The A3933SEQ is a three-phase MOSFET controller for use with
SC
GLC
3
4
5
6
CC
7
8
SB
9
10
CB
11
12
SA
13
14
15
CA
VCCOUT
RESET
2
16
LCAP
PGND
1
FAULT
17
FAULT
DEAD
AGND
31
32
CONTROL LOGIC
18
19
VBB
MODE
REF
30
BRAKE
20
H1
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
19
22
21
Dwg. PP-068
SENSE
RC
PWM
BRKSEL
BRKCAP
BRAKE
DIR
H2
H3
bipolar brushless dc motors. It drives all n-channel external power
r
FETs, allowing system cost savings and minimizing
(DS)on
power loss.
The high-side drive block is implemented with bootstrap capacitors at
each output to provide the floating positive supply for the gate drive.
The high-side circuitry also employs a unique “intelligent” FET
monitoring circuit that ensures the gate voltages are at the proper levels
before turn-on and during the ON cycle. This device is targeted for
applications with motor supplies from 12 V to 28 V.
Internal fixed off-time PWM current-control circuitry can be used to
regulate the maximum load current to a desired value. The peak loadcurrent limit is set by the user’s selection of an input reference voltage
and external sensing resistor. The fixed off-time pulse duration is set
by a user-selected external RC timing network.
A power-loss braking circuit brakes the motor on an under-voltage
condition. The device is configured to either coast or dynamically
brake the motor when this occurs.
The A3933SEQ is supplied in a 32-lead rectangular (9 x 7) plastic
chip carrier (quad pack) for minimum-area, surface-mount applications.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
at TA = 25°C
Supply Voltage, VBB............................. 28 V
(peak) .............................................. 30 V
Terminal Voltage, V
(peak) .............................................. 15 V
Logic Input Voltage Range,
VIN.................. -0.3 V to V
Sense Voltage Range,
V
............................. -5 V to V
SENSE
Output Voltage Range,
VSA, VSB, VSC.................. -5 V to +30 V
V
, V
GHB
, V
GHC
GHA
VCA, VCB, VCC..................... VSX + 14 V
Operating Temperature Range,
TA................................. -20°C to +85°C
Junction Temperature, TJ................. +150°C
Storage Temperature Range,
TS............................... -55°C to +150°C
................. 13.2 V
CCOUT
LCAP
. -5 V to VBB + 14 V
+ 0.3 V
LCAP
FEATURES AND BENEFITS
■ Drives External N-Channel FETs
■ Intelligent High-Side Gate Drive
■ Selectable Coast or Dynamic Brake on Power Down
■ Adjustable Dead Time for Cross-Conduction Protection
RESET — A logic input used to enable the device, internally
pulled up to V
device and force all gate drivers to 0 V, coasting the motor. A
logic LOW allows the gate drive to follow commutation logic.
This input overrides BRAKE.
GLA/GLB/GLC — Low-side, gate-drive outputs for external
NMOS drivers. External series-gate resistors (as close as
possible to the NMOS gate) can be used to control the slew rate
seen at the power-driver gate, thereby controlling the di/dt and
dv/dt of the SA/SB/SC outputs. Each output is designed and
specified to drive a 1000 pF load with a rise time of 50 ns.
SA/SB/SC — Directly connected to the motor, these terminals
sense the voltages switched across the load. These terminals
are also connected to the negative side of the bootstrap capacitors and are the negative supply connections for the floating
high-side drive.
GHA/GHB/GHC — High-side, gate-drive outputs for external
NMOS drivers. External series-gate resistors (as close as
possible to the NMOS gate) can be used to control the slew rate
seen at the power-driver gate, thereby controlling the di/dt and
dv/dt of the SA/SB/SC outputs. Each output is designed and
specified to drive a 1000 pF load with a rise time of 100 ns.
CA/CB/CC — High-side connections for the bootstrap capacitors, positive supply for high-side gate drive. The bootstrap
capacitor is charged to approximately V
associated output SA/SB/SC terminal is low. When the output
swings high, the voltage on this terminal rises with the output to
provide the boosted gate voltage needed for n-channel power
FETs.
(+5 V). A logic HIGH will disable the
LCAP
when the
CCOUT
continued next page
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3933
THREE-PHASE POWER
MOSFET CONTROLLER
Terminal Descriptions (cont’d)
FAULT — Open-drain output to indicate fault condition; will
go active high for any of the following:
1 – invalid HALL input code,
2 – high-side, gate-source voltage less than 7 V,
3 – bootstrap capacitor not sufficiently charged, or
4 – under-voltage condition detected at V
CCOUT
.
The fault state for gate-source and bootstrap monitors are
cleared at each commutation. If the motor has stalled, then the
fault can only be cleared by toggling the RESET terminal or
power-up sequence.
MODE — A logic input to set current-decay method, internally
pulled up to V
(+5 V). When in slow-decay mode (logic
LCAP
HIGH), only the high-side FET is switched open during a PWM
OFF cycle. The fast-decay mode (logic LOW) switches both
the source and sink FETs.
H1/H2/H3 — Hall-sensor inputs; internally pulled up to V
LCAP
(+5 V). Configured for 120° electrical spacing.
DIR — A logic input to reverse rotation, see commutation logic
table. Internally pulled up to V
LCAP
(+5 V).
BRAKE — A logic input to short out the motor windings for a
braking function. A logic HIGH will turn ON the low-side
FETs, turn OFF the high-side FETs. Internally pulled up to
V
(+5 V). The braking torque applied will depend on the
LCAP
speed.
BRKCAP — Connection for reservoir capacitor. This terminal
is used to provide a positive power supply for the sink-drive
outputs for a power-down condition. This will allow predictable braking, if desired. A blocking diode to V
CCOUT
is required. A 4.7 µF capacitor will provide 6.5 V gate drive for
300 ms. If a power-down braking option is not needed
(BRKSEL = LOW) then this terminal should be tied to V
CCOUT
BRKSEL — A logic input to enable/disable braking on powerdown condition. Internally pulled up to V
(+5 V). If held
LCAP
low, the motor will coast on a power-down condition.
RC — An analog input used to set the fixed off time with an
external resistor (RT) and capacitor (CT). The t
blank
controlled by the value of the external capacitor (see Applications Information). As a rule, the fixed off time should not be
less than 10 µs. The resistor should be in the range of 10 kΩ to
100 kΩ.
SENSE — An analog input to the current-limit comparator.
A voltage representing load current appears on this terminal
during ON time, when it reaches REF voltage, the comparator
trips and load current decays for the fixed off-time interval.
Voltage transients seen at this terminal when the drivers turn
ON are ignored for time t
blank
.
REF — An analog input to the current-limit comparator.
Voltage applied here sets the peak load current.
I
V
CCOUT
= V
peak
— A regulated 12 V output; supply for low-side gate
REF/RS
.
drive and bootstrap capacitor charge circuits. It is good practice
to connect a decoupling capacitor from this terminal to AGND,
as close to the device terminals as possible. The terminal
should be shorted to VBB for 12 V applications.
VBB — The A3933 supply voltage. It is good practice to
connect a decoupling capacitor from this terminal to AGND, as
close to the device terminals as possible. This terminal should
be shorted to V
for 12 V applications.
CCOUT
LCAP — Connection for decoupling capacitor for the internal
5 V reference. This terminal can source no more than 2 mA.
DEAD — An analog input. A resistor between DEAD and
LCAP is selected to adjust turn-off to turn-on time. This delay
is needed to prevent shoot-through in the external power FETs.
The allowable resistor range is 20 kΩ to 430 kΩ, which
converts to deadtime of 210 ns to 2.1 µs, using the following
equation:
.
t
DEAD
= (6.75 x 10
-12
x R
) + (75 x 10-9).
DEAD
AGND — The low-level (analog) reference point for the
A3933.
time is
PWM — Speed control input, internally pulled up to V
LCAP
(+5 V). A logic LOW turns OFF all drivers, a logic HIGH will
turn ON selected drivers as determined by H1/H2/H3 input
logic. Holding the terminal high allows speed/torque control
solely by the current-limit circuit via REF analog voltage
command.
PGND — The reference point for all low-side gate drivers.
3933
THREE-PHASE POWER
MOSFET CONTROLLER
Commutation Truth Table
Logic InputsDriver Outputs
H1H2H3DIRGLAGLBGLCGHAGHBGHCSASBSC
HLHHLLHHLLHZL
HLL H LLH LHL ZHL
HHL H HLL LHL LHZ
LHL H HLL LLH LZH
LHH H LHL LLH ZLH
LLH H LHL HLL HLZ
HLH L HL L L LH LZH
HLL L LHL LLH ZLH
HHL L LHL HLL HLZ
LHL L L LH HLL HZL
LHHLLLHLHLZHL
LLH L HLL LHL LHZ
Input Logic
MODEPWMRESETModeOperation
LLLFast decayPWM chop mode, current decay
LHLFast decayPeak current limit, selected drivers ON
HLLSlow decayPWM chop mode. current decay
HHLSlow decayPeak current limit, selected drivers ON
XXHCoastAll gate drive outputs OFF, clear fault logic
Brake Control
BRAKE BRKSELNormal OperationUnder Voltage or Power Loss Condition
LLNormal run modeCoast, all gate drive outputs OFF
LHNormal run modeDynamic brake, all sink gate drives ON
HLDynamic brake, all sink gate drives ONCoast, all gate drive outputs OFF
HHDynamic brake, all sink gate drives ONDynamic brake, all sink gate drives ON
L = Low Level, H = High Level, X = Don’t Care, Z = High Impedance
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3933
THREE-PHASE POWER
MOSFET CONTROLLER
Applications Information
Bootstrap Capacitor Selection. The high-side bootstrap
circuit operates on a charge-transfer principle. The gate charge
(Qg) specification of the external power MOSFET must be
taken into consideration. The bootstrap capacitor must be large
enough to turn on the MOSFET without losing significant gate
voltage. If the bootstrap capacitor is too large, it would take too
long to charge up during the off portion of the PWM cycle. The
capacitor value must be selected with both of these constraints
in mind.
1) Minimum bootstrap capacitor value to transfer charge. The
charge on the bootstrap capacitor should be 20x greater than the
gate charge (Qg) of the power MOSFET.
Example: For Qg = 0.025 µC, select
C
= 20 x Qg/10.5 V = 0.047 µF.
boot
Check for maximum Vg drop at turn on: dq = C
x dVg, where
boot
Qg = dq.
dVg = dq/C
2) Calculate minimum PWM “OFF” cycle with C
dt = ro x C
= 0.025 µC/0.047 µF = 532 mV.
boot
x ln(0.036/[Qg/C
boot
+ 0.036])
boot
= 0.047
boot
µF.
where ro = 20 ohms, the equivalent internal series resistance of
the bootstrap capacitor monitor circuit.
The sink-side MOSFET will be held OFF for this minimum
time such that the bootstrap capacitor can be recharged
independently of the PWM input frequency.
The above equation is valid for PWM cycles after the bootstrap
capacitor has been charged once. For the first cycle after a
motor phase commutates from Hi-Z to GHx ON, or during the
first charging cycle at power-up, the circuit will ignore PWM
signals until it has been charged.
The time required to charge up at power up and at commutation
change is approximately:
t = C
x 7 V/0.1 A
boot
Protection Circuitry. The A3933 will protect the external
MOSFETs by shutting down the gate drive if any of the
following conditions are detected:
1) Gate Source Monitor (high side only). The voltage on
the GHx terminals must stay 7 V higher than the source. If this
voltage droops below the threshold, the high side turns OFF,
and the low-side gate will turn ON in an attempt to recharge the
bootstrap capacitor. When the bootstrap capacitor has been
properly charged, the high side is turned back ON. The circuit
will allow three faults of this type within one commutation
cycle before signaling a fault and coast the motor (all gate
outputs go low).
2) Bootstrap Monitor. The bootstrap capacitor is charged
whenever a sink-side MOSFET is ON, Sx output goes low, and
the load current recirculates. This happens constantly during
normal operation. A 60 µs timer is started at the beginning of
this cycle and the capacitor is charged with typically 100 mA.
The bootstrap capacitor voltage is clamped at approximately
87% of V
. If the capacitor is not charged to the clamp
CCOUT
voltage in 60 µs, a fault is signaled and the motor will coast.
3) Undervoltage. The internal V
regulator supplies the
CCOUT
low-side gate driver and the bootstrap charge current. It is
critical to ensure that the voltages are at a proper level before
enabling any of the outputs. The undervoltage circuit is active
during power up and will force a motor coast condition until
V
is greater than approximately 10 V.
CCOUT
4) Hall Invalid. Illegal codes for the HALL inputs (000 or
111) will force a fault and coast the motor.
Faults are cleared at the beginning of each commutation. If a
stalled motor results from a fault, the fault can only be cleared
by toggling the RESET terminal or by a power-up sequence.
Current Control. Internal fixed off-time PWM circuitry is
implemented to limit load current to a desired value. The
external sense resistor combined with the applied analog
voltage to REF terminal will set the peak current level
approximately
I
TRIP
≈ V
REF/RS
.
After the peak level is reached, the sense comparator trips and
the load current will decay for a fixed off time.
An external resistor (RT) and capacitor (CT) are used to set the
fixed off-time period (t
range of 10 µs to 50 µs. Longer values for t
= RT x CT). The t
off
should be in the
off
can result in
off
audible noise problems.
Torque control can be implemented by varying the REF input
voltage as long as the PWM input stays high. If direct control
of the torque/current is desired by PWM input, a voltage can be
applied to the REF input to set an absolute maximum current
limit.
PWM Blank. The capacitor (CT) also serves as the means to
set the blank time duration. After the off time expires, the
selected gates are turned back ON. At this time, large current
transients can occur during the reverse recovery time (trr) of the
intrinsic body diodes of the external MOSFETs. To prevent the
current-sense comparator from thinking the current spikes are a
real overcurrent event, the comparator is blanked:
t
= 1.9 x CT/(1 mA-2/RT)
blank
The user must ensure that CT is large enough to cover the
current-spike duration.
Load Current Recirculation. If MODE has been set for
slow decay, the high-side (source) driver will turn OFF forcing
the current to recirculate through the pair of sink MOSFETs. If
MODE has been selected for fast decay, both the selected highand low-side gates are turned OFF, which will force the current
to recirculate through one sink MOSFET and the high-side
clamp diode. Synchronous rectification (only on the low side)
allows current to flow through the MOSFET, rather than the
clamp diode, during the decay time. This will minimize power
loss during the off period. It is important to take into account
that, when switching, the intrinsic diodes will conduct during
the adjustable deadtime.
V
BB
DRIVE CURRENT
RECIRCULATION
(SLOW-DECAY MODE)
Braking. The A3933 will dynamically brake by forcing all
sink-side MOSFETs ON. This will effectively short out the
BEMF. During braking, the load current can be approximated
by:
I
= V
BRAKE
BEMF/RL
Power Loss Brake. The BRKCAP and BRKSEL terminals
provide a power-down braking option. By applying a logic
level to input BRKSEL, the system can control if the motor is
dynamically braked or is allowed to coast during an
undervoltage event. The reservoir capacitor on the BRKCAP
terminal provides the power to hold the sink-side gates ON after
supply voltage is lost. A logic high on BRKSEL will brake the
motor, a logic low and it will coast.
Layout. Careful consideration must be given to PCB layout
when designing high-frequency, fast-switching, high-current
circuits.
1) The analog ground (AGND), the power ground (PGND),
and the high-current return of the external MOSFETs (the
negative side of the sense resistor) should return separately to
the negative side of the motor supply filtering capacitor. This
will minimize the effect of switching noise on the device logic
and analog reference.
2) Minimize stray inductances by using short, wide copper
runs at the drain and source terminals of all power MOSFETs.
This includes motor lead connections, the input power buss, and
the common source of the low-side power MOSFETs. This will
minimize voltages induced by fast switching of large load
currents.
3) Kelvin connect the SENSE terminal PC trace to the
positive side of the sense resistor.
R
S
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RECIRCULATION
(FAST-DECAY MODE)
Dwg. EP-006-50
3933
THREE-PHASE POWER
MOSFET CONTROLLER
Dimensions in Inches
(controlling dimensions)
0.013
0.021
0.546
0.476
LONG SIDE
(0.446
0.376
SHORT SIDE)
0.050
BSC
0.015
MIN
0.125
0.140
0.595
0.585
0.553
0.547
0.026
0.032
20
21
29
30
132
0.453
0.447
0.495
0.485
14
13
5
4
Dwg. MA-006-32 in
NOTES: 1. Lead spacing tolerance is non-cumulative.
2. Exact body and lead configuration at vendor’s option within limits shown
NOTES: 1. Lead spacing tolerance is non-cumulative.
2. Exact body and lead configuration at vendor’s option within limits shown
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The products described here are manufactured under one or more U.S.
patents or U.S. patents pending.
Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. reserves the right to make, from time to
time, such departures from the detail specifications as may be required to
permit improvements in the performance, reliability, or manufacturability
of its products. Before placing an order, the user is cautioned to verify that
the information being relied upon is current.
Allegro products are not authorized for use as critical components in
life-support devices or systems without express written approval.
The information included herein is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. assumes no responsibility for its use;
nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties which
may result from its use.