Datasheet AS8412 Datasheet (Austria Mikro Systeme International)

AS8412
HIGH PERFORMANCE

AUTOMOTIVE SONAR INTRUSION

Data Sheet
March 2001

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

Key Features

• True sonar/pulse-echo operation

• Wide dynamic range

• Programmable sensitivity levels

• Self-adaptive to vehicle interiors

• Self-adaptive to temperature and environmental changes

• High sensitivity to intrusion

• Immunity to false alarms

• Detection of sabotage attempts

• Compatible with standard 40 kHz ultrasonic transducers

• No adjustments needed at factory or at field

• Few external components

• Time reference: external clock or oscillator based on crystal/ceramic resonator

• Built-in self-test

• Internal power-on-reset

• Advanced CMOS technology

• Low power consumption: 0.65 to 1.0 mA

• Operation between -40°C and +85 °C

• Available in 20-pin DIP and 20-pin SOIC package

General Description

The AS8412 is a signal processing IC designed to implement reliable, high-performance

sonar intrusion detectors. It generates short 40 kHz bursts to feed an ultrasonic trans­ducer. The resulting sonar waves are reflected on the vehicle interior and the echoes are
received by another transducer. Inside the AS8412, the electrical signal is first submitted
to an analog conditioning circuit, then it is digitized and processed by a DSP, whose out­put is analyzed by a discriminator based on fuzzy-logic techniques. Thus, true intrusion
conditions can be discerned from natural phenomena and other allowable disturbances.

No adjustments are necessary at factory or at the field, as the AS8412 is self-adaptive to

the physical and environmental conditions. Compact and EMI-resistant intrusion detec­tors are made possible, due to the small number of components.

Block Diagram

VCAP

RX

TX1
TX2

PRE­AMP

MODULATOR /
DRIVER

BAND-PASS
FILTER

CONTROL
LOGIC

AGC

ENVELOPE
DETECTOR

D S P

A / D
CONVERTER

DISCRIMINATOR

SAS
SENS 1

SENS 0

SEL40K

OSCIN

OSCOUT

OSCILLATOR SIGNALLING

ALEN
LED
WARN

ALARM

March 2001 Page 2 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet

10

ALEN

Alarm enable input (when ALEN =’0’, the outputs ALARM, WARN and LED are disabled).

VDD for normal operation.

AS8412

Pin Description

AS8412
Pin # Name Description

1 TX1 40-kHz burst generator - output 1.
2 OSCIN Clock input or crystal / ceramic resonator connection.
3 OSCOUT Crystal / ceramic resonator connection. Not connected when external clock is applied.
4 VCAP Pin for programming capacitor at the envelope detector.
5 AVDD Analog supply voltage (+5V).
6 AGND Analog ground.
7 RXGND Analog ground.
8 RX Ultrasonic echo input.
9 SEL40K Time reference select input (SEL40K=’1’ to select 40 kHz or SEL 40K=’0’ to select 400 kHz

at OSCIN).

11 SENS0 Sensitivity selection (least significant bit).
12 SENS1 Sensitivity selection (most significant bit).
13 SAS SAS enable input (SAS=’1’ activates Self-Adjusting Sensitivity, SAS=’0’ keeps sensitivity

fixed)

14

TP

Test / reset pin. A rising edge resets the IC. This pin should be left unconnected or tied to

15 VDD Digital supply voltage (+5V).
16 GND Digital ground
17

18
19

LED
WARN
ALARM

Active-low signalling LED output (open drain).
Active-low auxiliary alarm output (open drain).
Active-low main alarm output (open drain).

20 TX2 40-kHz burst generator - output 2.

Pinout & Packaging

Available Package(s):

OSCIN

OSCOUT

• 20 pin DIP

• 20 pin SOIC

VCAP
AVDD

AGND

RXGND

SEL40K

ALEN

TX1

RX

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11

TX2
ALARM
WARN
LED
GND
VDD
TP
SAS
SENS1
SENS0

March 2001 Page 3 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

Absolute Maximum Ratings

Conditions: 1. AII voltages referenced to GND

2. AVDD connected to VDD

3. AGND connected to GND

Supply Voltage < 7V
Input Pin Voltage -0,3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
Output Pin Voltage -0,3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
Power dissipation 500 mW
Operating temperature under bias -40 °C to +85 °C
Storage Temperature -65 °C to +150 °C
Latch-up immunity -10mA … + 10mA

Note: Stresses above these values may cause permanent damage to the device.
Functional operational at these values is not implied
ESD immunity / HBM: 1500 Ohm; 100 pF

Recommended Operating Conditions

Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
Supply Voltage (VDD, AVDD) V
Operating Temperature Range T
Clock Frequency (SEL40K=1) F
AC Peak Voltage at RX Input V

DD

O

CK

IN

4.5 5.0 5.5 V

-40 - 85 °C
39 40 41 kHz

0.1 - 10 mV

D.C. Electrical Characteristics
(V

= 5 V, V

DD

= Ground, TA = -40 °C to +85 °C)

SS

Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units Conditions
Low Level Input Voltage V
High Level Input Voltage V
Low-to-High Threshold V
High-to-Low Threshold V

il

ih

t+

t-

- - 1.5 V Pins 2, 9, 11, 12, 13

3.5 - - V Pins 2, 9, 11, 12, 13

- 3.0 3.5 V Pin 10 (Schmitt Trigger Input)

1.4 1.8 - V Pin 10 (Schmitt Trigger Input)
Hysteresis V
Low Level Input Current I

High Level Input Current I
Input Resistance R

ih

0.6 - - V Pin 10

h

il

-1 - - µA Pins 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, (V

- - 1 µA Pins 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, (V

in

- 200 - kΩ Pin 8

DD

DD

=5 V)
=5 V)

March 2001 Page 4 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

Low Level Output Voltage Vol -

-

-

0.5

0.5

0.5

V
V
V

Pins 1, 20
Pins 18, 19
Pins 17

Iol=3 mA
Iol=4 mA

Iol=12mA
High Level Output Voltage Voh 4.0 - - V Pins 1, 20 Ioh=-3 mA
High-Z Output Current Ioz - - 10 µA Pins 17, 18,19 Vo=5V

Total Supply Current Idd -

-

0.65

1.0

1.0

1.6

mA
mA

SEL40K= 1
SEL40K= 0

crystal or clock

ceramic resonator

C1=C2=100pF

A.C. Electrical Characteristics
(V

= 5 V, V

DD

= Ground, TA = 25°C)

SS

Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units Conditions
Power-on-reset width t

Self-test delay (incl. t

) t

por

Fault indication pulse width t
ALARM low pulse width
LED low pulse width

LED high pulse width

por

std

stw

t

al

t

onn

t

off

50
500
500

1.3

1.7

1.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

70
530
800

1.4

1.9

2.1

SEL40K= 0, resonator / clock

ms

SEL40K= 1, clock
SEL40K= 1, crystal

s SEL40K= 0, resonator / clock

SEL40K= 1, clock
SEL40K= 1, crystal

4.3 - 4.6 s

200 - - ms Pins 18, 19

-

-

89

977

-

-

ms

narrow = no detection

ms

wide = detection

- 888 - ms

System Description

Ultrasonic intrusion detectors are very popular in vehicle security systems, due to their low

cost, good area coverage and easiness of installation. The AS8412 uses the sonar principle to
build a high-performance intrusion detector that follows the requirements of the OEM automo­tive industry. As very short ultrasonic bursts are sent, the power needed to drive the transmitter
is reduced. Interference and signal cancellation effects, present in systems with continuous
transmission, are virtually eliminated.

Fig. 1 shows the pulse/echo timing generated by the AS8412.
The basic concept behind the AS8412 is the detection of changes in the relative position of

objects inside the vehicle, by monitoring successive echo patterns with a discriminator based
on fuzzy-logic.

Despite the higher complexity of this approach, that demands both analog and digital signal

processing, the solution is made cost-effective with the use of a single IC and a small number
of external components.

March 2001 Page 5 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

TX pulse

Echo in RX

Fig. 1 - Pulse/Echo Timing

Supply / Power-On Reset

The AS8412 requires a single 5-volt power supply. Pins for VDD and GND are separated for

0,6ms

44,4ms

the analog and digital circuits, and a 100 nF ceramic decoupling capacitor is recommended for
each pair.

There is an internal power-on-reset circuit that initializes the IC after each power-up. The VDD

rise time must be less than 20 ms, to guarantee proper initialization. Optionally, the IC can also
be reinitialized with a rising-edge at the pin 14, if requested by the application.

Time Reference

A clock must be present at the OSCIN input. The frequency may be selected to be either 40

kHz or 400 kHz, by setting the SEL40K input to ‘1’ or ‘0’ respectively. For the 40 kHz clock a
duty-cycle of approximately 50% is necessary.

The clock signal can be created in several possible ways:

• Generation by a microprocessor or other external circuit

• Built-in oscillator with an external 40-kHz crystal between OSCIN and OSCOUT. Depending

on the crystal, a load capacitor (about 22 pF) may be needed at OSCOUT.

• Built-in oscillator with an external 400-kHz ceramic resonator between OSCIN and
OSCOUT.

Load capacitors of at least 100 pF are necessary at the pins, according to the resonator speci­fications. The IC power consumption increases with higher capacitor values (Idd= 1.0 mA with
100 pF capacitors).

Ultrasonic Transducers

The AS8412 is compatible with standard 40 kHz ultrasonic transducers, available from several

manufacturers. For each IC, one transducer is used to transmit the sonar pulses and one other
to receive the echoes reflected inside the vehicle. Internal lengths up to 3.5 meters can be co v­ered.

In most applications, just two pairs of sensors will be used. The sensors will typically be posi-

tioned at the B-pillars (central pillars), close to the roof, to provide the best possible coverage of

March 2001 Page 6 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

all the vehicle interior. Each pillar may have either a transmitter/receiver pair or two sensors of
the same kind. The first arrangement is recommended, as it allows a single box at each pillar
containing the AS8412 and the transducer pair controlled by it, thus decreasing cabling.

The outputs TX1 and TX2 drive the transmitter in a push-pull configuration with 10 V peak-to-

peak. As shown in Fig. 1, the transmission duty-cycle is very short (around 1/75), reducing the
average current needed to generate the ultrasonic bursts to about 0.05 mA per IC.

Shielded cable is mandatory for the receiver and recommended for the transmitter, unless they

are adjacent to the IC. The shield at the receiver cable must be grounded and connected to the
RXGND pin.

Analog Conditioning
The analog front-end, composed of a preamplifier and a filter centered at 40 kHz, increases the

signal level and removes noise outside the bandpass. It is followed by a digitally controlled AGC
amplifier, which keeps signal level at the VCAP output within prescribed levels. Finally, an en­velope detector extracts the information embedded in the amplified echo signal.

The front-end needs proper bias during power-up. That can be provided by an RC series circuit

to VDD, as shown at Fig. 2, or alternatively, by the pre-amplifier of Fig. 4.

VDD

100n

100k To RX-Pin

Fig. 2 - Series-RC circuit at RX

The AS8412 has a wide dynamic range, to follow the signal fluctuations that occur in a large

variety of vehicles, sensors and environmental conditions. Only under extreme conditions, like
in a larger vehicle, an external pre-amplifier at RX may help to improve performance.

A practical way to verify if a pre-amplifier might be useful, is by monitoring the echo waveform

at VCAP. A FET-input buffer (input impedance at least 109 ohm) should be used, as the output
impedance at VCAP is very high.

VCAP(V)

3,0V-4,2V

1,3V-1,8V

0

10 20

Period = 44,4 ms

30 40 T(ms)

Fig. 3 - Waveform at VCAP

March 2001 Page 7 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

As a general rule, the best approach is to measure the voltage at the “valley”, that normally

occurs at the end of the echo waveform. If it is above 1.8 V, then the system could benefit from
some extra gain.

A pre-amplifier that satisfies the bias requirements is shown at the Fig. 4. Its gain is around
8 dB.

Fig. 4 - Recommended pre-amplifier

Sensitivity Programming

The AS8412 allows the sensitivity to intrusions and movements to be programmed at produc-

tion, so the manufacturer can adapt the detector to different requirements.

There are two possible ways of programming the sensitivity:

• Digital programming by the pins SENS1 and SENS0: controls the criteria used by the dis­criminator to validate intrusions or movements. Four sensitivities are available, as shown at
Table 1.

Table 1. Digital programmable sensitivities

SENS1

1
1
0
0

SENS0

1
0
1
0

Sensitivity

High
Mid-high
Mid-low
Low

• Capacitor at the pin VCAP: controls the analog processing of the echo signal at the enve­lope detector. With smaller capacitors, the digitized echo signal will have a higher resolution
and, as a result, a higher sensitivity will be obtained.

The best combination of digital programming and VCAP capacitor is usually determined by

experiment. A generally good choice is to use sensitivity mid-high and 270-pF capacitor at
VCAP.

March 2001 Page 8 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet

SENSITIVITY

AS8412

Table 2 shows some possible sensitivity combinations, marked according to the expected be-

havior at the field. It should be used as a guide to determine the best combination for each ap­plication.

Table 2. Sensitivity as Function of Digital and VCAP Programming

PROGRAM 390 pF 330 pF 270 pF 220 pF

High OK OK + +

Mid-high - OK OK +

Mid-low - - OK OK

Low - - - OK

(+) positions with higher sensitivities; may present false alarms under extreme conditions
(OK) most usual sensitivity combinations
(-) positions with lower sensitivities; may be useful for specific applications

The Self-Adjusting Sensitivity (SAS)

The SAS (Self-Adjusting Sensitivity) control loop is a powerful feature that optimizes the sensi-

tivity to intrusion and motion, based on the present environmental conditions. Under quiet situa­tions the detector has a very high sensitivity. On the other hand, when certain disturbances
such as thermal gradients appear inside the vehicle, the sensitivity is decreased to avoid pos­sible false alarms.

The sensitivity range programmed by the manufacturer is not changed by the SAS, that simply

selects the most adequate sensitivity for each situation within the allowed range. Fig. 5 gives a
rough idea of how the SAS can affect the detector sensitivity, for a given capacitor at VCAP.

HIGH

MID-HIGH

MID-LOW

LOW

Fig. 5 - Sensitivity Ranges with SAS

The SAS actuation is controlled by the SAS input.

• SAS enabled (pin SAS = “1”):

After power-on, the IC starts with the lowest sensitivity within the programmed range. The

sensitivity will be constantly adjusted, according to the external conditions. Even under quiet
conditions, the IC may take at least 2 minutes to reach the maximum allowed sensitivity.
That should be considered during system evaluation.

March 2001 Page 9 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

• SAS disabled (pin SAS = “0”)

The IC will keep the sensitivity fixed at the upper limit of the programmed range, regardless

of the environmental conditions. This mode can be useful in special applications that de­mand a fixed or externally controlled sensitivity. The VCAP capacitor may have to be up to 4
times

bigger than it would be with the SAS enabled, to compensate the fixed high sensitivity and

avoid false alarms. Another use of this mode is to allow an easier characterization of the
upper se nsitivity limit during the system development.

The self-test indicates an error with SAS=”0”. To generate a valid self-test, SAS must be ‘I’

during power-up. It may be switched afterwards.

Together with the AGC, the SAS loop provides improved controllability over the intrusion detec-

tion process, allowing the system to be little affected by changes in the external conditions,
such as temperature, supply voltage and sensitivity of the ultrasonic sensors.

In any case, the sensitivity can be very significant, so the AS8412 is not adequate to be used in

convertibles or with open windows.

DSP and Fuzzy-Logic Discriminator

Many external phenomena may affect the ultrasonic waves inside the vehicle. Sunlight, blows

at the glasses or roof, wind through the ventilation flaps are some examples.

Experiments have shown that a real intrusion can not be validated by a single specific charac-

teristic of the echo waveform. Several parameters must be observed at the same time and
also how they correlate with each other. Experimental data gathered from extensive field test­ing were used to support the detection criteria embedded in the AS8412.

To implement those criteria, first the digitized echoes are processed by a DSP circuit to en-

hance the parameters to be monitored. Then, a fuzzy-logic discriminator continuously exam­ines how those parameters change and correlate, to verify any possible intrusion.

Built-In-Self-Test

When power is applied and SAS = ”1”, the AS8412 goes automatically into a self-test routine

that checks the IC operation. It can also detect initialization errors due to a slow supply rise
time or a clock problem at OSCIN.

During the self-test period, the IC outputs are exercised and should be ignored. If the test is

successful, normal operation starts, indicated by the output LED pulsing periodically.

In the case of an IC malfunction, immediately after the self-test the LED and WARN outputs are

turned on (low) for about 4.4 seconds. If a light-emitting diode is connected to the LED output,
the self-test message may be seen directly by the user.

After an error message, the LED starts to blink again, as in a normal operation. Fig. 6 shows

the possible self-test waveforms after power-on.

March 2001 Page 10 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

VDD

WARN

DON’T CARE

DON’T CARE

t

std

t

off

t

onn

( a )

VDD

WARN

DON’T CARE
DON’T CARE

Fig. 6
(a) Self-Test OK
(b) Error at Self-Test

Alarm Signalling

The AS8412 can indicate not only intrusion or motion, but also other kinds of disturbance, and

t

std

t

stw

( b )

t

off

t

onn

send a particular message for each situation. Those disturbances are defined as follows and
the messages are identified at Table 3.

• Weak intrusion: early stages of an intrusion, or a weaker intrusion or movement. Detection
criteria are similar to those for intrusion, but with higher sensitivity.

• Blockage: elimination of the coupling between the transducers, either by blocking one of
them, or by cutting a wire.

• Saturation: very strong 40-kHz signal at RX, possibly an attempt to sabotage the alarm
system by saturating the receiver. May also be caused by a glass breakage or by strong hits
with hard objects at the glass.

With this signalling scheme, the IC has flexibility to be used either in simpler applications or in
sophisticated microprocessor based systems. In addition, the manufacturer has the option to
choose which kind of disturbance should be an alarm condition.

The pulse widths are those specified in the AC electrical Characteristics and shown in Fig. 7.
At ALARM and WARN they are at least 200ms; the outputs remain active if intrusion or motion
persists.

The WARN output could be used instead of the ALARM, if only intrusion detections should be
flagged. In this case, the digital sensitivity should be scaled one step ower (for instance from
mid-high to mid-low), or the capacitor at VCAP increased, to keep approximately the same
sensitivity.

March 2001 Page 11 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet

t

AS8412

The blockage and saturation are signalized just one time at each occurrence, to avoid continu­ous alarm triggering. Detection of glass breakage by saturation is not guaranteed.

Table 3. Disturbances detected by the AS8412

LED ALARM WARN Conditions

pulsing 1 1 no disturbance
pulsing 1 0 weak intrusion
0 0 0 intrusion
pulsing 0 1 blockage
0 0 1 saturation

t

al

al

WARN

t

al

ALARM

Fig. 7 - Weak Intrusion followed by an Intrusion

t

ONW

t

ONN

Courtesy Entry/Exit Time

The pin ALEN is an optional alarm enable input that can be used to provide a courtesy entry
and/or exit time. When tied to VDD, normal alarm operation is enabled. If ALEN is grounded,
the outputs ALARM, WARN and LED are disabled, except during the self-test, when LED indi­cates the test result.

By grounding ALEN, the IC can be made inoperative as seen by the control unit and still keeps
its internal processing. This is useful when intrusion detections must be temporarily inhibited,
or to block self-test pulses at ALARM and WARN.

During the first 10 or 20 seconds after shutting a door in a hot and sunny day, an alarm indica­tion may occur, due to thermal gradients inside the vehicle. That should be considered when
choosing a courtesy time for an AS8412-based system. When an RC circuit connected to the
supply voltage is applied to ALEN, the courtesy time after power-up is given by:

T≈0.92 x R x C

March 2001 Page 12 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet
AS8412

Application Circuits

The AS8412 is designed to provide a flexible utilization, so many application circuits are possi­ble. Only two of them are presented.

The Application Circuit I of Fig. 8a is suitable to be used in a microcontroller-based alarm sy s­tem. The 40-kHz clock is synthesized by the microcontroller, that also controls the digital se n­sitivity. By having access to all the signalling outputs, the alarm system can be programmed to
signalize any combination of the disturbances detectable by the AS8412.

This arrangement uses a minimum number of components to implement an intrusion detector.

UT1

TX2

ALARM

WARN

LED

GND

VDD

TP

SAS
SENS1
SENS0

20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11

C3

100n

N.C.

To
µ-Processor

VDD

SAS Control

Programmable
Sensitivity
(Digital)

100n

100k

UT2

C4

R1

VDD

40kHz

from

µ-Processor

VDD

N.C.

C2

100n

C1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

TX1
OSCIN
OSCOUT
VCAP
AVDD
AGND
RXGND
RX
SEL4OK
ALEN

Fig. 8a - Application Circuit I

C6

100n

VDD

C1

100p

C2

100p

VDD

R2

100k

VDD

UT1

C3

C4

100n

UT2

R3

CR1

C7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

TX1
OSCIN
OSCOUT
VCAP
AVDD
AGND
RXGND
RX
SEL4OK
ALEN

Fig. 8b - Application Circuit II

TX2

ALARM

WARN

LED

GND

VDD

TP

SAS
SENS1
SENS0

20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11

N.C.

R1

N.C.

To Control Unit

VDD

D1

C5

100n

Programmable
Sensitivity
(Digital)

March 2001 Page 13 of 14

High Performance Automotive Sonar Intrusion – Data Sheet

VDD

AS8412

The Application Circuit II of Fig. 8b can be used in a simpler system, that does not need micro­controller. A 400-kHz oscillator is built with a ceramic resonator. By using just the ALARM out­put, the system is able to detect intrusion, blockage and saturation as alarm of the operation
and of the IC self-test diagnostic. A courtesy time is provided by R3 and C7.

EMI Protection

The usual precautions against EMI, such as PCB with ground plane, short tracks and shielded
cables, are recommended for AS8412 applications, to avoid possible effects from noise in­duced by external sources.

The RX cable must be shielded, because of the low-voltage signal. An alternative to protect
other pins directly connected to unshielded cables, is to clamp induced voltages with signal
diodes close to the pins (Fig.9)

If a single shielded cable is used for the transmitting sensor, the internal wire may be co n­nected to TX1 and the shield connected to TX2. In this case, only the TX2 output will need pro­tection diodes

IC

(a) (b)

Fig. 9 - Diode Clamp Protection for
Unshielded Cables
(a) pins 1, 20
(b) pins 17, 18, 19

IC

Copyright  2000, Austria Mikro Systeme International AG, Schloß Premstätten, 8141 Unterpremstätten, Austria.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, without the prior permission in writing by the copyright holder. To the best of its knowledge, Austria Mikro Systeme
International asserts that the information contained in this publication is accurate and correct.

March 2001 Page 14 of 14