Datasheet CXA1498S, CXA1498M Datasheet (Sony)

CXA1498S/M

Recording/Playback Equalizer Amplifier for Stereo Tape Recorder

Description

The CXA1498S/M is a bipolar IC designed as
equalizer amplifier for tape redorder recording/
playback. This IC is particularly well-suited for double
cassette deck applications. An on-chip filter serves to
greatly reduce the number of external parts.

Features

• Recording equalizer amplifier × 2

(Monolithic filter eliminates the need for external

resonance circuit)

• AGC (automatic gain control) × 2

• Playback equalizer amplifier × 2

(Variable resistor eliminates the need for external

feedback resistor)

• Electronic switch for playback head

(Changes between A and B decks)

• Electronic switch for tape equalization

(120µs/70µs) (Independently for A and B decks)

• Electronic switch for metal tapes

• Electronic switch for normal/high speed dubbing

(Effective for both REC EQ and PB EQ)

• Recording mute function

(Soft mute is possible through use of an external

time constant circuit)

• DC controllable for fade IN/OUT

(Controls recording mute function)

• Playback mixing output pin provided

(For tune selection)

• Use of this IC simplifies the construction of double

cassette dubbing system

CXA1498S

30 pin SDIP (Plastic)

Applications

Recording/playback equalizer amplifier, playback
mixing amplifier and AGC for analog stereo tape
recorders

Structure

Bipolar silicon monolithic IC

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta = 25°C)

• Supply voltage VCC 12 V

• Operating temperature Topr –20 to +75 °C

• Storage temperature Tstg –65 to +150 °C

• Allowable power dissipation

PD SDIP 930 mW

Recommended Operating Condition

Supply voltage VCC 4.5 to 10.0 V

CXA1498M

30 pin SOP (Plastic)

SOP 630 mW

Block Diagram and Pin Configuration (Top View)

CC

PB IN1 (R)

30

PB IN2PB IN1

1

PB IN1 (L)

PB IN2 (R)

29

PB FB1 PB FB2

DECK

DECK- B

A/B

DECK

DECK- B

A/B

PB FB1 PB FB2PB IN2PB IN1

2

PB IN2 (L)

PB FB1 (R)

28

100k

DECK- A

DECK- A

100k

3

PB FB1 (L)

210k

PB

PB

210k

PB FB2 (R)

27

OUT

OUT

4

PB FB2 (L)

PB OUT (R)

26

PB

RFS RFC DECK

MS

PB

OUT

5

PB OUT (L)

RFS

25

BIAS &
I REF

I REF SPEED

6

MS OUT

24

7

RFC

I REF

DECK A/B

DECK A EQ

REC MUTE

VG

23

DECK

A/B

-A EQ

PB EQ
CONTROL

REC EQ
CONTROL

DECK

-B EQ METAL AGC GND

8

SPEED

22

REC

MUTE

9

DECK B EQ

21

VG AGC RECINV

30k

MUTE
CONT

VGS

AGC

TC

10

METAL

20

11

AGC TC

19

30k

AGC DET

12

AGC (R)

REC

IN

AGC (L)

18

13

Sony reserves the right to change products and specifications without prior notice. This information does not convey any license by
any implication or otherwise under any patents or other right. Application circuits shown, if any, are typical examples illustrating the
operation of the devices. Sony cannot assume responsibility for any problems arising out of the use of these circuits.

– 1 –

REC IN (R)

CC REC

VCC

REC EQ

REC EQ

GND

REC IN (L)

V

GND

OUT

REC
OUT

REC OUT (R)

16

15

REC OUT (L)

17

14

E91860C49-ST

CXA1498S/M

Pin Description and Equivalent Circuit (Ta = 25°C, VCC = 8V, no signal)

Pin
No.

1

2
29
30

Symbol

PBIN1 L
PBIN2 L
PBIN2 R
PBIN1 R

328PBFB1 L

PBFB1 R

526PBOUT L

PBOUT R

DC

voltage

∗1

0V

∗1

0.8V

∗1

2.5V

I/O

I/O

resistance

I—

— 68kΩ

O 147Ω

28

Equivalent circuit Description

VCC

× 6 × 6

1

147

2
29
30

GND

VCC

10p
10p

147

3

× 6 × 6

GND

× 2

V

× 3

500
500

× 6

× 4

RFS

Playback equalizer
amplifier input pins.

CC

210k

100k

To

× 5

RFS

VCC

7k

Playback equalizer
amplifier negative
feedback pins.

147

5

10k

26

Playback equalizer
amplifier output pins.

26

10k

5

427PBFB2 L

PBFB2 R

6 MS OUT

2.5V

2.5V

∗1

——

∗1

O 147Ω

27

VCC

RFS

Connection pins for

× 5 × 5

147

4

7k

the capacitor that
determines the
playback equalizer
amplifier's time
constant
(120µs, 70µs, etc.)

Mixed output pin for
the L and R outputs of
the playback equalizer

6

GND

VCC

147

500

× 2

500

5k

V

CC

amplifier.

× 4

GND

– 2 –

CXA1498S/M

Pin
No.

Symbol

DC

voltage

I/O

resistance

7 I REF 1.2V — —

8 SPEED

9 B EQ

10 METAL

—I—

22 A EQ

I/O

Equivalent circuit Description

VCC

7

GND

× 2

147

5p

GND

CC

V

Recording/playback
equalizer reference
current setting pin.

Tape speed switching
pin.
High: high speed
Low: normal speed

B deck equalizer

VCC

VCC

switching pin.
High: 70µs EQ
Low: 120µs EQ

B deck metal tape
switching pin.
High: metal tape
Low:

normal or CrO2 tape

10
22
23

8
9

147

A deck equalizer

GND

switching pin.
High: 70µs EQ
Low: 120µs EQ

23 DECK AB

11

AGC TC 0V — —

11

VCC

GND

200

× 2

147

× 2

500

500

100k

× 2

200

× 4

A deck/B deck
playback switching pin.
High: PBIN2
Low: PBIN1

V

CC

Connection pin for
the resistance and
capacitor that
determines the AGC
attack recovery time
constant.

– 3 –

CXA1498S/M

Pin
No.

Symbol

1219AGC_L

AGC_R

1318RECIN L

RECIN R

DC

voltage

I/O

resistance

4V I/O 100kΩ

4V I 50kΩ

I/O

12
19

VCC

GND

13

18

Equivalent circuit Description

V

CC

AGC pins for varying
the input resistance
according to the input
signal level over a

VGS

VCC

200

× 4

200 10k

VGS

50k
147

100k 5k

VCC

5p

1.8k

24k

range from 100kΩ to
several 10Ω.

Recording equalizer
amplifier input pins.

GND

VCC

VCC

147

30k

147

14

40k

× 3

500

500

× 10

17

30k

14 GND 0V — — Ground pin.

1516RECOUT L

RECOUT R

4V O 147Ω

15
16

GND

17 VCC 8V — —

20 VG 4V — 15kΩ

20

3p

GND

5p

VCC

× 2

× 4

500

500

CC

V

VG

VCC

To each
VGS

Recording equalizer
amplifier output pins.

Power supply voltage
pin.

Connection pin for the
capacitor that eliminates
ripple at the signal
reference voltage.

GND

– 4 –

CXA1498S/M

Pin

No.

Symbol

DC

voltage

I/O

resistance

21 MUTE — I —

∗2

24 RFC

25 RFS

8V

7.2V

——

∗2

O—

I/O

21

Equivalent circuit Description

VCC

147

VCC

20k 20k

× 3× 3

2V

Recording mute control
pin.
Permits soft mute by
connecting an external
CR time constant circuit.

GND

VCC

VCC

VCC

Connection pin for the
resistance and
capacitor used for

147

24

× 250

25

To each RFS

GND

generating stable
voltage by eliminating
ripple from the power
supply voltage.

Stable voltage output
pin.

∗1

The values of DC voltage require connection of bias resistance between GND and Pins 1, 2, 29 and 30,
respectively.

∗2

The values of DC voltage require connection of a resistance between Pin 24 and VCC, and a capacitor
between Pin 24 and GND for eliminating ripple, respectively.

– 5 –

CXA1498S/M

Electrical Characteristics (Ta = 25°C, VCC = 8.0V)

Item Symbol UnitMin. Typ. Max.

Conditions

∗

Operating voltage
Current consumption
Reference input level
Reference output level
S/N ratio

(NORM-NORM)
Signal handling
Total harmonic

distortion
Output offset voltage

NORM-NORM mode
frequency
characteristics

CrO2-NORM mode
frequency
characteristics

METAL-NORM mode
frequency
characteristics

Vopr
ICC
VIN
VOUT
SN

(A-WTG)
SH

THD
VOFF

FNN-1
FNN-2
FNN-3
FCN-1
FCN-2
FCN-3
FMN-1
FMN-2
FMN-3

Single power supply
NORM/120µs-NORM, No signal
NORM-NORM, 315Hz
NORM-NORM, 315Hz

Rg = 5kΩ, “A”-WTG filter
RL = 2.7kΩ, 1kHz, THD = 1%
RL = 2.7kΩ, 1kHz, 0dB
NORM-NORM

3kHz, –20dB
8kHz, –20dB
12kHz, –20dB
3kHz, –20dB
8kHz, –20dB
12kHz, –20dB
3kHz, –20dB
8kHz, –20dB
12kHz, –20dB

For NORM­NORM at 315Hz
–20dB

For NORM­NORM at 315Hz
–20dB

For NORM­NORM at 315Hz
–20dB

4.5

7.0

–34.5

—

60.0

8.0
—

3.8

–1.6

2.4

6.4

3.4

6.1

9.4

3.2

5.1

7.6

8.0

11.5

–33.0

–6.0

63.5

10.0

0.19

4.13
–0.4

3.9

8.9

4.6

7.6

11.4

4.4

6.6

9.6

10.0

15.5

–31.5

—
—
—

0.5

4.5

0.8

5.4

11.4

5.8

9.1

13.4

5.6

8.1

11.6

V

mA
dBm
dBm

dB
dB

%

V
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB

NORM-HIGH mode

Recording equalizer amplifierAGC

frequency
characteristics

CrO2-HIGH mode
frequency
characteristics

METAL-HIGH mode
frequency
characteristics

Recording mute ratio
Recording mute

characteristics
AGC level
Channel balance
AGC distortion

FNH-1
FNH-2
FNH-3
FCH-1
FCH-2
FCH-3
FMH-1
FMH-2
FMH-3
MT-1

MT-2
AGC-L

AGC-B
THD-A

5kHz, –20dB
15kHz, –20dB
20kHz, –20dB
5kHz, –20dB
15kHz, –20dB
20kHz, –20dB
5kHz, –20dB
15kHz, –20dB
20kHz, –20dB

For NORM­NORM at 315Hz
–20dB

For NORM­NORM at 315Hz
–20dB

For NORM­NORM at 315Hz
–20dB

NORM-NORM, 1kHz, +8dB
NORM-NORM, 1kHz, 2.0V

(pin voltage)
RIN = 10kΩ, 1kHz, –25dBm
RIN = 10kΩ, 1kHz, –15dBm
RIN = 10kΩ, 1kHz, 0.0dBm

–1.4

3.9

7.0

3.1

7.6

10.3

3.7

7.7

9.8
—

–8.0

–31.0

–2.0

—

–0.2

5.7

9.5

4.3

9.4

12.8

4.9

9.2

12.3

–85.0

–6.0

–29.0

0.0

0.8

1.0

7.5

12.0

5.5

11.2

15.3

6.1

10.7

14.8

–80.0

–4.0

–27.0

2.0

1.5

dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB

dB

dBm

dB

%

– 6 –

CXA1498S/M

Item Symbol UnitMin. Typ. Max.

120µs-NORM mode
frequency
characteristics

70µs-NORM frequency
120µs-HIGH frequency
70µs-HIGH frequency
Signal handling
Total harmonic distortion
S/N ratio

(120µs-NORM)
Output offset voltage

Playback equalizer amplifier

DC feedback resistance
Input bias resistance
MIX output voltage
Ripple filter output

current

PB-REF
F120-N

F70-N
F120-H
F70-H
SH
THD

SN (A-WTG)
VOFF

RFB
RIN
V-MIX

RFIO

Conditions

∗

315Hz, -70dBm, Frequency
characteristics standard (0dB)

For 2.7kHz, –58.5dBm, at 315Hz
For 4.5kHz, –53.8dBm, at 315Hz
For 5.3kHz, –52.5dBm, at 315Hz
For 9.1kHz, –47.8dBm, at 315Hz
RL = 2.7kΩ, 1kHz, THD = 1%
RL = 2.7kΩ, 1kHz, –52dBm

Rg = 2.2kΩ, “A”-WTG filter
120µs-NORM, Rg = 100kΩ

120µs-NORM, 2.7kHz, –52dBm

–27.0

–1.5
–1.2

0.7

1.1

–10.0

—

55.0

2.2

150

—

–1.5

10.0

–25.0

0.0

0.3

2.2

2.6

–3.0

0.19

60.0

2.5

210

0.3

0.0
—

–23.0

1.5

1.8

3.7

4.1
—

0.5
—

2.8

270

1.0

1.5
—

dBm

dB
dB
dB
dB

dBm

%

dB

V

kΩ

µA
dB

mA

Control voltage “High”
level

Control voltage “Low”
level

∗

NORM-NORM = NORMAL Tape, NORMAL Speed NORM-HIGH = NORMAL Tape, HIGH Speed

VCH

VCL

Threshold voltage of mode
control pin

Threshold voltage of mode
control pin

2.5

GND

—

—

VCC

1.0

CrO2-NORM = CrO2 Tape, NORMAL Speed CrO2-HIGH = CrO2 Tape, HIGH Speed
METAL-NORM = METAL Tape, NORMAL Speed METAL-HIGH = METAL Tape, HIGH Speed
120µs-NORM = EQ: 120µs, NORMAL Speed 120µs-HIGH = EQ: 120µs, HIGH Speed
70µs-NORM = EQ: 70µs, NORMAL Speed 70µs-HIGH = EQ: 70µs, HIGH Speed

V

V

– 7 –

DC

Voltmeter

Amp

S45

R54

50k

0dB or

30dB

GND

S44

"A" WTG

S43

1kHz BPF

DIN Audio

S42

Noise Filter

S41

AC

Voltmeter

Distortion

Analyzer

Oscillo

-scope

CXA1498S/M

R29

100

R51

(L)
REC OUT

15

GND

14

C25

(L)
REC IN

13

(L)
AGC

12

TC
AGC

11

METAL

10

EQ
DECK-B

9

SPEED

8

I REF

7

C11

MS OUT

6

C9

(L)
PB OUT

5

(L)
PB FB2

4

(L)
PB FB1

3

(L)
PB IN2

2

(L)
PB IN1

1

S33

C28

2.2µ

4.7µ

4.7µ

C7

R47

4.7µ

25V

25V

25V

0.015µ

2.7k

25V

R14

R8 100k

S25

R39 5.1k

R37 62k

C21 10µ/25V

R34 300k

R30 1k

R27 1k

R25 1k

R23 27k

R20 2.7k

R17 2.7k

C5

180

R12 2.2k

C3 4.7µ/25V

C1 4.7µ/25V

R6 680k

R4 100k

R2 2.2k

S32

R43

10k

S21 S23

C23 4.7µ/25V

R35 10k

C20 10µ/25V

C17 1µ/25V

C15 1µ/25V

C13 1µ/25V

S11

S9

25V

100µ

S7

R10 680k

S5

S3

S1

S31

S30

S19

S29

S28

S27

S17

METAL

S15

DECK

S13

TAPE

100

R50

10k

R42

100

R49

10k

R41

B EQ

SPEED

S35

S40

S39

S37

S36

R46

10k

R53

100

R45

10k

R33

R32

6.2k

1.1k

S18

REC

S16

S14

R22
R19

R16

MUTE

DECK

A EQ

DECK

A/B

2.4k

2.4k

5.6k

DC 5V

Supply

3k

R44

S24

S22

S20

S12

S10

C6

S8

S6

S2 S4

10k

25V

100µ

S26

R48

C29

180

R15

R11 680k

2.7k

25V

4.7µ

C27 100µ/25V

R40 5.1k

C26

2.2µ

R38 62k

C22 10µ/25V

R36 10k

C19 47µ/25V
C18 1µ/25V

R31 1k

C16 1µ/25V

R28 1k

C14 1µ/25V

R26 1k

C12 100µ/25V
R24 10k
R21 470

C10

4.7µ

R18 2.7k

C8

0.015µ

R13 2.2k

C4 4.7µ/25V
R9 100k

C2 4.7µ/25V

R7 680k

R5 100k
R3 2.2k

25V

25V

S34

R52

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

100

CC

(R)

(R)

(R)

VG

EQ

A/B

(R)

(R)

(R)

(R)

(R)

V

AGC

REC

RFC

RFS

REC OUT

REC IN

MUTE

DECK-A

DECK

CXA1498S/M

PB OUT

PB FB2

PB FB1

PB IN2

PB IN1

Electrical Characteristics Test Circuit

A

DC

Ammeter

R1

620

– 8 –

Audio

SG

GND

Power

Supply

GND

REC/PB

HEAD

(DECK-B)

REC/PB

HEAD

(DECK-B)

CXA1498S/M

REC

GND

PB

REC/PB

GND

C27

GNDGND

CC

V

(RECOUT)

R17

5.6k

Dolby NR IC
from Dolby NR IC

22k

R15

LINE IN
Dolby NR IC (REC IN)

to Dolby NR IC

GND

REC MUTE

GND

DECK-A EQ

GND

DECK A/B

GNDGND

VCC

GND

Filter OUT

Dolby NR IC (PB IN)
to Dolby NR IC

C2

GND

C31

C16

100µ

150p

2.2µ

L2

R21

C25 100µ

C24 0.47µ

R19 22k

C20

R13 10k

47µ

R10 10k
C14 4.7µ

R8 10k

C12 4.7µ

R6 10k

C10 4.7µ

R4 10k

C8 100µ

C6

4.7µ

C4

0.015µ

R2

180

12mH

10k

C22

2.2µ
18

10µ

19

C18 4.7µ

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

C33

180p

C29

820p

16

17

CC REC

V

VG AGC REC

REC

DECK

RFS RFC DECK

PB

PB FB2

PB FB1

PB IN2PB IN1

OUT

IN

30k

MUTE

-A EQ

A/B

OUT

100k

VCC

30k

210k

MUTE

CONT

PB EQ

CONTROL

PB

DECK- B

A/B

DECK

REC EQ

VGS

DECK- A

Bias

OSC

AGC DET

DECK- A

REC EQ

REC EQ

CONTROL

BIAS &

I REF

PB

DECK- B

A/B

DECK

GND

210k

C32

C28

OUT

REC

IN

REC

TC

AGC

-B EQ METAL AGC GND

DECK

I REF SPEED

MS

OUT

PB

OUT

100k

PB FB1 PB FB2PB IN2PB IN1

180p

820p

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

C21

L1

R20

2.2µ

C19

12mH

10k

10µ

R3

C7

C5

C3

0.015µ

R1

C30

150p

C26

2.2µ

C23 0.47µ

R16

R18 22k

R14

R12 10k

C17 4.7µ

R11 1M

C15 47µ

R9 10k

C13 4.7µ

R7 10k

C11 4.7µ
R5 10k
C9 4.7µ

27k

4.7µ

4.7µ

C1

100µ

180

REC

PB

GND

GND

5.6k

22k

REC/PB

GND

GNDGND

GND

GND

GNDGND

GND

GND

GND

(REC OUT)

Dolby NR IC

LINE IN

METAL

DECK-B EQ

SPEED

to AMS

from Dolby NR IC

Dolby NR IC (RECIN)

to Dolby NR IC

(METAL/METAL)

Dolby NR IC (PB IN)

to Dolby NR IC

Application circuits shown are typical examples illustrating the operation of the devices. Sony cannot assume responsibility for

any problems arising out of the use of these circuits or for any infringement of third party patent and other right due to same.

Application Circuit

PB Only

HEAD

(DECK-A)

– 9 –

PB Only

HEAD

(DECK-A)

Notes on Operation

(1) Operation mode control (each mode of recording and playback equalizers)

1: Playback equalizer switching (120µs/70µs)

(Pins 9, 22 and 23)

CXA1498S/M

DECK B-EQ (Pin 9)

LH

Follows A-EQ control.

DECK A/B
(Pin 23)

DECK A-EQ (Pin 22)

LH

120µs (A-DECK) 70µs (A-DECK)

L

H

Follows B-EQ control.

120µs (B-DECK) 70µs (B-DECK)

2: Normal/double speed switching

(Pin 8)
Both playback and recording equalizers are switched in normal/double speed switching.

∗

SPEED Pin 8
Playback EQ
Recording EQ

LH
Normal speed Double speed
Normal speed Double speed

For double speed, both playback and
recording systems are switched to
double speed characteristics of each
setting mode:
(PB-EQ: 120µs, 70µs)
(REC-EQ: NORMAL, CrO2, METAL)

3: Recording equalizer switching (NORMAL, CrO2, METAL)

(Pins 9 and 10)

METAL (Pin 10)

LH

NORMAL (Type-I) METAL (Type-IV)

DECK B-EQ
(Pin 9)

L

CrO2 (Type-II) METAL (Type-IV)

H

(2) Recording mute (REC MUTE: ON/OFF)

(Pin 21)
The recording mute function of the CXA1498S is controlled by a recording mute circuit to vary the electric
volume for recording equalizer amplifier gain by applying the DC voltage to REC MUTE (Pin 21).

REC MUTE

Control voltage

Recording mute ON Attenuation –6dB

GND ≤ VCL ≤ 0.5V

2.0V

Recording mute OFF

3.5V ≤ VCH ≤ VCC

– 10 –

Recording equalizer vs. Frequency characteristics (Normal speed)

25

0dB = NORM-NS mode
315Hz, –25dBm at Rec Out

20

15

10

CXA1498S/M

Response [dB]

5

0

–5

0.125 1.0 10 50

METAL-NS

CrO2-NS

NORM-NS

FREQ [kHz]

Recording equalizer vs. Frequency characteristics (Double speed)

25

20

15

10

Response [dB]

5

0

–5

0.125 1.0 10 50

0dB = NORM-NS mode
315Hz, –25dBm at Rec Out

METAL-HS

CrO2-HS

NORM-HS

FREQ [kHz]

Playback equalizer vs. Frequency characteristics

60

Gain [dB]

5

dB/

20

0.050 0.1 10 20

1.0

FREQ [kHz]

– 11 –

120µs-NS
120µs-HS
70µs-NS
70µs-HS

AGC output voltage characteristics

CXA1498S/M

–10

–15

–20

–25

Output level [dBm]

–30

–35

–35 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5

AGC OFF

AGC ON

Input level [dBm]

AGC total harmonic distortion

1.0

0.1

T. H. D + N [%]

0.01

–35 –30 –25 –20 –15 –10 –5 0 5

Input level [dBm]

– 12 –

Package Outline Unit: mm

CXA1498S

CXA1498S/M

30PIN SDIP (PLASTIC) 400mil

CXA1498M

30

1

SONY CODE

EIAJ CODE

JEDEC CODE

+ 0.4

26.9 – 0.1

0.5 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.15

SDIP-30P-01
SDIP030-P-0400-A

1.778

16

15

+ 0.4

0.5 MIN

3.0 MIN

PACKAGE STRUCTURE

MOLDING COMPOUND

LEAD TREATMENT
LEAD MATERIAL

PACKAGE WEIGHT

+ 0.3

10.16

3.7 – 0.1

+ 0.1

0.25 – 0.05

0° to 15°

8.5 – 0.1

EPOXY / PHENOL RESIN
SOLDER PLATING
COPPER ALLOY

1.8g

1

SONY CODE

EIAJ CODE

JEDEC CODE

30PIN SOP (PLASTIC) 375mil

+ 0.4

18.8

– 0.1

0.45 ± 0.1

± 0.12

M

SOP-30P-L03
∗SOP030-P-0375-C

1630

– 0.1

+ 0.3

15

1.27

9.3

7.6

10.3 ± 0.4

PACKAGE STRUCTURE

PACKAGE MATERIAL
LEAD TREATMENT
LEAD MATERIAL

PACKAGE WEIGHT

A

+ 0.1
– 0.05

0.2

DETAIL A

EPOXY RESIN
SOLDER PLATING
COPPER / 42 ALLOY

0.7g

+ 0.4

2.3

– 0.05

0.1 ± 0.1

0° to 10°

0.10

0.5 ± 0.2

– 13 –