Datasheet BQ2054SNTR, BQ2054SN, BQ2054PN Datasheet (Texas Instruments)

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Page 1

Features

➤

Safe charge of Lithium Ion bat

tery packs

➤

Voltage-regulated currentlimited charging

➤

Fast charge terminated by se

lectable minimum current; safety backup termination on maximum time

➤

Charging continuously qualified by temperature and voltage lim

its

➤

Pulse-width modulation control ideal for high-efficiency switchmode power conversion

➤ Direct LED control outputs dis-

play charge status and fault conditions

General Description

The bq2054 Lithium Ion FastCharge IC is designed to optimize charging of lithium ion (Li-Ion) chemistry batteries. A flexible pulse-width modulation regulator allows the bq2054 to control voltage and current during charging. The regulator frequency is set by an ex

ternal capacitor for design flexibility. The switch-mode design keeps power dissipation to a minimum.

The bq2054 measures battery tem

perature using an external thermis

tor for charge qualification. Charging begins when power is applied or on battery insertion.

For safety, the bq2054 inhibits charging until the battery voltage and temperature are within con-

figured limits. If the battery voltage is less than the low-voltage thresh

old, the bq2054 provides low-current conditioning of the battery.

A constant current-charging phase re

plenishes up to 70% of the charge ca

pacity, and a voltage-regulated phase returns the battery to full. The charge cycle terminates when the charging current falls below a user-selectable current limit. For safety, charging ter

minates after maximum time and is suspended if the temperature is out

side the preconfigured limits.

The bq2054 provides status indica

tions of all charger states and faults for accurate determination of the battery and charge system condi

tions.

Lithium Ion Fast-Charge IC

bq2054

TM Time-out programming

input

ICTL

Inrush current control output

BAT Battery voltage input

VCOMP Voltage loop comp input

ICOMP Current loop comp input

TERM

Minimum current termination select input

SNS Sense resistor input

TS Temperature sense input

PN205401.eps

16-Pin Narrow

DIP or SOIC

LED2/DSEL

LED

MOD

LCOM

LED

TPWM

ICTL

BAT

VCOMP

ICOMP

TERM

SNS

TPWM Regulator timebase input

LED

Charge status output 3

LCOM Common LED output

System ground

5.0V±10% power

MOD Modulation control output

LED

Charge status output 1

LED

/ Charge status output 2/

DSEL Display select input

Pin Connections

Pin Names

6/99 H

Page 2

Pin Descriptions

TM Time-out programming input

This input sets the maximum charge time. The resistor and capacitor values are deter

mined using Equation 5. Figure 7 shows the resistor/capacitor connection.

ICTL

Inrush current control output

ICTL

is driven low during the fault or charge-complete states of the chip. It is used to disconnect the capacitor across the battery pack terminals, preventing inrush currents from tripping overcurrent protection fea

tures in the pack when a new battery is in

serted.

BAT Battery voltage input

BAT is the battery voltage sense input. This potential is generally developed using a high-impedance resistor divider network connected between the positive and the negative terminals of the battery. See Figure 4 and Equation 1.

VCOMP Voltage loop compensation input

This input uses an external R-C network for voltage loop stability.

TERM

Minimum current termination select

This three-state input is used to set I

MIN

for

fast charge termination. See Table 2.

ICOMP Current loop compensation input

This input uses an external R-C network for current loop stability.

SNS Charging current sense input

Battery current is sensed via the voltage de

veloped on this pin by an external sense re

sistor, R

SNS

, connected in series with the negative terminal of the battery pack. See Equation 6.

TS Temperature sense input

This input is used to monitor battery tempera

ture. An external resistor divider network sets the lower and upper temperature thresholds. See Figure 6 and Equations 3 and 4.

TPWM Regulation timebase input

This input uses an external timing capacitor to ground to set the pulse-width modulation (PWM) frequency. See Equation 7.

LCOM Common LED output

Common output for LED

1–3

. This output is

in a high-impedance state during initiali

zation to read programming input on DSEL.

MOD Current-switching control output

MOD is a pulse-width modulated push/pull output that is used to control the charging current to the battery. MOD switches high to enable current flow and low to inhibit current flow.

LED

–

LED

Charger display status 1–3 outputs

These charger status output drivers are for the direct drive of the LED display. Display modes are shown in Table 1. These outputs are tri-stated during initialization so that DSEL can be read.

DSEL Display select input

This three-level input controls the LED

1–3

charge display modes. See Table 1.

VCCsupply

5.0V,±10% power

Ground

bq2054

Page 3

Charge Algorithm

The bq2054 uses a two-phase fast charge algorithm. In phase 1, the bq2054 regulates constant current (I

SNS

MAX

) until V

CELL

(= V

BAT-VSNS

) rises to V

REG

. The

bq2054 then transitions to phase 2 and regulates con

stant voltage (V

CELL=VREG

) until the charging current

falls below the programmed I

MIN

threshold. The charg

ing current must remain below I

MIN

for 120±40ms bef

ore a valid fast charge termination is detected. Fast charge then terminates, and the bq2054 enters the Charge Complete state. See Figures 1 and 2.

Charge Qualification

The bq2054 starts a charge cycle when power is applied while a battery is present or when a battery is inserted. Figure 2 shows the state diagram for pre-charge qualifi

cation and temperature monitoring. The bq2054 first checks that the battery temperature is within the al

lowed, user-configurable range. If the temperature is out of range, the bq2054 enters the Charge Pending state and waits until the battery temperature is within the allowed range. Charge Pending is enunciated by LED

flashing.

Thermal monitoring continues throughout the charge cycle, and the bq2054 enters the Charge Pending state when the temperature out of range. (There is one excep

tion; if the bq2054 is in the Fault state—see below—the out-of-range temperature is not recognized until the bq2054 leaves the Fault state.) All timers are sus

pended (but not reset) while the bq2054 is in Charge Pending. When the temperature comes back into range, the bq2054 returns to the point in the charge cycle where the out-of-range temperature was detected.

When the temperature is valid, the bq2054 then regu

lates current to I

COND

(=I

MAX

/5). After an initial holdoff

period t

(which prevents the chip from reacting to transient voltage spikes that may occur when charge current is first applied), the chip begins monitoring V

CELL

.IfV

CELL

does not rise to at least V

MIN

before the

expiration of time-out limit t

MTO

(e.g. the cell has failed

short), the bq2054 enters the Fault state. If V

MIN

achieved before expiration of the time limit, the chip be

gins fast charging.

Once in the Fault state, the bq2054 waits until V

is cycled or a new battery insertion is detected. It then starts a new charge cycle and begins the qualification process again.

bq2054

GR205401.eps

MAX

MIN

COND

MIN

REG

Current

Voltage

Qualification

Time

Phase 1 Phase 2

Fast Charge

Voltage

Current

Figure 1. bq2054 Charge Algorithm

Page 4

Chip On

VCC 4.5V

Temperature

Checks On

Battery

Status?

Temperature

in Range

Temperature Out

of Range or

Thermistor Absent

Qualification Test

Current

Regulation

@ I

COND

Phase 2

V = V

REG

Fault

LED3 =1

MOD = 0

Charge

Complete

Charge

Pending

LED3 flash

MOD = 0

Phase 1 I = I

MAX

Temperature Out

of Range or

Thermistor Absent

Temperature In

Range, Return

to Original State

BAT

< V

LCO

BAT

> V

HCO

t t > t

MTO

BAT

< V

LCO

BAT

> V

HCO

Fail: t = tQT or

BAT

< V

LCO

BAT

> V

HCO

Present

LCO

< V

BAT

< V

HCO

BAT

< V

MIN

PASS: V

BAT

MIN

BAT

< V

REG

BAT

REG

Fast

Charge

SNS

> I

MIN

SNS

MIN

t t

MTO

FG205401.eps

Absent

BAT

< V

LCO

BAT > VHCO

BAT

LCO

BAT

HCO

BAT

LCO

BAT

HCO

Figure 2. bq2054 State Diagram

bq2054

Page 5

Charge Status Display

Charge status is enunciated by the LED driver outputs LED

–LED3. Three display modes are available in the bq2054; the user selects a display mode by configuring pin DSEL. Table 1 shows the three display modes.

The bq2054 does not distinguish between an overvoltage fault and a “battery absent” condition. The bq2054 enters the Fault state, enunciated by turning on LED

, whenever the battery is absent. The bq2054, therefore, gives an indication that the charger is on even when no battery is in place to be charged.

Configuring the Display Mode and I

MIN

DSEL/LED

is a bi-directional pin with two functions; it is an LED driver pin as an output and a programming pin as an input. The selection of pull-up, pull-down, or no pull resistor programs the display mode on DSEL per Table 1. The bq2054 latches the programming data sensed on the DSEL input when any one of the following three events occurs:

1. V

rises to a valid level.

2. The bq2054 leaves the Fault state.

3. The bq2054 detects battery insertion.

The LEDs go blank for approximately 750ms (typical) while new programming data is latched.

bq2054

Mode Charge Action State LED

LED

DSEL = 0

(Mode 1)

Battery absent or over-voltage fault Low Low High

Pre-charge qualification Flash Low Low

Fast charging High Low Low

Charge complete Low High Low

Charge pending (temperature out of range) X X Flash

Charging fault X X High

DSEL = 1

(Mode 2)

Battery absent or over-voltage fault Low Low High

Pre-charge qualification High High Low

Fast charge Low High Low

Charge complete High Low Low

Charge pending (temperature out of range) X X Flash

Charging fault X X High

DSEL = Float

(Mode 3)

Battery absent or over-voltage fault Low Low High

Pre-charge qualification Flash Flash Low

Fast charge: current regulation Low High Low

Fast charge: voltage regulation High High Low

Charge complete High Low Low

Charge pending (temperature out of range) X X Flash

Charging fault X X High

Note: 1 = VCC; 0 = VSS; X = LED state when fault occurred; Flash =

sec. low,

sec high.

Table 1. bq2054 Display Output Summary

Page 6

Fast charge terminates when the charging current drops below a minimum current threshold programmed by the value of I

TERM

(see Table 2) and remains below that

level for 120±40ms.

Figure 3 shows the bq2054 configured for display mode 2 and I

MIN=IMAX

/10.

Voltage and Current Monitoring

The bq2054 monitors battery pack voltage at the BAT pin. The user must implement a voltage divider between the positive and negative terminals of the battery pack to present a scaled battery pack voltage to the BAT pin. The bq2054 also uses the voltage across a sense resistor (R

SNS

) between the negative terminal of the battery pack and ground to monitor the current into the pack. See Figure 4 for the configuration of this network.

The resistor values are calculated from the following:

Equation 1

RB1 RB2

REG

=−

.205

where:

N = Number of cells in series

REG

= Desired fast-charging voltage per cell

These parameters are typically specified by the battery manufacturer. The total resistance presented across the battery pack by RB1 + RB2 should be between 150k

Ω

and 1MΩ. The minimum value ensures that the divider network does not drain the battery excessively when the power source is disconnected. Exceeding the maximum value increases the noise susceptibility of the BAT pin.

The current sense resistor, R

SNS

(see Figure 5), deter

mines the fast charge current. The value of R

SNS

given by the following:

Equation 2

MAX

SNS

0 250.

where:

MAX

= Desired maximum charge current

Hold-Off Period

Both V

HCO

and I

MIN

terminations are ignored during the first 1.33±0.19 seconds of both the Charge Qualification and Fast Charge phases. This condition prevents premature termination due to voltage spikes that may occur when charge is first applied.

bq2054

Table 2. I

MIN

Termination Thresholds

TERM

MIN

MAX

/10

MAX

/20

Float I

MAX

/30

Page 7

FG205403.eps

BAT

SNS

bq2054

BAT +

BAT -

SNS

RB2

RB1

Figure 4. Configuring the Battery Divider

LED2/DSEL

FG205402.eps

LED1

LCOM

LED3

bq2054

10K

Figure 3. Configured Display Mode/IMIN Threshold

bq2054

Page 8

Battery Insertion and Removal

CELL

is interpreted by the bq2054 to detect the pres

ence or absence of a battery. The bq2054 determines that a battery is present when V

CELL

is between the

High-Voltage Cutoff (V

HCO=VREG

+ 0.25V) and

the Low-Voltage Cutoff (V

LCO

= 0.8V). When V

CELL

outside this range, the bq2054 determines that no bat

tery is present and transitions to the Fault state. Tran

sitions into and out of the range between V

LCO

and V

HCO

are treated as battery insertions and removals, respec

tively. The V

HCO

limit also implicitly serves as an over-

voltage charge termination.

Inrush Current Control

Whenever the bq2054 is in the fault or charge-complete state, the ICTL

output is driven low. This output can be used to disconnect the capacitor usually present in the charger across the positive and negative battery termi

nals, preventing the cap from supplying large inrush currents to a newly inserted battery. Such inrush cur

rents may trip the overcurrent protection circuitry usu

ally present in Li-Ion battery packs.

Temperature Monitoring

The bq2054 monitors temperature by examining the voltage presented between the TS and SNS pins by a re

sistor network that includes a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor. Resistance variations around that value are interpreted as being proportional to the battery temperature (see Figure 6).

The temperature thresholds used by the bq2054 and their corresponding TS pin voltage are:

TCO (Temperature Cutoff): Higher limit of the tem

perature range in which charging is allowed. V

TCO

0.4*V

HTF (High-Temperature Fault): Threshold to which temperature must drop after temperature cutoff is exceeded before charging can begin again. V

HTF

0.44 * V

LTF (Low-Temperature Fault): Lower limit of the temperature range in which charging is allowed. V

LTF

=0.6*V

LTF

= 0.6V

HTF

= 0.44V

TCO

= 0.4V

HotterV

TCO

HTF

LTF

Colder

age

Temperature

Figure 6. Voltage Equivalent

of Temperature

SNS

bq2054

BAT -

SNS

RT2

RT1

˚t

NTC Thermistor

Figure 5. Configuring

Temperature Sensing

bq2054

Page 9

A resistor-divider network can be implemented that presents the defined voltage levels to the TS pin at the desired temperatures (see Figure 6).

The equations for determining RT1 and RT2 are:

Equation 3

0 250

(.)

*( )

(* )

RT1 RT2 R

RT2 R

LTF

−

Equation 4

044

*( )

(* )

+RT1 RT2 R

RT2 R

HTF

where:

LTF

= thermistor resistance at LTF

HTF

= thermistor resistance at HTF

TCO is determined by the values of RT1 and RT2. 1% resistors are recommended.

Disabling Temperature Sensing

Temperature sensing can be disabled by placing 10k

Ω

resistors between TS and SNS and between SNS and V

Maximum Time-Out

MTO is programmed from 1 to 24 hours by an R-C net

work on the TM pin (see Figure 7) per the equation:

Equation 5

MTO

= 0.5*R*C

Where R is in kΩandCisinµF, t

MTO

is in hours. The

maximum value for C (0.1µF) is typically used.

The MTO timer is reset at the beginning of fast charge and when fast charge transitions from the current regu

lated to the voltage regulated mode. If MTO expires dur

ing the current regulated phase, the bq2054 enters the Fault state and terminates charge. If the MTO timer ex

pires during the voltage regulated phase, fast charging terminates and the bq2054 enters the Charge Complete state.

The MTO timer is suspended (but not reset) during the out-of-range temperature (Charge Pending) state.

Charge Regulation

The bq2054 controls charging through pulse-width modulation of the MOD output pin, supporting both constant-current and constant-voltage regulation. Charge current is monitored at the SNS pin, and charge voltage is monitored at the BAT pin. These voltages are compared to an internal reference, and the MOD output modulated to maintain the desired value.

Voltage at the SNS pin is determined by the value of re

sistor R

SNS

, so nominal regulated current is set by:

Equation 6

MAX

= 0.250V/R

SNS

The switching frequency of the MOD output is deter

mined by an external capacitor (CPWM) between the pin TPWM and ground, per the following:

Equation 7

PWM

= 0.1/C

PWM

Where C is inµF and F is in kHz. A typical switching rate is 100kHz, implying C

PWM

= 0.001µF. MOD pulse width is modulated between 0 and 90% of the switching period.

To prevent oscillation in the voltage and current control loops, frequency compensation networks (C or R-C) are typi

cally required on the V

COMP

and I

COMP

pins (respectively).

FG205406.eps

bq2054

Figure 7. R-C Network for Setting MTO

bq2054

Page 10

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Symbol Parameter Minimum Maximum Unit Notes

VCCrelative to V

-0.3 +7.0 V

DC voltage applied on any pin ex

cluding V

relative to V

-0.3 +7.0 V

OPR

Operating ambient temperature -20 +70 °C Commercial

STG

Storage temperature -55 +125 °C

SOLDER

Soldering temperature - +260 °C 10 sec. max.

Note: Permanent device damage may occur if Absolute Maximum Ratings are exceeded. Functional opera

tion should be limited to the Recommended DC Operating Conditions detailed in this data sheet. Expo

sure to conditions beyond the operational limits for extended periods of time may affect device reliability.

bq2054

Page 11

DC Thresholds (T

= T

OPR

; VCC= 5V±10%)

Symbol Parameter Rating Unit Tolerance Notes

REF

Internal reference voltage 2.05 V 1% TA= 25°C

Temperature coefficient -0.5 mV/°C 10%

LTF

TS maximum threshold 0.6*V

0.03V Low-temperature fault

HTF

TS hysteresis threshold 0.44*V

0.03V High-temperature fault

TCO

TS minimum threshold 0.4*V

0.03V Temperature cutoff

HCO

High cutoff voltage 2.3V V 1%

MIN

Under-voltage threshold at BAT 0.2*V

0.03V

LCO

Low cutoff voltage 0.8 V

0.03V

SNS

Current sense at SNS

0.250 V 10% I

MAX

0.050 V 10% I

COND

bq2054

Page 12

Recommended DC Operating Conditions (T

= T

OPR)

Symbol Parameter Minimum Typical Maximum Unit Notes

Supply voltage 4.5 5.0 5.5 V

TEMP

Temperature sense voltage 0 - V

VVTS- V

SNS

CELL

Per cell battery voltage input 0 - V

BAT

- V

SNS

Supply current - 2 4 mA Outputs unloaded

DSEL tri-state open detection -2 - 2

A Note 2

TERM

tri-state open detection -2 2

Logic input high VCC-0.3 - - V DSEL, I

TERM

Logic input low - - VSS+0.3 V DSEL, I

TERM

LED

1-3

, ICTL, output high VCC-0.8 - - V I

≤

10mA

MOD output high V

-0.8 - - V I

≤

10mA

LED

1-3

, ICTL, output low - - VSS+0.8V V I

≤

10mA

MOD output low - - V

+0.8V V I

≤

10mA

LCOM output low - - V

SS+

0.5 V I

≤

30mA

LED

1-3

, ICTL, source -10 - - mA VOH=VCC-0.5V

MOD source -5.0 - - mA V

OH=VCC

-0.5V

LED

1-3

, ICTL, sink 10 - - mA VOL= VSS+0.5V

MOD sink 5 - - mA V

= VSS+0.8V

LCOM sink 30 - - mA V

= VSS+0.5V

DSEL logic input low source - - +30

A V = VSSto VSS+ 0.3V, Note 2

TERM

logic input low source - - +70

A V = VSSto VSS+ 0.3V

DSEL logic input high source -30 - -

A V = VCC- 0.3V to V

TERM

logic input high source -70 - -

A V = VCC- 0.3V to V

Notes: 1. All voltages relative to VSSexcept where noted.

2. Conditions during initialization after V

applied.

bq2054

Page 13

Impedance

Symbol Parameter Minimum Typical Maximum Unit Notes

BATZ

BAT pin input impedance 50 - - M

Ω

SNSZ

SNS pin input impedance 50 - - M

Ω

TSZ

TS pin input impedance 50 - - M

Ω

PROG1

Soft-programmed pull-up or pull-down resistor value (for programming)

--10

Ω

DSEL

PROG2

Pull-up or pull-down resistor value - - 3 k

Ω

TERM

MTO

Charge timer resistor 20 - 480 k

Ω

Timing (T

= T

OPR;VCC

= 5V±10%)

Symbol Parameter Minimum Typical Maximum Unit Notes

MTO

Charge time-out range 1 - 24 hours See Figure 7

Pre-charge qual test time-out period - t

MTO

Termination hold-off period 1.14 - 1.52 sec.

IMIN

Min. current detect filter period 80 160 msec.

PWM

PWM regulator frequency range - 100 kHz

PWM

= 0.001µF

(equation 7)

Capacitance

Symbol Parameter Minimum Typical Maximum Unit

MTO

Charge timer capacitor - - 0.1

PWM

PWM R-C capacitance - 0.001 -

bq2054

Page 14

bq2054

16-Pin PN(0.300" DIP

)

Dimension

Inches Millimeters

Min. Max. Min. Max.

A 0.160 0.180 4.06 4.57

A1 0.015 0.040 0.38 1.02

B 0.015 0.022 0.38 0.56

B1 0.055 0.065 1.40 1.65

C 0.008 0.013 0.20 0.33

D 0.740 0.770 18.80 19.56

E 0.300 0.325 7.62 8.26

E1 0.230 0.280 5.84 7.11

e 0.300 0.370 7.62 9.40

G 0.090 0.110 2.29 2.79

L 0.115 0.150 2.92 3.81

S 0.020 0.040 0.51 1.02

16-Pin DIP Narrow (PN)

16-Pin SOIC Narrow (SN)

.004

16-Pin SN(0.150" SOIC

)

Dimension

Inches Millimeters

Min. Max. Min. Max.

A 0.060 0.070 1.52 1.78

A1 0.004 0.010 0.10 0.25

B 0.013 0.020 0.33 0.51

C 0.007 0.010 0.18 0.25

D 0.385 0.400 9.78 10.16

E 0.150 0.160 3.81 4.06

e 0.045 0.055 1.14 1.40

H 0.225 0.245 5.72 6.22

L 0.015 0.035 0.38 0.89

Page 15

bq2054

Data Sheet Revision History

Change No. Page No. Description Nature of Change

1 5, 7, 8, 10 Value Change Changed V

SNS

and I

MAX

2 5, 10 Value Change Changed V

REF

3 10 Coefficient Addition Temperature coefficient added

4 5 New state diagram Diagram inserted

4 1, 2, 8, 12 NC pin replaced with ICTL

4 3,5,13

Termination hold-off period added I

MIN

detect filtering added

511

HCO

Rating changed to 2.3V

HCO

Tolerance changed to 1%

Changed values for V

HCO

613

in Timing Specifications

changed from (0.16 ∗ t

MTO

) to t

MTO

75I

TERM

in Table 2 Z changes to Float

7 8 Figure 6 RB1 and RB2 changed to RT1 and RT2

810T

OPR

Deleted industrial temperature range.

Notes: Change 3 = April 1996 C changes from Dec. 1995 B.

Change 4 = Sept. 1996 D changes from April 1996 C. Change 5 = Nov. 1996 E changes from Sept. 1996 D. Change 6 = Oct. 1997 F changes from Nov. 1996 E. Change 7 = Oct. 1997 G changes from Oct. 1997 F. Change 8 = June 1999 H changes from Oct. 1997 G.

Ordering Information

bq2054

Package Option:

PN = 16-pin plastic DIP SN = 16-pin narrow SOIC

Device:

bq2054 Li-Ion Fast-Charge IC

Page 16

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