Datasheet AD8037-EB, AD8036AR-REEL7, AD8036AR-REEL, AD8036AR, AD8036AN Datasheet (Analog Devices)
...Page 1
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
4
3
2
1
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
INPUT VOLTAGE – Volts
OUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts
VL = –3V
VL = –2V
VL = –1V
VH = 1V
VH = 2V
VH = 3V
AD8036
Low Distortion, Wide Bandwidth
a
Voltage Feedback Clamp Amps
AD8036/AD8037
FEATURES
Superb Clamping Characteristics
3 mV Clamp Error
1.5 ns Overdrive Recovery
Minimized Nonlinear Clamping Region
240 MHz Clamp Input Bandwidth
3.9 V Clamp Input Range
Wide Bandwidth AD8036 AD8037
Small Signal 240 MHz 270 MHz
Large Signal (4 V p-p) 195 MHz 190 MHz
Good DC Characteristics
2 mV Offset
10 V/C Drift
Ultralow Distortion, Low Noise
–72 dBc typ @ 20 MHz
4.5 nV/√Hz Input Voltage Noise
High Speed
Slew Rate 1500 V/s
Settling 10 ns to 0.1%, 16 ns to 0.01%
3 V to 5 V Supply Operation
APPLICATIONS
ADC Buffer
IF/RF Signal Processing
High Quality Imaging
Broadcast Video Systems
Video Amplifier
Full Wave Rectifier
large-signal bandwidths and ultralow distortion. The AD8036
achieves –66 dBc at 20 MHz, and 240 MHz small-signal and
195 MHz large-signal bandwidths. The AD8036 and AD8037’s
recover from 2× clamp overdrive within 1.5 ns. These characteristics position the AD8036/AD8037 ideally for driving as well as
buffering flash and high resolution ADCs.
In addition to traditional output clamp amplifier applications,
the input clamp architecture supports the clamp levels as additional inputs to the amplifier. As such, in addition to static dc
clamp levels, signals with speeds up to 240 MHz can be applied
to the clamp pins. The clamp values can also be set to any value
within the output voltage range provided that V
. Due to these clamp characteristics, the AD8036 and AD8037
V
L
can be used in nontraditional applications such as a full-wave
rectifier, a pulse generator, or an amplitude modulator. These
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
The AD8036 and AD8037 are wide bandwidth, low distortion
clamping amplifiers. The AD8036 is unity gain stable. The
AD8037 is stable at a gain of two or greater. These devices
allow the designer to specify a high (V
) and low (VCL) output
CH
clamp voltage. The output signal will clamp at these specified
novel applications are only examples of some of the diverse
applications which can be designed with input clamps.
The AD8036 is offered in chips, industrial (–40°C to +85°C)
and military (–55°C to +125°C) package temperature ranges
and the AD8037 in industrial. Industrial versions are available
in plastic DIP and SOIC; MIL versions are packaged in cerdip.
levels. Utilizing a unique patent pending CLAMPIN™ input
clamp architecture, the AD8036 and AD8037 offer a 10×
improvement in clamp performance compared to traditional
output clamping devices. In particular, clamp error is typically
3 mV or less and distortion in the clamp region is minimized.
This product can be used as a classical op amp or a clamp
amplifier where a high and low output voltage are specified.
The AD8036 and AD8037, which utilize a voltage feedback
architecture, meet the requirements of many applications which
previously depended on current feedback amplifiers. The AD8036
and AD8037 exhibit an exceptionally fast and accurate pulse
response (16 ns to 0.01%), extremely wide small-signal and
CLAMPIN is a trademark of Analog Devices, Inc.
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
8-Lead Plastic DIP (N), Cerdip (Q),
and SO Packages
AD8036/
NC
–INPUT
+INPUT
–V
1
2
3
4
S
NC = NO CONNECT
AD8037
(Top View)
8
7
6
5
V
H
+V
S
OUTPUT
V
L
H
is greater that
REV. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and
reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its
use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties
which may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or
otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.
Figure 1. Clamp DC Accuracy vs. Input Voltage
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781/329-4700 World Wide Web Site: http://www.analog.com
Fax: 781/326-8703 © Analog Devices, Inc., 2000
Page 2
AD8036/AD8037–SPECIFICATIONS
(VS = 5 V; R
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit
DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Bandwidth (–3 dB)
Small Signal V
Large Signal
1
Bandwidth for 0.1 dB Flatness V
Slew Rate, Average +/– V
Rise/Fall Time V
Settling Time
To 0.1% V
To 0.01% V
HARMONIC/NOISE PERFORMANCE
2nd Harmonic Distortion 2 V p-p; 20 MHz, R
3rd Harmonic Distortion 2 V p-p; 20 MHz, R
3rd Order Intercept 25 MHz 46 41 dBm
Noise Figure R
Input Voltage Noise 1 MHz to 200 MHz 6.7 4.5 nV√Hz
Input Current Noise 1 MHz to 200 MHz 2.2 2.1 pA√Hz
Average Equivalent Integrated
Input Noise Voltage 0.1 MHz to 200 MHz 95 60 µV rms
Differential Gain Error (3.58 MHz) R
Differential Phase Error (3.58 MHz) R
Phase Nonlinearity DC to 100 MHz 1.1 1.1 Degree
CLAMP PERFORMANCE
Clamp Voltage Range
2
Clamp Accuracy 2× Overdrive, V
Clamp Nonlinearity Range
Clamp Input Bias Current (V
3
or VL) 8036, V
H
Clamp Input Bandwidth (–3 dB) V
Clamp Overshoot 2× Overdrive, V
Overdrive Recovery 2× Overdrive 1.5 1.3 ns
4,
DC PERFORMANCE
Input Offset Voltage
RL = 150 Ω
5
Offset Voltage Drift ±10 ± 10 µV/°C
Input Bias Current 410 39µA
Input Offset Current 0.3 3 0.1 3 µA
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio V
Open-Loop Gain V
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Input Resistance 500 500 kΩ
Input Capacitance 1.2 1.2 pF
Input Common-Mode Voltage Range ±2.5 ±2.5 V
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Output Voltage Range, R
Output Current 70 70 mA
= 150 Ω±3.2 ± 3.9 ±3.2 ±3.9 V
L
Output Resistance 0.3 0.3 Ω
Short Circuit Current 240 240 mA
POWER SUPPLY
Operating Range ±3.0 ±5.0 ±6.0 ±3.0 ± 5.0 ± 6.0 V
Quiescent Current 20.5 21.5 18.5 19.5 mA
Power Supply Rejection Ratio T
NOTES
1
See Max Ratings and Theory of Operation sections of data sheet.
2
See Max Ratings.
3
Nonlinearity is defined as the voltage delta between the set input clamp voltage (VH or VL) and the voltage at which V
4
Measured at AV = 50.
5
Measured with respect to the inverting input.
Specific
ations subject to change without notice.
OUT
8036, V
OUT
8036, R
OUT
OUT
V
OUT
OUT
OUT
R
L
R
L
S
L
L
VCH or V
T
MIN–TMAX
T
MIN–TMAX
CH
T
MIN–TMAX
T
MIN–TMAX
T
MIN–TMAX
CM
OUT
T
MIN–TMAX
T
MIN–TMAX
MIN–TMAX
otherwise noted)
≤ 0.4 V p-p 150 240 200 270 MHz
= 2.5 V p-p; 8037, V
OUT
≤ 0.4 V p-p
= 140 Ω; 8037, RF = 274 Ω 130 130 MHz
F
= 4 V Step, 10–90% 900 1200 1100 1500 V/µs
= 0.5 V Step, 10–90% 1.4 1.2 ns
= 4 V Step, 10–90% 2.6 2.2 ns
= 2 V Step 10 10 ns
= 2 V Step 16 16 ns
= 100 Ω –59 –52 –52 –45 dBc
= 500 Ω –66 –59 –72 –65 dBc
= 500 Ω –72 –65 –80 –73 dBc
= 50 Ω 18 14 dB
= 150 Ω 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.04 %
= 150 Ω 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 Degree
CL
H, L
or V
CL
= ±2 V 66 90 70 90 dB
= ±2.5 V 48 55 54 60 dB
L
= 100 Ω –68 –61 –70 –63 dBc
L
= +2 V, VCL = –2 V ±3 ± 10 ±3 ± 10 mV
CH
= ±1 V; 8037, V
= 2 V p-p 150 240 180 270 MHz
or VCL = 2 V p-p 1 5 1 5 %
CH
= 100 ; AV = +1 (AD8036); AV = +2 (AD8037), VH, VL open, unless
LOAD
AD8036A AD8037A
= 3.5 V p-p 160 195 160 190 MHz
OUT
±3.3 ±3.9 ± 3.3 ±3.9 V
±20 ±20 mV
100 100 mV
= ±0.5 V ±40 ± 60 ±50 ±70 µA
H, L
±80 ±90 µA
27 27mV
11 10 mV
15 15 µA
55µA
40 46 dB
25 24 mA
50 60 56 66
starts deviating from VIN (see Figure 73).
OUT
d
B
–2–
REV. B
Page 3
AD8036/AD8037
WARNING!
ESD SENSITIVE DEVICE
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
1
Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 V
Voltage Swing × Bandwidth Product . . . . . . . . . . . 350 V-MHz
|V
|V
Internal Power Dissipation
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ≤ 6.3 V
H–VIN
| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ≤ 6.3 V
L–VIN
2
Plastic DIP Package (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Watts
Small Outline Package (SO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 Watts
Input Voltage (Common Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ± V
S
Differential Input Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ± 1.2 V
Output Short Circuit Duration
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Observe Power Derating Curves
Storage Temperature Range N, R . . . . . . . . .–65°C to +125°C
Operating Temperature Range (A Grade) . . . –40°C to +85°C
Lead Temperature Range (Soldering 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . 300°C
NOTES
1
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the
device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating
conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
2
Specification is for device in free air:
8-Lead Plastic DIP: θJA = 90°C/W
8-Lead SOIC: θJA = 155°C/W
8-Lead Cerdip: θJA = 110°C/W.
METALIZATION PHOTO
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
Connect Substrate to –VS.
–IN
2
V
8
+V
H
S
7
MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION
The maximum power that can be safely dissipated by these
devices is limited by the associated rise in junction temperature.
The maximum safe junction temperature for plastic encapsulated
devices is determined by the glass transition temperature of the
plastic, approximately 150°C. Exceeding this limit temporarily
may cause a shift in parametric performance due to a change
in the stresses exerted on the die by the package. Exceeding
a junction temperature of 175°C for an extended period can
result in device failure.
While the AD8036 and AD8037 are internally short circuit protected, this may not be sufficient to guarantee that the maximum junction temperature (150°C) is not exceeded under all
conditions. To ensure proper operation, it is necessary to observe
the maximum power derating curves.
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
MAXIMUM POWER DISSIPATION – Watts
0
–50 80
–40
8-LEAD PLASTIC DIP
PACKAGE
8-LEAD SOIC
PACKAGE
010–10–20–30 20 30 40 50 60 70 90
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE – C
TJ = +150C
0.046
(1.17)
OUT
6
Figure 2. Plot of Maximum Power Dissipation vs.
Temperature
ORDERING GUIDE
45
3
+IN –V
S
0.050 (1.27)
–IN
2
8036
AD8036
V
L
V
H
87
+V
S
Model Range Description Option
AD8036AN –40°C to +85°C Plastic DIP N-8
AD8036AR –40°C to +85°C SOIC SO-8
AD8036AR-REEL –40°C to +85°C 13" Tape and Reel SO-8
AD8036AR-REEL7 –40°C to +85°C 7" Tape and Reel SO-8
AD8036ACHIPS –40°C to +85°CDie
Temperature Package Package
AD8036-EB Evaluation Board
5962-9559701MPA –55°C to +125°C Cerdip Q-8
0.046
(1.17)
OUT
6
AD8037AN –40°C to +85°C Plastic DIP N-8
AD8037AR –40°C to +85°C SOIC SO-8
AD8037AR-REEL –40°C to +85°C 13" Tape and Reel SO-8
AD8037AR-REEL7 –40°C to +85°C 7" Tape and Reel SO-8
AD8037ACHIPS –40°C to +85°CDie
AD8037-EB Evaluation Board
3
45
+IN –V
S
0.050 (1.27)
8037
AD8037
V
L
CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although
the AD8036/AD8037 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur
on devices subjected to high-energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions
are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
REV. B
–3–
Page 4
AD8036/AD8037
+V
S
RL = 100
–V
S
49.9
V
IN
R
F
130
V
OUT
0.1F
10F
AD8036
0.1F
10F
PULSE
GENERATOR
T
R/TF
= 350ps
+V
H
V
L
0.1F
0.1F
AD8036–Typical Characteristics
R
F
10F
S
0.1F
0.1F
10F
S
PULSE
GENERATOR
= 350ps
T
R/TF
V
IN
49.9
130
+V
AD8036
–V
V
RL = 100
OUT
TPC 1. Noninverting Configuration, G = +1
TPC 2. Large Signal Transient Response; VO = 4 V
p-p, G = +1, R
= 140
F
Ω
TPC 4. Noninverting Clamp Configuration, G = +1
TPC 5. Clamped Large Signal Transient Response (2
Overdrive); VO = 2 V p-p, G = +1, RF = 140 Ω, VH = +1 V,
= –1 V
V
L
×
TPC 3. Small Signal Transient Response; VO = 400 mV p-p,
G = +1, R
= 140
F
Ω
–4–
TPC 6. Clamped Small Signal Transient Response
×
Overdrive); VO = 400 mV p-p, G = +1, RF = 140 Ω,
(2
= +0.2 V, VL = –0.2 V
V
H
REV. B
Page 5
AD8037–Typical Characteristics
R
F
PULSE
GENERATOR
= 350ps
T
R/TF
V
IN
49.9
R
IN
100
+V
AD8037
–V
TPC 7. Noninverting Configuration, G = +2
10F
S
0.1F
0.1F
10F
S
V
RL = 100
OUT
AD8036/AD8037
R
F
PULSE
GENERATOR
= 350ps
T
R/TF
V
IN
49.9
R
IN
0.1F
100
0.1F
+V
V
+V
H
AD8037
–V
L
TPC 10. Noninverting Clamp Configuration, G = +2
10F
S
0.1F
0.1F
10F
S
RL = 100
V
OUT
TPC 8. Large Signal Transient Response; VO = 4 V p-p,
G = +2, R
= RIN = 274
F
Ω
TPC 9. Small Signal Transient Response;
V
= 400 mV p-p, G = +2, RF = RIN = 274
O
Ω
TPC 11. Clamped Large Signal Transient Response
(2
×
Overdrive); VO = 2 V p-p, G = +2, RF = RIN = 274
Ω
, VH = +0.5 V, VL = –0.5 V
TPC 12. Clamped Small Signal Transient Response
×
Overdrive); VO = 400 mV p-p, G = +2, RF = R
(2
Ω
, VH = +0.1 V, VL = –0.1 V
274
IN
=
REV. B
–5–
Page 6
AD8036/AD8037
g
AD8036–Typical Characteristics
2
200
140
GAIN – dB
1
0
1M
VO = 300mV p-p
V
= 5V
S
R
= 100
L
10M
102
49.9
FREQUENCY – Hz
100M 1G
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
TPC 13. AD8036 Small Signal Frequency Response,
G = +1
0.2
158
150
100M 1G
–0.1
–0.2
–0.3
GAIN – dB
–0.4
–0.5
–0.6
–0.7
–0.8
0.1
0
1M
VO = 300mV p-p
V
= 5V
S
R
= 100
L
10M
140
130
FREQUENCY – Hz
400
350
300
250
–3dB BANDWIDTH – MHz
200
20 24040 200 2201801601401201008060
VS = 5V
= 100
R
L
GAIN = +1
N PACKAGE
R PACKAGE
VALUE OF FEEDBACK RESISTOR (RF) –
130
49.9
R
AD8036
F
R
L
TPC 16. AD8036 Small Signal –3 dB Bandwidth vs. R
2
OUTPUT – dB
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
1
0
1M
VS = 5V
= 2.5V
V
O
= 100
R
L
p-p
10M
50
RF = 50
TO
250
BY
50
FREQUENCY – Hz
250
100M 1G
F
TPC 14. AD8036 0.1 dB Flatness, N Package (for R
Ω
Package Add 20
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
OPEN -LOOP GAIN – dB
10
0
–10
–20
10k 100k 10M1M
to RF)
GAIN
FREQUENCY – Hz
PHASE
100M 1G
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
–80
–100
–120
TPC 15. AD8036 Open-Loop Gain and Phase Margin vs.
Frequency, R
= 100
L
Ω
rees
PHASE MARGIN – De
TPC 17. AD8036 Large Signal Frequency Response,
G = +1
2
1
0
VS = 5V
GAIN – dB
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
100k
= 300mV
V
O
= 100
R
L
1V
p-p
140
AD8036
100
V
H
V
L (VIN
1M 10M
FREQUENCY – Hz
(VO)
)
100M 1G
TPC 18. AD8036 Clamp Input Bandwidth, VH, V
–6–
L
REV. B
Page 7
AD8036/AD8037
–30
VO = 2V p-p
= 5V
V
S
= 500
R
L
G = +1
100k 100M10M1M10k
2ND HARMONIC
3RD HARMONIC
FREQUENCY – Hz
–110
HARMONIC DISTORTION – dBc
–130
–50
–70
–90
TPC 19. AD8036 Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency,
= 500
HARMONIC DISTORTION – dBc
–110
–130
–30
–50
–70
–90
Ω
VO = 2V p-p
V
= 5V
S
= 100
R
L
G = +1
100k 100M10M1M10k
2ND HARMONIC
3RD HARMONIC
FREQUENCY – Hz
R
L
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
–0.02
DIFF GAIN – %
–0.04
–0.06
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
0.04
0.02
0.00
–0.02
–0.04
DIFF PHASE – Degrees
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
TPC 22. AD8036 Differential Gain and Phase Error,
G = +1, R
= 150 Ω, F = 3.58 MHz
L
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
–0.01
ERROR – %
–0.02
–0.03
–0.04
–0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 20. AD8036 Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency,
R
= 100
60
50
40
INTERCEPT – +dBm
30
20
10
Ω
20 40 8060
FREQUENCY – MHz
100
L
TPC 21. AD8036 Third Order Intercept vs. Frequency
TPC 23. AD8036 Short-Term Settling Time to 0.01%, 2 V
= 100
Step, G = +1, R
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
–0.2
ERROR – %
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
–0.6
L
Ω
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
SETTLING TIME - s
TPC 24. AD8036 Long-Term Settling Time, 2 V Step,
G = +1, R
= 100
L
Ω
REV. B
–7–
Page 8
AD8036/AD8037
AD8037–Typical Characteristics
8
7
6
5
VO = 300mV p-p
V
= 5V
R
S
= 100
L
10M 100M 1G
FREQUENCY – Hz
GAIN – dB
4
3
2
1
0
–1
–2
1M
TPC 25. AD8037 Small Signal Frequency Response,
G = +2
475
374
274
174
350
300
250
200
–3dB BANDWIDTH – MHz
150
VS = 5V
= 100
R
L
GAIN = +2
R PACKAGE
100 550500450400350300250200150
N PACKAGE
VALUE OF R
49.9
R
100
F,RIN
–
AD8037
R
F
R
L
IN
TPC 28. AD8037 Small Signal –3 dB Bandwidth vs. RF, R
IN
GAIN – dB
–0.1
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
–0.6
–0.7
–0.8
0.2
0.1
0
1M
VO = 3.00mV p-p
V
= 5V
S
R
= 100
L
10M
249
224
FREQUENCY – Hz
301
274
100M 1G
TPC 26. AD8037 0.1 dB Flatness, N Package
Ω
GAIN
to RF)
PHASE
100
50
0
–50
–100
–150
PHASE MARGIN – Degrees
–200
–250
(for R Package Add 20
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
OPEN -LOOP GAIN – dB
5
0
–5
–10
–15
10k 100k 1G100M10M1M
FREQUENCY – Hz
TPC 27. AD8037 Open-Loop Gain and Phase Margin
= 100
vs. Frequency, R
L
Ω
8
7
6
VO = 3.5 V p-p
5
V
R
4
3
GAIN – dB
2
1
0
–1
–2
1M
= 5V
S
= 100
L
RF = 75
RF = 75
TO
475
BY
100
10M 100M 1G
FREQUENCY – Hz
RF = 475
TPC 29. AD8037 Large Signal Frequency Response, G = +2
8
7
6
VS = 5V
5
V
= 300mV p-p
O
= 100
R
4
3
GAIN – dB
2
1
0
–1
–2
100k 1M 10M 100M 1G
TPC 30. AD8037 Clamp Input Bandwidth, VH, V
L
274
274
(VO)
100
L
1V
AD8037
V
H
VL (VIN)
FREQUENCY – Hz
–8–
REV. B
Page 9
AD8036/AD8037
–30
VO = 2V p-p
= 5V
V
–50
–70
–90
HARMONIC DISTORTION – dBc
–110
–130
S
RL = 500
G = +2
100k
2ND HARMONIC
FREQUENCY – Hz
3RD HARMONIC
10M1M10k
100M
TPC 31. AD8037 Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency,
R
= 500
–30
–50
–70
–90
HARMONIC DISTORTION – dBc
–110
–130
Ω
VO = 2V p-p
= 5V
V
S
= 100
R
L
G = +2
100k
2ND HARMONIC
3RD HARMONIC
FREQUENCY – Hz
10M1M10k
100M
L
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
–0.01
DIFF GAIN – %
–0.02
–0.03
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
–0.01
–0.02
DIFF PHASE – Degrees
–0.03
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
TPC 34. AD8037 Differential Gain and Phase Error
G = +2, R
= 150 Ω, F = 3.58 MHz
L
–0.05
–0.04
–0.03
–0.02
–0.01
0
ERROR – %
–0.01
–0.02
–0.03
–0.04
–0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 32. AD8037 Harmonic Distortion vs. Frequency,
= 100
60
50
40
INTERCEPT – +dBm
30
20
10
Ω
20 40 8060
FREQUENCY – MHz
100
R
L
TPC 33. AD8037 Third Order Intercept vs. Frequency
TPC 35. AD8037 Short-Term Settling Time to 0.01%,
2 V Step, G = +2, R
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
–0.2
ERROR – %
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
–0.6
TPC 36. AD8037 Long-Term Settling Time 2 V Step,
RL = 100
Ω
= 100
L
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Ω
SETTLING TIME – s
REV. B
–9–
Page 10
AD8036/AD8037–Typical Characteristics
32
28
24
20
16
12
INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE – nV/ Hz
8
4
100 10k1k10
FREQUENCY – Hz
TPC 37. AD8036 Noise vs. Frequency
80
75
70
65
+PSRR
60
55
50
45
40
35
PSRR – dB
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10k 100k 1G100M10M1M
–PSRR
FREQUENCY – Hz
VS = 5V
100k
17
15
13
11
9
7
INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE – nV/ Hz
5
3
100 100k10k1k10
FREQUENCY – Hz
TPC 40. AD8037 Noise vs. Frequency
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
PSRR – dB
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10k 100k 1G100M10M1M
–PSRR
+PSRR
FREQUENCY – Hz
VS = 5V
TPC 38. AD8036 PSRR vs. Frequency
100
90
80
70
60
CMRR – dB
50
40
30
20
100k 1G100M10M1M
VS = 5V
V
CM
R
= 100
L
FREQUENCY – Hz
= 1V
TPC 39. AD8036 CMRR vs. Frequency
TPC 41. AD8037 PSRR vs. Frequency
100
90
80
70
60
CMRR – dB
50
40
30
20
100k 1G100M10M1M
VS = 5V
VCM = 1V
RL = 100
FREQUENCY – Hz
TPC 42. AD8037 CMRR vs. Frequency
REV. B–10–
Page 11
AD8036/AD8037
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
–A
OL
+A
OL
–A
OL
+A
OL
AD8036
AD8037
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
OPEN -LOOP GAIN – V/ V
1k
VS = 5V
G = +1
300M
–
R
OUT
0.01
100
0.1
10
1
0.1M
1.0M 100M
FREQUENCY – Hz
10M
TPC 43. AD8036 Output Resistance vs. Frequency
1k
VS = 5V
G = +2
300M
–
R
OUT
0.01
100
0.1
10
1
0.1M
1.0M 100M
FREQUENCY – Hz
10M
TPC 46. Open-Loop Gain vs. Temperature
74
72
70
68
–PSRR
66
PSRR – dB
+PSRR
64
62
60
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
–PSRR
AD8037
+PSRR
AD8037
AD8036
AD8036
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
TPC 44. AD8037 Output Resistance vs. Frequency
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
OUTPUT SWING – Volts
3.6
3.5
3.4
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
TPC 45. AD8036/AD8037 Output Swing vs. Temperature
REV. B
TPC 47. PSRR vs. Temperature
96
V
= 2V
+V
OUT
–V
OUT
+V
OUT
–V
OUT
RL=150
RL= 50
95
94
93
92
CMRR – dB
91
90
89
88
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
CM
TPC 48. AD8036/AD8037 CMRR vs. Temperature
–11–
Page 12
AD8036/AD8037–Typical Characteristics
24
23
22
21
20
19
SUPPLY CURRENT – mA
18
17
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
AD8036, VS = 6V
AD8037, VS = 6V
AD8036, VS = 5V
AD8037, VS = 5V
TPC 49. Supply Current vs. Temperature
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE – mV
–2.50
–2.25
–2.00
–1.75
–1.50
–1.25
–1.00
–0.75
AD8037
VS = 5V
AD8036
VS = 6V
VS = 6V
VS = 5V
270
260
250
240
230
220
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT – mA
210
200
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
AD8037
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
AD8036
AD8037
SINK
AD8036
SOURCE
TPC 52. Short Circuit Current vs. Temperature
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
INPUT BIAS CURRENT – A
2.0
AD8036
AD8037
–IB
+IB
–IB
+IB
–0.50
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
TPC 50. Input Offset Voltage vs. Temperature
44
3 WAFER LOTS
40
COUNT = 632
36
32
28
24
20
COUNT
16
12
8
4
0
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –101234
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE – mV
FREQ. DIST
TPC 51. AD8036 Input Offset Voltage Distribution
1.5
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
JUNCTION TEMPERATURE – C
TPC 53. Input Bias Current vs. Temperature
48
3 WAFER LOTS
44
COUNT = 853
40
36
32
28
24
COUNT
20
16
12
8
4
0
–4.5 –4.0 –3.5 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0 0.5
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE – mV
FREQ. DIST
TPC 54. AD8037 Input Offset Voltage Distribution
REV. B–12–
Page 13
20
15
VCL =
VCL =
–3V
10
5
0
–5
–10
INPUT ERROR VOLTAGE – mV
–15
–20
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
VCL =
–2V
–1V
OUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts
AD8036, ACL = +1
AD8037, A
AD8036
AD8037
V
=
VCH =
CH
+1V
+2V
= +2
CL
V
CH
+3V
Clamp Characteristics–AD8036/AD8037
–80
–75
–70
–65
–60
–55
–50
–45
=
HARMONIC DISTORTION – dBc
–40
–35
–30
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1.0
AD8037 2ND
HARMONIC
AD8036 2ND
HARMONIC
ABSOLUTE VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE – Volts
AD8037 3RD
HARMONIC
AD8036 3RD
HARMONIC
AD8036 AD8037
VH +1V +0.5V
–1V –0.5V
V
L
G +1V +2V
TPC 55. Input Error Voltage vs. Clamped Output Voltage
20
– Volts
V
VH = + 1V
= – 1V
V
L
1.0–0.8–1.0 0.80.60.40.20.0–0.2–0.4–0.6
NONLINEARITY – mV
–10
–15
–20
15
10
5
0
–5
INPUT VOLTAGE A
TPC 56. AD8036/AD8037 Nonlinearity Near Clamp Voltage
TPC 58. Harmonic Distortion as Output Approaches
Clamp Voltage; V
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
CLAMP INPUT BIAS CURRENT – A
–60
–80
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
= 2 V p-p, RL = 100 , f = 20 MHz
O
POSITIVE IBH, IBL DENOTES
CURRENT FLOW INTO
CLAMP INPUTS V
I
BL
INPUT CLAMP VOLTAGE (V
H,VL
I
BH
) – Volts
, V
H
L
TPC 59. AD8036/AD8037 Clamp Input Bias Current vs.
Input Clamp Voltage
+2V
+1V
REF
TPC 57. AD8036 Clamp Overdrive (2×) Recovery
REV. B
+2V
+1V
0V
REF
0V
TPC 60. AD8037 Clamp Overdrive (2×) Recovery
–13–
Page 14
AD8036/AD8037–Clamp Characteristics
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
ERROR – %
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
0 102030405060708090
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 61. AD8036 Clamp Settling (0.1%), VH = +1 V,
= –1 V, 2× Overdrive
V
L
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
ERROR – %
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SETTLING TIME – ns
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
ERROR – %
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
0 1020 3040 50 60708090
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 64. AD8037 Clamp Settling (0.1%), VH = +0.5 V,
= –0.5 V, 2× Overdrive
V
L
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
ERROR – %
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 62. AD8036 Clamp Recovery Settling Time (High),
from +2
×
Overdrive to 0 V
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
ERROR – %
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 63. AD8036 Clamp Recovery Settling Time (Low),
×
from –2
Overdrive to 0 V
TPC 65. AD8037 Clamp Recovery Settling Time (High),
from +2
×
Overdrive to 0 V
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
–0.1
ERROR – %
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
–0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SETTLING TIME – ns
TPC 66. AD8037 Clamp Recovery Settling Time (Low),
×
from –2
Overdrive to 0 V
–14–
REV. B
Page 15
AD8036/AD8037
THEORY OF OPERATION
General
The AD8036 and AD8037 are wide bandwidth, voltage feedback
clamp amplifiers. Since their open-loop frequency response follows the conventional 6 dB/octave roll-off, their gain bandwidth
product is basically constant. Increasing their closed-loop gain
results in a corresponding decrease in small signal bandwidth. This
can be observed by noting the bandwidth specification, between
the AD8036 (gain of 1) and AD8037 (gain of 2). The AD8036/
AD8037 typically maintain 65 degrees of phase margin. This
high margin minimizes the effects of signal and noise peaking.
While the AD8036 and AD8037 can be used in either an inverting or noninverting configuration, the clamp function will only
work in the noninverting mode. As such, this section shows connections only in the noninverting configuration. Applications
that require an inverting configuration will be discussed in the
Applications section. In applications that do not require clamping, Pins 5 and 8 (respectively V
and VH) may be left floating.
L
See Input Clamp Amp Operation and Applications sections
otherwise.
Feedback Resistor Choice
The value of the feedback resistor is critical for optimum performance on the AD8036 (gain +1) and less critical as the gain
increases. Therefore, this section is specifically targeted at
the AD8036.
At minimum stable gain (+1), the AD8036 provides optimum
dynamic performance with R
= 140 Ω. This resistor acts only
F
as a parasitic suppressor against damped RF oscillations that
can occur due to lead (input, feedback) inductance and parasitic
capacitance. This value of R
provides the best combination of
F
wide bandwidth, low parasitic peaking, and fast settling time.
In fact, for the same reasons, a 100–130 Ω resistor should be
placed in series with the positive input for other AD8036 noninverting configurations. The correct connection is shown in
Figure 3.
+V
S
R
F
G = 1+
R
G
100 - 130
V
IN
R
TERM
R
G
AD8036/
AD8037
10F
V
H
V
L
0.1F
V
OUT
0.1F
10F
–V
S
R
F
Figure 3. Noninverting Operation
For general voltage gain applications, the amplifier bandwidth
can be closely estimated as:
This estimation loses accuracy for gains of +2/–1 or lower due
to the amplifier’s damping factor. For these “low gain” cases,
the bandwidth will actually extend beyond the calculated value
(see Closed-Loop BW plots, TPCs 13 and 25).
Pulse Response
Unlike a traditional voltage feedback amplifier, where the slew
speed is dictated by its front end dc quiescent current and gain
bandwidth product, the AD8036 and AD8037 provide “on
demand” current that increases proportionally to the input
“step” signal amplitude. This results in slew rates (1200 V/µs)
comparable to wideband current feedback designs. This, combined with relatively low input noise current (2.1 pA/√Hz), gives
the AD8036 and AD8037 the best attributes of both voltage and
current feedback amplifiers.
Large Signal Performance
The outstanding large signal operation of the AD8036 and
AD8037 is due to a unique, proprietary design architecture.
In order to maintain this level of performance, the maximum
350 V-MHz product must be observed, (e.g., @ 100 MHz,
≤ 3.5 V p-p).
V
O
Power Supply and Input Clamp Bypassing
Adequate power supply bypassing can be critical when optimizing the performance of a high frequency circuit. Inductance in
the power supply leads can form resonant circuits that produce
peaking in the amplifier’s response. In addition, if large current
transients must be delivered to the load, then bypass capacitors
(typically greater than 1 µF) will be required to provide the best
settling time and lowest distortion. A parallel combination of at
least 4.7 µF, and between 0.1 µF and 0.01 µF, is recommended.
Some brands of electrolytic capacitors will require a small series
damping resistor ≈4.7 Ω for optimum results.
When the AD8036 and AD8037 are used in clamping mode,
and a dc voltage is connected to clamp inputs V
and VL, a 0.1 µF
H
bypassing capacitor is required between each input pin and
ground in order to maintain stability.
Driving Capacitive Loads
The AD8036 and AD8037 were designed primarily to drive
nonreactive loads. If driving loads with a capacitive component is desired, the best frequency response is obtained by
the addition of a small series resistance as shown in Figure 4.
The accompanying graph shows the optimum value for R
SERIES
vs. capacitive load. It is worth noting that the frequency response
of the circuit when driving large capacitive loads will be dominated by the passive roll-off of R
loads of 6 pF or less, no R
R
IN
R
IN
R
AD8036/
AD8037
SERIES
F
and CL. For capacitive
SERIES
is necessary.
R
SERIES
R
L
1k
C
L
REV. B
ω
f
≅
3 dB
2π 1+
O
R
F
R
G
Figure 4. Driving Capacitive Loads
–15–
Page 16
AD8036/AD8037
A
B
C
S1
R
F
140
A B C
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
S1
V
IN
> V
H
VL ≤ VIN ≤ V
H
V
IN
< V
L
–V
IN
+V
IN
V
H
V
L
V
OUT
+1
+1
+1
C
H
C
L
A1
A2
+1
40
30
–
SERIES
R
20
Operation of the AD8036 for negative input voltages and negative clamp levels on V
ling S1. Since the comparators see the voltage on the +V
as their common reference level, then the voltage V
defined as “High” or “Low” with respect to +V
if V
is set to zero volts, VH is open, and VL is +1 V, compara-
IN
tor C
will switch S1 to “C,” so the AD8036 will buffer the
L
voltage on V
and ignore +VIN.
L
is similar, with comparator CL control-
L
. For example,
IN
pin
IN
and VL are
H
The performance of the AD8036 and AD8037 closely matches
the ideal just described. The comparator’s threshold extends
from 60 mV inside the clamp window defined by the voltages on
V
and VH to 60 mV beyond the window’s edge. Switch S1 is
L
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Figure 5. Recommended R
CL– pF
SERIES
vs. Capacitive Load
INPUT CLAMPING AMPLIFIER OPERATION
The key to the AD8036 and AD8037’s fast, accurate clamp and
amplifier performance is their unique patent pending CLAMPIN
input clamp architecture. This new design reduces clamp errors
by more than 10× over previous output clamp based circuits, as
well as substantially increasing the bandwidth, precision and
versatility of the clamp inputs.
Figure 6 is an idealized block diagram of the AD8036 connected
as a unity gain voltage follower. The primary signal path comprises A1 (a 1200 V/µs, 240 MHz high voltage gain, differential
to single-ended amplifier) and A2 (a G = +1 high current gain
output buffer). The AD8037 differs from the AD8036 only in
that A1 is optimized for closed-loop gains of two or greater.
The CLAMPIN section is comprised of comparators C
C
, which drive switch S1 through a decoder. The unity-gain
L
buffers in series with +V
, VH, and VL inputs isolate the input
IN
H
and
pins from the comparators and S1 without reducing bandwidth
or precision.
The two comparators have about the same bandwidth as A1
implemented with current steering, so that A1’s +input makes a
continuous transition from say, V
to VH as the input voltage
IN
traverses the comparator’s input threshold from 0.9 V to 1.0 V
= 1.0 V.
for V
H
The practical effect of these nonidealities is to soften the transition
from amplification to clamping modes, without compromising
the absolute clamp limit set by the CLAMPIN circuit. Figure 7
is a graph of V
clamp amplifier. Both amplifiers are set for G = +1 and V
The worst case error between V
vs. VIN for the AD8036 and a typical output
OUT
(ideally clamped) and V
OUT
= 1 V.
H
OUT
(actual) is typically 18 mV times the amplifier closed-loop gain.
This occurs when V
and/or below this limit, V
equals VH (or VL). As VIN goes above
IN
will settle to within 5 mV of the
OUT
ideal value.
In contrast, the output clamp amplifier’s transfer curve typically
will show some compression starting at an input of 0.8 V, and
can have an output voltage as far as 200 mV over the clamp limit.
In addition, since the output clamp in effect causes the amplifier to operate open loop in clamp mode, the amplifier’s out-
put impedance will increase, potentially causing additional errors.
The AD8036’s and AD8037’s CLAMPIN input clamp architecture works only for noninverting or follower applications and,
since it operates on the input, the clamp voltage levels V
V
, and input error limits will be multiplied by the amplifier’s
L
and
H
(240 MHz), so they can keep up with signals within the useful
bandwidth of the AD8036. To illustrate the operation of the
CLAMPIN circuit, consider the case where V
1 V, V
is open, and the AD8036 is set for a gain of +1, by con-
L
is referenced to
H
necting its output back to its inverting input through the recommended 140 Ω feedback resistor. Note that the main signal path
always operates closed loop, since the CLAMPIN circuit only
affects A1’s noninverting input.
If a 0 V to 2 V voltage ramp is applied to the AD8036’s +V
for the connection just described, V
should track +V
OUT
perfectly up to 1 V, then should limit at exactly 1 V as +V
IN
IN
IN
continues to 2 V.
In practice, the AD8036 comes close to this ideal behavior. As
the +V
high limit comparator C
put of C
practically by about 18 mV), C
from “A” to “B” reference level. Since the + input of A1 is now
connected to V
AD8036’s output voltage. In short, the AD8036 is now operating as a unity-gain buffer for the V
V
input voltage ramps from zero to 1 V, the output of the
IN
. When +VIN just exceeds VIN (ideally, by say 1 µV,
L
, for VH > 1 V, will be faithfully reproduced at V
H
starts in the off state, as does the out-
H
, further increases in +VIN have no effect on the
H
changes state, switching S1
H
input, as any variation in
H
OUT
.
–16–
Figure 6. AD8036/AD8037 Clamp Amp System
REV. B
Page 17
AD8036/AD8037
closed-loop gain at the output. For instance, to set an output
limit of ±1 V for an AD8037 operating at a gain of 3.0, V
V
would need to be set to +0.333 V and –0.333 V, respectively.
L
and
H
The only restriction on using the AD8036’s and AD8037’s
+V
, VL, VH pins as inputs is that the maximum voltage differ-
IN
ence between +V
and VH or VL should not exceed 6.3 V, and
IN
all three voltages be within the supply voltage range. For example,
if V
is set at –3 V, then VIN should not exceed +3.3 V.
L
1.6
1.4
OUT
1.2
CLAMP ERROR – 25mV
AD8036
1.0
AD8036
OUTPUT VOLTAGE – V
0.8
0.6
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
OUTPUT CLAMP AMP
INPUT VOLTAGE – +V
CLAMP ERROR – >200mV
OUTPUT CLAMP
IN
Figure 7. Output Clamp Error vs. Input Clamp Error
AD8036/AD8037 APPLICATIONS
The AD8036 and AD8037 use a unique input clamping circuit
to perform the clamping function. As a result, they provide the
clamping function better than traditional output clamping
devices and provide additional flexibility to perform other
unique applications.
There are, however, some restrictions on circuit configurations;
and some calculations need to be performed in order to figure
the clamping level, as a result of clamping being performed at
the input stage.
The major restriction on the clamping feature of the AD8036/
AD8037 is that clamping occurs only when using the amplifiers
in the noninverting mode. To clamp in an inverting circuit, an
additional inverting gain stage is required. Another restriction is
that V
voltage range of the amplifier (±3.9 V). V
and V
be greater than VL, and that each be within the output
H
can go above ground as long as VH is kept higher than VL.
L
can go below ground
H
Unity Gain Clamping
The simplest circuit for calculating the clamp levels is a unity
gain follower as shown in Figure 8. In this case, the AD8036
should be used since it is compensated for noninverting unity gain.
This circuit will clamp at an upper voltage set by V
applied to Pin 8) and a lower voltage set by V
(the voltage
H
(the voltage
L
applied to Pin 5).
Clamping with Gain
Figure 9 shows an AD8037 configured for a noninverting gain
of two. The AD8037 is used in this circuit since it is compensated for gains of two or greater and provides greater bandwidth.
In this case, the high clamping level at the output will occur at
V
H
V
H
AD8036
V
L
V
L
+5V
–5V
R
140
10F
F
0.1F
0.1F10F
V
OUT
0.1F
130
V
IN
0.1F
Figure 8. Unity Gain Noninverting Clamp
2 × VH and the low clamping level at the output will be 2 × VL.
The equations governing the output clamp levels in circuits configured for noninverting gain are:
V
= G × V
where: V
CH
V
= G × V
CL
is the high output clamping level
CH
V
is the low output clamping level
CL
H
L
G is the gain of the amplifier configuration
is the high input clamping level (Pin 8)
V
H
V
is the low input clamping level (Pin 5)
*Amplifier offset is assumed to be zero.
L
V
H
V
H
AD8037
V
L
V
L
+5V
–5V
R
274
10F
F
0.1F
0.1F10F
V
OUT
0.1F
49.9
R
274
100
0.1F
G
V
IN
Figure 9. Gain of Two Noninverting Clamp
REV. B
–17–
Page 18
AD8036/AD8037
+5V
806
100
0.1F
49.9
100
100
806
AD8037
0.1F
–5V
10µF
0.1F
+5V
AD780
V
2.5V
0.1F
–0.5V to +0.5V
IN
R3
750
R1
499
Figure 10. Gain of Two, Noninverting with Offset AD8037 Driving an AD9002—8-Bit, 125 MSPS A/D Converter
+5V
0.1F10F
V
H
V
L
–5V
–2V to 0V
0.1F
R2
301
10F
1N5712
49.9
CLAMPING
RANGE
–2.1V to +0.1V
0.1F
AD9002
V
= –2V TO 0V
IN
SUBSTRATE
DIODE
–5.2V
Clamping with an Offset
Some op amp circuits are required to operate with an offset
voltage. These are generally configured in the inverting mode
where the offset voltage can be summed in as one of the inputs.
Since AD8036/AD8037 clamping does not function in the inverting mode, it is not possible to clamp with this configuration.
Figure 10 shows a noninverting configuration of an AD8037
that provides clamping and also has an offset. The circuit shows
the AD8037 as a driver for an AD9002, an 8-bit, 125 MSPS
A/D converter and illustrates some of the considerations for using an AD8037 with offset and clamping.
The analog input range of the AD9002 is from ground to –2 V.
The input should not go more than 0.5 V outside this range in
order to prevent disruptions to the internal workings of the A/D
and to avoid drawing excess current. These requirements make
the AD8037 a prime candidate for signal conditioning.
When an offset is added to a noninverting op amp circuit, it is
fed in through a resistor to the inverting input. The result is that
the op amp must now operate at a closed-loop gain greater than
unity. For this circuit a gain of two was chosen which allows the
use of the AD8037. The feedback resistor, R2, is set at 301 Ω
for optimum performance of the AD8037 at a gain of two.
There is an interaction between the offset and the gain, so some
calculations must be performed to arrive at the proper values for
R1 and R3. For a gain of two the parallel combination of resistors R1 and R3 must be equal to the feedback resistor R2. Thus
R1 × R3/R1 + R3 = R2 = 301 Ω
The reference used to provide the offset is the AD780 whose
output is 2.5 V. This must be divided down to provide the 1 V
offset desired. Thus
2.5 V × R1/(R1 + R3) = 1 V
When the two equations are solved simultaneously we get R1 =
499 Ω and R3 = 750 Ω (using closest 1% resistor values in all
cases). This positive 1 V offset at the input translates to a –1 V
offset at the output.
The usable input signal swing of the AD9002 is 2 V p-p. This is
centered about the –1 V offset making the usable signal range
from 0 V to –2 V. It is desirable to clamp the input signal so that
it goes no more than 100 mV outside of this range in either direction. Thus, the high clamping level should be set at +0.1 V
and the low clamping level should be set at –2.1 V as seen at the
input of the AD9002 (output of AD8037).
Because the clamping is done at the input stage of the AD8037,
the clamping level as seen at the output is affected by not only
the gain of the circuit as previously described, but also by the
offset. Thus, in order to obtain the desired clamp levels, V
H
must be biased at +0.55 V while VL must be biased at –0.55 V.
The clamping levels as seen at the output can be calculated by
the following:
V
= V
CH
VCL = V
Where V
is the offset voltage that appears at the output.
OFF
The resistors used to generate the voltages for V
+ G × V
OFF
+ G × V
OFF
H
L
and VL should
H
be kept to a minimum in order to reduce errors due to clamp
bias current. This current is dependent on V
and VL (see TPC
H
59) and will create a voltage drop across whatever resistance is
in series with each clamp input. This extra error voltage is
multiplied by the closed-loop gain of the amplifier and can be
substantial, especially in high closed-loop gain configurations.
A 0.1 µF bypass capacitor should be placed between input
clamp pins V
and VL and ground to ensure stable operation.
H
The 1N5712 Schottky diode is used for protection from forward
biasing the substrate diode in the AD9002 during power-up
transients.
Programmable Pulse Generator
The AD8036/AD8037’s clamp output can be set accurately and
has a well controlled flat level. This along with wide bandwidth
and high slew rate make them very well suited for programmable
level pulse generators.
Figure 11 is a schematic for a pulse generator that can directly
accept TTL generated timing signals for its input and generate
pulses at the output up to 24 V p-p with 2500 V/µs slew rate.
The output levels can be programmed to anywhere in the range
–12 V to +12 V.
–18–
REV. B
Page 19
TTL
AD8036/AD8037
V
H
0.1F
200
IN
100
1.3k
–15V
0.1F
274
+5V
+15V
AD811
–15V
V
H
AD8037
V
L
V
L
–5V
0.1F
0.1F10F
10F
274
100
150
Figure 11. Programmable Pulse Generator
0.1F
0.1F10F
604
10F
PULSE
OUT
VH 10
V
10
L
The circuit uses an AD8037 operating at a gain of two with an
AD811 to boost the output to the ±12 V range. The AD811 was
chosen for its ability to operate with ±15 V supplies and its high
slew rate.
R1 and R2 act as a level shifter to make the TTL signal levels be
approximately symmetrical above and below ground. This ensures
that both the high and low logic levels will be clamped by the
AD8037. For well controlled signal levels in the output pulse,
the high and low output levels should result from the clamping
action of the AD8037 and not be controlled by either the high
or low logic levels passing through a linear amplifier. For good
rise and fall times at the output pulse, a logic family with high
speed edges should be used.
The high logic levels are clamped at two times the voltage at V
,
H
while the low logic levels are clamped at two times the voltage
. The output of the AD8037 is amplified by the AD811
at V
L
operating at a gain of 5. The overall gain of 10 will cause the
high output level to be 10 times the voltage at V
output level to be 10 times the voltage at V
H
.
L
, and the low
High Speed, Full-Wave Rectifier
The clamping inputs are additional inputs to the input stage of
the op amp. As such they have an input bandwidth comparable
to the amplifier inputs and lend themselves to some unique
functions when they are driven dynamically.
Figure 12 is a schematic for a full-wave rectifier, sometimes
called an absolute value generator. It works well up to 20 MHz
and can operate at significantly higher frequencies with some
degradation in performance. The distortion performance is significantly better than diode based full-wave rectifiers, especially
at high frequencies.
+5V
–5V
0.1F10F
0.1F
10F
V
OUT = VIN
100
V
H
AD8037
V
L
R
V
274
IN
R
274
F
G
Figure 12. Full-Wave Rectifier
The circuit is configured as an inverting amplifier with a gain
of one. The input drives the inverting amplifier and also directly
drives V
ing input, V
, the lower level clamping input. The high level clamp-
L
, is left floating and plays no role in this circuit.
H
When the input is negative, the amplifier acts as a regular unitygain inverting amplifier and outputs a positive signal at the same
amplitude as the input with opposite polarity. V
is driven nega-
L
tive by the input, so it performs no clamping action, because the
positive output signal is always higher than the negative level
driving V
.
L
When the input is positive, the output result is the sum of two
separate effects. First, the inverting amplifier multiplies the input
by –1 because of its unity-gain inverting configuration. This
effectively produces an offset as explained above, but with a
dynamic level that is equal to –1 times the input.
Second, although the positive input is grounded (through 100 Ω),
the output is clamped at two times the voltage applied to V
(a
L
positive, dynamic voltage in this case). The factor of two is
because the noise gain of the amplifier is two.
The sum of these two actions results in an output that is equal
to unity times the input signal for positive input signals, see Figure 13. For a input/output scope photo with an input signal of
20 MHz and amplitude ±1 V, see Figure 14.
INPUT
LOWER
CLAMPING
LEVEL WITH
NO NEG INPUT
–1 INPUT
OUTPUT
FULL WAVE
RECTIFIED
OUTPUT
LOWER
CLAMPING
LEVEL
Figure 13.
REV. B
–19–
Page 20
AD8036/AD8037
Figure 14. Full-Wave Rectifier Scope
Thus for either positive or negative input signals, the output is
unity times the absolute value of the input signal. The circuit
can be easily configured to produce the negative absolute value
of the input by applying the input to V
The circuit can get to within about 40 mV of ground during the
time when the input crosses zero. This voltage is fixed over a
wide frequency range and is a result of the switching between
the conventional op amp input and the clamp input. But because
there are no diodes to rapidly switch from forward to reverse bias,
the performance far exceeds that of diode based full wave rectifiers.
The 40 mV offset mentioned can be removed by adding an offset to the circuit. A 27.4 kΩ input resistor to the inverting input
will have a gain of 0.01, while changing the gain of the circuit
by only 1%. A plus or minus 4 V dc level (depending on the
polarity of the rectifier) into this resistor will compensate for
the offset.
Full wave rectifiers are useful in many applications including
AM signal detection, high frequency ac voltmeters and various
arithmetic operations.
Amplitude Modulator
In addition to being able to be configured as an amplitude
demodulator (AM detector), the AD8037 can also be configured as an amplitude modulator as shown in Figure 15.
instead of VL.
H
The modulation signal is applied to both the input of a unity
gain inverting amplifier and to V
is biased at 0.5 V dc.
V
H
, the lower clamping input.
L
To understand the circuit operation, it is helpful to first consider a simpler circuit. If both V
and VH were dc biased at
L
–0.5 V and the carrier and modulation inputs driven as above,
the output would be a 2 V p-p square wave at the carrier frequency riding on a waveform at the modulating frequency. The
inverting input (modulation signal) is creating a varying offset to
the 2 V p-p square wave at the output. Both the high and low
levels clamp at twice the input levels on the clamps because the
noise gain of the circuit is two.
When V
is driven by the modulation signal instead of being held
L
at a dc level, a more complicated situation results. The resulting
waveform is composed of an upper envelope and a lower envelope with the carrier square wave in between. The upper and
lower envelope waveforms are 180° out of phase as in a typical
AM waveform.
The upper envelope is produced by the upper clamp level being
offset by the waveform applied to the inverting input. This offset
is the opposite polarity of the input waveform because of the
inverting configuration.
The lower envelope is produced by the sum of two effects. First,
it is offset by the waveform applied to the inverting input as in
the case of the simplified circuit above. The polarity of this offset is in the same direction as the upper envelope. Second, the
output is driven in the opposite direction of the offset at twice
the offset voltage by the modulation signal being applied to V
.
L
This results from the noise gain being equal to two, and since
there is no inversion in this connection, it is opposite polarity
from the offset.
The result at the output for the lower envelope is the sum of
these two effects, which produces the lower envelope of an
amplitude modulated waveform. See Figure 16.
V
+5V
H
–5V
0.1F10F
0.1F
10F
AM OUT
CARRIER IN
MODULATION IN
100
R
274
V
H
AD8037
V
L
R
F
G
274
Figure 15. Amplitude Modulator
The positive input of the AD8037 is driven with a square wave
of sufficient amplitude to produce clamping action at both the
high and low levels. This is the higher frequency carrier signal.
–20–
Figure 16. AM Waveform
The depth of modulation can be modified in this circuit by
changing the amplitude of the modulation signal. This changes
the amplitude of the upper and lower envelope waveforms.
The modulation depth can also be changed by changing the dc
bias applied to V
. In this case the amplitudes of the upper and
H
lower envelope waveforms stay constant, but the spacing between
them changes. This alters the ratio of the envelope amplitude to
the amplitude of the overall waveform.
REV. B
Page 21
AD8036/AD8037
Layout Considerations
The specified high speed performance of the AD8036 and
AD8037 requires careful attention to board layout and component
selection. Proper RF design techniques and low pass parasitic
component selection are mandatory.
The PCB should have a ground plane covering all unused
portions of the component side of the board to provide a low
impedance path. The ground plane should be removed from the
area near the input pins to reduce stray capacitance.
Chip capacitors should be used for supply and input clamp
bypassing (see Figure 17). One end should be connected to
the ground plane and the other within 1/8 inch of each power
and clamp pin. An additional large (0.47 µF–10 µF) tantalum
electrolytic capacitor should be connected in parallel, though
not necessarily so close, to supply current for fast, large signal
changes at the output.
The feedback resistor should be located close to the inverting
input pin in order to keep the stray capacitance at this node to a
minimum. Capacitance variations of less than 1 pF at the inverting input will significantly affect high speed performance.
Stripline design techniques should be used for long signal traces
(greater than about 1 inch). These should be designed with a
characteristic impedance of 50 Ω or 75 Ω and be properly terminated at each end.
Evaluation Board
An evaluation board for both the AD8036 and AD8037 is
available that has been carefully laid out and tested to demonstrate that the specified high speed performance of the device
can be realized. For ordering information, please refer to the
Ordering Guide.
The layout of the evaluation board can be used as shown or
serve as a guide for a board layout.
IN
V
0.1F
R
G
AD8036/
AD8037
R
S
R
T
0.1F
V
NONINVERTING CONFIGURATION
+V
S
OPTIONAL
–V
S
C1
0.01F
C2
0.01F
SUPPLY BYPASSING
+V
H
L
S
1k
R
–V
F
S
+V
S
R
O
V
OUT
–V
S
+V
S
1k
–V
S
C3
0.1F
C4
0.1F
C5
10F
C6
10F
Figure 17. Noninverting Configurations for Evaluation
Boards
Table I.
AD8036A AD8037A
Gain Gain
Component +1 +2 +10 +100 +2 +10 +100
R
F
R
G
R
(Nominal) 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω
O
R
S
(Nominal) 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω 49.9 Ω
R
T
140 Ω 274 Ω 2 kΩ 2 kΩ 274 Ω 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
274 Ω 221 Ω 20.5 Ω 274 Ω 221 Ω 20.5 Ω
130 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω 100 Ω
Small Signal BW (MHz) 240 90 10 1.3 275 21 3
REV. B
–21–
Page 22
AD8036/AD8037
Figure 18. Evaluation Board Silkscreen (Top)
Figure 19. Evaluation Board Silkscreen (Bottom)
Figure 20. Board Layout (Solder Side)
Figure 21. Board Layout (Component Side)
–22–
REV. B
Page 23
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
85
41
0.1968 (5.00)
0.1890 (4.80)
0.2440 (6.20)
0.2284 (5.80)
PIN 1
0.1574 (4.00)
0.1497 (3.80)
0.0500 (1.27)
BSC
0.0688 (1.75)
0.0532 (1.35)
SEATING
PLANE
0.0098 (0.25)
0.0040 (0.10)
0.0192 (0.49)
0.0138 (0.35)
0.0098 (0.25)
0.0075 (0.19)
0.0500 (1.27)
0.0160 (0.41)
8
0
0.0196 (0.50)
0.0099 (0.25)
45
Dimensions shown in inches and (mm).
8-Lead Plastic DIP
(N Package)
0.430 (10.92)
0.348 (8.84)
PIN 1
0.210
(5.33)
MAX
0.160 (4.06)
0.115 (2.93)
0.022 (0.558)
0.014 (0.356)
8
0.100 (2.54)
5
0.280 (7.11)
14
BSC
0.240 (6.10)
0.060 (1.52)
0.015 (0.38)
0.070 (1.77)
0.045 (1.15)
SEATING
PLANE
8-Lead Plastic SOIC
(SO Package)
0.130
(3.30)
MIN
0.325 (8.25)
0.300 (7.62)
0.015 (0.381)
0.008 (0.204)
0.195 (4.95)
0.115 (2.93)
AD8036/AD8037
C01057–0–12/00 (rev. B)
REV. B
PIN 1
0.200.(5.08)
0.200 (5.08)
0.125 (3.18)
0.005 (0.13)
MIN
85
1
0.100 (2.54) BSC
0.405 (10.29) MAX
MAX
0.023 (0.58)
0.014 (0.36)
8-Lead Cerdip
(Q Package)
0.055 (1.4)
MAX
0.310 (7.87)
0.220 (5.59)
4
0.060 (1.52)
0.015 (0.38)
0.150
(3.81)
MIN
0.070 (1.78)
0.030 (0.76)
SEATING
PLANE
–23–
0.320 (8.13)
0.290 (7.37)
15°
0.015 (0.38)
0°
0.008 (0.20)
PRINTED IN U.S.A.
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