Datasheet AD816 Datasheet (Analog Devices)

500 mA Differential Driver and
OUT1 RECEIVER
–IN1 RECEIVER
+IN1 RECEIVER
+IN1 DRIVER
–IN1 DRIVER
OUT1 DRIVER
–V
S
+V
S
OUT2 RECEIVER
–IN2 DRIVER
+IN2 DRIVER
+IN2 RECEIVER
–IN2 RECEIVER
NC
TAB IS
+V
S
NC = NO CONNECT
OUT2 DRIVER
RECEIVER A RECEIVER B
AD816
–V
S
+V
S
DRIVER A & B
B
A
15 14 13 12 11 10
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
a
FEATURES Flexible Configuration
Two Low Noise Voltage Feedback Amplifiers with
High Current Drive, Ideal for ADSL Receivers or Drivers for Low Impedance Loads such as CRT Coils
Two High Current Drive Amplifiers, Ideal for an ADSL
Differential Driver or Single Ended Drivers for Low Impedance Loads such as CRT Coils
Thermal Overload Protection
CURRENT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS/DRIVERS High Output Drive
26 dBm Differential Line Drive for ADSL Transmitters 40 V p-p Differential Output Voltage, R 500 mA Continuous Current, R
L
1 A Peak Current, 1% Duty Cycle, R
Low Distortion
–68 dB @ 1 MHz THD, R
= 100 , VO = 40 V p-p
L
High Speed
120 MHz Bandwidth (–3 dB) 1500 V/s Differential Slew Rate, V 70 ns Settling Time to 0.1%
VOLTAGE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS/RECEIVERS High Input Performance
4 nV/Hz Voltage Noise
15 mV Max Input Offset Voltage
Low Distortion
–68 dB @ 1 MHz THD, V
= 10 V p-p, RL = 200
O
High Speed
100 MHz Bandwidth (–3 dB) 180 V/s Slew Rate
High Output Drive
70 mA Output Current Drive
APPLICATIONS ADSL, VDSL and HDSL Line Interface Driver and Receiver CRT Convergence and Astigmatism Adjustment Coil and Transformer Drivers Composite Audio Amplifiers
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The AD816 consists of two high current drive and two low noise amplifiers. These can be configured differentially for driv­ing low impedance loads and receiving signals over twisted pair cable or could be used independently for single ended driving application such as correction circuits within high resolution CRT Monitors.
REV. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
= 50 @ 1 MHz
L
= 5
= 15 for DMT
L
= 10 V p-p, G = +5
O
Dual Low Noise (VF) Amplifiers
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
The two high output drive amplifiers are capable of supplying a minimum of 500 mA continuous output current and up to 1A peak output current, and when configured differentially,
40 V p-p differential output swing can be achieved on ±15 V supplies into a load of 50 . The drivers have 120 MHz of bandwidth and 1,500 V/µs of differential slew rate while
featuring total harmonic distortion of –68 dB at 1 MHz into a
100 load, specifications required for high frequency telecom-
munication subscriber line drivers.
The low noise voltage feedback amplifiers are fully independent and can be configured differentially for use as receiver amplifi­ers within a subscriber line hybrid interface or individually for
signal conditioning or filtering. The low noise of 4 nV/Hz and
distortion of –68 dB at 1 MHz enable low level signals to be resolved and amplified in the presence of large common-mode
voltages. 100 MHz of bandwidth and 180 V/µs of slew rate
combined with a load drive capability of 70 mA enable these amplifiers to drive passive filters and low inductance coils. The AD816 has thermal overload protection for system reliability and is available in low thermal resistance power packages. The
AD816 operates over the industrial temperature range (–40°C to +85°C).
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781/329-4700 World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com Fax: 781/326-8703 © Analog Devices, Inc., 1999
AD816–SPECIFICATIONS
DRIVER AMPLIFIERS
(@ TA = +25C, VS = 15 V dc, RF = 1 k and R
= 50 unless otherwise noted)
LOAD
AD816A
Model Conditions V
S
Min Typ Max Units
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Small Signal Bandwidth (–3 dB) G = +2, R
R
= 100 Ω±15 100 120 MHz
L
G = +2, R R
= 100 Ω±5 90 110 MHz
L
Bandwidth (0.1 dB) G = +2, R
R
= 100 Ω±15 10 MHz
Differential Slew Rate V
L
OUT
= 499 , V
F
= 499 , V
F
= 499 , V
F
= 0.125 V rms,
IN
= 0.125 V rms,
IN
= 0.125 V rms,
IN
= 10 V p-p, G = +5, R
= 100 Ω±15 1400 1500 V/µs
L
Settling Time to 0.1% 10 V Step, G = +2 ±15 70 ns
NOISE/HARMONIC PERFORMANCE
Total Harmonic Distortion (Differential) f = 1 MHz, R Input Voltage Noise f = 10 Input Current Noise (+I Input Current Noise (–I
) f = 10 kHz, G = +2 ±5, ±15 1.8 pA/√Hz
IN
) f = 10 kHz, G = +2 ±5, ±15 19 pA/Hz
IN
kHz, G = +2 (Single Ended) ±5, ±15 1.85 nV/Hz
Differential Gain Error NTSC, G = +2, R Differential Phase Error NTSC, G = +2, R
= 100 , V
LOAD
= 40 V p-p ±15 –68 dBc
OUT
= 25 Ω±15 0.05 %
LOAD
= 25 Ω±15 0.45 Degrees
LOAD
DC PERFORMANCE
Input Offset Voltage ±5512mV
±15 10 15 mV
T
MIN
to T
MAX
25 mV
Input Offset Voltage Drift 40 µV/°C Differential Offset Voltage ±5, ±15 0.5 2 mV
T
MIN
to T
MAX
5mV
Differential Offset Voltage Drift 5 µV/°C –Input Bias Current ±5, ±15 20 60 µA
T
MIN
to T
MAX
100 µA
+Input Bias Current ±5, ±15 2 5 µA
T
MIN
to T
MAX
5 µA
Differential Input Bias Current ±5, ±15 10 50 µA
T
Open-Loop Transresistance V
to T
T
MIN
OUT
MIN
MAX
= ±10 V, RL = 1 kΩ±5, ±15 0.7 2 MΩ
to T
MAX
0.6 M
50 µA
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Differential Input Resistance +Input ±15 7 MΩ
–Input 15 Differential Input Capacitance ±15 1.4 pF Input Common-Mode Voltage Range ±15 13.5 ±V
±5 3.5 ±V
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio T Differential Common-Mode Rejection Ratio T
MIN
MIN
to T to T
MAX
MAX
±5, ±15 56 60 dB ±5, ±15 80 100 dB
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Voltage Swing Single Ended, R
= 25 Ω±15 23 24.5 V p-p
LOAD
±5 2.2 3.6 V p-p
Continuous Output Current R
Differential, R
T
to T
MIN
LOAD
MAX
= 5 Ω±15 500 750 mA
= 50 Ω±15 46 49 V p-p
LOAD
±15 45 V p-p ±5 200 100 mA
Peak Output Current 10 µs Pulse, 1% Duty Cycle, R
= 15 Ω±15 1.0 A
L
Short Circuit Current Note 1 ±15 1.0 A
NOTES
1
See Power Considerations section.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
–2–
REV. B
AD816
RECEIVER AMPLIFIERS
(@ TA = +25C, VS = 15 V dc, RF = 1 k and R
= 500 unless otherwise noted)
LOAD
AD816A
Model Conditions V
S
Min Typ Max Units
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Small Signal Bandwidth (–3 dB) G = +2, R
G = +2, R
= 100 Ω±15 100 MHz
L
= 100 Ω±5 80 MHz
L
Bandwidth (0.1 dB) G = +2 ±15 30 MHz
G = +2 ±5 40 MHz
Slew Rate V Settling Time to 0.1% V
= 4 V p-p ±15 180 V/µs
OUT
= 10 V p-p Step, G = +2 ±15 45 ns
OUT
NOISE/HARMONIC PERFORMANCE
Total Harmonic Distortion f = 1 MHz, R Input Voltage Noise f = 10
kHz ±5, ±15 4 nV/Hz
= 200 Ω±15 –68 dBc
LOAD
Current Noise f = 10 kHz ±5, ±15 2 pA/Hz
Differential Gain Error NTSC, G = +2, R
= 150 Ω±15 0.04 0.08 %
LOAD
±5 0.05 0.1 %
Differential Phase Error NTSC, G = +2, R
= 150 Ω±15 0.03 0.1 Degrees
LOAD
±5 0.06 0.1 Degrees
DC PERFORMANCE
Input Offset Voltage ±5, ±15 7.5 15 mV
T
MIN
to T
MAX
15 mV
Offset Voltage Drift 20 µV/°C Input Bias Current ±5, ±15 5 7 µA
T
MIN
to T
MAX
15 µA Input Offset Current ±5, ±15 0.5 2 µA Offset Current Drift 1 nA/°C
Open-Loop Gain V
= ±7.5 V, R
OUT
T
to T
MIN
MAX
= 150 Ω±15 3 6 V/mV
LOAD
±15 1 V/mV
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Input Resistance 300 k
Input Capacitance 1.5 pF
Input Common-Mode Voltage Range ±15 +13 +14.3 V
±15 –12 –13.4 V ±5 +3.8 +4.3 V ±5 –2.7 –3.4 V
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio V
= ±5 V ±15 82 110 dB
CM
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage Swing Single Ended, R
T
to T
MIN
MAX
Single Ended, R T
to T
Output Current R
MIN
L
MAX
= 150 Ω±15 65 70 mA
= 150 Ω±15 25.2 25.5 V p-p
LOAD
±15 25.2 V p-p
= 150 Ω±5 6.2 6.4 V p-p
LOAD
±5 6.0 V p-p
Short Circuit Current ±15 105 mA
Specifications subject to change without notice.
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
(@ TA = +25C, VS = 15 V dc, RF = 1 k and R unless otherwise noted)
= 50 (Driver), R
LOAD
= 500 (Receiver)
LOAD
AD816A
Model Conditions V
S
Min Typ Max Units
MATCHING CHARACTERISTICS
Crosstalk:
Driver to Driver f = 1 MHz, V Drivers to Receivers f = 1 MHz, V Receiver to Receiver f = 1 MHz, VIN = 200 mV rms, R
= 200 mV rms, R
IN
= 200 mV rms, R
IN
= 100 Ω±15 –67 dB
LOAD
= 100 Ω±15 –64 dB
LOAD
= 500 Ω±15 –81 dB
LOAD
POWER SUPPLY
Operating Range ±5 ±18 V Quiescent Current ±15 46 56 mA
Driver Supply Rejection Ratio T Receiver Supply Rejection Ratio T
Specifications subject to change without notice.
to T
T
MIN
MIN
MIN
to T to T
MAX
MAX
MAX
±15 59 mA ±15, ±5 –49 –66 dB ±15, ±5 –69 –75 dB
REV. B
–3–
AD816
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±18 V Total
Internal Power Dissipation
2
1
Plastic (Y, YS and VR) . . 3.05 W (Observe Derating Curves)
Input Voltage (Common Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±V
S
Differential Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±6 V
Output Short Circuit Duration
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observe Power Derating Curves
Storage Temperature Range
Y, YS, VR Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to +125°C
Operating Temperature Range
AD816A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –40°C to +85°C
Lead Temperature Range (Soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . . +300°C
NOTES
1
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause perma-
nent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only. functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
2
Specification is for device in free air: 15-Lead Through Hole and Surface Mount:
θJA = 41°C/W.
PIN CONFIGURATION
Y-15 VR-15, YS-15
TOP VIEW
2345678
1
–V
–IN1 DRIVER
+IN1 DRIVER
OUT1 DRIVER
–IN1 RECEIVER
+IN1 RECEIVER
OUT1 RECEIVER
9
10
S
S
+V
–IN2 DRIVER
OUT2 DRIVER
11
12
14
13
15
NC
+IN2 DRIVER
–IN2 RECEIVER
+IN2 RECEIVER
OUT2 RECEIVER
OUT1 RECEIVER
TOP VIEW
2345678
1
–IN1 DRIVER
+IN1 DRIVER
OUT1 DRIVER
–IN1 RECEIVER
+IN1 RECEIVER
9
S
S
–V
+V
OUT2 DRIVER
11
12
14
10
13
–IN2 DRIVER
+IN2 DRIVER
–IN2 RECEIVER
+IN2 RECEIVER
OUT2 RECEIVER
15
NC
MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION
The maximum power that can be safely dissipated by the AD816 is limited by the associated rise in junction temperature. The maximum safe junction temperature for the plastic encap­sulated parts is determined by the glass transition temperature
of the plastic, about 150°C. Exceeding this limit temporarily
may cause a shift in parametric performance due to a change in the stresses exerted on the die by the package. Exceeding a
junction temperature of 175°C for an extended period can result
in device failure.
The AD816 has thermal shutdown protection, which guarantees that the maximum junction temperature of the die remains below a safe level. However, shorting the output to ground or either power supply for an indeterminate period will result in device failure. To ensure proper operation, it is important to observe the derat­ing curves and refer to the section on power considerations.
It must also be noted that in high (noninverting) gain configura­tions (with low values of gain resistor), a high level of input overdrive can result in a large input error current, which may result in a significant power dissipation in the input stage. This power must be included when computing the junction tempera­ture rise due to total internal power.
14 13 12
11 10
9 8 7
θ
= 418C/W
JA
(STILL AIR = 0FT/MIN)
6
NO HEAT SINK
5 4
3 2
MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION – Watts
1 0
–30 –20 –10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
–50 90–40
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE – 8C
θ
= 168C/W
JA
SOLDERED DOWN TO COPPER HEAT SINK AREA (STILL AIR = 0FT/MIN)
AD816 AVR, AY
0
Figure 1. Plot of Maximum Power Dissipation vs. Tem­perature (Copper Heat Sink Area = 2 in.
TJ = 1508C
AD816 AVR, AY
2
)
ORDERING GUIDE
Package
Model Temperature Range Package Description Option
AD816AY –40°C to +85°C 15-Lead Through-Hole SIP with Staggered Leads and 90° Lead Form Y-15 AD816AYS –40°C to +85°C 15-Lead Through-Hole SIP with Staggered Leads and Straight Lead Form YS-15 AD816AVR –40°C to +85°C 15-Lead Surface Mount DDPAK VR-15
CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
WARNING!
Although the AD816 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
–4–
ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
REV. B
)
Typical Driver Performance Characteristics–AD816
30
25
20
15
10
5
SINGLE-ENDED OUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts p-p
0
10 10k100 1k
LOAD RESISTANCE – (Differential – V) (Single-Ended – V/2
VS = 615V
VS = 65V
60
50
40
30
20
10
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts p-p
0
Figure 2. Driver Output Voltage Swing vs. Load Resistance
100
INVERTING INPUT CURRENT NOISE
10
NONINVERTING INPUT
VOLTAGE NOISE – nV/ Hz
1
10 100k100 1k 10k
CURRENT NOISE
INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE
FREQUENCY – Hz
100
10
CURRENT NOISE – pA/ Hz
1
60
50
40
30
20
INPUT BIAS CURRENT – mA
10
0
–40 100–20 0 20 40 60 80
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – 8C
–IB, VS = 615V
–IB, VS = 65V
+IB, VS = 65V, 615V
Figure 5. Driver Input Bias Current vs. Temperature
–40
VS = 615V G = +10
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–100
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION – dBc
–110
100 10M1k
= 40V p-p
V
OUT
RL = 50V (DIFFERENTIAL)
RL = 200V (DIFFERENTIAL)
10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY – Hz
50V
100V
400V
Figure 3. Driver Input Current and Voltage Noise vs. Frequency
0
–10
VS = 615V G = +2
–20
R
= 100V
L
–30 –40 –50
PSRR – dB
–60 –70
–80 –90
–100
0.01
–PSRR
0.1 FREQUENCY – MHz
+PSRR
1 10 100 300
Figure 4. Driver Power Supply Rejection vs. Frequency
Figure 6. Driver Total Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency
80
70
60
50
40
V
IN
30
COMMON-MODE REJECTION – dB
20
10
10k 100M100k
1kV
1kV
1kV
1kV
FREQUENCY – Hz
1M 10M
VS = 615V
V
OUT
Figure 7. Driver Common-Mode Rejection vs. Frequency
REV. B
–5–
AD816–Typical Driver Performance Characteristics
= 100V
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
1400
1200
1000
800
600
(PER AMPLIFIER)
400
SINGLE-ENDED SLEW RATE – V/ms
200
0
0 5 10 15 20
OUTPUT STEP SIZE – V p-p
–SR
DIFFERENTIAL SR
G = +5 R
L
+SR
Figure 8. Driver Slew Rate vs. Output Step Size
15
V
IN
– Volts
VS = 610V
100V
49.9V
1kV
SINGLE DRIVER
1kV
VS = 615V
V
OUT
=
R
L
25V
TA = +258C
10
VS = 65V
5
0
–5
RTI OFFSET – mV
–10
–15
–20 20–16 –12 –8 –4 0 4 8 12 16
f = 0.1Hz
V
OUT
Figure 9. Driver Gain Nonlinearity vs. Output Voltage
80
TA = +258C
60
40
20
0
RTI OFFSET – mV
–20
DIFFERENTIAL SLEW RATE – V/ms
–40
–60
–2.0 2.0–1.6 –1.2 –0.8 –0.4
VS = 65V
V
IN
f = 0.1Hz
100V
49.9V
1kV
0
LOAD CURRENT – Amps
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
VS = 610V
SINGLE DRIVER
1kV
VS = 615V
Figure 11. Driver Thermal Nonlinearity vs. Output Current Drive
40
30
20
10
DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT VOLTAGE – V p-p
0
0146
24 8 12
RL = 100V
RL = 50V
RL = 25V
RL = 1V
FREQUENCY – MHz
TA = +258C
= 615V
V
S
10
Figure 12. Driver Large Signal Frequency Response
V
OUT
R
=
L
5V
100
90
10
0%
5V
1ms
Figure 10. Driver 40 V p-p Differential Sine Wave; RL = 50 Ω, f = 100 kHz
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
CLOSED-LOOP OUTPUT RESISTANCE – V
30k 300M100k
300k 3M 30M
VS = 65V
VS = 615V
1M 10M 100M FREQUENCY – Hz
Figure 13. Driver Closed-Loop Output Resistance vs. Frequency
–6–
REV. B
Typical Driver Characteristics–
FREQUENCY – Hz
100k
INPUT LEVEL – dBV
OUTPUT LEVEL – dBV
300M1M 10M 100M
–12
–15
–18
–21
–24
–27
3
0
–3
–6
–9
–12
–15
–18
6
–21
–9
–6
–3
0
VIN = 0.5Vrms
VIN = 0.25Vrms
VIN = 125mVrms
VIN = 62.5mVrms
G = +2 R
F
= 499V
R
L
= 100V
R
S
= 100V
FREQUENCY – Hz
100k 300M1M
NORMALIZED FLATNESS – dB
10M 100M
0.1
0
–0.1
–0.2 –0.3 –0.4
VIN = 50mVrms G +5
R
L
= 100V
R
S
= 100V
0
–1 –2 –3
–4 –5
–6 –7
1
2
–8
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY RESPONSE – dB
RF = 499V
RF = 604V
RF = 750V
RF = 604V
RF = 750V
g
AD816
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00 –0.01 –0.02
DIFF GAIN – %
–0.03 –0.04
12345 678 91011
0.010
0.005
0.000 PHASE
–0.005 –0.010
–0.015
GAIN
–0.020
DIFF GAIN – %
–0.025 –0.030
12345 678 91011
6 BACK TERMINATED LOADS (25V)
PHASE
GAIN
2 BACK TERMINATED LOADS (75V)
G = +2
= 1kV
R
F
NTSC
G = +2
= 1kV
R
F
NTSC
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
–0.1 –0.2 –0.3
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00 –0.02
–0.04
Figure 14. Driver Differential Gain and Differential
Phase (Per Amplifier)
0
VIN = 200mVrms
–10
INPUT
–20
–30 –40
–50 –60
CROSSTALK – dB
–70
–80 –90
–100
10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
DRIVER
A
100V
50V
499V
499V
DRIVER A = INPUT DRIVER B = OUTPUT
DRIVER B = INPUT DRIVER A = OUTPUT
OUTPUT
100V
FREQUENCY – Hz
OUTPUT
100V
DRIVER
B
499V
100V
INPUT
50V
499V
300M
Figure 15. Driver Output-to-Output Crosstalk vs. Frequency
rees
DIFF PHASE – De
DIFF PHASE – Degrees
Figure 17. Driver Small and Large Signal Frequency Response, G = +2
Figure 18. Driver Frequency Response and Flatness, G = +5
–12 –15 –18
OUTPUT/INPUT LEVEL – dBV
–21 –24
–27
Figure 16. Driver Small and Large Signal Frequency Response, G = +1
REV. B
3
VIN = 1.0Vrms
0
–3
VIN = 0.5Vrms
–6 –9
VIN = 0.25Vrms
VIN = 125mVrms
VIN = 62.5mVrms
100k 1M 10M 100M
FREQUENCY – Hz
G = +1 R
= 499
F
R
= 100
L
= 100
R
S
V V V
300M
3
VIN = 200mVrms
2
G +2
= 100V
R
L
1
= 100V
R
S
0 –1 –2
–3 –4
–5 –6
NORMALIZED FREQUENCY RESPONSE – dB
–7
100k 300M1M 10M 100M
FREQUENCY – Hz
RF = 499V
RF = 604V
RF = 750V
Figure 19. Driver Frequency Response vs. RF, G = +2
–7–
AD816–Typical Driver Performance Characteristics
1kV
10mF
0.1mF
8
0.1mF
7
10mF
RL = 100V
V
PULSE
GENERATOR
T
= 250ps
R/TF
+15V
55V
1kV
100V
AD816
DRIVER A/B
–15V
IN
Figure 20. Test Circuit Gain = –1
Figure 21. Driver 500 mV Step Response, G = –1
499V
10mF
0.1mF
8
0.1mF
7
10mF
V
PULSE
GENERATOR
= 500ps
T
R/TF
+15V
499V
AD816
DRIVER A/B
IN
100V
50V
–15V
Figure 24. Driver Test Circuit, Gain = +2
Figure 25. 10 V Step Response, G = +2
RL = 100V
Figure 22. Driver 4 V Step Response, G = –1
R
F
10mF
0.1mF
8
0.1mF
7
10mF
RL = 100V
V
PULSE
GENERATOR
TR/TF = 250ps
+15V
R
G
AD816
DRIVER A/B
IN
100V
50V
–15V
Figure 23. Test Circuit, Gain = 1 + RF/R
Figure 26. Driver 400 mV Step Response, G = +2
G
–8–
Figure 27. Driver 20 V Step Response, G = +5
REV. B
Typical Receiver Performance Characteristics–AD816
(
)
50
40
30
20
10
INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE – nV/ Hz
0
3 10M10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY – Hz
Figure 28. Receiver Input Voltage Noise Spectral Density
5 4
V
3 2
1
0
GAIN – dB
–1 –2 –3
–4
–5
100k
IN
1kV
50V
1kV
V
100V
VS = 65V
FREQUENCY – Hz
OUT
VS = 615V
300M1M 10M 100M
Figure 29. Receiver Closed-Loop Gain vs. Frequency, Gain = –1
–40
G = +5
= 14V p-p
V
–50
OUT
RF = 4kV RL = 1kV
–60
–70
–80
HARMONIC DISTORTION – dB
–90
–100
100 10M1k
10k 100k 1M
FREQUENCY – Hz
Figure 31. Receiver Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency
3
VIN = 1.0Vrms
0
–3
VIN = 0.5Vrms
–6 –9
VIN = 0.25Vrms
–12
–15
VIN = 0.125Vrms
–18
INPUT LEVEL – dBV
–21
VIN = 0.0625Vrms
–24 –27
100k 300M1M
FREQUENCY – Hz
10M 100M
G = +2
= 1kV
R
F
= 2.2pF
C
F
= 100V
R
L
= 0V
R
S
9
6 3
0
– dBV
–3
RTO
–6
–9 –12
OUTPUT LEVEL
–15 –18 –21
Figure 32. Receiver Small and Large Signal Frequency Response, Gain = +2
100
80
60
CMR – dB
V
IN
40
0
1k 10M10k
Figure 30. Receiver Common-Mode Rejection vs. Frequency
1kV 1kV
1kV
V
1kV
100k 1M
FREQUENCY – Hz
OUT
REV. B
100
90
80
70
60
50
PSR – dB
40
30
20
10
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
NEGATIVE
SUPPLY
FREQUENCY – Hz
POSITIVE SUPPLY
Figure 33. Receiver Power Supply Rejection vs. Frequency
–9–
AD816–Typical Receiver Performance Characteristics
2.2pF
1kV
0.1mF
10mF
10mF
0.1mF
V
OUT
R
L
V
PULSE
GENERATOR
= 500ps
T
R/TF
+15V
1kV
IN
AD816
REC A/B
8
7
50V
–15V
Figure 34. Test Circuit, Gain = +2
Figure 35. Receiver 10 V Step Response, G = +2
1kV
0.1mF
10mF
10mF
0.1mF RL = 500V
V
PULSE
GENERATOR
= 250ps
T
R/TF
+15V
IN
1kV
50V
AD816
REC A/B
8
7
–15V
Figure 38. Test Circuit, Gain = –1
50ns
5V
Figure 39. Receiver 10 V Step Response, G = –1
V
OUT
Figure 36. Receiver 400 mV Step Response, G = +2
0
VIN = 200mVrms
–10
INPUT
–20
–30 –40 –50
–60
CROSSTALK – dB
–70
–80 –90
–100
0.01
REC A
50V
1kV
OUTPUT
100V
1kV
2.2pF
RECEIVER B : INPUT RECEIVER A : OUTPUT
0.1 FREQUENCY – MHz
REC B
OUTPUT
RECEIVER A = INPUT RECEIVER B = OUTPUT
1kV100V
2.2pF
INPUT
50V
1kV
1 10 100
300
50ns
Figure 40. Receiver 400 mV Step Response, G = –1
0
–10 –20
–30 –40 –50
–60
CROSSTALK – dB
–70
–80 –90
–100
0.01
DRV A
INPUT
100V
50V
499V
499V
499V
499V
100V
INPUT
50V
DRV B
DRIVER A: INPUT
RECEIVER A: OUTPUT
DRIVER A: INPUT
RECEIVER B: OUTPUT
0.1
REC A
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
1kV
100V
100V
2.2pF
2.2pF
1kV
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
100V
100V
REC B
DRIVER B: INPUT RECEIVER A: OUTPUT
FREQUENCY – MHz
VIN = 200mVrms
INPUT
50V
1kV
1kV
INPUT
50V
DRIVER B: INPUT RECEIVER A: OUTPUT
3001 10 100
Figure 37. Receiver Output-to-Output Crosstalk vs. Frequency
–10–
Figure 41. Driver-to-Receiver Crosstalk vs. Frequency
REV. B
AD816
THEORY OF OPERATION (DRIVER)
The AD816 driver is a dual current feedback amplifier with high (500 mA) output current capability. Being a current feedback amplifier, the AD816 driver’s open-loop behavior is expressed
/I
as transimpedance, ∆V
, or TZ. The open-loop trans-
O
–IN
impedance behaves just as the open-loop voltage gain of a volt­age feedback amplifier, that is, it has a large dc value and de­creases at roughly 6 dB/octave in frequency.
Since R just T
is proportional to 1/gM, the equivalent voltage gain is
IN
× g
, where the gM in question is the transconductance
Z
M
of the input stage. Figure 42 shows the driver connected as a follower with gain. Basic analysis yields the following results:
T
S
V
O
= G ×
V
IN
TZS
()
()
Z
+G × RIN+ R
F
where:
G =
RIN = 1/g
R
G
25
M
V
IN
R
F
R
G
R
IN
R
N
V
OUT
R
F
1 +
Figure 42. Current-Feedback Amplifier Operation
Recognizing that G × R
<< RF for low gains, it can be seen to
IN
the first order that bandwidth for this amplifier is independent of gain (G).
Considering that additional poles contribute excess phase at high frequencies, there is a minimum feedback resistance below which peaking or oscillation may result. This fact is used to determine the optimum feedback resistance, R
. In practice
F
parasitic capacitance at the inverting input terminal will also add phase in the feedback loop so that picking an optimum value for
can be difficult.
R
F
Achieving and maintaining gain flatness of better than 0.1 dB at frequencies above 10 MHz requires careful consideration of several issues.
Choice of Feedback and Gain Resistors
The fine scale gain flatness will, to some extent, vary with feedback resistance. It is therefore recommended that once optimum resistor values have been determined, 1% tolerance values should be used if it is desired to maintain flatness over a wide range of production lots. Table I shows optimum values for several useful gain configurations. These should be used as a starting point in any application.
Table I. Driver Resistor Values
RF ()RG (⍀)
G = +1 604
–1 499 499 +2 499 499 +5 499 125 +10 1k 110
DRIVER DC ERRORS AND NOISE
There are three major noise and offset terms to consider in a current feedback amplifier. For offset errors refer to the equa­tion below. For noise error the terms are root-sum-squared to give a net output error. In the circuit below (Figure 43), they are input offset (V the noise gain of the circuit (1 + R current (I
BN
× R
inverting input current, which when divided between R
) which appears at the output multiplied by
IO
) also multiplied by the noise gain, and the
N
), noninverting input
F/RG
and R
F
G
and subsequently multiplied by the noise gain always appear at
× R
the output as I
. The input voltage noise of the AD816 is
BI
F
less than 4 nV/Hz. At low gains, however, the inverting input
current noise times R
is the dominant noise source. Careful
F
layout and device matching contribute to better offset and drift. The typical performance curves in conjunction with the equations below can be used to predict the performance of the AD816 in any application.
V
OUT
=VIO 1 +
R
G
VIO
R
N
R
F
± I
R
G
I
BI
I
BN
BNRN
R
F
AD816 DRIVERS
R
F
1+
± I
BIRF
R
G
V
OUT
Figure 43. Driver Output Offset Voltage
THEORY OF OPERATION (RECEIVER)
Each AD816 receiver is a wide band high performance opera­tional amplifier. It also provides a constant slew rate, bandwidth and settling time over its entire specified temperature range.
The AD816 receiver consists of a degenerated NPN differential pair driving matched PNPs in a folded-cascode gain stage. The output buffer stage employs emitter followers in a class AB amplifier which deliver the necessary current to the load while maintaining low levels of distortion.
A protection resistor in series with the noninverting input is required in circuits where the input to the receiver could be subject to transients on continuous overload voltages exceeding
the ±6 V maximum differential limit. The resistor provides
protection for the input transistors, by limiting their maximum base current.
REV. B
–11–
AD816
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
As to be expected for a wideband amplifier, PC board parasitics can affect the overall closed-loop performance. Of concern are stray capacitances at the output and the inverting input nodes. If a ground plane is to be used on the same side of the board as the signal traces, a space (5 mm min) should be left around the signal lines to minimize coupling.
POWER SUPPLY BYPASSING
Adequate power supply bypassing can be critical when optimiz­ing the performance of a high frequency circuit. Inductance in the power supply leads can form resonant circuits that produce peaking in the amplifier’s response. In addition, if large current transients must be delivered to the load, then bypass capacitors
(typically greater than 1 µF) will be required to provide the best
settling time and lowest distortion. A parallel combination of
10.0 µF and 0.1 µF is recommended. Under some low frequency applications, a bypass capacitance of greater than 10 µF may be
necessary. Due to the large load currents delivered by the AD816, special consideration must be given to careful bypassing. The ground returns on both supply bypass capacitors as well as signal common must be “star” connected as shown in Figure 44.
+V
S
OUT
OUT
RECEIVER A
R
F
R
F
RECEIVER B
IN
R
G
R
G
IN
+IN
DRIVER A
R
(OPTIONAL)
DRIVER B
–IN
+OUT
R
F
G
R
F
–OUT
–V
S
Figure 44. Signal Ground Connected in “Star” Configuration
POWER CONSIDERATIONS
The 500 mA drive capability of the AD816 driver enables it to
drive a 50 load at 40 V p-p when it is configured as a dif-
ferential driver. This implies a power dissipation, P
, of nearly
IN
5 watts. To ensure reliability, the junction temperature of the
AD816 should be maintained at less than 175°C. For this rea-
son, the AD816 will require some form of heat sinking in most applications. The thermal diagram of Figure 45 gives the basic
relationship between junction temperature (T
components of θ
T
J=TA+PINθJA
P
.
JA
Equation 1
T
J
T
A
CASE
θ
T
JC
J
IN
WHERE:
P
= DEVICE POWER DISSIPATION
IN
TA = AMBIENT TEMPERATURE TJ = JUNCTION TEMPERATURE
θJC = THERMAL RESISTANCE – JUNCTION TO CASE θCA = THERMAL RESISTANCE – CASE TO AMBIENT
θ
JA
θ
B
θ
+ θB = θ
A
θ
CA
θA
(DIE MOUNT TO CASE)
) and various
J
(JUNCTION TO DIE MOUNT)
JC
T
A
Figure 45. A Breakdown of Various Package Thermal Resistances
Figure 46 gives the relationship between output voltage swing into various loads and the power dissipated by the AD816 (P
).
IN
This data is given for both sine wave and square wave (worst case) conditions. It should be noted that these graphs are for
mostly resistive (phase < ±10°) loads. When the power dissipation
requirements are known, Equation 1 and the graph on Figure 47 can be used to choose an appropriate heat sinking configuration.
4
3
– Watts
IN
P
2
1
f = 1kHz VS = 615V
SQUARE WAVE
10 20 30 40
V
OUT
– Volts p-p
RL = 50V
SINE WAVE
RL = 100V
RL = 200V
Figure 46. Total Power Dissipation vs Differential Driver Output Voltage
–12–
REV. B
AD816
Normally, the AD816 will be soldered directly to a copper pad.
Figure 47 plots θ
against size of copper pad. This data pertains
JA
to copper pads on both sides of G10 epoxy glass board connected together with a grid of feedthroughs on 5 mm centers.
This data shows that loads of 100 ohms or greater will usually not require any more than this. This is a feature of the AD816’s 15-lead power SIP package.
An important component of θ
is the thermal resistance of the
JA
package to heatsink. The data given is for a direct soldered connection of package to copper pad. The use of heatsink grease either with or without an insulating washer will increase this number. Several options now exist for dry thermal connec­tions. These are available from Bergquist as part # SP600-90. Consult with the manufacturer of these products for details of their application.
COPPER HEAT SINK AREA (TOP AND BOTTOM) – in
35
30
25
8C/W
JA
θ
20
123
AD816AVR, AY JC = 28C/W)
2
The AD816 is equipped with a thermal shutdown circuit. This circuit ensures that the temperature of the AD816 die remains below a safe level. In normal operation, the circuit shuts down
the AD816 at approximately 180°C and allows the circuit to turn back on at approximately 140°C. This built-in hysteresis
means that a sustained thermal overload will cycle between power-on and power-off conditions. The thermal cycling typi­cally occurs at a rate of 1 ms to several seconds, depending on the power dissipation and the thermal time constants of the package and heat sinking. Figures 48 and 49 illustrate the ther­mal shutdown operation after driving OUT1 to the + rail, and OUT2 to the – rail, and then short-circuiting to ground each output of the AD816. The AD816 will not be damaged by momentary operation in this state, but the overload condition should be removed.
15
10
0 2.5k0.5k
COPPER HEAT SINK AREA (TOP AND BOTTOM) – mm
1k 1.5k 2k
2
Figure 47. Power Package Thermal Resistance vs. Heat Sink Area
Other Power Considerations
There are additional power considerations applicable to the AD816. First, as with many current feedback amplifiers, there is an increase in supply current when delivering a large peak-to-peak voltage to a resistive load at high frequencies. This behavior is affected by the load present at the amplifier’s output. Figure 12 summarizes the full power response capabilities of the AD816 driver. These curves apply to the differential driver applications (right-hand side of Figure 52). In Figure 12, maximum continu­ous peak-to-peak output voltage is plotted vs. frequency for various resistive loads. Exceeding this value on a continuous basis can damage the AD816.
Figure 48. OUT2 Shorted to Ground Through a 2
Resistor, Square Wave Is OUT1, RF = 1 kΩ, RG = 222
Figure 49. OUT1 Shorted to Ground Through a 2
Resistor, Square Wave Is OUT2, RF = 1 kΩ, RG = 222
REV. B
–13–
AD816
APPLICATIONS
ADSL Transceiver
The AD816 is designed for the primary purpose of providing an integrated solution for the transmit and receive functions of an ADSL modem. ADSL or Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line is a means for delivering up to 6 Mbps from a telephone central office (CO) into a home over the conventional telephone twisted pair (local loop) and a few hundred kbps simultaneously in the opposite direction.
The transmit/receive block is commonly referred to as a hybrid, which is an old telephone term, and the function was originally performed with passive circuitry in early phone systems. The hybrid’s function is to deliver maximum transmit power down the line, while providing the receive circuitry with a maximum receive signal and a minimized (self) transmit signal. As the line gets longer, this separation becomes much more difficult, be­cause the transmit signal must be larger to reach the other end with acceptable SNR, while the receive signal is more attenu­ated by the longer line.
The figure of merit for the performance of the hybrid is com­monly called trans-hybrid loss and is a measure of how much the transmit signal that appears in the receive circuit has been attenuated relative to the amplitude of the transmit signal itself. It is measured in dBs and is a function of frequency.
+15V
In addition to the passive circuits that have been used over time, active circuit techniques can enhance the hybrid’s performance. Figure 50 shows one of the various hybrid circuits that uses the AD816 in an ADSL application. The high power op amps serve as the transmitter, while the low noise amplifiers serve as the receiver.
The power amplifiers of the AD816 (D1 and D2) are arranged in a differential configuration that receives its inputs from the differential outputs of a D/A converter. The outputs differen­tially drive the transformer primary with a turns ratio of 1:2. The line on the secondary side of the transformer has an imped-
ance of 120 . Thus one quarter of this resistance (30 ) is
required for back termination on the primary side due to the impedance scaling by the square of the turns ratio. This resis-
tance is divided in half (15 ) and put on each side of the drive
buffers for symmetry (R101 and R201).
The receive section (R1 and R2) is configured as a pair of differ­ence amplifiers that together produce a differential output that consists of the receive signal in addition to the transmit signal attenuated by the trans-hybrid loss.
The circuit is highly symmetrical, so a single-ended explanation can be easily generalized to understand the differential opera­tion. D1 output terminals (Pin 6 of the AD816) drives the top of the primary of T1 through R101. A voltage divider is formed
0.1mF
8
4
V+
5
806V
10
11
V–
D1
D2
–15V
7
6
715V
715V
9
AD816
0.1mF
10mF
10mF
C201
8.2mF
R202 196V
R203 196V
L201
12mH
R201
15V
R204
1.18kV
C101
8.2mF
R102 196V
R103 196V
L101
12mH
R101
15V
R104
1.18kV
R105 162V
R107
1kV
R205 162V
R207
1kV
T1
XFRMR
12 4
10 9 6
R106 348V
3
AD816
2
2.37kV
R206 348V
12
AD816
13
2.37kV
8
R1
R108
R2
R208
C601
0.1mF TELEPHONE
7 5
TWISTED PAIR
C602
0.1mF
1
14
RCV OUT+
RCV OUT–
Figure 50. AD816 as an ADSL Transceiver
–14–
REV. B
AD816
by R101 and all the downstream circuitry comprised of T1, the transmission line and its termination. For an ideal transformer,
transmission line and termination, this will appear to be 15 Ω,
and thus the signal appearing at Pins 1 and 2 of T1 will be the output of D1 divided by two in the ideal case. This signal is applied to the input of R1 (Receive 1 of the AD816) (Pin 3) via R105.
In some ADSL systems (DMT), there is a need to transmit higher crest factor signals. Typically this is done by increasing the turns ratio of T1 to as much as 4:1. In this case, R101 and
R201 would be 3.75 , and the peak current of the AD816
(1 A) would be the drive limit of the transmitter.
R1 is configured as a difference amplifier. The negative side (Pin 2) is driven by another signal that is a divided down version of the output of D1. This circuit is formed by R102 as one side of the voltage divider along with R103, C101, R104 and L101 as the other half of the divider. If the frequency dependent impedance part of this circuit matches the transformer, trans­mission line and termination impedance, then the signals applied to both sides of the difference-amp-configured R1 will be the same, and the transmit signal will be totally subtracted out by the circuit.
In a real-world situation, it is not practical (or even possible) to subtract out all of the transmit signal (100% trans-hybrid loss), but only provide a first order cancellation which goes a long way toward reducing the dynamic range of the RCVOUT signal. The overall performance of this circuit depends on the ability to build a lumped element network that matches the impedance of the transmission line over the frequency range required for
ADSL ( 20 kHz to 1.1 MHz).
The circuits formed by D2 and R2 of the AD816 are totally symmetric with those formed by D1 and R1 and work in the same fashion. All the components in the D1, R1 circuits that are numbered with 100 range numbers are numbered with 200 range numbers in the D2, R2 circuits.
The receive signal from the telephone line creates a differential signal across the primary of T1. There is, however, a two to one reduction in amplitude due to turns ratio of T1. This differen­tial signal is applied to the + inputs (Pins 3 and 12) of R1 and R2. The receive amplifiers buffer this signal and present a differ­ential output at Pins 1 and 14. There is no significant receive signal applied to the negative inputs of R1 and R2 due to the attenuating effects of R101 and R201 and the low output impedances of D1 and D2.
Thus, the overall circuit provides first order cancellation of the transmit signal and differential buffering of the receive signal.
Dual Composite Amplifier
A composite amplifier uses two different op amps together in a circuit to yield an overall performance that has some of the advantages of each op amp. In the case of the AD816, two com­posite amplifiers can be constructed that offer the low noise of the receiver amps in addition to the high current output of the driver amps.
The circuit in Figure 51 shows an example of such a circuit. It uses receiver amp R1 for the low noise first stage and driver D1 for the high output current second stage. Both local and overall feedback are used to get the desired response.
2
R1
V
IN
3
4
5
6
D1
V
OUT
Figure 51. AD816 Composite Amplifier
Creating Differential Signals
If only a single-ended signal is available to drive the AD816 and a differential output signal is desired, a circuit can be used to perform the single-ended to differential conversion.
The circuit shown in Figure 52 performs this function. It uses the AD816 with the gain of one receiver set at +1 and the gain
of the other at –1. The 1 k resistor across the input terminals
of the follower makes the noise gain (NG = 2) equal to the inverter’s. The two receiver outputs then differentially drive the inputs to the AD816 driver with no common-mode signal to first order.
+15V
458
AD816
10
AD816
11
–15V
0.1mF
10mF
6
R
F
499V
R
L
R
F
499V
9
7
10mF
0.1mF
RECEIVER #1
1kV
1kV
RECEIVER #2
3
AD816
2
6
AD816
5
+15V
–15V
4
8
1kV
1kV
0.1mF
7
0.1mF
100V
1
DRIVER #1
R
G
100V
DRIVER #2
100V
Figure 52. Differential Driver with Single-Ended Differential Converter
REV. B
–15–
AD816
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
0.146 (3.70)
0.138 (3.50)
15-Lead Surface Mount DDPAK
(VR-15)
0.110 (2.79)
0.152 (3.86)
BSC
0.148 (3.76)
0.694 (17.63)
0.684 (17.37)
1
PIN 1
0.100 (2.54) BSC
(10.007)
0.600 (15.24) BSC
0.798 (20.27)
0.778 (19.76)
0.031 (0.79)
0.024 (0.60)
0.394
15
0.137 (3.479) TYP
0.042 (1.066) TYP
0.080 (2.03)
0.065 (1.65) 2 PLACES
0.079 (2.006) DIA 2 PLACES
0.182 (4.62)
0.172 (4.37)
SEATING PLANE
15-Lead Through-Hole SIP with Staggered Leads
0.516
(13.106)
0.063 (1.60)
0.057 (1.45)
0.426 (10.82)
0.416 (10.57)
0.088 (2.24)
0.068 (1.72)
8° 0°
0.024 (0.61)
0.014 (0.36)
and Straight Lead Form
(YS-15)
15-Lead Through-Hole SIP with Staggered Leads
and 90 Lead Form
(Y-15)
0.110 (2.79)
BSC
0.694 (17.63)
0.684 (17.37)
0.426 (10.82)
0.416 (10.57)
PIN 1
SEATING
PLANE
0.152 (3.86)
0.148 (3.76)
1 15
0.050 (1.27)
BSC
0.700 (17.78) BSC
(10.007)
0.798 (20.27)
0.778 (19.76)
0.031 (0.79)
0.024 (0.60)
0.394
0.137 (3.479) TYP
0.042 (1.066) TYP
0.080 (2.03)
0.065 (1.65) 2 PLACES
0.079 (2.006) DIA 2 PLACES
0.182 (4.62)
0.172 (4.37)
0.209 ±0.010 (5.308 ±0.254)
±0.006
(17.043
0.516 (13.106)
±0.152) SHORT
0.671
LEAD
0.063 (1.60)
0.057 (1.45)
±0.006
(16.916 ±0.152)
LONG LEAD
0.024 (0.61)
0.014 (0.36)
0.666
0.691 ±0.010 (17.551 ±0.254)
0.766 ±0.010 (19.456 ±0.254)
0.791 ±0.010 (20.091 ±0.254)
C2191b–0–12/99 (rev. B)
0.110
0.152 (3.86)
(2.79)
0.148 (3.76)
BSC
0.694 (17.63)
0.684 (17.37)
0.426 (10.82)
0.416 (10.57)
1 15
PIN 1
0.050 (1.27)
0.394
(10.007)
0.700 (17.78) BSC
0.798 (20.27)
0.778 (19.76)
BSC
0.031 (0.79)
0.024 (0.60)
0.137 (3.48) TYP
0.042 (1.07) TYP
0.080 (2.03)
0.065 (1.65) 2 PLACES
0.079 (2.007) DIA 2 PLACES
0.182 (4.62)
0.172 (4.37)
SEATING PLANE
0.063 (1.60)
0.057 (1.45)
0.627
±0.010
(15.926
0.516 (13.106)
±0.254) SHORT
LEAD
0.024 (0.61)
0.014 (0.36)
0.169 (4.29)
BSC
0.601
±0.010
(15.265 ±0.254)
LONG LEAD
0.200
(5.08)
BSC
0.710 (18.03)
0.690 (17.53)
0.176 (4.47)
0.150 (3.81)
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
–16–
REV. B
Loading...