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OPERATION MANUAL
DAKOTA ULTRASONICS
ZZXX--33
Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge
P/N P-302-0002 Rev 1.10, March 2019
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
DISCLAIMER ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
CHAPTER TWO KEYPAD, MENU, DISPLAY & CONNECTORS ..................... 2
2.1
ON/OFF/ENTER KEY… ..................................................................................................... 2
2.2
PRB 0 KEY… ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.3
CAL KEY…. ......................................................................................................................... 3
GAIN KEY…. ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.4
2.5
SCAN KEY…. ...................................................................................................................... 3
2.6
+/- INCREMENT/DECREMENT KEY’S…. .................................................................................. 3
2.7
MATL KEY…. ...................................................................................................................... 3
2.8
MENU KEY… ...................................................................................................................... 3
2.9
THE DISPLAY ....................................................................................................................... 5
THE TRANSDUCER .............................................................................................................. 6
2.10
2.11
TOP END CAP .................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER THREE PRINCIPALS OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT ........... 9
3.1
TIME VERSUS THICKNESS RELATIONSHIP ............................................................................... 9
3.2
SUITABILITY OF MATERIALS ................................................................................................... 9
RANGE OF MEASUREMENT AND ACCURACY ............................................................................ 9
3.3
3.4
COUPLANT ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.5
TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................................... 10
3.6
MEASUREMENT MODES ...................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER FOUR SELECTING THE MEASUREMENT MODE ....................... 12
4.1
WHICH MODE & TRANSDUCER DO I USE FOR MY APPLICATION? ............................................ 12
CHAPTER FIVE MAKING MEASUREMENTS ................................................. 14
5.1
PROBE ZERO ...................................................................................................................... 14
5.2
MATERIAL CALIBRATION ..................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER SIX ADDITIONAL FEATURES ....................................................... 23
6.1
GAIN .................................................................................................................................. 23
HIGH SPEED SCAN ............................................................................................................. 24
6.2
6.3
UNITS ................................................................................................................................ 24
6.4
LITE ................................................................................................................................... 25
6.5
ZERO ................................................................................................................................. 26
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6.6 PROBE DIAMETER .............................................................................................................. 27
6.7
LOCK ................................................................................................................................. 28
6.8
FACTORY DEFAULTS .......................................................................................................... 29
APPENDIX A - VELOCITY TABLE .................................................................. 31
APPENDIX B- APPLICATION NOTES ........................................................... 33
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Dakota Ultrasonics model ZX-3 is a basic dual element thickness gauge with the
ability to locate blind surface pitting and internal defects/flaws in materials. Based on
the same operating principles as SONAR, the ZX-3 is capable of measuring the
thickness of various materials with accuracy as high as 0.001 inches, or 0.01
millimeters. The principle advantage of ultrasonic measurement over traditional
methods is that ultrasonic measurements can be performed with access to only one
side of the material being measured.
Dakota Ultrasonics maintains a customer support resource in order to assist users
with questions or difficulties not covered in this manual. Customer support may be
reached at any of the following:
Dakota Ultrasonics Corporation
1500 Green Hills Road, #107
Scotts Valley, CA 95066
Tel: (831) 431-9722
Fax: (831) 431-9723
www.dakotaultrasonics.com
1.1 Disclaimer
Inherent in ultrasonic thickness measurement is the possibility that the instrument will
use the second rather than the first echo from the back surface of the material being
measured. This may result in a thickness reading that is TWICE what it should be.
Responsibility for proper use of the instrument and recognition of this phenomenon
rest solely with the user of the instrument. Other errors may occur from measuring
coated materials where the coating is insufficiently bonded to the material surface.
Irregular and inaccurate readings may result. Again, the user is responsible for
proper use and interpretation of the measurements acquired.
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CHAPTER TWO
KEYPAD, MENU, DISPLAY & CONNECTORS
The Keypad
2.1 ON/OFF/ENTER Key
The ON/OFF/ENTER key powers the unit ON or OFF. Since the same key is also
used as an ENTER key, the gauge is powered off by pressing and holding down the
key until the unit powers off.
Once the gauge is initially powered on, this key will function as the ENTER key,
similar to a computer keyboard. This key will be used to select or set a menu option.
Note: Unit will automatically power off when idle for 5 minutes. All current settings
are automatically saved prior to powering off.
2.2 PRB 0 Key
The PRB 0 key is used to “zero” the ZX-3 in much the same way that a mechanical
micrometer is zeroed. If the gauge is not zeroed correctly, all of the measurements
that the gauge makes may be in error by some fixed value. Refer to page 14 for a
further explanation of this important feature.
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2.3 CAL Key
The CAL key is used to enter and exit the ZX-3's calibration mode. This mode is
used to adjust the sound velocity value that the ZX-3 will use when calculating
thickness. The tool will either calculate the sound-velocity from a sample of the
material being measured, or allow a known velocity value to be entered directly. This
provides increased linearity between transducers. Refer to page 16 for an
explanation on the various calibration options.
2.4 GAIN Key
The ZX-3 has an adjustable gain feature for additional versatility to control the overall
output of the gauge, to compensate for various materials and applications. There are
five gain settings (VLOW, LOW, MED, HIGH, VHI). The gain range is 40dB – 52dB
in 3dB increments. Refer to page 23 for details regarding the gain feature.
2.5 SCAN Key
The ZX-3 offers a high speed scan feature. This feature allows for scanning larger
areas on a given test material, while still offering reasonable representation of
thickness over the area scanned. Refer to page 24 for an explanation on the scan
feature.
2.6 +/- Increment/Decrement Key’s
The +/- Keys are used to increment/decrement values, navigate menus, and select
menu options.
2.7 MATL Key
The MATL Key is used to select a common basic material type from a short list of 9
materials and 2 programmable custom materials for calibration. Refer to page 16 for
an explanation on selecting a basic material type.
2.8 MENU Key
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The MENU key is used to access and set all of the additional features of the ZX-3
that are not at the top level of the keypad with a dedicated key. The features and
setting are outlined in the table below:
Menu Feature Items:
Unit Lite Zero Probe
English On Manual .187
Metric Off Auto .250
Options .500
Lo
Med
High
Here’s a quick overview of navigating through the various features in MENU:
Navigating the Features in Menu
1) Press the key once to enter the sub menu items.
2) Press the keys to toggle through the features.
3) To enable or edit the status of any feature, press the key.
4) The edit icon will start blinking to indicate that the ZX-3 is currently in EDIT
mode.
5) Press the keys to toggle through the setting options.
6) Press the key to accept changes and return to the top level of
features, or the key at any time to abort changes and return the
measurement screen.
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2.9 The Display
The ZX-3 uses a custom glass LCD backlit low temperature display for use in a
variety of climate conditions. It contains graphic icons, as well as both 7 and 14
segment display areas. Let’s take a closer look and what all these things are telling
us:
Note: This display is used for multiple gauge models in the ZX & PZX series. As a
result, some of the icons and segments that are illuminated during boot up, may not
be applicable to your specific model, and will never be illuminated during operation.
The icons and segments that will be used with the ZX-3 are shown in the diagram
above.
A. Edit:
B. Large 7 segment: The thickness measurement, velocity or alpha message
C. Measurement Modes: This icon indicates the measurement mode. The ZX-
D. Stability/Repeatability Indicator:
E. Battery: Indicates the amount of battery life the ZX-3 has remaining.
F. Backlight :
G. Small 7 Segment:
This icon will be displayed, and blinking, to let a user know when they
are in an edit mode to change a value or setting.
will be displayed in this area.
3 operates exclusively in pulse-echo (P-E) mode only.
This is used in conjunction with the
thickness measurement as a reference for the validity of the measurement.
The ZX-3 takes multiple measurements per second, and when all the vertical
bars are illuminated, it’s a reference that the same thickness value is reliably
being measured multiple times per second.
When this icon is illuminated, it indicates the backlight is on.
The material velocity, speed the sound wave travels
through a given medium/material, is displayed in this area, informing the user
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what material the ZX-3 is currently calibrated too. This area is also used for
alpha messages in the menu and edit modes.
H. Units: This combination of icons are illuminated in different sequences to
inform the user what measurement units are currently being displayed in the
small 7 segment area.
I. Small 14 Segment: Displays the current gain setting of the ZX-3. MED is the
default, with the options of VLOW, LOW, MED, HIGH, VHI (40dB to 52db gain
range with MED at 46dB).
J. Units: This combination of icons are illuminated in different sequences to
inform the user what measurement units are currently being displayed in the
large 7 segment area.
K. Small 14 Segment: The material type is displayed in this area. If it is set to a
value of one of the materials in our material list, it will be displayed in alpha
characters indicating the material type. Otherwise it will be set to CUST,
indicating custom material type.
L. Features: The icons illuminated in this row across the bottom of the LCD
display which features are currently enabled. For a complete list of the menu
features in the ZX-3, Refer to page 3 for a list. The ZX-3 can be locked once
calibrated, to avoid accidently changing the calibration. When this icon is
illuminated, the ZX-3 is in lock mode. Refer to page 28 for an explanation on
locking the ZX-3.
2.10 The Transducer
The Transducer is the “business end” of the ZX-3. It transmits and receives
ultrasonic sound waves that the ZX-3 uses to calculate the thickness of the material
being measured. The transducer connects to the ZX-3 via the attached cable, and
two coaxial connectors. When using transducers manufactured by Dakota
Ultrasonics, the orientation of the dual coaxial connectors is not critical: either plug
may be fitted to either socket in the ZX-3.
The transducer must be used correctly in order for the ZX-3 to produce accurate,
reliable measurements. Below is a short description of the transducer, followed by
instructions for its use.
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This is a bottom view of a typical transducer. The two semicircles of the wear face
are visible, as is the barrier separating them. One of the semicircles is responsible
for conducting ultrasonic sound into the material being measured, and the other
semicircle is responsible for conducting the echoed sound back into the transducer.
When the transducer is placed against the material being measured, it is the area
directly beneath the center of the wear face that is being measured.
This is a top view of a typical transducer. Press against the top with the thumb or
index finger to hold the transducer in place. Moderate pressure is sufficient, as it is
only necessary to keep the transducer stationary, and the wear face seated flat
against the surface of the material being measured.
Measuring
In order for the transducer to do its job, there must be no air gaps between the wearface and the surface of the material being measured. This is accomplished with the
use of a "coupling" fluid, commonly called "couplant". This fluid serves to "couple", or
transfer, the ultrasonic sound waves from the transducer, into the material, and back
again. Before attempting to make a measurement, a small amount of couplant
should be applied to the surface of the material being measured. Typically, a single
droplet of couplant is sufficient.
After applying couplant, press the transducer (wear face down) firmly against the
area to be measured. The Stability Indicator should have six or seven bars
darkened, and a number should appear in the display. If the ZX-3 has been properly
"zeroed" (see page 14) and set to the correct sound velocity (see page 16), the
number in the display will indicate the actual thickness of the material directly
beneath the transducer.
If the Stability Indicator has fewer than five bars darkened, or the numbers on the
display seem erratic, first check to make sure that there is an adequate film of
couplant beneath the transducer, and that the transducer is seated flat against the
material. If the condition persists, it may be necessary to select a different transducer
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(size or frequency) for the material being measured. See page 12 for information on
transducer selection.
While the transducer is in contact with the material that is being measured, the ZX-3
will perform four measurements every second, updating its display as it does so.
When the transducer is removed from the surface, the display will hold the last
measurement made.
2.11 Top End Cap
The top end cap is where all connections are made to the ZX-3. The diagram above
shows the layout and description of the connectors:
Transducer Connectors
Refer to Diagram: The transducer connectors and battery cover/probe zero disk are
located on the ZX-3’s top end cap. The transducer connectors are of type Lemo
“00”.
Note: There is no polarity associated with connecting the transducer to the ZX-3, it
can be plugged into the gauge in either direction.
Probe Zero Disk & Battery Cover
Refer to Diagram: The Battery cover is the large round disk shown in the diagram.
Note: This same disk is also used as a probe zero reference disk. Simply remove
the cover when replacing the batteries (2 AA cells). When performing a manual
probe zero function, simply place the transducer on disk making firm contact.
Important: Be sure the battery polarity is correct, which can be found on the back
label of the ZX-3.
Note: Rechargeable batteries can be used, however they must be recharged outside
of the unit in a standalone battery charger.
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CHAPTER THREE
PRINCIPALS OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT
3.1 Time versus thickness relationship
Ultrasonic thickness measurements depend on measuring the length of time it takes
for sound to travel through the material being tested. The ratio of the thickness
versus the time is known as the sound velocity. In order to make accurate
measurements, a sound velocity must be determined and entered into the
instrument.
The accuracy of a thickness measurement therefore depends on having a consistent
sound velocity. Some materials are not as consistent as others and accuracy will be
marginal. For example, some cast materials are very granular and porous and as a
result have inconsistent sound velocities.
While there are many different ultrasonic techniques to measure thickness, which will
be discussed below, all of them rely on using the sound velocity to convert from time
to thickness.
3.2 Suitability of materials
Ultrasonic thickness measurements rely on passing a sound wave through the
material being measured. Not all materials are good at transmitting sound.
Ultrasonic thickness measurement is practical in a wide variety of materials including
metals, plastics, and glass. Materials that are difficult include some cast materials,
concrete, wood, fiberglass, and some rubber.
3.3 Range of measurement and accuracy
The overall measurement capabilities, based on the wide variety of materials, is
determined by the consistency of the material being measured
The range of thickness that can be measured ultrasonically depends on the material
type and surface, as well as the technique being used and the type of transducer.
The range will vary depending on the type of material being measured.
Accuracy, is determined by how consistent the sound velocity is through the sound
path being measured, and is a function of the overall thickness of the material. For
example, the velocity in steel is typically within 0.5% while the velocity in cast iron
can vary by 4%.
3.4 Couplant
All ultrasonic applications require some medium to couple the sound from the
transducer to the test piece. Typically a high viscosity liquid is used as the medium.
The sound frequencies used in ultrasonic thickness measurement do not travel
through air efficiently. By using a liquid couplant between the transducer and test
piece the amount of ultrasound entering the test piece is much greater.
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3.5 Temperature
Temperature has an effect on sound velocity. The higher the temperature, the slower
sound travels in a material. High temperatures can also damage transducers and
present a problem for various liquid couplants.
Since the sound velocity varies with temperature it is important to calibrate at the
same temperature as the material being measured.
Normal temperature range
Most standard transducers will operate from 0F to 250F.
High temperature measurements
Special transducers and couplants are available for temperatures above 250F up to
1000F with intermittent contact. It is necessary to cool the transducer by
submerging it in water between measurements.
Modes and temperature errors
In addition to errors caused by velocity changing with temperature, some modes
(measurement techniques) are affected more than others. For example, dual
element pulse-echo mode has larger errors due to changes in the temperature of the
transducer. However, multi-echo techniques offer temperature compensation help to
minimize these errors.
3.6 Measurement Modes
This section will cover the different measurements modes of the ZX-3, the
transducers required, and the reasons for using specific modes:
Pulse-Echo (P-E) Mode:
Pulse-echo mode measures from the initial pulse (sometimes referred to as an
artificial zero) to the first echo (reflection). In this mode, either an automatic or
manual zero can be performed depending on the zero probe setting. If the manual
mode has been selected, the transducer is placed on the reference disk located on
top of the ZX-3, and the PRB 0 key pressed to establish a zero point for the
transducer connected. If the Auto Zero feature is enabled, simply pressing the PRB
0 key will perform an electronic zero to establish the same zero point.
In pulse-echo mode, errors can result from surface coatings and temperature
variations. Since pulse-echo only requires one reflection, it is the most sensitive
mode for measuring flaw/defects when measuring heavily corroded metals.
V-Path Correction
Dual element delay line transducers have two piezoelectric elements focused
towards one another at a slight angle, mounted on a delay line. One element is used
for transmitting sound, while the other element receives the sound reflection. The
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two elements and their delay lines are packaged in a single housing but acoustically
isolated from each other with an insulated sound barrier. This allows the transducer
the ability to achieve very high sensitivity for detecting small defects. Also, the
surface of the test material does not have to be as flat in order to obtain good
measurements.
Dual element transducers are normally used in pulse-echo mode for finding defects,
and in echo-echo mode for through coating measurements.
Dual element delay line transducers are have a usable range of 0.025” and up,
depending on the material, frequency, and diameter.
A limitation of dual element delay-line transducers is the V shaped sound path.
Because the sound travels from one element to another, the time versus thickness
relationship is non-linear. Therefore, a correction table in the instruments software is
used to compensate for this error.
Dual Element Transducer showing V-path of signal
Searching for small defects
Dual element delay line transducers are especially useful in searching for small
defects. In pulse-echo mode with high amplifier gain, very small defects can be
located. As a result, this configuration is commonly used for corrosion inspections.
The dual element style transducer will find wall deterioration, pits, cracks, and any
porosity pockets during tank and pipeline inspections.
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CHAPTER FOUR
SELECTING THE MEASUREMENT MODE
4.1 Which mode & transducer do I use for my application?
High penetration plastics and castings
The most common mode for these types of applications is pulse-echo. Cast iron
applications require 1 - 5MHz frequencies, and cast aluminum requires a 7 - 10MHz
frequency depending on the thickness. Plastics typically require lower frequencies
depending on the thickness and make-up of the material as well. Larger diameters
offer greater penetration power based on the size of the crystal.
Corrosion & Pit Detection in steel and cast materials
Pulse-echo mode is commonly used for locating pits and defects. Typically a 5MHz
transducer, or higher, will be used for these types of applications. Use low
frequencies for greater penetration and use higher frequencies for better resolution.
Measuring Material & Coatings
The pulse-echo coating mode should be used when both material and coating
thickness are required, while still requiring the ability to detect flaws and pits. A
special coating style transducer is required for use in this mode. There are a variety
of coating transducers in various frequencies available from Dakota.
Thru Paint & Coatings
Often times, users will be faced with applications where the material will be coated
with paint or some other type of epoxy material. Since the velocity of the coating is
approximately 3 times slower than that of steel, pulse-echo mode will result in an
error if the coating or paint is not completely removed.
Thin materials
Pulse echo mode and a high frequency transducer is commonly used for these types
of applications. The most common transducers are the 7.5MHz and 10MHz models
with extra resolution. The higher frequencies provide greater resolution and a lower
minimum thickness rating overall.
High temperature
Special 5 MHz High temperature transducers are available for these types of
applications. Both pulse-echo and echo-echo modes will also work for these
applications. However, echo-echo mode will eliminate error caused by temperature
variations in the transducer.
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Noisy Material
Materials such as titanium, stainless steel, and aluminum may have inherent surface
noise issues or mirroring effect. Higher frequency transducers 7 – 10MHz offer
improved resolution to avoid erroneous measurements.
Restricted access
Measuring materials with extreme curvatures or restricted access are best suited for
higher frequencies and smaller diameter transducers.
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CHAPTER FIVE
MAKING MEASUREMENTS
The steps involved in making measurements are detailed in this section. The
following sections outline how to setup and prepare your ZX-3 for field use.
An automatic or manual zero must always be performed. The auto zero is an ‘off
block’ electronic zero that does not require a zero reference standard. This will most
always be the zero option of choice, as it makes the zeroing process very easy and
convenient to perform. However, the manual zero option offers better accuracy in
terms of a reference point. If the manual zero option is enabled, the probe zero must
be measured on the reference disk (battery disk) attached to the top of the
instrument. The zero compensates for variations in the transducer. In either mode
the sound velocity must be determined, and is used to convert the transit time to a
physical length. The sound velocity can be selected from a material chart in the
manual, selected from a short list of common materials in the ZX-3, or for greater
precision determined from a sample of the test material that has been mechanically
measured. To enter the velocity from a table, look up the material on the chart in the
appendix of this manual and refer to the section below on Calibration to a Known
Velocity. To determine the velocity of a single sample, refer to the Material
Calibration section on page 16.
When measuring curved materials, it’s more accurate to calibrate from two test
points, one at the minimum limit of the target thickness and one at the maximum limit.
In this case the reference disk mounted to the ZX-3 is not used. This is called two-
point calibration and is described on page 19.
5.1 Probe zero
Setting the zero point of the ZX-3 is important for the same reason that setting the
zero on a mechanical micrometer is important. It must be done prior to calibration,
and should be done throughout the day to account for any temperature changes in
the probe. If the ZX-3 is not zeroed correctly, all the measurements taken may be in
error by some fixed value. The zero can only be performed with the measurement
mode set to pulse-echo (P-E). Therefore, if the ZX-3 is to use the echo-echo (E-E)
measurement mode and a manual zero is being performed, the ZX-3 will argue by
briefly displaying the message “NO PRB0”.
Important note: The internal zero setting of the ZX-3, used for the auto zero mode,
can be reset at anytime by performing a “manual zero”, and immediately followed by
performing an “auto zero”.
The ZX-3 is equipped with two zero options:
1) Off Block Zero (Automatic Probe Zero) – When this feature is enabled the
ZX-3 will do an electronic zero automatically, eliminating the need for a zero
disk or reference standard.
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2) On Block Zero (Manual Probe Zero) – When this feature is enabled the
transducer must be placed on the probe zero disk (battery cover) located on
the top of the unit.
Both zero procedures are outlined as follows:
Performing an Auto Probe Zero (Off Block)
1) Press the key to perform the auto zero. “AUTO” will be displayed on
the screen and flashing CLn/Prb (clean probe).
2) Make sure the couplant is wiped clean from the tip of the transducer to avoid
any zero error.
3) Press the key to perform the zero.
Performing a Manual Probe Zero (On Block)
Note: When the zero probe option is set to manual, the probe zero disk
(battery cap) located on the top of the gauge will be used as a zero standard.
1) Apply a drop of couplant on the transducer and place the transducer in
steady contact with the disk (battery cover) located at the top of the unit to
obtain a measurement.
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2) Be sure all six repeatability/stability bars in the top left corner of the display
are fully illuminated and stable, and last digit of the measurement is toggling
only +/- .001” (.01mm).
3) Press the key to perform the manual zero. “PRB0” will briefly be
displayed on the screen, indicating the zero calculation is being performed.
5.2 Material Calibration
In order for the ZX-3 to make accurate measurements, it must be set to the correct
sound velocity of the material being measured. Different types of materials have
different inherent sound velocities. For example, the velocity of sound through steel
is about 0.233 inches per microsecond, versus that of aluminum, which is about
0.248 inches per microsecond. If the gauge is not set to the correct sound velocity,
all of the measurements the gauge makes will be erroneous by some amount.
The One Point calibration is the simplest and most commonly used calibration
method - optimizing linearity over large ranges. The Two Point calibration allows for
greater accuracy over small ranges by calculating both the probe zero, as well as the
material velocity. The ZX-3 provides three simple methods for setting the sound-
velocity outlined below:
Known Velocity
If the material velocity is known, it can be manually entered into the ZX-3, rather than
have the ZX-3 calculate the velocity value using a known thickness of the same
material type. The steps for entering the velocity are outlined below:
Using a Known Material Velocity
1) With the transducer free from contact with the material, press the key
to display the current velocity.
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2) Use the
value.
Note: The longer the keys are pressed and held, the faster the value will
increment/decrement.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort the cal
routine without saving any changes.
3) Press the key to set the velocity value and return to the measurement
screen. The new velocity value will be shown at the top of the display.
keys to scroll the velocity to the known target
Known Thickness
Often times the exact sound velocity of a material is unknown. However, a sample
with one or two known thicknesses can be used to determine the sound velocity. As
previously discussed, the ZX-3 has a one or two point calibration option. The one
point calibration option is most suited for linearity over large ranges. When using the
one point option, the calibration should be perform on the thickest side of the
measurement range for the best linearity for that range. For example, if the
measurement range is .100” (2.54mm) to 1.0” (25.4mm), the user should calibrate on
a known thickness sample close to 1.0” (25.4mm). Note: It’s always handy to carry
a set of mechanical calipers to use in conjunction with the ZX-3 for calibration of
various materials in the field:
One Point Calibration
Note: Be sure that a probe zero has been performed prior to performing this
calibration procedure.
1) Physically measure an exact sample of the material, or a location directly on
the material to be measured, using a set of calipers or a digital micrometer.
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Note: A sample or location on the test piece should be used as close to the
maximum thickness of the test range to minimize error.
2) Apply a drop of couplant on the transducer and place the transducer in
steady contact with the sample or actual test material. Be sure that the
reading is stable and the repeatability indicator in the top left corner of the
display is fully lit and stable.
3) Press the key to enter the calibration edit screen displaying the current
measurement value.
4) Use the keys to scroll to the known thickness value.
Note: The longer the keys are pressed and held, the faster the value will
increment/decrement.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort the cal
routine without saving any changes.
5) Once the known thickness value is being displayed, press the key to
display the calculated material velocity edit screen.
Note: The calculated velocity can be edited, if needed, by pressing the
keys to scroll and edit the velocity value.
6) Press the key to set the calculated material velocity and return to the
measurement screen.
CHECK YOUR CALIBRATION! Place the transducer back on the calibration
point and verify the thickness. If the thickness is not correct, repeat the steps
above.
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Two Known Thicknesses
The two point calibration should be considered when an application requires
improved accuracy over a small measurement range based on tolerance
requirements. This calibration option calculates both the ‘probe zero’ and ‘velocity
value. If the two point option is used, a probe zero is not required. For example, if
the measurement range was .080” (2.03mm) to .250” (6.35mm), two known samples
or locations on the test material would be needed for the minimum and maximum
boundaries of the test range. Using the range above, a one point calibration would
be performed at .250” (6.35mm) and a two point calibration at .080” (2.03mm), or
something close to the min/max values of the measurement range.
Note: The ZX-3 also offers the capability of setting the ‘probe zero’ to use any
reference standard as the ‘probe zero’ standard. For clarification, if it’s desired to use
a one inch reference of a specific material type as the ‘zero’ reference, performing
the first point of a two-point calibration sets the internal zero of the ZX-3. This should
be used only in manual probe zero mode “on block”.
The following steps outline this procedure:
Two Point Calibration
1) Physically measure a minimum and maximum calibration point of the exact
sample material, or locations directly on the material to be measured, using
a set of calipers or a digital micrometer.
Note: A sample or location on the test piece should be used as close to the
minimum and maximum thickness of the test range to minimize error and
improve linearity.
2) Apply a drop of couplant on the transducer and place the transducer in
steady contact with either the minimum or maximum sample or actual test
material. Be sure that the reading is stable and the repeatability indicator in
the top left corner of the display is fully lit and stable.
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3) Press the key to enter the calibration edit screen displaying the current
measurement value.
4) Use the keys to scroll to the known thickness value.
Note: The longer the keys are pressed and held, the faster the value will
increment/decrement.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort the cal
routine without saving any changes.
5) Once the known thickness value is being displayed, press the key to
display “1 of 2”, which sets the zero value and returns to the measurement
screen.
Note: The internal zero of the ZX-3 is now set. The procedure above can be
used to set the internal zero of the ZX-3 to use any reference standard as
the ‘probe zero’ standard if desired.
6) Repeat steps 2-4 on the second test point/location.
7) Press the key to display the calculated velocity edit screen.
Note: The calculated velocity can be edited, if needed, by pressing the
keys to scroll and edit the velocity value.
8) Press the key to set the calculated material velocity and return to the
measurement screen.
Note: CHECK YOUR CALIBRATION! Place the transducer back on the
calibration points. The thickness readings should now match the known
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thickness values with minimal error. If the thicknesses are not correct, repeat
the steps above.
Basic Material Type
If the material velocity is unknown, a sample thickness cannot be taken directly from
the material, but the general type of material is known, selecting a basic material type
from the common material (MATL) list in the ZX-3 would offer a reasonable
approximation of the thickness. There are 9 common materials and 2 user
programmable settings available. It’s important to note that these velocities will not
always be an exact representation of the material being tested. Use these values
only if a close approximation is acceptable. Follow the steps below to select a basic
material type:
Selecting a Basic Material Type
1) Press the key to access the material list. The edit icon will be
illuminated and flashing.
2) Use the keys to scroll through the material options.
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ALUMINUM
(2024)
STEEL (4340)
in/µs m/s
0.250 6350
0.233 5918
STAINLESS (303)
CAST IRON
PLEXIGLASS
PVC
POLYSTYRENE
POLYURETHANE
USER PROGRAMMABLE
0.223 5664
0.180 4572
0.106 2692
0.094 2388
0.092 2337
0.070 1778
3) When the desired MATL setting is displayed, press the key to set the
material velocity and return to the measurement screen.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving any changes.
4) If USR1 or USR2 were selected, the velocity edit screen will be displayed
and edit icon illuminated and flashing.
5) Use the keys to scroll to the desired material velocity.
Note: The longer these keys are held, the faster the velocity value is
incremented.
6) When the desired velocity setting is displayed, press the key to set the
material velocity and return to the measurement screen.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving any changes.
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CHAPTER SIX
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
6.1 Gain
The gain, or amplification of the return echoes, can be adjusted in the ZX-3 to
accommodate a variety of materials and applications. The setting of the gain is
crucial in order to obtain valid readings during the measurement process. Too much
gain may result in erroneous measurements, detecting on noise rather than the
actual material back wall surface. Not enough gain may result in intermittent
detection. It could also result in lack of detection on internal flaws, pits, or porosity.
The gain can be compared to the volume control of a home stereo system. If you
turn it up too much, you can’t hear the music clearly. If it’s turned down too much,
you can’t hear it at all.
The ZX-3 has five gain settings (VLOW, LOW, MED, HIGH, VHI). The gain range is
40dB – 52dB in 3dB increments. The ZX-3 has been optimized for the MED gain
setting at 46dB for all common applications. It should be operated in this mode as
standard. However, some applications may require the lower or higher gain settings.
When? The low settings may be necessary for noisy or granular cast materials. How
do I know when to lower the gain? If the reading becomes sporadic and won’t settle
down or resolve on a thickness value because the material is either very noisy or
granular. Setting the gain to a lower less sensitive level, would potentially offer
improved stability.
How do I know when to increase the gain? When a material is difficult to penetrate or
pass sound through. This could be due to the material type, overall thickness, the
transducer diameter and frequency, or a combination of all the above. Turning the
gain up for additional output could improve the ability to obtain a successful
measurement. Another example would be the need to increase overall sensitivity for
locating fine pits or flaws. In any case, the selectable gain settings offer improved
versatility to resolve and overcome potential application issues.
The procedure for editing the gain is outlined as follows:
GAIN
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1) Press the key to edit the gain setting. The edit icon will be illuminated
and flashing.
2) Use the keys to scroll through the gain settings (VLOW,
LOW, MED, HIGH, VHI) until the desire setting is being displayed.
3) Press the key to set the gain and return to the measurement screen.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving changes.
6.2 High Speed Scan
The High Speed Scan feature of the ZX-3 increases the overall repetition rate to a
maximum of 140Hz with a high speed screen refresh rate of 25 times a second. This
allows for making scanned passes over an arbitrary length of the test material, while
still maintaining a reasonable representation of thickness over the area or region
scanned.
The procedure to use the scan feature is outlined below:
High Speed Scan
1) Press the key to toggle SCAN on/off. The display will briefly display the
status and return to the measurement screen.
6.3 Units
The ZX-3 will operate in both English (inches) or Metric (millimeters) units.
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The procedure to select the units is outlined as below:
Units
1) Press the key to access the menu items/features.
2) Use the keys to scroll through the items/features until the
UNIT feature is being displayed.
3) Press the key to edit the units setting. The edit icon will be illuminated
and flashing.
4) Use the keys to toggle English or Metric units.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving changes.
5) When the desired UNIT setting is displayed, press the key to set the
units and return to the measurement screen.
6.4 Lite
The ZX-3 uses a custom glass segmented display that is equipped with a backlight
for use in low light conditions. The options are on/off/auto, where the auto setting
only lights the display when the gauge is coupled to the material and receiving a
measurement.
The steps below outline how to toggle the options:
Backlight
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1) Press the key to access the menu items/features.
2) Use the keys to scroll through the items/features until the
LITE feature is being displayed.
3) Press the key to edit the light setting. The edit icon will be illuminated
and flashing.
4) Use the keys to toggle status on/off/auto.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving changes.
5) When the desired LITE setting is displayed, press the key to set the
status and edit the BRT (brightness) option.
6) Use the keys to scroll through the BRT (LO, MED, HI)
options.
7) When the desired BRT setting is displayed, press the key to set the
brightness and return to the measurement screen.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving changes.
6.5 Zero
There are two transducer zeroing options available in the ZX-3; auto and manual.
The AUTO zero can be performed automatically without using a reference standard
to zero the gauge (off block), while the MANUAL option requires a reference standard
like the battery disk at the top of the gauge (on block). Additionally, the gauge can be
set to use another reference standard if needed. Refer to page 14 for a complete
explanation of the probe zero options.
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The procedure to select the zero option only, is outlined below:
Zero (Auto/Manual)
1) Press the key to access the menu items/features.
2) Use the keys to scroll through the items/features until the
ZERO feature is being displayed.
3) Press the key to edit the zero setting. The edit icon will be illuminated
and flashing.
4) Use the keys to select the auto/man option.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving changes.
5) When the desired ZERO setting is displayed, press the key to set the
status and return to the measurement screen.
6.6 Probe Diameter
The PROB feature was added to improve linearity when using a specific probe
diameter. The default standard setting is (.250”), and works reasonably well using a
general correction curve for all of our dual element transducers in our range.
However, selecting the exact diameter of the transducer being used will offer
additional linearity (accuracy). The three options found in our range of transducers
are (.187, .250, .500) inches. All of our transducer diameters and frequencies are
marked on top of the transducer housing.
The procedure to select the probe/transducer diameter is outlined below:
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Probe
1) Press the key to access the menu items/features.
2) Use the keys to scroll through the items/features until the
PROB feature is being displayed.
3) Press the key to edit the diameter setting. The edit icon will be
illuminated and flashing.
4) Use the keys to select the diameter option.
Note: Pressing the key prior to pressing the key will abort to the
measurement screen without saving changes.
5) When the desired PROB setting is displayed, press the key to set the
diameter and return to the measurement screen.
6.7 Lock
The lock feature was built into the ZX-3 for the purpose of locking the operators out of
editing any of the gauge settings, for purposes of consistency between operators.
When the lock feature is enabled, the gauge calibration functionality cannot be
altered, as well as any of the individual features in the gauge. The only keys that are
always unlocked are the power and probe zero keys, as these must remain unlocked
for measurement functionality.
The procedure to enable/disable the lock feature is outlined below:
Lock
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1) With the ZX-3 powered off, press and hold down the key while
powering the ZX-3 on . The lock icon will be illuminated on the display.
2) To unlock the ZX-3 repeat step one, but hold down the key while
powering the ZX-3 on .
6.8 Factory Defaults
The ZX-3 can be reset to factory defaults at any time to restore the original gauge
settings. This should only be used if the gauge is not functioning properly, or
perhaps multiple features have been enabled and a clean start is needed.
The procedure to reset the gauge is outlined below:
Factory Reset
1) With the ZX-3 powered off, press and hold down the and keys
while powering the ZX-3 on .
Note: Once the measurement screen is displayed the and can be
released.
2) Press the keys to scroll through the factory setting options.
3) Make a note of the “MEDI” & “ZERO” settings prior to performing a reset.
These values will need to be entered back in the gauge following the reset.
4) Press the keys to scroll “REST” (reset).
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5) Press the key to edit the reset option.
6) Press the keys to toggle YES, followed by pressing
to reset the gauge.
7) Repeat the steps above to set “MEDI” & “ZERO” back to their original
settings noted in step three above.
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APPENDIX A VELOCITY TABLE
Material sound velocity
in/us
Aluminum 0.2510 6375
Beryllium 0.5080 12903
Brass 0.1730 4394
Bronze 0.1390 3531
Cadmium 0.1090 2769
Columbium 0.1940 4928
Copper 0.1830 4648
Glass (plate) 0.2270 5766
Glycerine 0.0760 1930
Gold 0.1280 3251
Inconel 0.2290 5817
Iron 0.2320 5893
Cast Iron 0.1800 (approx) 4572
Lead 0.0850 2159
sound velocity
m/s
Magnesium 0.2300 5842
Mercury 0.0570 1448
Molybdenum 0.2460 6248
Monel 0.2110 5359
Nickel 0.2220 5639
Nylon 0.1060 (approx) 2692
Platinum 0.1560 3962
Plexiglas 0.1060 2692
Polystyrene 0.0920 2337
PVC 0.0940 2388
Quartz glass 0.2260 5740
Rubber vulcanized 0.0910 2311
Silver 0.1420 3607
Steel (1020) 0.2320 5893
Steel (4340) 0.2330 5918
Steel Stainless" 0.2230 5664
Teflon 0.0540 1372
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Tin 0.1310 3327
Titanium 0.2400 6096
Tungsten 0.2040 5182
Uranium 0.1330 3378
Water 0.0580 1473
Zinc 0.1660 4216
Zirconium 0.1830 4648
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APPENDIX BAPPLICATION NOTES
Measuring pipe and tubing
When measuring a piece of pipe to determine the thickness of the pipe wall,
orientation of the transducers is important. The transducer should be oriented so that
the gap (sound barrier) in the wear face is perpendicular (at a right angle) to the
length (long axis) of the tubing, allowing both sides of the transducer to make the
same amount of contact. The transducer orientation can either be parallel or
perpendicular for large diameter piping, as it’s much easier to ensure both sides are
making similar contact.
Measuring hot surfaces
The velocity of sound through a substance is dependent on its temperature. As
materials heat up, the velocity of sound through them decreases. In most
applications with surface temperatures less than about 200F (100C), no special
procedures must be observed. At temperatures above this point, the change in
sound velocity of the material being measured starts to have a noticeable effect upon
ultrasonic measurement.
At such elevated temperatures, it is recommended that the user perform calibration
on a sample piece of known thickness, which is at or near the temperature of the
material to be measured. This will allow the ZX-3 to correctly calculate the velocity of
sound through the hot material.
Expansion and contraction of the transducer based on temperature, and a varying
temperature gradient, will also affect the measurement in a pulse-echo (P-E)
measurement mode. It is recommended that a “transducer zero” be performed often
to account for the delay line changing length and adversely affecting the accuracy of
the measurements.
When performing measurements on hot surfaces, it may also be necessary to use a
specially constructed high-temperature transducer. These transducers are built using
materials which can withstand high temperatures. Even so, it is recommended that
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the probe be left in contact with the surface for as short a time as needed
(intermittent contact) to acquire a stable measurement.
Measuring laminated materials
Laminated materials are unique in that their density (and therefore sound-velocity)
may vary considerably from one piece to another. Some laminated materials may
even exhibit noticeable changes in sound-velocity across a single surface. The only
way to reliably measure such materials is by performing a calibration procedure on a
sample piece of known thickness. Ideally, this sample material should be a part of
the same piece being measured, or at least from the same lamination batch. By
calibrating to each test piece individually, the effects of variation of sound-velocity will
be minimized. If the variation is relatively close, averaging the sound velocities to
minimize error is another option.
An additional important consideration when measuring laminates is that many
included air gaps or pockets which will cause an early reflection of the ultrasound
beam. This effect will be noticed as a sudden decrease in thickness in an otherwise
regular surface. While this may impede accurate measurement of total material
thickness, it does provide the user with positive indication of air gaps in the laminate.
Measuring through paint & coatings
Measuring through paints and coatings are also unique, in that the velocity of the
paint/coating will be significantly different from the actual material being measured. A
perfect example of this would be a mild steel pipe with .025” of coating on the
surface. Where the velocity of the steel pipe is .2330 in/sec, and the velocity of the
paint is .0850 in/sec. If the user is calibrated for mild steel pipe and measures
through both materials, the actual coating thickness will appear to be approximately 3
times thicker than it actually is, as a result of the differences in velocity.
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WARRANTY INFORMATION
Warranty Statement
Dakota Ultrasonics warrants the ZX-3 against defects in materials and
workmanship for a period of two years from receipt by the end user. Additionally,
Dakota Ultrasonics warrants transducers and accessories against such defects for a
period of 90 days from receipt by the end user. If Dakota Ultrasonics receives notice
of such defects during the warranty period, Dakota Ultrasonics will either, at its
option, repair or replace products that prove to be defective.
Should Dakota Ultrasonics be unable to repair or replace the product within a
reasonable amount of time, the customer's alternative exclusive remedy shall be
refund of the purchase price upon return of the product.
Exclusions
The above warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from: improper or
inadequate maintenance by the customer; unauthorized modification or misuse; or
operation outside the environmental specifications for the product.
Dakota Ultrasonics makes no other warranty, either express or implied, with
respect to this product. Dakota Ultrasonics specifically disclaims any implied
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Some states or
provinces do not allow limitations on the duration of an implied warranty, so the
above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. However, any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness is limited to the five-year duration of this written warranty.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights
which may vary from state to state or province to province.
Obtaining Service During Warranty Period
If your hardware should fail during the warranty period, contact Dakota
Ultrasonics and arrange for servicing of the product. Retain proof of purchase in
order to obtain warranty service.
For products that require servicing, Dakota Ultrasonics may use one of the
following methods:
- Repair the product
- Replace the product with a re-manufactured unit
- Replace the product with a product of equal or greater performance
- Refund the purchase price.
After the Warranty Period
If your hardware should fail after the warranty period, contact Dakota Ultrasonics
for details of the services available, and to arrange for non-warranty service.
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