid in
the user memory area.
4.6.2DATA ACCESS FROM PROGRAM
MEMORY USING TABLE
INSTRUCTIONS
The TBLRDL and TBLWTL instructions offer a direct
method of reading or writing the lower word of any
address within the program space without going
through data space. The TBLRDH and TBLWTH
instructions are the only method to read or write the
upper 8 bits of a program space word as data.
The PC is incremented by two for each successive
24-bit program word. This allows program memory
addresses to directly map to data space addresses.
Program memory can thus be regarded as two 16-bit
wide word address spaces, residing side by side, each
with the same address range. TBLRDL and TBLWTL
access the space that contains the least significant
data word. TBLRDH and TBLWTH access the space that
contains the upper data byte.
Two table instructions are provided to move byte or
word-sized (16-bit) data to and from program space.
Both function as either byte or word operations.
• TBLRDL (Table Read Low):
- In Word mode, this instruction maps the
lower word of the program space location
(P<15:0>) to a data address (D<15:0>).
- In Byte mode, either the upper or lower byte
of the lower program word is mapped to the
lower byte of a data address. The upper byte
is selected when byte select is ‘1’; the lower
byte is selected when it is ‘0’.
• TBLRDH (Table Read High):
- In Word mode, this instruction maps the entire
upper word of a program address (P<23:16>)
to a data address. Note that D<15:8>, the
‘phantom byte’, will always be ‘0’.
- In Byte mode, this instruction maps the upper
or lower byte of the program word to D<7:0>
of the data address, in the TBLRDL
instruction. The data is always ‘0’ when the
upper ‘phantom’ byte is selected (Byte
Select = 1).
Similarly, two table instructions, TBLWTH and TBLWTL,
are used to write individual bytes or words to a program
space address. The details of their operation are
explained in Section 5.0 “Flash Program Memory”.
For all table operations, the area of program memory
space to be accessed is determined by the Table Page
register (TBLPAG). TBLPAG covers the entire program
memory space of the device, including user and
configuration spaces. When TBLPAG<7> = 0, the table
page is located in the user memory space. When
TBLPAG<7> = 1, the page is located in configuration
space.
FIGURE 4-10:ACCESSING PROGRAM MEMORY WITH TABLE INSTRUCTIONS
The data in the page
designated by
PSVPAG is mapped
into the upper half of
the data memory
space...
Data EA<14:0>
...while the lower 15 bits
of the EA specify an
exact address within
the PSV area. This
corresponds exactly to
the same lower 15 bits
of the actual program
space address.
PSV Area
4.6.3READING DATA FROM PROGRAM
MEMORY USING PROGRAM SPACE
VISIBILITY
The upper 32 Kbytes of data space may optionally be
mapped into any 16K word page of the program space.
This option provides transparent access to stored
constant data from the data space without the need to
use special instructions (such as TBLRDL/H).
Program space access through the data space occurs
if the Most Significant bit of the data space EA is ‘1’ and
program space visibility is enabled by setting the PSV
bit in the Core Control register (CORCON<2>). The
location of the program memory space to be mapped
into the data space is determined by the Program
Space Visibility Page register (PSVPAG). This 8-bit
register defines any one of 256 possible pages of
16K words in program space. In effect, PSVPAG
functions as the upper 8 bits of the program memory
address, with the 15 bits of the EA functioning as the
lower bits. By incrementing the PC by 2 for each
program memory word, the lower 15 bits of data space
addresses directly map to the lower 15 bits in the
corresponding program space addresses.
Data reads to this area add a cycle to the instruction
being executed, since two program memory fetches
are required.
Although each data space address 8000h and higher
maps directly into a corresponding program memory
address (see Figure 4-11), only the lower 16 bits of the
24-bit program word are used to contain the data. The
upper 8 bits of any program space location used as
data should be programmed with ‘1111 1111’ or
‘0000 0000’ to force a NOP. This prevents possible
issues should the area of code ever be accidentally
executed.
Note:PSV access is temporarily disabled during
table reads/writes.
For operations that use PSV and are executed outside
a REPEAT loop, the MOV and MOV.D instructions require
one instruction cycle in addition to the specified
execution time. All other instructions require two
instruction cycles in addition to the specified execution
time.
For operations that use PSV, and are executed inside
a REPEAT loop, these instances require two instruction
cycles in addition to the specified execution time of the
instruction:
• Execution in the first iteration
• Execution in the last iteration
• Execution prior to exiting the loop due to an
interrupt
• Execution upon re-entering the loop after an
interrupt is serviced
Any other iteration of the REPEAT loop will allow the
instruction using PSV to access data, to execute in a
single cycle.
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 families of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the “dsPIC33F Family
Reference Manual”, Section 5. “Flash
Programming” (DS70191), which is
available from the Microchip web site
(www.microchip.com).
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 devices contain internal Flash program memory for
storing and executing application code. The memory is
readable, writable and erasable during normal operation
over the entire V
Flash memory can be programmed in two ways:
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™)
programming capability
• Run-Time Self-Programming (RTSP)
ICSP allows a dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 device to be serially
programmed while in the end application circuit. This is
done with two lines for programming clock and
programming data (one of the alternate programming
pin pairs: PGECx/PGEDx, and three other lines for
power (V
This allows customers to manufacture boards with
unprogrammed devices and then program the digital
DD range.
DD), ground (VSS) and Master Clear (MCLR).
signal controller just before shipping the product. This
also allows the most recent firmware or a custom
firmware to be programmed.
RTSP is accomplished using TBLRD (table read) and
TBLWT (table write) instructions. With RTSP, the user
application can write program memory data, either in
blocks or ‘rows’ of 64 instructions (192 bytes) at a time,
or a single program memory word, and erase program
memory in blocks or ‘pages’ of 512 instructions
(1536 bytes) at a time.
5.1Table Instructions and Flash
Programming
Regardless of the method used, all programming of
Flash memory is done with the table read and table
write instructions. These allow direct read and write
access to the program memory space from the data
memory while the device is in normal operating mode.
The 24-bit target address in the program memory is
formed using bits<7:0> of the TBLPAG register and the
Effective Address (EA) from a W register specified in
the table instruction, as shown in Figure 5-1.
The TBLRDL and the TBLWTL instructions are used to
read or write to bits<15:0> of program memory.
TBLRDL and TBLWTL can access program memory in
both Word and Byte modes.
The TBLRDH and TBLWTH instructions are used to read
or write to bits<23:16> of program memory. TBLRDH
and TBLWTH can also access program memory in Word
or Byte mode.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 Flash program memory array is organized into rows
of 64 instructions or 192 bytes. RTSP allows the user
application to erase a page of memory, which consists of
eight rows (512 instructions) at a time, and to program
one row or one word at a time. Table 24-12 shows typical
erase and programming times. The 8-row erase pages
and single row write rows are edge-aligned from the
beginning of program memory, on boundaries of
1536 bytes and 192 bytes, respectively.
The program memory implements holding buffers that
can contain 64 instructions of programming data. Prior
to the actual programming operation, the write data
must be loaded into the buffers sequentially. The
instruction words loaded must always be from a group
of 64 boundary.
The basic sequence for RTSP programming is to set up
a Table Pointer, then do a series of TBLWT instructions
to load the buffers. Programming is performed by
setting the control bits in the NVMCON register. A total
of 64 TBLWTL and TBLWTH instructions are required
to load the instructions.
All of the table write operations are single-word writes
(two instruction cycles) because only the buffers are
written. A programming cycle is required for
programming each row.
5.3Programming Operations
A complete programming sequence is necessary for
programming or erasing the internal Flash in RTSP
mode. The processor stalls (waits) until the
programming operation is finished.
The programming time depends on the FRC accuracy
(see Table 24-20) and the value of the FRC Oscillator
Tuning register (see Register 8-4). Use the following
formula to calculate the minimum and maximum values
for the Row Write Time, Page Erase Time, and Word
Write Cycle Time parameters (see Table 24-12).
EQUATION 5-1:PROGRAMMING TIME
For example, if the device is operating at +125°C,
the FRC accuracy will be ±5%. If the TUN<5:0> bits
(see Register 8-4) are set to ‘b111111, the
Minimum Row Write Time is:
and, the Maximum Row Write Time is:
Setting the WR bit (NVMCON<15>) starts the operation, and the WR bit is automatically cleared when the
operation is finished.
5.4Control Registers
Two SFRs are used to read and write the program
Flash memory: NVMCON and NVMKEY.
The NVMCON register (Register 5-1) controls which
blocks are to be erased, which memory type is to be
programmed and the start of the programming cycle.
NVMKEY is a write-only register that is used for write
protection. To start a programming or erase sequence,
the user application must consecutively write 0x55 and
0xAA to the NVMKEY register. Refer to Section 5.3“Programming Operations” for further details.
1 = An improper program or erase sequence attempt or termination has occurred (bit is set
automatically on any set attempt of the WR bit)
0 = The program or erase operation completed normally
bit 12-7Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’
bit 6ERASE: Erase/Program Enable bit
1 = Perform the erase operation specified by NVMOP<3:0> on the next WR command
0 = Perform the program operation specified by NVMOP<3:0> on the next WR command
bit 5-4Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’
bit 3-0NVMOP<3:0>: NVM Operation Select bits
(2)
If ERASE = 1:
1111 = Memory bulk erase operation
1101 = Erase general segment
0011 = No operation
0010 = Memory page erase operation
0001 = No operation
0000 = Erase a single Configuration register byte
If ERASE =
0:
1111 = No operation
1101 = No operation
0011 = Memory word program operation
0010 = No operation
0001 = Memory row program operation
0000 = Program a single Configuration register byte
Note 1: These bits can only be Reset on POR.
2: All other combinations of NVMOP<3:0> are unimplemented.
MOV#tblpage(PROG_ADDR), W0;
MOVW0, TBLPAG; Initialize PM Page Boundary SFR
MOV#tbloffset(PROG_ADDR), W0; Initialize in-page EA[15:0] pointer
TBLWTL W0, [W0] ; Set base address of erase block
DISI#5; Block all interrupts with priority <7
; for next 5 instructions
MOV#0x55, W0
MOVW0, NVMKEY ; Write the 55 key
MOV #0xAA, W1 ;
MOVW1, NVMKEY ; Write the AA key
BSETNVMCON, #WR; Start the erase sequence
NOP ; Insert two NOPs after the erase
NOP; command is asserted
5.4.1PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR
FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY
One row of program Flash memory can be
programmed at a time. To achieve this, it is necessary
to erase the 8-row erase page that contains the desired
row. The general process is:
1. Read eight rows of program memory
(512 instructions) and store in data RAM.
2.Update the program data in RAM with the
desired new data.
3.Erase the block (see Example 5-1):
a)Set the NVMOP bits (NVMCON<3:0>) to
‘0010’ to configure for block erase. Set the
ERASE (NVMCON<6>) and WREN
(NVMCON<14>) bits.
b)Write the starting address of the page to be
erased into the TBLPAG and W registers.
c)Write 0x55 to NVMKEY.
d)Write 0xAA to NVMKEY.
e)Set the WR bit (NVMCON<15>). The erase
cycle begins and the CPU stalls for the
duration of the erase cycle. When the erase is
done, the WR bit is cleared automatically.
4.Write the first 64 instructions from data RAM into
the program memory buffers (see Example 5-2).
5.Write the program block to Flash memory:
a)Set the NVMOP bits to ‘0001’ to configure
for row programming. Clear the ERASE bit
and set the WREN bit.
b)Write 0x55 to NVMKEY.
c)Write 0xAA to NVMKEY.
d)Set the WR bit. The programming cycle
begins and the CPU stalls for the duration of
the write cycle. When the write to Flash
memory is done, the WR bit is cleared
automatically.
6.Repeat steps 4 and 5, using the next available
64 instructions from the block in data RAM by
incrementing the value in TBLPAG, until all
512 instructions are written back to Flash memory.
For protection against accidental operations, the write
initiate sequence for NVMKEY must be used to allow
any erase or program operation to proceed. After the
programming command has been executed, the user
application must wait for the programming time until
programming is complete. The two instructions
following the start of the programming sequence
should be NOPs, as shown in Example 5-3.
MOVW0, NVMCON; Initialize NVMCON
; Set up a pointer to the first program memory location to be written
; program memory selected, and writes enabled
MOV#0x0000, W0;
MOVW0, TBLPAG; Initialize PM Page Boundary SFR
MOV#0x6000, W0; An example program memory address
; Perform the TBLWT instructions to write the latches
; 0th_program_word
MOV#LOW_WORD_0, W2;
MOV#HIGH_BYTE_0, W3;
TBLWTL W2, [W0]; Write PM low word into program latch
TBLWTH W3, [W0++]; Write PM high byte into program latch
; 1st_program_word
MOV#LOW_WORD_1, W2;
MOV#HIGH_BYTE_1, W3 ;
TBLWTL W2, [W0]; Write PM low word into program latch
TBLWTH W3, [W0++] ; Write PM high byte into program latch
; 2nd_program_word
MOV#LOW_WORD_2, W2;
MOV#HIGH_BYTE_2, W3;
TBLWTL W2, [W0] ; Write PM low word into program latch
TBLWTH W3, [W0++]; Write PM high byte into program latch
•
•
•
; 63rd_program_word
MOV#LOW_WORD_31, W2;
MOV#HIGH_BYTE_31, W3;
TBLWTL W2, [W0] ; Write PM low word into program latch
TBLWTH W3, [W0++]; Write PM high byte into program latch
DISI#5; Block all interrupts with priority <7
; for next 5 instructions
MOV#0x55, W0
MOVW0, NVMKEY ; Write the 55 key
MOV #0xAA, W1 ;
MOVW1, NVMKEY ; Write the AA key
BSETNVMCON, #WR; Start the erase sequence
NOP ; Insert two NOPs after the
NOP; erase command is asserted
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 families of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the “dsPIC33F FamilyReference Manual”, Section 8. “Reset”
(DS70192), which is available from the
Microchip web site (www.microchip.com).
The Reset module combines all Reset sources and
controls the device Master Reset Signal, SYSRST
following is a list of device Reset sources:
• POR: Power-on Reset
• BOR: Brown-out Reset
•MCLR
: Master Clear Pin Reset
• SWR: Software RESET Instruction
• WDTO: Watchdog Timer Reset
• CM: Configuration Mismatch Reset
• TRAPR: Trap Conflict Reset
• IOPUWR: Illegal Condition Device Reset
- Illegal Opcode Reset
- Uninitialized W Register Reset
- Security Reset
A simplified block diagram of the Reset module is
shown in Figure 6-1.
. The
Any active source of reset will make the SYSRST
signal active. On system Reset, some of the registers
associated with the CPU and peripherals are forced to
a known Reset state and some are unaffected.
Note:Refer to the specific peripheral section or
Section 3 .0 “CPU” of this data sheet for
register Reset states.
All types of device Reset sets a corresponding status
bit in the RCON register to indicate the type of Reset
(see Register 6-1).
A POR clears all the bits, except for the POR bit
(RCON<0>), that are set. The user application can set
or clear any bit at any time during code execution. The
RCON bits only serve as status bits. Setting a particular
Reset status bit in software does not cause a device
Reset to occur.
The RCON register also has other bits associated with
the Watchdog Timer and device power-saving states.
The function of these bits is discussed in other sections
of this manual.
Note:The status bits in the RCON register
should be cleared after they are read so
that the next RCON register value after a
device Reset is meaningful.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 families of devices have two types of Reset:
•Cold Reset
•Warm Reset
A cold Reset is the result of a Power-on Reset (POR)
or a Brown-out Reset (BOR). On a cold Reset, the
FNOSC Configuration bits in the FOSC Configuration
register select the device clock source.
A warm Reset is the result of all the other Reset
sources, including the RESET instruction. On warm
Reset, the device will continue to operate from the
current clock source as indicated by the Current
Oscillator Selection (COSC<2:0>) bits in the Oscillator
Control (OSCCON<14:12>) register.
The device is kept in a Reset state until the system
power supplies have stabilized at appropriate levels
and the oscillator clock is ready. The sequence in
which this occurs is detailed below and is shown in
Figure 6-2.
1.POR Reset: A POR circuit holds the device in
Reset when the power supply is turned on. The
POR circuit is active until V
threshold and the delay, TPOR, has elapsed.
DD crosses the VPOR
2.BOR Reset: The on-chip voltage regulator has
a BOR circuit that keeps the device in Reset
until V
DD crosses the VBOR threshold and the
delay, T
BOR, has elapsed. The delay, TBOR,
ensures that the voltage regulator output
becomes stable.
3.PWRT Timer: The programmable power-up
timer continues to hold the processor in Reset
for a specific period of time (T
BOR. The delay T
PWRT ensures that the system
PWRT) after a
power supplies have stabilized at the
appropriate level for full-speed operation. After
the delay, T
PWRT, has elapsed, the SYSRST
becomes inactive, which in turn enables the
selected oscillator to start generating clock
cycles.
4.Oscillator Delay: The total delay for the clock to
be ready for various clock source selections is
given in Table 6-1. Refer to Section 8.0“Oscillator Configu ration” for more information.
5.When the oscillator clock is ready, the processor
begins execution from location 0x000000. The
user application programs a GOTO instruction at
the Reset address, which redirects program
execution to the appropriate start-up routine.
6.The Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM), if enabled,
begins to monitor the system clock when the
system clock is ready and the delay, T
FSCM,
elapsed.
TABLE 6-1:OSCILLATOR DELAY
Oscillator Mode
FRC, FRCDIV16, FRCDIVNT
FRCPLLTOSCD
XTTOSCD
HSTOSCD
Oscillator
Startup Delay
(1)
OSCD
(1)
(1)
(1)
EC————
XTPLLTOSCD
HSPLLTOSCD
(1)
(1)
ECPLL——TLOCK
LPRCTOSCD
(1)
Note 1:TOSCD = Oscillator start-up delay (1.1 μs max for FRC, 70 μs max for LPRC). Crystal oscillator start-up
times vary with crystal characteristics, load capacitance, etc.
OST = Oscillator start-up timer delay (1024 oscillator clock period). For example, TOST = 102.4 μs for a
2:T
10 MHz crystal and T
OST = 32 ms for a 32 kHz crystal.
3:TLOCK = PLL lock time (1.5 ms nominal) if PLL is enabled.
VPORPOR threshold1.8V nominal
TPORPOR extension time30 μs maximum
VBORBOR threshold2.5V nominal
BORBOR extension time100 μs maximum
T
TPWRTProgrammable power-up time delay0-128 ms nominal
TFSCMFail-Safe Clock Monitor delay900 μs maximum
Note:When the device exits the Reset
condition (begins normal operation), the
device operating parameters (voltage,
frequency, temperature, etc.) must be
within their operating ranges; otherwise,
the device may not function correctly.
The user application must ensure that
the delay between the time power is first
applied, and the time SYSRST
becomes
inactive, is long enough to get all operating parameters within specification.
6.2Power-on Reset (POR)
A Power-on Reset (POR) circuit ensures the device is
reset from power-on. The POR circuit is active until
VDD crosses the VPOR threshold and the delay, TPOR,
has elapsed. The delay, T
device bias circuits become stable.
The device supply voltage characteristics must meet
the specified starting voltage and rise rate
requirements to generate the POR. Refer to
Section 24.0 “Electrical Characteristics” for details.
The POR status (POR) bit in the Reset Control
(RCON<0>) register is set to indicate the Power-on
Reset.
POR, ensures the internal
6.2.1Brown-out Reset (BOR) and
Power-up Timer (PWRT)
The on-chip regulator has a Brown-out Reset (BOR)
circuit that resets the device when the V
DD < VBOR) for proper device operation. The BOR
(V
circuit keeps the device in Reset until V
BOR threshold and the delay, TBOR, has elapsed. The
V
delay, T
BOR, ensures the voltage regulator output
becomes stable.
The BOR status (BOR) bit in the Reset Control
(RCON<1>) register is set to indicate the Brown-out
Reset.
The device will not run at full speed after a BOR as the
DD should rise to acceptable levels for full-speed
V
operation. The PWRT provides power-up time delay
PWRT) to ensure that the system power supplies have
(T
stabilized at the appropriate levels for full-speed
operation before the SYSRST is released.
The power-up timer delay (T
PWRT) is programmed by
the Power-on Reset Timer Value Select
(FPWRT<2:0>) bits in the POR Configuration
(FPOR<2:0>) register, which provides eight settings
(from 0 ms to 128 ms). Refer to Section 21.0 “SpecialFeatures” for further details.
Figure 6-3 shows the typical brown-out scenarios. The
reset delay (T
The external Reset is generated by driving the MCLR
pin low. The MCLR pin is a Schmitt trigger input with an
additional glitch filter. Reset pulses that are longer than
the minimum pulse width will generate a Reset. Refer
to Section 24.0 “Electrical Characteristics” for
minimum pulse width specifications. The external
Reset (MCLR
) pin (EXTR) bit in the Reset Control
(RCON) register is set to indicate the MCLR
6.3.0.1EXTERNAL SUPERVISORY
CIRCUIT
Many systems have external supervisory circuits that
generate Reset signals to reset multiple devices in the
system. This external Reset signal can be directly
connected to the MCLR
pin to reset the device when
the rest of system is reset.
6.3.0.2INTERNAL SUPERVISORY CIRCUIT
When using the internal power supervisory circuit to
reset the device, the external Reset pin (MCLR
be tied directly or resistively to V
pin will not be used to generate a Reset. The
MCLR
external Reset pin (MCLR
pull-up and must not be left unconnected.
DD. In this case, the
) does not have an internal
6.4Software RESET Instruction (SWR)
Whenever the RESET instruction is executed, the
device will assert SYSRST
special Reset state. This Reset state will not
re-initialize the clock. The clock source in effect prior to
, placing the device in a
Reset.
) should
the RESET instruction will remain. SYSRST
is released
at the next instruction cycle and the Reset vector fetch
will commence.
The Software Reset (SWR) flag (instruction) in the
Reset Control (RCON<6>) register is set to indicate
the software Reset.
6.5Watchdog Time-out Reset (WDTO)
Whenever a Watchdog time-out occurs, the device will
asynchronously assert SYSRST
. The clock source will
remain unchanged. A WDT time-out during Sleep or
Idle mode will wake-up the processor, but will not reset
the processor.
The Watchdog Timer Time-out (WDTO) flag in the
Reset Control (RCON<4>) register is set to indicate
the Watchdog Reset. Refer to Section 21.4“Watchdog Timer (WDT)” for more information on
Watchdog Reset.
6.6Trap Conflict Reset
If a lower priority hard trap occurs while a higher
priority trap is being processed, a hard Trap Conflict
Reset occurs. The hard traps include exceptions of priority level 13 through level 15, inclusive. The address
error (level 13) and oscillator error (level 14) traps fall
into this category.
The Trap Reset (TRAPR) flag in the Reset Control
(RCON<15>) register is set to indicate the Trap Conflict
Reset. Refer to Section 7.0 “Interrupt Controller” for
To maintain the integrity of the Peripheral Pin Select
Control registers, they are constantly monitored with
shadow registers in hardware. If an unexpected
change in any of the registers occur (such as cell
disturbances caused by ESD or other external events),
a Configuration Mismatch Reset occurs.
The Configuration Mismatch (CM) flag in the Reset
Control (RCON<9>) register is set to indicate the
Configuration Mismatch Reset. Refer to Section 10.0“I/O Ports” for more information on the
Configuration Mismatch Reset.
Note:The Configuration Mismatch Reset
feature and associated Reset flag are not
available on all devices.
6.8Illegal Condition Device Reset
An illegal condition device Reset occurs due to the
following sources:
• Illegal Opcode Reset
• Uninitialized W Register Reset
• Security Reset
The Illegal Opcode or Uninitialized W Access Reset
(IOPUWR) flag in the Reset Control (RCON<14>)
register is set to indicate the illegal condition device
Reset.
each program memory section to store the data values.
The upper 8 bits should be programmed with 3Fh,
which is an illegal opcode value.
6.8.2UNINITIALIZED W REGISTER
RESET
Any attempt to use the uninitialized W register as an
Address Pointer will Reset the device. The W register
array (with the exception of W15) is cleared during all
Resets and is considered uninitialized until written to.
6.8.3SECURITY RESET
If a Program Flow Change (PFC) or Vector Flow
Change (VFC) targets a restricted location in a
protected segment (boot and secure segment), that
operation will cause a Security Reset.
The PFC occurs when the program counter is reloaded
as a result of a call, jump, computed jump, return,
return from subroutine or other form of branch
instruction.
The VFC occurs when the program counter is reloaded
with an interrupt or trap vector.
Refer to Section 21.8 “Code Protection andCodeGuard™ Security” for more information on
Security Reset.
6.9Using the RCON Status Bits
6.8.1ILLEGAL OPCODE RESET
A device Reset is generated if the device attempts to
execute an illegal opcode value that is fetched from
program memory.
The Illegal Opcode Reset function can prevent the
device from executing program memory sections that
are used to store constant data. To take advantage of
the Illegal Opcode Reset, use only the lower 16 bits of
The user application can read the Reset Control
(RCON) register after any device Reset to determine
the cause of the Reset.
Note:The status bits in the RCON register
should be cleared after they are read so
that the next RCON register value after a
device Reset will be meaningful.
Table 6-3 provides a summary of the Reset flag bit
operation.
TA BLE 6-3:RESET FLAG BIT OPERATION
Flag BitSet by:Cleared by:
TRAPR (RCON<15>)Trap conflict eventPOR,BOR
IOPWR (RCON<14>)Illegal opcode or uninitialized W register
of the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 families of
devices. It is not intended to be a
comprehensive reference source. To
complement the information in this data
sheet, refer to the “dsPIC33F Family
Reference Manual”, Section 41.
“Interrupts (Part IV)” (DS70300), which
is available on the Microchip web site
(www.microchip.com).
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 interrupt controller reduces the numerous peripheral
interrupt request signals to a single interrupt request
signal to the dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and
dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/X04 CPU. It has the following
features:
• Up to eight processor exceptions and software
traps
• Seven user-selectable priority levels
• Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) with up to 118 vectors
• A unique vector for each interrupt or exception
source
• Fixed priority within a specified user priority level
• Alternate Interrupt Vector Table (AIVT) for debug
support
• Fixed interrupt entry and return latencies
7.1Interrupt Vector Table
The Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) is shown in Figure 7-1.
The IVT resides in program memory, starting at location
000004h. The IVT contains 126 vectors, consisting of
eight nonmaskable trap vectors, plus up to 118 sources
of interrupt. In general, each interrupt source has its own
vector. Each interrupt vector contains a 24-bit-wide
address. The value programmed into each interrupt
vector location is the starting address of the associated
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).
Interrupt vectors are prioritized in terms of their natural
priority. This priority is linked to their position in the
vector table. Lower addresses generally have a higher
natural priority. For example, the interrupt associated
with vector 0 will take priority over interrupts at any
other vector address.
ds
PIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
The
X04 devices implement up to 35 unique interrupts and
4 non-maskable traps. These are summarized in
Table 7-1.
7.1.1ALTERNATE INTERRUPT VECTOR
TAB LE
The Alternate Interrupt Vector Table (AIVT) is located
after the IVT, as shown in Figure 7-1. Access to the
AIVT is provided by the ALTIVT control bit
(INTCON2<15>). If the ALTIVT bit is set, all interrupt
and exception processes use the alternate vectors
instead of the default vectors. The alternate vectors are
organized in the same manner as the default vectors.
The AIVT supports debugging by providing a means to
switch between an application and a support
environment without requiring the interrupt vectors to
be reprogrammed. This feature also enables switching
between applications for evaluation of different
software algorithms at run time. If the AIVT is not
needed, the AIVT should be programmed with the
same addresses used in the IVT.
7.2Reset Sequence
A device Reset is not a true exception because the
interrupt controller is not involved in the Reset process.
The dsPIC33FJ06GS101/X02 and dsPIC33FJ16GSX02/
X04 device clears its registers in response to a Reset,
which forces the PC to zero. The digital signal controller
then begins program execution at location 0x000000. A
GOTO instruction at the Reset address can redirect
program execution to the appropriate start-up routine.
Note:Any unimplemented or unused vector
locations in the IVT and AIVT should be
programmed with the address of a default
interrupt handler routine that contains a
RESET instruction.