Page 1
Low Power, Buffered 24-Bit
FEATURES
Power
Supply: 2.5 V to 5.25 V operation
Normal: 75 µA max
Power-down: 1 µA max
RMS noise: 1.1 µV at 9.5 Hz update rate
19.5-bit p-p resolution (22 bits effective resolution)
Integral nonlinearity: 3.5 ppm typical
Simultaneous 50 Hz and 60 Hz rejection
Internal clock oscillator
Rail-to-rail input buffer
monitor channel
V
DD
Temperature range: –40°C to +105°C
10-lead MSOP
INTERFACE
3-wire serial
SPI®, QSPI™, MICROWIRE™, and DSP compatible
Schmitt trigger on SCLK
APPLICATIONS
Smart transmitters
Battery applications
Portable instrumentation
Sensor measurement
Temperature measurement
Pressure measurement
Weigh scales
4 to 20 mA loops
Sigma-Delta ADC
AD7791
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
V
GND REFIN(+) REFIN(–)
DD
V
DD
AIN(+)
AIN(–)
GND
BUF
AD7791
Σ-∆
ADC
Figure 1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The AD7791 is a low power, complete analog front end for
low frequency measurement applications. It contains a low
noise 24-bit ∑-∆ ADC with one differential input that can be
buffered or unbuffered.
The device operates from an internal clock. Therefore, the user
does not have to supply a clock source to the device. The output
data rate from the part is software programmable and can be
varied from 9.5 Hz to 120 Hz, with the rms noise equal to
1.1 µV at the lower update rate. The internal clock frequency
can be divided by a factor of 2, 4, or 8, which leads to a reduction in the current consumption. The update rate, cutoff
frequency, and settling time will scale with the clock frequency.
The part operates with a power supply from 2.5 V to 5.25 V.
When operating from a 3 V supply, the power dissipation for
the part is 225 µW maximum. It is housed in a 10-lead MSOP.
CLOCK
SERIAL
INTERFACE
04227-0-001
DOUT/RDY
DIN
SCLK
CS
Rev. 0
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any
infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use.
Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication
or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and
registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.
Tel: 781.329.4700
Fax: 781.326.8703 © 2003 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
www.analog.com
Page 2
AD7791
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AD7791—Specifications.................................................................. 3
ADC Circuit Information.............................................................. 14
Timing Characteristics..................................................................... 5
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 8
Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 9
On-Chip Registers.......................................................................... 10
Communications Register
(RS1, RS0 = 0, 0) ......................................................................... 10
Status Register
(RS1, RS0 = 0, 0; Power-on/Reset = 0x8C).............................. 11
Mode Register
(RS1, RS0 = 0, 1; Power-on/Reset = 0x02)............................... 11
Filter Register
(RS1, RS0 = 1, 0; Power-on/Reset = 0x04)............................... 12
Data Register
(RS1, RS0 = 1, 1; Power-on/Reset = 0x000000) ...................... 13
Overview ..................................................................................... 14
Noise Performance ..................................................................... 14
Reduced Current Modes ........................................................... 14
Digital Interface.......................................................................... 15
Single Conversion Mode....................................................... 16
Continuous Conversion Mode............................................. 16
Continuous Read Mode ........................................................ 17
Circuit Description......................................................................... 18
Analog Input Channel ............................................................... 18
Bipolar/Unipolar Configuration .............................................. 18
Data Output Coding .................................................................. 18
Reference Input........................................................................... 18
VDD Monitor................................................................................ 19
Grounding and Layout .............................................................. 19
Outline Dimensions....................................................................... 20
REVISION HISTORY
Revision 0: Initial Version
Rev. 0 | Page 2 of 20
Page 3
AD7791
AD7791—SPECIFICATIONS1
Table 1. (VDD = 2.5 V to 5.25 V; REFIN(+) = 2.5 V; REFIN(–) = GND; GND = 0 V; CDIV1 = CDIV0 = 0;
all specifications T
MIN
to T
Parameter AD7791B Unit Test Conditions/Comments
ADC CHANNEL SPECIFICATION
Output Update Rate 9.5 Hz min nom
120 Hz max nom
ADC CHANNEL
No Missing Codes2 24 Bits min
Resolution 19.5 Bits p-p 9.5 Hz Update Rate
Output Noise 1.1 µV rms typ
Integral Nonlinearity ±15 ppm of FSR max 3.5 ppm typ
Offset Error ±3 µV typ
Offset Error Drift vs. Temperature ±10 nV/°C typ
Full-Scale Error3 ±10 µV typ
Gain Drift vs. Temperature ±0.5 ppm/°C typ
Power Supply Rejection 90 dB min 100 dB typ, AIN = 1 V
ANALOG INPUTS
Differential Input Voltage Ranges ±REFIN V nom REFIN = REFIN(+) – REFIN(–);
Absolute AIN Voltage Limits2 GND + 100 mV V min Buffered Mode of Operation
V
Analog Input Current Buffered Mode of Operation
Average Input Current2 ±1 nA max
Average Input Current Drift ±5 pA/°C typ
Absolute AIN Voltage Limits2 GND – 30 mV V min Unbuffered Mode of Operation
V
Analog Input Current
Average Input Current ±400 nA/V typ
Average Input Current Drift ±50 pA/V/°C typ
Normal Mode Rejection2
@ 50 Hz, 60 Hz 65 dB min 73 dB typ, 50 ± 1 Hz, 60 ± 1 Hz, FS[2:0] = 1004
@ 50 Hz 80 dB min 90 dB typ, 50 ± 1 Hz, FS[2:0] = 1014
@ 60 Hz 80 dB min 90 dB typ, 60 ± 1 Hz, FS[2:0] = 0114
Common Mode Rejection AIN = 1 V
@DC 90 dB min 100 dB typ, FS[2:0] = 1004
@ 50 Hz, 60 Hz2 100 dB min 50 ± 1 Hz (FS[2:0] = 1014), 60 ± 1 Hz (FS[2:0] = 0114)
REFERENCE INPUT
REFIN Voltage 2.5 V nom REFIN = REFIN(+) – REFIN(–)
Reference Voltage Range2 0.1 V min
V
Absolute REFIN Voltage Limits2 GND – 30 mV V min
V
Average Reference Input Current 0.5 µA/V typ
Average Reference Input Current Drift ±0.03 nA/V/°C typ
1
Temperature Range –40°C to +105°C.
2
Specification is not production tested but is supported by characterization data at initial product release.
3
Full-scale error applies to both positive and negative full-scale and applies at the factory calibration conditions (VDD = 4 V).
4
FS[2:0] are the three bits used in the filter register to select the output word rate.
, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX
DD
DD
DD
DD
Update Rate ≤ 20 Hz
– 100 mV V max
+ 30 mV V max
Unbuffered Mode of Operation
Input current varies with input voltage.
V max
+ 30 mV V max
Rev. 0 | Page 3 of 20
Page 4
AD7791
SPECIFICATIONS (continued)
Parameter AD7791B Unit Test Conditions/Comments
REFERENCE INPUT (continued)
Normal Mode Rejection2
@ 50 Hz, 60 Hz 65 dB min 73 dB typ, 50 ± 1 Hz, 60 ± 1 Hz, FS[2:0] = 1004
@ 50 Hz 80 dB min 90 dB typ, 50 ± 1 Hz, FS[2:0] = 1014
@ 60 Hz 80 dB min 90 dB typ, 60 ± 1 Hz, FS[2:0] = 0114
Common Mode Rejection AIN = 1 V
@ DC 100 dB typ FS[2:0] = 1004
@ 50 Hz, 60 Hz 110 dB typ 50 ± 1 Hz (FS[2:0] = 1014), 60 ± 1 Hz (FS[2:0] = 0114)
LOGIC INPUTS
All Inputs Except SCLK2
V
, Input Low Voltage 0.8 V max VDD = 5 V
INL
0.4 V max VDD = 3 V
V
, Input High Voltage 2.0 V min VDD = 3 V or 5 V
INH
SCLK Only (Schmitt-Triggered Input)2
VT(+) 1.4/2 V min/V max VDD = 5 V
VT(–) 0.8/1.4 V min/V max VDD = 5 V
VT(+) – VT(–) 0.3/0.85 V min/V max VDD = 5 V
VT(+) 0.9/2 V min/V max VDD = 3 V
VT(–) 0.4/1.1 V min/V max VDD = 3 V
VT(+) - VT(–) 0.3/0.85 V min/V max VDD = 3 V
Input Currents ±1 µA max VIN = VDD or GND
Input Capacitance 10 pF typ All Digital Inputs
LOGIC OUTPUTS
VOH, Output High Voltage2 V
VOL, Output Low Voltage2 0.4 V max VDD = 3 V, I
VOH, Output High Voltage2 4 V min VDD = 5 V, I
VOL, Output Low Voltage2 0.4 V max VDD = 5 V, I
Floating-State Leakage Current ±1 µA max
Floating-State Output Capacitance 10 pF typ
Data Output Coding Offset Binary
POWER REQUIREMENTS5
Power Supply Voltage
VDD – GND 2.5/5.25 V min/max
Power Supply Currents
IDD Current6 75 µA max 65 µA typ, VDD = 3.6 V, Unbuffered Mode
145 µA max 130 µA typ, VDD = 3.6 V, Buffered Mode
80 µA max 73 µA typ, VDD = 5.25 V, Unbuffered Mode
160 µA max 145 µA typ, VDD = 5.25 V, Buffered Mode
IDD (Power-Down Mode) 1 µA max
1
– 0.6 V min VDD = 3 V, I
DD
= 100 µA
SOURCE
= 100 µA
SINK
= 200 µA
SOURCE
= 1.6 mA
SINK
5
Digital inputs equal to VDD or GND.
6
The current consumption can be further reduced by using the ADC in one of the low power modes (see Table 14).
Rev. 0 | Page 4 of 20
Page 5
AD7791
MIN
1, 2
, T
MAX
Unit Conditions/Comments
Falling Edge to DOUT/RDY Active Time
CS
Bus Relinquish Time after CS
SCLK Inactive Edge to CS
SCLK Inactive Edge to DOUT/RDY
Falling Edge to SCLK Active Edge Setup Time4
CS
Rising Edge to SCLK Edge Hold Time
CS
Inactive Edge
Inactive Edge
High
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
Table 2. (VDD = 2.5 V to 5.25 V; GND = 0 V, REFIN(+) = 2.5 V, REFIN(–) = GND, CDIV1 = CDIV0 = 0, Input Logic 0 = 0 V,
Input Logic 1 = V
Parameter
t3 100 ns min SCLK High Pulsewidth
t4 100 ns min SCLK Low Pulsewidth
Read Operation
t1 0 ns min
60 ns max VDD = 4.75 V to 5.25 V
80 ns max VDD = 2.5 V to 3.6 V
3
t
0 ns min SCLK Active Edge to Data Valid Delay4
2
60 ns max VDD = 4.75 V to 5.25 V
80 ns max VDD = 2.5 V to 3.6 V
5, 6
t
10 ns min
5
80 ns max
t6 100 ns max
t7 10 ns min
Write Operation
t8 0 ns min
t9 30 ns min Data Valid to SCLK Edge Setup Time
t10 25 ns min Data Valid to SCLK Edge Hold Time
t11 0 ns min
, unless otherwise noted.)
DD
Limit at T
(B Version)
1
Sample tested during initial release to ensure compliance. All input signals are specified with tR = tF = 5 ns (10% to 90% of VDD) and timed from a voltage level of 1.6 V.
2
See Figure 3 and Figure 4.
3
These numbers are measured with the load circuit of Figure 2 and defined as the time required for the output to cross the VOL or VOH limits.
4
SCLK active edge is falling edge of SCLK.
5
These numbers are derived from the measured time taken by the data output to change 0.5 V when loaded with the circuit of Figure 2. The measured number is then
extrapolated back to remove the effects of charging or discharging the 50 pF capacitor. This means that the times quoted in the timing characteristics are the true bus
relinquish times of the part and, as such, are independent of external bus loading capacitances.
6
RDY
returns high after a read of the ADC. In single conversion mode and continuous conversion mode, the same data can be read again, if required, while
although care should be taken to ensure that subsequent reads do not occur close to the next output update. In continuous read mode, the digital word can be read
only once.
RDY
is high,
Rev. 0 | Page 5 of 20
Page 6
AD7791
I
(1.6mA WITH VDD = 5V,
SINK
TO OUTPUT
PIN
50pF
100µA WITH V
I
SOURCE
100µA WITH V
= 3V)
DD
1.6V
(200µA WITH VDD = 5V,
= 3V)
DD
04227-0-002
Figure 2. Load Circuit for Timing Characterization
CS (I)
t
6
t
5
7
04227-0-003
DOUT/RDY (O)
SCLK (I)
t
1
MSB LSB
t
2
I = INPUT, O = OUTPUT
t
t
3
t
4
Figure 3. Read Cycle Timing Diagram
CS (I)
t
11
04227-0-004
SCLK (I)
DIN (I)
I = INPUT, O = OUTPUT
t
8
t
9
t
10
MSB LSB
Figure 4. Write Cycle Timing Diagram
Rev. 0 | Page 6 of 20
Page 7
AD7791
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 3. (TA= 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
Parameter Rating
VDD to GND –0.3 V to +7 V
Analog Input Voltage to GND –0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
Reference Input Voltage to GND –0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
Total AIN/REFIN Current (Indefinite) 30 mA
Digital Input Voltage to GND –0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
Digital Output Voltage to GND –0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V
Operating Temperature Range –40°C to +105°C
Storage Temperature Range –65°C to +150°C
Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C
MSOP
θJA Thermal Impedance 206°C/W
θJC Thermal Impedance 44°C/W
Lead Temperature, Soldering (10 sec) 300°C
IR Reflow, Peak Temperature 220°C
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those listed in the operational sections
of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Rev. 0 | Page 7 of 20
Page 8
AD7791
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
SCLK
1
CS
2
AIN(+)
AIN(–)
REF(+)
AD7791
3
TOP VIEW
(Not to Scale)
4
5
04227-0-005
Figure 5. Pin Configuration
Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin
No. Mnemonic Function
1 SCLK
Serial Clock Input for Data Transfers to and
from the ADC. The SCLK has a Schmitttriggered input, making the interface
suitable for opto-isolated applications. The
serial clock can be continuous with all data
transmitted in a continuous train of pulses.
Alternatively, it can be a noncontinuous
clock with the information being transmitted to or from the ADC in smaller
batches of data.
2
Chip Select Input. This is an active low logic
CS
input used to select the ADC. CS can be
used to select the ADC in systems with
more than one device on the serial bus or as
a frame synchronization signal in communicating with the device. CS
low, allowing the ADC to operate in 3-wire
mode with SCLK, DIN, and DOUT used to
interface with the device.
3 AIN(+)
Analog Input. AIN(+) is the positive terminal
of the fully differential analog input.
4 AIN(–)
Analog Input. AIN(–) is the negative terminal of the fully differential analog input.
5 REFIN(+)
Positive Reference Input. REFIN(+) can lie
anywhere between V
The nominal reference voltage (REFIN(+) –
REFIN(–)) is 2.5 V, but the part functions
with a reference from 0.1 V to V
DIN
10
9
DOUT/RDY
8
V
DD
GND
7
6
REF(–)
can be hardwired
and GND + 0.1 V.
DD
.
DD
Pin
No.
Mnemonic Function
6 REFIN(–)
7 GND Ground Reference Point.
8 VDD Supply Voltage, 2.5 V to 5.25 V.
9
DOUT/RDY
10 DIN
Negative Reference Input. This reference
input can lie anywhere between GND and
– 0.1 V.
V
DD
Serial Data Output/Data Ready Output.
DOUT/RDY
serves a dual purpose . It functions
as a serial data output pin to access the output shift register of the ADC. The output shift
register can contain data from any of the
on-chip data or control registers. In addition,
DOUT/RDY
operates as a data ready pin,
going low to indicate the completion of a
conversion. If the data is not read after the
conversion, the pin will go high before the
next update occurs.
The DOUT/RDY
falling edge can be used as an
interrupt to a processor, indicating that valid
data is available. With an external serial clock,
the data can be read using the DOUT/RDY
With CS low, the data/control word information is placed on the DOUT/RDY pin on the
SCLK falling edge and is valid on the SCLK
rising edge.
The end of a conversion is also indicated by
the RDY bit in the status register. When CS is
high, the DOUT/RDY pin is three-stated but
the RDY
bit remains active.
Serial Data Input to the Input Shift Register
on the ADC. Data in this shift register is
transferred to the control registers within
the ADC, the register selection bits of the
communications register identifying the
appropriate register.
pin.
Rev. 0 | Page 8 of 20
Page 9
AD7791
8
8
8
8
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
dB
–70
–80
–90
–100
–110
–120
0408020 60 100 120 140
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Figure 6. Frequency Response with 16.6 Hz Update Rate
04227-0-012
160
9
VDD = 3V
= 2.048V
V
REF
8
1.1875Hz UPDATE RATE
= 25°C
T
A
7
RMS NOISE = 1.25µF
6
5
4
OCCURENCE
3
2
1
0
8388592
CODE
Figure 9. Noise Histogram for Clock Divide by 8 Mode
(CDIV0 = CDIV1 = 1)
8388616
04227-0-014
VDD = 3V
100
V
REF
9.5Hz UPDATE RATE
T
= 25°C
A
RMS NOISE = 1µV
80
60
OCCURENCE
40
20
0
8388591
388619
CODE
= 2.048V
CODE
Figure 7. Noise Distribution Histogram
(CDIV1 = CDIV0 = 0)
8388619
04227-0-010
388616
CODE
VDD = 3V, V
1.1875Hz UPDATE RATE
= 25°C, RMS NOISE = 1.25µF
T
388592
A
0 20406080
REF
= 2.048V
READ NO.
04227-0-013
100
Figure 10. Noise Plot in Clock Divide by 8 Mode
(CDIV0 = CDIV1 = 1)
3.0
VDD = 5V
UPDATE RATE = 16.6Hz
= 25°C
T
A
2.5
2.0
1.5
RMS NOISE (µV)
1.0
0.5
VDD = 3V, V
= 25°C, RMS NOISE = 1µV
T
A
388591
0 200 400 600 800
Figure 8. Typical Noise Plot with 16.6 Hz Update Rate
= 2.048V, 9.5Hz UPDATE RATE
REF
READ NO.
04227-0-011
1000
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
V
(V)
REF
04227-0-015
5.0
Figure 11. RMS Noise vs. Reference Voltage
(CDIV1 = CDIV0 = 0)
Rev. 0 | Page 9 of 20
Page 10
AD7791
ON-CHIP REGISTERS
The ADC is controlled and configured via a number of on-chip registers, which are described on the following pages. In the following
descriptions, set implies a Logic 1 state and cleared implies a Logic 0 state, unless otherwise stated.
COMMUNICATIONS REGISTER (RS1, RS0 = 0, 0)
The communications register is an 8-bit write-only register. All communications to the part must start with a write operation to the communications register. The data written to the communications register determines whether the next operation is a read or write operation,
and to which register this operation takes place. For read or write operations, once the subsequent read or write operation to the selected
register is complete, the interface returns to where it expects a write operation to the communications register. This is the default state of
the interface and, on power-up or after a reset, the ADC is in this default state waiting for a write operation to the communications register. In situations where the interface sequence is lost, a write operation of at least 32 serial clock cycles with DIN high returns the ADC to
this default state by resetting the entire part. Table 5 outlines the bit designations for the communications register. CR0 through CR7 indicate the bit location, CR denoting the bits are in the communications register. CR7 denotes the first bit of the data stream. The number in
brackets indicates the power-on/reset default status of that bit.
CR7 CR6 CR5 CR4 CR3 CR2 CR1 CR0
WEN(0)
0(0) RS1(0) RS0(0)
R/W(0)
Table 5. Communications Register Bit Designations
Bit Location Bit Name Description
CR7
CR6 0 This bit must be programmed to Logic 0 for correct operation.
CR5–CR4 RS1–RS0
CR3
CR2 CREAD
CR1–CR0 CH1–CH0
Write Enable Bit. A 0 must be written to this bit so that the write to the communications register actually
WEN
occurs. If a 1 is the first bit written, the part will not clock on to subsequent bits in the register. It will stay
at this bit location until a 0 is written to this bit. Once a 0 is written to the WEN
will be loaded to the communications register.
Register Address Bits. These address bits are used to select which of the ADC’s registers are being
selected during this serial interface communication. See Table 6.
A 0 in this bit location indicates that the next operation will be a write to a specified register. A 1 in this
R/W
position indicates that the next operation will be a read from the designated register.
Continuous Read of the Data Register. When this bit is set to 1 (and the data register is selected), the
serial interface is configured so that the data register can be continuously read, i.e., the contents of the
data register are placed on the DOUT pin automatically when the SCLK pulses are applied. The communications register does not have to be written to for data reads. To enable continuous read mode, the
instruction 001111XX must be written to the communications register. To exit the continuous read
mode, the instruction 001110XX must be written to the communications register while the RDY
low. While in continuous read mode, the ADC monitors activity on the DIN line so that it can receive the
instruction to exit continuous read mode. Additionally, a reset will occur if 32 consecutive 1s are seen on
DIN. Therefore, DIN should be held low in continuous read mode until an instruction is to be written to
the device.
These bits are used to select the analog input channel. The differential channel can be selected
(AIN(+)/AIN(–)) or an internal short (AIN(–)/AIN(–)) can be selected. Alternatively, the power supply can
be selected, i.e., the ADC can measure the voltage on the power supply, which is useful for monitoring
power supply variation. The power supply voltage is divided by 5 and then applied to the modulator for
conversion. The ADC uses a 1.17 V ± 5% on-chip reference as the reference source for the analog to
digital conversion. Any change in channel resets the filter and a new conversion is started.
Table 6. Register Selection
RS1 RS0 Register Register Size
0 0
0 0
0 1 Mode Register 8-Bit
1 0 Filter Register 8-Bit
1 1 Data Register 24-Bit
Communications Register
during a Write Operation
Status Register during a
Read Operation
8-Bit
8-Bit
CREAD(0) CH1(0) CH0(0)
bit, the next seven bits
pin is
Table 7. Channel Selection
CH1 CH0 Channel
0 0 AIN(+) – AIN(–)
0 1 Reserved
1 0 AIN(–) – AIN(–)
1 1 VDD Monitor
Rev. 0 | Page 10 of 20
Page 11
AD7791
STATUS REGISTER (RS1, RS0 = 0, 0; POWER-ON/RESET = 0x8C)
The status register is an 8-bit read-only register. To access the ADC status register, the user must write to the communications register,
select the next operation to be a read, and load bits RS1 and RS0 with 0. Table 8 outlines the bit designations for the status register. SR0
through SR7 indicate the bit locations, SR denoting the bits are in the status register. SR7 denotes the first bit of the data stream. The
number in brackets indicates the power-on/reset default status of that bit.
SR7 SR6 SR5 SR4 SR3 SR2 SR1 SR0
RDY(1)
Table 8. Status Register Bit Designations
Bit Location Bit Name Description
SR7
SR6 ERR
SR5 0 This bit is automatically cleared.
SR4 0 This bit is automatically cleared.
SR3 1 This bit is automatically set.
SR2 1
SR1–SR0 CH1–CH0 These bits indicate which channel is being converted by the ADC.
ERR(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(1) WL(1) CH1(0) CH0(0)
Ready bit for ADC. Cleared when data is written to the ADC data register. The RDY bit is set automatically
RDY
after the ADC data register has been read or a period of time before the data register is updated with a
new conversion result to indicate to the user not to read the conversion data. It is also set when the part
is placed in power-down mode. The end of a conversion is indicated by the DOUT/RDY
can be used as an alternative to the status register for monitoring the ADC for conversion data.
ADC Error Bit. This bit is written to at the same time as the RDY
to the ADC data register has been clamped to all 0s or all 1s. Error sources include overrange,
underrange. Cleared by a write operation to start a conversion.
This bit is automatically set if the device is an AD7791. It can be used to distinguish between the AD7791
and AD7790, in which the bit is cleared.
bit. Set to indicate that the result written
pin also. This pin
MODE REGISTER (RS1, RS0 = 0, 1; POWER-ON/RESET = 0x02)
The mode register is an 8-bit register from which data can be read or to which data can be written. This register is used to configure the
ADC for unipolar or bipolar mode, enable or disable the buffer, or place the device into power-down mode. Table 9 outlines the bit designations for the mode register. MR0 through MR7 indicate the bit locations, MR denoting the bits are in the mode register. MR7 denotes
the first bit of the data stream. The number in brackets indicates the power-on/reset default status of that bit. Any write to the setup register resets the modulator and filter and sets the
MR7 MR6 MR5 MR4 MR3 MR2 MR1 MR0
MD1(0) MD0(0) 0(0) 0(0) BO(0)
Table 9. Mode Register Bit Designations
Bit Location Bit Name Description
MR7–MR6 MD1–MD0
MR5–MR4 0 This bit must be programmed with a Logic 0 for correct operation.
Mode Select Bits. These bits select between continuous conversion mode, single conversion mode, and
standby mode. In continuous conversion mode, the ADC continuously performs conversions and places
the result in the data register. RDY
conversions by placing the device in continuous read mode whereby the conversions are automatically
placed on the DOUT line when SCLK pulses are applied. Alternatively, the user can instruct the ADC to
output the conversion by writing to the communications register. After power-on, the first conversion is
available after a period 2/ f
conversion mode, the ADC is placed in power-down mode when conversions are not being performed.
When single conversion mode is selected, the ADC powers up and performs a single conversion, which
occurs after a period 2/f
ADC returns to power-down mode. The conversion remains in the data register and RDY
(low) until the data is read or another conversion is performed. See Table 10.
RDY
bit.
(0)
U/B
goes low when a conversion is complete. The user can read these
while subsequent conversions are available at a frequency of f
ADC
. The conversion result in placed in the data register, RDY goes low, and the
ADC
BUF(1) 0(0)
ADC
remains active
. In single
Rev. 0 | Page 11 of 20
Page 12
AD7791
Bit Location Bit Name Description
MR3 BO
MR2
Unipolar/Bipolar Bit. Set by user to enable unipolar coding, i.e., zero differential input will result in
U/B
MR1 BUF
MR0 0 This bit must be programmed with a Logic 0 for correct operation.
Table 10. Operating Modes
MD1 MD0 Mode
0 0
Continuous Conversion Mode
(Default)
0 1 Reserved
1 0 Single Conversion Mode
1 1 Power-Down Mode
Burnout Current Enable Bit. When this bit is set to 1 by the user, the 100 nA current sources in the signal
path are enabled. When BO = 0, the burnout currents are disabled. The burnout currents can be enabled
only when the buffer is active.
0x000000 output and a full-scale differential input will result in 0xFFFFFF output. Cleared by the user to
enable bipolar coding. Negative full-scale differential input will result in an output code of 0x000000,
zero differential input will result in an output code of 0x800000, and a positive full-scale differential
input will result in an output code of 0xFFFFFF.
Configures the ADC for buffered or unbuffered mode of operation. If cleared, the ADC operates in
unbuffered mode, lowering the power consumption of the device. If set, the ADC operates in buffered
mode, allowing the user to place source impedances on the front end without contributing gain errors
to the system.
FILTER REGISTER (RS1, RS0 = 1, 0; POWER-ON/RESET = 0x04)
The filter register is an 8-bit register from which data can be read or to which data can be written. This register is used to set the output word
rate. Table 11 outlines the bit designations for the filter register. FR0 through FR7 indicate the bit locations, FR denoting the bits are in the
filter register. FR7 denotes the first bit of the data stream. The number in brackets indicates the power-on/reset default status of that bit.
FR7 FR6 FR5 FR4 FR3 FR2 FR1 FR0
0(0) 0(0) CDIV1(0) CDIV0(0) 0(0) FS2(1) FS1(0) FS0(0)
Table 11. Filter Register Bit Designations
Bit Location Bit Name Description
FR7–FR6 0 These bits must be programmed with a Logic 0 for correct operation.
FR5–FR4
00 Normal Mode
01 Clock Divided by 2
10 Clock Divided by 4
11 Clock Divided by 8
FR3 0 This bit must be programmed with a Logic 0 for correct operation.
FR2–FR0 FS2–FS0
CLKDIV1–
CDIV0
These bits are used to operate the AD7791 in the lower power modes. The clock is internally divided and
the power is reduced. In the low power modes, the update rates will scale with the clock frequency so
that dividing the clock by 2 causes the update rate to be reduced by a factor of 2 also.
These bits set the output word rate of the ADC. The update rate influences the 50 Hz/60 Hz rejection and
the noise. See Table 12, which shows the allowable update rates when normal power mode is used. In
the low power modes, the update rate is scaled with the clock frequency. For example, if the internal
clock is divided by a factor of 2, the corresponding update rates will be divided by 2 also.
Rev. 0 | Page 12 of 20
Page 13
AD7791
Table 12. Update Rates
FS2 FS1 FS0 f
0 0 0 120 28 40 25 dB @ 60 Hz
0 0 1 100 24 25 25 dB @ 50 Hz
0 1 0 33.3 8 3.36
0 1 1 20 4.7 1.6 80 dB @ 60 Hz
1 0 0 16.6 4 1.5 65 dB @ 50 Hz/60 Hz (Default Setting)
1 0 1 16.7 4 1.5 80 dB @ 50 Hz
1 1 0 13.3 3.2 1.2
1 1 1 9.5 2.3 1.1 67 dB @ 50/60 Hz
DATA REGISTER (RS1, RS0 = 1, 1; POWER-ON/RESET = 0x000000)
The conversion result from the ADC is stored in this data register. This is a read-only register. On completion of a read operation from
this register, the
bit/pin is set.
RDY
(Hz) f3dB (Hz) RMS Noise (µV) Rejection
ADC
Rev. 0 | Page 13 of 20
Page 14
AD7791
ADC CIRCUIT INFORMATION
OVERVIEW
The AD7791 is a low power ADC that incorporates a ∑-∆
modulator, a buffer and on-chip digital filtering intended for the
measurement of wide dynamic range, low frequency signals
such as those in pressure transducers, weigh scales, and temperature measurement applications.
The part has one differential input that can be buffered or
unbuffered. Buffering the input channel means that the part can
accommodate significant source impedances on the analog
input and that R, C filtering (for noise rejection or RFI reduction) can be placed on the analog input, if required. The device
requires an external reference of 2.5 nominal. Figure 12 shows
the basic connections required to operate the part.
POWER
SUPPLY
10µF0.1µF
V
DD
IN+
OUT–
IN–
The output rate of the AD7791 (f
with the settling time equal to 2 × t
REFIN(+)
OUT+
Figure 12. Basic Connection Diagram
AD7791
AIN(+)
AIN(–)
REFIN(–)
DOUT/RDY
GND
CS
SCLK
) is user programmable
ADC
. Nor mal mode rejection
ADC
MICROCONTROLLER
04227-0-006
is the major function of the digital filter. Table 12 lists the available output rates from the AD7791. Simultaneous 50 Hz and
60 Hz rejection is optimized when the update rate equals
16.6 Hz as notches are placed at both 50 Hz and 60 Hz with this
update rate (see Figure 6).
NOISE PERFORMANCE
Table 13 shows the output rms noise, rms resolution, and peakto-peak resolution (rounded to the nearest 0.5 LSB) for the
different update rates and input ranges for the AD7791. The
Table 14. Low Power Mode Selection
CDIV[1:0] Clock Typ Current, Buffered (µA) Typ Current, Unbuffered (µA) 50 Hz/60 Hz Rejection (dB)
00 1 146 75 65
10 1/2 87 45 64
10 1/4 56 30 75
11 1/8 41 25 86
numbers given are for the bipolar input range with a reference
of 2.5 V. These numbers are typical and generated with a
differential input voltage of 0 V. The peak-to-peak resolution
figures represent the resolution for which there will be no code
flicker within a six-sigma limit. The output noise comes from
two sources. The first is the electrical noise in the semiconductor devices (device noise) used in the implementation of the
modulator. The second is quantization noise, which is added
when the analog input is converted into the digital domain. The
device noise is at a low level and is independent of frequency.
The quantization noise starts at an even lower level but rises
rapidly with increasing frequency to become the dominant
noise source.
Table 13. Typical Peak-to-Peak Resolution (Effective
Resolution) vs. Update Rate
Update
Rate
Peak-toPeak
Resolution
Effective
Resolution
9.5 19.5 22
13.3 19 21.5
16.7 19 21.5
16.6 19 21.5
20 18.5 21
33.3 17.5 20
100 14.5 17
120 14 16.5
REDUCED CURRENT MODES
The AD7791 has a current consumption of 160 µA maximum
when operated with a 5 V power supply, the buffer enabled, and
the clock operating at its maximum speed. The clock frequency
can be divided by a factor of 2, 4, or 8 before being applied to
the modulator and filter, resulting in a reduction in the current
consumption of the AD7791. Bits CDIV1 and CDIV0 in the
filter register are used to enter these low power modes (see
Table 14).
When the internal clock is reduced, the update rate will also be
reduced. For example, if the filter bits are set to give an update
rate of 16.6 Hz when the AD7791 is operated in full power
mode, the update rate will equal 8.3 Hz in divide by 2 mode. In
the low power modes, there may be some degradation in the
ADC performance.
Rev. 0 | Page 14 of 20
Page 15
AD7791
DIGITAL INTERFACE
As previously outlined, the AD7791’s programmable functions
are controlled using a set of on-chip registers. Data is written to
these registers via the part’s serial interface and read access to
the on-chip registers is also provided by this interface. All communications with the part must start with a write to the
communications register. After power-on or reset, the device
expects a write to its communications register. The data written
to this register determines whether the next operation is a read
operation or a write operation and also determines to which
register this read or write operation occurs. Therefore, write
access to any of the other registers on the part begins with a
write operation to the communications register followed by a
write to the selected register. A read operation from any other
register (except when continuous read mode is selected) starts
with a write to the communications register followed by a read
operation from the selected register.
shift register while Figure 4 shows the timing for a write operation to the input shift register. In all modes except continuous
read mode, it is possible to read the same word from the data
register several times even though the DOUT/
line returns
RDY
high after the first read operation. However, care must be taken
to ensure that the read operations have been completed before
the next output update occurs. In continuous read mode, the
data register can be read only once.
The serial interface can operate in 3-wire mode by tying
In this c ase, t he SCLK, DIN, and D OUT/
lines are used to
RDY
CS
low.
communicate with the AD7791. The end of the conversion can
be monitored using the
scheme is suitable for interfacing to microcontrollers. If
bit in the status register. This
RDY
CS
is
required as a decoding signal, it can be generated from a port
pin. For microcontroller interfaces, it is recommended that
SCLK idles high between data transfers.
The AD7791’s serial interface consists of four signals:
SCLK, and DOUT/
into the on-chip registers while DOUT/
. The DIN line is used to transfer data
RDY
is used for access-
RDY
CS
, DIN,
ing from the on-chip registers. SCLK is the serial clock input for
the device and all data transfers (either on DIN or DOUT/
occur with respect to the SCLK signal. The DOUT/
RDY
RDY
pin
operates as a Data Ready signal also, the line going low when a
new data-word is available in the output register. It is reset high
when a read operation from the data register is complete. It also
goes high prior to the updating of the data register to indicate
when not to read from the device to ensure that a data read is
not attempted while the register is being updated.
is used to
CS
select a device. It can be used to decode the AD7791 in systems
where several components are connected to the serial bus.
Figure 3 and Figure 4 show timing diagrams for interfacing to
the AD7791 with
being used to decode the part. Figure 3
CS
shows the timing for a read operation from the AD7791’s output
CS
The AD7791 can be operated with
being used as a frame
CS
synchronization signal. This scheme is useful for DSP interfaces.
In this case, the first bit (MSB) is effectively clocked out by
since
)
DSPs. The SCLK can continue to run between data transfers,
would normally occur after the falling edge of SCLK in
CS
CS
provided the timing numbers are obeyed.
The serial interface can be reset by writing a series of 1s on the
DIN input. If a Logic 1 is written to the AD7791 line for at least
32 serial clock cycles, the serial interface is reset. This ensures
that in 3-wire systems, the interface can be reset to a known
state if the interface gets lost due to a software error or some
glitch in the system. Reset returns the interface to the state in
which it is expecting a write to the communications register.
This operation resets the contents of all registers to their poweron values.
The AD7791 can be configured to continuously convert or to
perform a single conversion. See Figure 13 through Figure 15.
DIN
DOUT/RDY
SCLK
0x10 0x82
DATA
Figure 13. Single Conversion
0x10 0x82
DATA
04227-0-007
Rev. 0 | Page 15 of 20
Page 16
AD7791
Single Conversion Mode
In single conversion mode, the AD7791 is placed in shutdown
mode between conversions. When a single conversion is initiated by setting MD1 to 1 and MD0 to 0 in the mode register, the
AD7791 powers up, performs a single conversion, and then
returns to shutdown mode. A conversion will require a time
period of 2 × t
. DOUT/
ADC
pletion of a conversion. When the data-word has been read
from the data register, DOUT/
DOUT/
will remain high until another conversion is initi-
RDY
ated and completed. The data register can be read several times,
if required, even when DOUT/
CS
goes low to indicate the com-
RDY
will go high. If CS is low,
RDY
has gone high.
RDY
Continuous Conversion Mode
This is the default power-up mode. The AD7791 will continuously convert, the
time a conversion is complete. If
pin in the status register going low each
RDY
is low, the DOUT/
CS
will also go low when a conversion is complete. To read a conversion, the user can write to the communications register,
indicating that the next operation is a read of the data register.
The digital conversion will be placed on the DOUT/
RDY
soon as SCLK pulses are applied to the ADC. DOUT/
return high when the conversion is read. The user can read this
register additional times, if required. However, the user must
ensure that the data register is not being accessed at the completion of the next conversion or else the new conversion word will
be lost.
RDY
RDY
line
pin as
will
DIN
DOUT/RDY
SCLK
0x38 0x38
DATA DATA
Figure 14. Continuous Conversion
04227-0-009
Rev. 0 | Page 16 of 20
Page 17
AD7791
Continuous Read Mode
Rather than write to the communications register each time a
conversion is complete to access the data, the AD7791 can be
placed in continuous read mode. By writing 001111XX to the
communications register, the user needs only to apply the
appropriate number of SCLK cycles to the ADC and the 24-bit
word will automatically be placed on the DOUT/
RDY
line
when a conversion is complete.
When DOUT/
goes low to indicate the end of a conver-
RDY
sion, sufficient SCLK cycles must be applied to the ADC and the
data conversion will be placed on the DOUT/
the conversion is read, DOUT/
will return high until the
RDY
RDY
line. When
next conversion is available. In this mode, the data can be read
only once. Also, the user must ensure that the data-word is read
CS
before the next conversion is complete. If the user has not read
the conversion before the completion of the next conversion or
if insufficient serial clocks are applied to the AD7791 to read the
word, the serial output register is reset when the next conversion is complete and the new conversion is placed in the output
serial register.
To exit the continuous read mode, the instruction 001110XX
must be written to the communications register while the
pin is low. While in the continuous read mode, the ADC monitors activity on the DIN line so that it can receive the
instruction to exit the continuous read mode. Additionally, a
reset will occur if 32 consecutive 1s are seen on DIN. Therefore,
DIN should be held low in continuous read mode until an instruction is to be written to the device.
RDY
DIN
DOUT/RDY
SCLK
0x3C
DATA DATA DATA
Figure 15. Continuous Read
04227-0-008
Rev. 0 | Page 17 of 20
Page 18
AD7791
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
ANALOG INPUT CHANNEL
The AD7791 has one differential analog input channel. This is
connected to the on-chip buffer amplifier when the device is
operated in buffered mode and directly to the modulator when
the device is operated in unbuffered mode. In buffered mode
(the BUF bit in the mode register is set to 1), the input channel
feeds into a high impedance input stage of the buffer amplifier.
Therefore, the input can tolerate significant source impedances
and is tailored for direct connection to external resistive-type
sensors such as strain gauges or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs).
When BUF = 0, the part is operated in unbuffered mode. This
results in a higher analog input current. Note that this
unbuffered input path provides a dynamic load to the driving
source. Therefore, resistor/capacitor combinations on the input
pins can cause dc gain errors, depending on the output
impedance of the source that is driving the ADC input. Table 15
shows the allowable external resistance/capacitance values for
unbuffered mode such that no gain error at the 20-bit level is
introduced.
Table 15. External R-C Combination for No 20-Bit Gain Error
C (pF) R (Ω)
50 16.7K
100 9.6K
500 2.2K
1000 1.1K
5000 160
The absolute input voltage range in buffered mode is restricted
to a range between GND + 100 mV and V
must be taken in setting up the common-mode voltage so that
these limits are not exceeded. Otherwise, there will be degradation in linearity and noise performance.
The absolute input voltage in unbuffered mode includes the
range between GND – 30 mV and V
being unbuffered. The negative absolute input voltage limit does
allow the possibility of monitoring small true bipolar signals
with respect to GND.
BIPOLAR/UNIPOLAR CONFIGURATION
The analog input to the AD7791 can accept either unipolar or
bipolar input voltage ranges. A bipolar input range does not
imply that the part can tolerate negative voltages with respect to
system GND. Unipolar and bipolar signals on the AIN(+) input
are referenced to the voltage on the AIN(–) input. For example,
if AIN(–) is 2.5 V and the ADC is configured for unipolar
mode, the input voltage range on the AIN(+) pin is 2.5 V to 5 V.
– 100 mV. Care
DD
+ 30 mV as a result of
DD
If the ADC is configured for bipolar mode, the analog input
range on the AIN(+) input is 0 V to 5 V. The bipolar/unipolar
option is chosen by programming the B/U bit in the mode
register.
DATA OUTPUT CODING
When the ADC is configured for unipolar operation, the output
code is natural (straight) binary with a zero differential input
voltage resulting in a code of 00...00, a midscale voltage
resulting in a code of 100...000, and a full-scale input voltage
resulting in a code of 111...111. The output code for any analog
input voltage can be represented as
Code = 2
× (AIN/V
REF
)
N
When the ADC is configured for bipolar operation, the output
code is offset binary with a negative full-scale voltage resulting
in a code of 000...000, a zero differential input voltage resulting
in a code of 100...000, and a positive full-scale input voltage
resulting in a code of 111...111. The output code for any analog
input voltage can be represented as
Code = 2
× [(AIN/V
REF
) + 1]
N – 1
where AIN is the analog input voltage and N = 24.
REFERENCE INPUT
The AD7791 has a fully differential input capability for the
channel. The common-mode range for these differential inputs
is from GND to V
therefore, excessive R-C source impedances will introduce gain
errors. The reference voltage REFIN (REFIN(+) – REFIN(–)) is
2.5 V nominal, but the AD7791 is functional with reference
voltages from 0.1 V to V
(voltage or current) for the transducer on the analog input also
drives the reference voltage for the part, the effect of the low
frequency noise in the excitation source will be removed
because the application is ratiometric. If the AD7791 is used
in a nonratiometric application, a low noise reference should
be used.
Recommended 2.5 V reference voltage sources for the AD7791
include the ADR381 and ADR391, which are low noise, low
power references. In a system that operates from a 2.5 V power
supply, the reference voltage source will require some headroom. In this case, a 2.048 V reference such as the ADR380 or
ADR390 can be used, requiring only 300 mV of headroom. Also
note that the reference inputs provide a high impedance,
dynamic load. Because the input impedance of each reference
input is dynamic, resistor/ capacitor combinations on these
inputs can cause dc gain errors, depending on the output
impedance of the source that is driving the reference inputs.
. The reference input is unbuffered and,
DD
. In applications where the excitation
DD
Rev. 0 | Page 18 of 20
Page 19
AD7791
Reference voltage sources like those recommended above
(e.g., ADR391) will typically have low output impedances and
are, therefore, tolerant to having decoupling capacitors on
REFIN(+) without introducing gain errors in the system.
Deriving the reference input voltage across an external resistor
will mean that the reference input sees a significant external
source impedance. External decoupling on the REFIN pins
would not be recommended in this type of circuit
configuration.
VDD MONITOR
Along with converting external voltages, the analog input channel can be used to monitor the voltage on the V
pin. When the
DD
CH1 and CH0 bits in the communications register are set to 1,
the voltage on the V
pin is internally attenuated by 5 and the
DD
resultant voltage is applied to the ∑-∆ modulator using an internal 1.17 V reference for analog to digital conversion. This is
useful because variations in the power supply voltage can be
monitored.
GROUNDING AND LAYOUT
Since the analog inputs and reference inputs of the ADC are
differential, most of the voltages in the analog modulator are
common-mode voltages. The excellent common-mode rejection of the part will remove common-mode noise on these
inputs. The digital filter will provide rejection of broadband
noise on the power supply, except at integer multiples of the
modulator sampling frequency. The digital filter also removes
noise from the analog and reference inputs, provided that these
noise sources do not saturate the analog modulator. As a result,
the AD7791 is more immune to noise interference than a conventional high resolution converter. However, because the
resolution of the AD7791 is so high, and the noise levels from
the AD7791 are so low, care must be taken with regard to
grounding and layout.
The printed circuit board that houses the AD7791 should be
designed such that the analog and digital sections are separated
and confined to certain areas of the board. A minimum etch
technique is generally best for ground planes because it gives
the best shielding.
It is recommended that the AD7791’s GND pin be tied to the
AGND plane of the system. In any layout, it is important that
the user keep in mind the flow of currents in the system, ensuring that the return paths for all currents are as close as possible
to the paths the currents took to reach their destinations. Avoid
forcing digital currents to flow through the AGND sections of
the layout.
The AD7791’s ground plane should be allowed to run under the
AD7791 to prevent noise coupling. The power supply lines to
the AD7791 should use as wide a trace as possible to provide
low impedance paths and reduce the effects of glitches on the
power supply line. Fast switching signals such as clocks should
be shielded with digital ground to avoid radiating noise to other
sections of the board, and clock signals should never be run
near the analog inputs. Avoid crossover of digital and analog
signals. Traces on opposite sides of the board should run at
right angles to each other. This will reduce the effects of
feedthrough through the board. A microstrip technique is by far
the best, but it is not always possible with a double-sided board.
In this technique, the component side of the board is dedicated
to ground planes, while signals are placed on the solder side.
Good decoupling is important when using high resolution
ADCs. V
should be decoupled with 10 µF tantalum in parallel
DD
with 0.1 µF capacitors to GND. To achieve the best from these
decoupling components, they should be placed as close as
possible to the device, ideally right up against the device. All
logic chips should be decoupled with 0.1 µF ceramic capacitors
to DGND.
Rev. 0 | Page 19 of 20
Page 20
AD7791
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
3.00 BSC
6
10
5
4.90 BSC
1.10 MAX
SEATING
PLANE
0.23
0.08
3.00 BSC
PIN 1
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.15
0.00
1
0.50 BSC
0.27
0.17
COPLANARITY
0.10
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MO-187BA
Figure 16. 10-Lead Mini Small Outline Package [MSOP]
(RM-10)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
8°
0°
0.80
0.60
0.40
ESD CAUTION
ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on
the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features
proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy
electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance
degradation or loss of functionality.
Table 16. Ordering Guide
Model Temperature Range Package Description Package Option Branding
AD7791BRM –40°C to +105°C 10-Lead Mini Small Outline Package (MSOP) RM-10 COT
AD7791BRM-REEL –40°C to +105°C 10-Lead Mini Small Outline Package (MSOP) RM-10 COT
© 2003 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective companies.
C04227-0-8/03(0)
Rev. 0 | Page 20 of 20
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