FEATURES
Fully Regulated Output
High Output Current: 120 mA
50 mA Version (ADP3603) Is Also Available
Outstanding Precision: 63% Output Accuracy
Input Voltage Range: +4.5 V to +6.0 V
Output Voltage: –3.0 V (Regulated)
High Switching Frequency: 120 kHz (240 kHz Internal
Oscillator)
Shutdown Capability
Small Outline 8-Pin SOIC Package
APPLICATIONS
Voltage Inverters
Voltage Regulators
Computer Peripherals and Add-On Cards
Portable Instruments
Battery Powered Devices
Pagers and Radio Control Receivers
Disk Drives
Mobile Phones
with Regulated Output
ADP3604*
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
PIN CONFIGURATION
8-Pin SOIC
(SO-8)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The ADP3604 switched capacitor voltage converter provides a
regulated output voltage with minimum voltage loss and requires a minimum number of external components. In addition, the ADP3604 does not require the use of an inductor.
The ADP3604 provides up to 120 mA of output current with
±3% output accuracy.
The internal oscillator runs at 240 kHz nominal frequency
which produces an output switching frequency of 120 kHz, allowing the use of small charge pump and filter capacitors.
The ADP3604 is primarily designed for use as a high frequency negative voltage regulator/inverter. The output voltages
of the ADP3604 can range from –1.2 V to –4.0 V, nominally
–3.0 V. For other output voltages, contact the factory.
The ADP3604 dissipates less than 350 mW of power and features fast shutdown mode capability (<5 ms) that also drops the
quiescent current to 1.5 mA (typ). For a lower cost, 50 mA output current version, see the ADP3603.
*Patent pending.
REV. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Capacitors C1 and C2 used in the test circuit are 10 µF with 0.1 Ω ESR. Capacitors with higher ESR may reduce output voltage and efficiency.
2
Open-loop output resistance.
3
See Figure 1 conditions.
All limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods.
Specifications subject to change without notice
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
(TA = +25°C unless otherwise noted)
Input Voltage (V+ to GND, GND to OUT) . . . . . . . . . +7.5 V
This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operation section of this specification
is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended
periods may affect device reliability.
2
θJA is specified for worst case conditions with device soldered on a circuit board.
ORDERING GUIDE
ModelTemperature RangePackage Option*
ADP3604AR–40°C to +85°CSO-8
*SO = Small Outline Package.
IH
IH
IL
IL
ON
OFF
.
1
Figure 1, IL = 120 mA5ms
Figure 1, IL = 120 mA5ms
PinFunction
1C
+, Pump Capacitor Positive Input.
P
2Ground.
3C
–, Pump Capacitor Negative Input.
P
4Shutdown, Logic Level Shutdown Pin. Application of a
logic low to this pin will place the regulator in normal
operation. The device will be put into shutdown mode
with the shutdown pin pulled to V
mode the charge pump is turned off. Connect to ground
for normal operation.
5V
, Output Voltage Sense Line. This is used to im-
SENSE
prove load regulation performance by eliminating IR
drop on the output traces. See application section for
more detail. For normal operation, connect Pin 5 to
(Pin 7).
V
OUT
6NC, No Internal Electrical Connection.
7V
Output Pin. Regulated negative output voltage.
OUT,
Connect a low ESR capacitor between this pin and device GND.
8V
Positive Supply Input when 4.5 V ≤ VIN ≤ 6 V.
IN,
Connect a low-ESR bypass capacitor between this pin
and the device ground pin.
2.4V
1µA
1µA
PIN DESCRIPTION
. In Shutdown
IN
CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the ADP3604 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may
occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD
precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
–2–
0.4V
REV. 0
Page 3
ADP3604
TEMPERATURE – °C
OUTPUT VOLTAGE – V
–2.9
–3.04
–40850
25
70
–2.92
–2.94
–2.96
–2.98
–3.00
–3.02
VIN = 5V
IL = 150mA
IL = 120mA
IL = 60mA
IL = 10mA
LOAD CURRENT – mA
EFFICIENCY –%
70
60
0
1030130
509011070
50
40
30
20
10
VIN = 4.5V
VIN = 5.0V
VIN = 6.0V
100
90
10
0%
1V
2mS
0V0V
130
120
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY – kHz
110
4.0 4.58.0
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
SUPPLY VOLTAGE – V
Figure 2. Oscillator Frequency vs.
Supply Voltage
126
124
122
120
118
116
114
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY – kHz
112
–408502570
TEMPERATURE – °C
VIN = 5V
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
SUPPLY CURRENT – mA
0.5
NORMAL MODE @ VIN = 5V
SHUTDOWN MODE @ VIN = 5V
0
–408502570
TEMPERATURE – °C
Figure 3. Supply Current vs.
Temperature
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
INPUT CURRENT – mA
20
0
10
30507090
LOAD CURRENT – mA
VIN = 5V
110 130 150
Figure 4. Output Voltage vs.
Temperature
Figure 5. Oscillator Frequency vs.
Temperature
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
SUPPLY CURRENT – mA
1.0
0.5
0
4.5 5.08.0
Figure 8. Supply Current vs. Supply
Voltage
REV. 0
NORMAL MODE
5.5 6.07.07.56.5
SUPPLY VOLTAGE – V
SHUTDOWN MODE
Figure 6. Average Input Current vs.
Load Current
1V
100
90
10
0%
2mS
0V0V
Figure 9. Start-Up Under Full Load
–3–
Figure 7. Efficiency vs. Load
Current and Input Voltage
Figure 10. Enable/Disable Time
Under Full Load
Page 4
ADP3604
V
IN
S2
C
P
S1
V
OUT
S3
S4
C
OUT
APPLICATION INFORMATION
The ADP3604 uses a charge pump to generate a negative output voltage from a positive input supply. To understand the
overlap. S3 and S4
are turned ON during the second phase (see
Figure 14) and charge stored in the pump capacitor is transferred to the output capacitor.
operation of the ADP3604, a review of a basic switch capacitor
building block is helpful.
V1V2
Figure 11. Basic Switch Capacitor Circuit
In Figure 11, when the switch is in the A position, capacitor C1
will be charged to voltage V1. The total charge on C1 will be
q1 = C1V1.
The switch then moves to the B position, discharging C1 to
voltage V2. After this discharge time, the charge on C1 is q2 =
C1V2. The amount of charge transferred from the source, V1,
to the output, V2 is:
If the switch is cycled f times per second, the charge transfer
per unit time (i.e., current) is:
To obtain an equivalent resistance for the switched-capacitor
network we can rewrite this equation in terms of voltage and
impedance equivalence:
I = (V1 – V2)/(1/fC1) = (V1 – V2)/R
where R
is defined as :
EQUIV
Figure 11 equivalent circuit now can be drawn as shown in
Figure 12.
V1V2
AB
f
C1
C2
R
∆q = q1 – q2 = C1(V1 – V2)
I = f ∆q = fC1(V1 – V2)
= 1/fC1
R
EQUIV
R
EQUIV
R
EQUIV
1
=
fC1
C2
R
L
Figure 14. Switch Configuration Charging the Output
Capacitor
During the second phase, the positive terminal of the pump
capacitor is connected to ground and the negative terminal is
connected to the output resulting in a voltage inversion at the
output terminal. Output regulation is done by adjusting the ON
resistance of the S3 through the feedback control loop.
The ADP3604 alternately charges C
C
is switched in parallel with the input supply, and then trans-
P
fers charge to C
when CP is switched in parallel with C
OUT
Switching occurs at 120 kHz rate. During the time that C
to the input voltage when
P
OUT
is
P
.
charging, the peak current is approximately 2 times the output
current. During the time that C
is delivering charge to C
P
OUT
,
the supply current drops down to about 2 mA. An input supply
bypass capacitor will supply part of the peak input current drawn
by the ADP3604, and average out the current drawn from the
supply. A minimum input supply bypass capacitor of 1 µf,
EQUIV
preferably a low ESR capacitor such as tantalum or multilayer
ceramic chip capacitor, is recommended. A large capacitor may
be desirable in some cases, for example when the input supply is
connected to the ADP3604 through long leads, or when the
pulse current drawn by the device might effect other circuitry
through supply coupling.
The output capacitor, C
voltage when CP is switched in parallel with C
L
charge pump charges C
the C
introduces steps in the V
OUT
Ceramic or tantalum capacitors are recommended for C
, is alternately charged to the C
OUT
waveform whenever the
OUT
. This tends to increase V
OUT
. The ESR of
OUT
OUT
P
ripple.
if
OUT
minimum ripple is desired. The ADP3604 can operate with a
range of capacitors from 1 µf to 100 µf and larger without any
stability problems. However, all tested parameters are obtained
THEORY OF OPERATION
A switched capacitor principle is used in the ADP3604 to generate a negative voltage from a positive input voltage. An on-board
oscillator generates two phase clocks to control a switching network which transfers charge between the storage capacitors.
The basic principle behind the voltage inversion scheme is illustrated in Figures 13 and 14.
S1
V
IN
S2
S3
C
P
S4
C
OUT
V
OUT
using 10 µf multilayer ceramic capacitors.
In most applications, IR drops due to printed circuit board
traces do not present a problem. In this case, V
the output at a convenient pcb location not far from the V
SENSE
is tied to
OUT
.
However, if a reduction in IR drops or improvement in load
regulation is desired, the sense line can be used to monitor the
output voltage at the load. To avoid excessive noise pickup, the
V
line should be as short as possible and away from any
SENSE
noisy line.
While the exact values of the C
and C
IN
are not critical, good
OUT
quality, low ESR capacitors such as solid tantalum and multilayer ceramic capacitors are recommended to minimize voltage
losses at high currents. For a given load current, factors affecting
Figure 13. Switch Configuration Charging the Pump
Capacitor
During phase one, S1 and S2 are ON charging the pump capacitor to the input voltage. Before the next phase begins, S1
and S2
are turned OFF as well as S3 and S4 to prevent any
the output voltage performance in Figure 15 are:
• Pump (C2) and the output (C3) capacitance
• ESR of the C2 and C3
–4–
REV. 0
Page 5
TEMPERATURE – °C
ESR – Ω
10
1.0
0.01
–50100050
0.1
ALUMINUM
CERAMIC
ORGANIC SEMIC
TANTALUM
ALUMINUM
CERAMIC
ORGANIC SEMIC
TANTALUM
Since output current is supplied solely by the output capacitor
C3 during one-half of the charge-pump cycle, peak-to-peak
output ripple voltage is calculated by using the following
formula:
I
V
RIPPLE
=
2(F
OUT
PUMP
)(C2)
+I
OUT
(ESRC2)
In Figure 15, output ripple voltage vs. capacitance and various
ESR are shown.
120
ADP3604
100
80
60
40
OUTPUT RIPPLE – mV
20
0
018020406080100 120140 160
OUT
ADP3604
150mΩ
CAPACITANCE – µF
Figure 15. Output Ripple Voltage (mV) vs. Capacitance
and ESR
Note that as the capacitor value increases beyond the point
where the dominant contribution to the output ripple is due to
the ESR, no significant reduction in V
added capacitance.
A low ESR capacitor has much greater impact on performance
for C2 than C3 since current through C2 is twice the C3 current. There is a voltage drop across C
as well as during discharges. Therefore, the voltage drop due to
C2 is about 4 times C2’s ESR times the load current. The voltage drop generated by C2’s ESR combined with the voltage
drop due to the output source resistance, determines the maximum available V
OUT
, while C3’s ESR affects the output voltage
ripple.
When selecting the capacitors, keep in mind that not all manu-
facturers guarantee capacitor ESR in the range required by the
circuit. In general, the capacitor’s ESR is inversely proportional
to its physical size, so larger capacitance values and higher voltage ratings tend to reduce ESR.
ESR is also a function of the operating frequency. When selecting a capacitor, make sure its value is rated at the circuit’s operating frequency. The other factor affecting the capacitor’s
performance is temperature. If the circuit has to operate at temperatures significantly different than 25°C, the capacitance and
ESR values must be carefully selected to adequately compensate for the change. Various capacitor technologies offer improved performance over temperature, for example, certain
tantalum capacitors provide good low-temperature ESR but at
a higher cost.
Figure 16 demonstrates the effect temperature has on various
capacitors. ADP3604’s high internal oscillator frequency permits the usage of smaller capacitance for both the pump and
the output capacitors.
In applications requiring very low power supply ripple and
noise, the circuit in Figure 18 provides low noise and ripple of
less than 2% of the output voltage over the full load current and
temperature.
–5–
Page 6
ADP3604
LOAD CURRENT – mA
–5.0
–4.0
1090
V
OUT
– Volts
305070
–3.0
ADP3604
87
3
1
4
VIN = 5.0V
2
5
LOAD CURRENT – mA
–5.0
–4.0
1090
V
OUT
– Volts
305070
–3.0
ADP3604
87
3
1
4
VIN = 5.0V
2
5
V
OUT
R
R = 10kV
R = 5kV
110
The output current is supplied solely by the output capacitor
C3 during one-half of the charge-pump cycle. This introduces a
peak-to-peak ripple of:
I
V
RIPPLE
=
2×120 kHz ×C3
L
+IL×ESR
C3
For a nominal F pump of 120 kHz (one-half the nominal 240 kHz
oscillator frequency) and C3 = 10 µF with an ESR of 0.15 Ω,
ripple voltage is approximately 60 mV with a 120 mA load
current.
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) offer great performance and small size. Using multiple capacitors connected in
parallel yields lower ESR and a potential saving in cost. Lighter
loads require proportionally smaller capacitors. To reduce high
frequency noise, bypass the output with a 0.1 µF ceramic
capacitor.
VIN +4.5 – +6V
C1
4.7µF
4.7µF
8
1
C2
ADP3604
3
4
7
5
SENSE
INPUT
2
V
OUT
C3
4.7µF
–3.0V
L1
10µH
C4
4.7µF
Table IV. Recommended Components for Circuit in Figure 18
ADP3604’s output can be turned off by utilizing the shutdown
pin, Pin 4. Pulling the shutdown pin high to a TTL/CMOS
logic compatible level will stop the internal oscillator and turn
OFF the output pass transistor. A digital low level will turn the
output ON. If the shutdown feature of the device is not used,
Pin 4 should be tied to the ground pin of the device.
MAXIMUM OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Maximum unregulated output voltage can be obtained by connecting the sense pin to ground instead of the V
OUT
pin as
shown in Figure 19.
Under this condition, the magnitude of the unregulated output
voltage depends on the load current. V
is inversely propor-
OUT
tional to the load current as shown on the graph in Figure 19.
Figure 17. Circuit with Improved Output Ripple & Noise
Voltage
Table III. Recommended Components for Circuit in Figure 17
If the ADP3604 is supplied from an high-impedance source,
connect an additional bypass capacitor from V+ to ground.
Low-ESR capacitors of up to 100 µF give best results. Place
external capacitors close to the supply pins of the device with
the ground connection made as close to the device ground as
possible. The same ground point should be used for the output
bypass capacitor.
Smaller bypass capacitors can be used in conjunction with a
π-LC filter.
C4
4.7µF
V
OUT
10µH
VIN +4.5 – +6V
L1
1µH
C1
4.7µF
Figure 18. Circuit with Reduced Input and Output Ripple
& Noise Voltage
C2
4.7µF
4.7µF
8
1
C3
ADP3604
3
4
7
5
SENSE
INPUT
2
–3.0V
L2
C5
4.7µF
Figure 19. Maximum Unregulated Output Voltage
Under light loads, 30 mA < I
between –3.0 V to –V
V is possible by inserting a resistor be-
IN
tween the sense pin and the V
, a regulated output voltage
LOAD
pin as shown in Figure 20.
OUT
The output voltage is approximated using the following formula:
V
= –(3 +R/5)
OUT
where V
is in volts and R is in kΩs.
OUT
Figure 20. Maximum Regulated Output Voltage
–6–
REV. 0
Page 7
ADP3604
C2
C1
C4
C5
L1
C3
L2
FILTERED INPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
FILTERED OUTPUT
SHDN
OUTPUT GND
POWER DISSIPATION
The power dissipation of the ADP3604 circuit must be limited
such that the junction temperature of the device does not exceed the maximum junction temperature rating.
Power is dissipated in two components, power loss due to voltage drops in the switches, and the power loss due to MOSFET
drive current losses. Total power dissipation is calculated:
where both V
P≈ (V
IN
and V
IN
– |V
OUT
|)(I
OUT
) + (VIN)(IS)
OUT
are referred to ground pin of the
ADP3604.
For example: Assuming the worst case conditions, V
This is far below the power dissipation capability of the
ADP3604 package which is 660 mW.
LAYOUT AND GROUNDING TIPS
The ADP3604 switches turn on and off very fast. Good PC
board layout practices will ensure the proper operation of the
device. Important layout considerations include:
Use adequate ground and power traces or planes.
Keep components as close as possible to the device.
Use short trace lengths from the input and output capacitors to
the input and output pins respectively.
Use single point ground for the device ground pins and the in-
put and output capacitors.
Improper layouts will result in poor load regulation, especially
with heavy loads.
Table V. Recommended Components for Circuit in Figure 21
The ADP3604 evaluation board is a general purpose circuit
board. Its flexible design allows the user to optimize the circuit
performance by external components selection and circuit configuration. The circuit board can be configured as a basic charge
pump voltage inverter with one pump capacitor and two bypass
capacitors or as a more complex circuit with input and output
LC filters.
PC layout is designed for surface mount components and can
be easily configured for through hole components as well.