CYBEX VR2 Owner's And Service Manual

Cybex VR2

Owner’s and Service Manual

Strength Systems

Part Number 54599

www.cybexinternational.com

Cybex VR2

Owner’s and Service Manual

Strength Systems

Part Number 54599

DISCLAIMER: Cybex International, Inc., makes no representations or warranties regarding the contents of this manual. We reserve the right to
revise this document at any time or to make changes to the product described within it without notice or obligation to notify any person of such
revisions or changes.
© Copyright 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Cybex International, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
10 Trotter Drive Medway, MA 02053 • 508-533-4300 • FAX [phone]
www.cybexinternational.com • [e-mail] • [e-mail] • 54599 • July 2004

i Table of Contents

1 Technical Specifications

General Specifications ........... 1-1

VR2 Machine Specifications ....... 1-3

2 General Exercise Guidelines

General ....................... 2-1

Glossary....................... 2-2

Single-Set Exercise Chart
Multiple-Set Exercise Chart

3 Exercises

Seated Leg Press - 4605 .......... 3-1

Leg Extension - 4611, 4612, 4613 . . 3-5
Prone Leg Curl - 4616, 4617, 4618. . 3-9

Seated Leg Curl - 4626 ........... 3-13

Hip Adduction - 4640 ............3-17

Hip Abduction - 4645 ............3-19

Rotary Calf - 4620 ............... 3-21

Chest Press - Dual Axis - 4507..... 3-23

Chest Press - Single Axis - 4506.... 3-27

Incline Press - Dual Axis - 4512 .... 3-29

Incline Press - Single Axis - 4511 . . . 3-33

Pulldown - Dual Axis - 4515 ....... 3-37

Row/Rear Delt - Dual Axis - 4520. . . 3-41
Row/Rear Delt - Single Axis - 4521. . 3-45
Overhead Press - Dual Axis - 4527. . 3-49
Overhead Press - Single Axis - 4526. 3-53
Lat Pulldown - Single Axis - 4516. . . 3-55

Fly - 4545 ...................... 3-57

Lateral Raise - 4530.............. 3-61

Arm Curl - 4535................. 3-63

Arm Extension - 4540 ............ 3-65

Ab Crunch - 4705 ............... 3-67

Back Extension - 4711, 4712, 4713 . 3-69

Torso Rotation - 4715 ............ 3-73

4 Customer Service

Contacting Service .............. 4-1

Ordering Parts .................. 4-1

RMA.......................... 4-2

Damaged Parts ................. 4-3

Table of Contents

5 Delivery & Installation

Delivery Inspection .............. 5-1

Installation ..................... 5-1

Anchoring .................... 5-2

Safety........................ 5-2

Weight Stack Installation Instructions

6 Maintenance

Daily Procedures ................ 6-1

Weekly Procedures .............. 6-3

Yearly Procedures ............... 6-5

“As Required” Procedures......... 6-5

7 Service

Grip and Belt Replacement........ 7-1

Belt Removal ................... 7-3

Belt Installation ................. 7-3

Grip Replacement ............... 7-5

Pivot Shaft Removal ............. 7-6

Pivot Shaft Installation ........... 7-6

Chest Press - Single Axis ......... 4506

Chest Press - Dual Axis .......... 4507

Incline Press - Single Axis......... 4511

Incline Press - Dual Axis .......... 4512

Pulldown - Dual Axis ............. 4515

Lat Pulldown - Single Axis......... 4516

Row/Rear Delt - Dual Axis......... 4520

Row/Rear Delt - Single Axis ....... 4521

Overhead Press - Single Axis ...... 4526

Overhead Press - Dual Axis ....... 4527

Lateral Raise ................... 4530

Arm Curl....................... 4535

Arm Extension .................. 4540

Seated Leg Press ............... 4605

Leg Extension ....... 4611, 4612, 4613

Prone Leg Curl ....... 4616, 4617, 4618

Rotary Calf..................... 4620

Seated Leg Curl................. 4626

Hip Adduction .................. 4640

Hip Abduction .................. 4645

Ab Crunch ..................... 4705

Back Extension....... 4711, 4712, 4713

Torso Rotation .................. 4715

Page i

Frame Finish

• Shall be made of mechanical quality 11-gauge steel purchased in mill run quantities to
assure the best consistency.

• Prior to applying finish, each part shall be put through a multi-stage wash to remove all oils
and to chemically prepare the surface for maximum adhesion. After the wash, the frames
shall be dried and coated with an Electrostatically applied powdercoat finish that shall be
applied in powder form and then baked until cured.

• The finish shall be textured and very hard, assuring a scratch and chip resistant finish.

Weight Selection

• Weights are to be selected by using a high quality selector pin that completely penetrates
the weight plate and locks in place to eliminate any chance of disengaging the pin during
use. The pin shall be attached to the weight stack with a plastic lanyard in order that the
pin stays with the appropriate machine. All weights shall be selected while the user is in
position on/in the machine to allow adjustment of the resistance from the exercise position.

Weight Stack Configuration

• All weight stacks shall have 12 1/2-pound weights except for the Standing Calf Raise
(Product No. 4875) which shall have 20 pound weight plates.

Increment Weights

• All machines using weight stacks shall have a plastisol-covered increment weight weighing
half the amount of a weight stack plate. A hanger for the increment weight shall be
incorporated into the frame on the machine.

Weight Plates

• Shall be made of solid cold-rolled steel with wrinkle black powder coat finish.

• Guide rod holes shall be machined to a tolerance of ± .006 inches.

Weight Plate Bushings

• Self-aligning low-friction bushings shall surround the guide rods for smooth gliding motion.

Pulleys

• Shall use Dupont Corp. fiberglass-reinforced nylon 70G33 material, tensile strength rated at
22,500 PSI with 6203ZZ double sealed bearings dynamic load rated at 1600 lbs.

• Pulleys shall 4.50 inches in diameter with a cable groove with a depth of .250 inches.

Chapter 1 - Technical Specifications

General Specifications

Technical

Specifications

Page 1-1

Weight Transport

• Shall be lubricated, 7 x 19, 3/16" galvanized steel, nylon coated aircraft cable with breaking
strength rated at 4200 pounds.

• All cable ends shall be finished off with a swaged fitting with a breaking strength exceeding
that of the cable itself.

Weight Stack Guide Rods

• Shall be solid ground and polished cold-drawn steel with minimum yield strength of
100,000 PSI with a hard chrome plated piston steel finish with an overall minimum
accuracy of ± .010.

Weight Stack Suspension

• Shall have heavy-duty neoprene bumpers with a 80 durometer rating under the weight
stacks to reduce shock and vibration stresses to the frame and facility.

Cams

• All cams shall be individually designed for each unit to match the appropriate muscle
strength capability curve.

• Cams shall be CNC laser cut steel for accuracy and incorporate a cable groove matched to
the specific cable diameter.

Counter Balanced Input Arms

• Input arms on equipment shall be counter balanced where appropriate to eliminate the
weight of the assembly from the weight selected by the user.

Handgrips

• Plate Loaded machines shall use a closed-end PVC closed cell foam vinyl sleeve.

• Select Plate Loaded shall use either "Grabbaroo" thermoplastic rubber extruded grip
material that is non-absorbing, wear and tear resistant, and exhibits good wet and dry
friction characteristics.

• Diameter should be 13/8" to increase comfort through reduced pressure.

Frame Construction

• Primarily 1 1/2 x 2" tubing with 11 gauge wall thickness, but different tubing sizes and wall
thickness shall be used as required through engineering stress analysis.

• Fully welded frames for maximum structural integrity and minimum maintenance.

• All machining and welding must be done utilizing jigs and fixtures to insure highest quality
and inter-changability of parts.

Radial Bearings

• 87503 double shielded bearing with 17-mm stainless steel shafts, dynamic load rating 1660
lbs.

Technical
Specifications
Page 1-2

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Hardware

• All 3/8" socket head cap screws shall be of grade 8 (or equivalent). All bolts shall be either
chromed or zinc plated for additional corrosion resistance.

Weight Stack Guards

• All weight stacks shall be guarded on the backside to prevent bystanders from inadvertent
contact with the weight stack during use.

Cushion/Upholstery

• A superior grade of Naugahyde from Gencorp (or equivalent) shall be used on all pad
covers and wear covers.

• The color shall be sulfide stain resistant.

• All edges shall be stitched to eliminate any folds in the material that would limit durability.

• Cushions come with replaceable slipcovers on all high use areas, reducing maintenance
expense by not having to replace the entire cushion.

• Cushion foam consists of a combination of high and medium density closed-cell Omalon
polyurethane, for durability and comfort.

Adjustments

• Recessed high contrast Lexan decal for all seat and pad adjustments for maximum
readability.

Instructional Placard

• Shall provide step-by-step instructions and a picture to illustrate use, visible from the
exercise position.

• Placard shall indicate proper positioning, details muscles trained and clearly describe the
correct use of machines.

Equipment Anchoring

• Each machine shall be equipped with a provision for anchoring it to the floor.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Technical

Specifications

Page 1-3

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

VR2 Machine Specifications

Seated Leg Press - Product No. 4605

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

1016 lbs. 505 lbs. inches = 43 W x 89 L x 71 H
462 kg 229 kg cm = 110 W x 226 L x 181 H

• Four-bar linkage enhances alignment and provides variable resistance.

• Counter-balanced footplate effortlessly adjusts for desired starting position.

• Back pad adjusts to five positions for exercise variation.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Leg Extension - Product No. 4613, 4612, 4611

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

594 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 39 W x 50 L x 61 H
270 kg 139 kg cm = 99 W x 127 L x 155 H

• Seat back and tibia pad adjusts without affecting knee alignment or start
position angle.

• Advanced RLD design maintains integrity of the resistance profile.

• RLD positions are 10

o

apart with start and end phased by 5ofor maximum

protection.

Prone Leg Curl - Product No. 4618, 4617, 4616

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

484 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 37 W x 80 L x 61 H
220 kg 93 kg cm = 94 W x 204 L x 155 H

• Incorporation of elbow pads and handles is more sanitary and encourages a
neutral spine.

• Advanced RLD design maintains integrity of the resistance profile.

• RLD positions are 10

o

apart with start and end phased by 5ofor maximum

protection.

Seated Leg Curl - Product No. 4628, 4627, 4626

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

507 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 39 W x 70 L x 61 H
230 kg 93 kg cm = 99 W x 178 L x 155 H

• Seat back and tibia pad adjusts without affecting knee alignment of start
position angle.

• Advanced RLD design maintains integrity of the resistance profile.

• RLD positions are 10oapart with start and end phased by 5ofor maximum
protection.

length

width

Technical
Specifications
Page 1-4

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Hip Adduction - Product No. 4640

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

420 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 28 W x 53 L x 55 H
191 kg 93 kg cm = 71 W x 135 L x 140 H

• Leg support accomplished with kneepads and dual footrests to eliminate
unwanted torque around the knee.

• Weight stack positioned in front of user to act as a privacy shield.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Hip Abduction - Product No. 4645

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

420 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 28 W x 53 L x 55 H
191 kg 93 kg cm = 71 W x 135 L x 140 H

• Leg support accomplished with kneepads and dual footrests to eliminate
unwanted torque around the knee.

• Weight stack positioned in front of user to act as a privacy shield.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Rotary Calf - Product No. 4620

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

683 lbs. 405 lbs. inches = 43 W x 59 L x 61 H
310 kg 184 kg cm = 110 W x 150 L x 155 H

• Footplate rotates through a natural arc keeping the foot in contact with the
plate eliminating need to roll the foot over the edge of the plate.

• A seated variable resistance exercise that eliminates the spinal compression
found in the traditional standing units.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Dual-Axis Chest Press - Product No. 4507

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

611 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 56 W x 46 L x 76 H
278 kg 139 kg cm = 143 W x 117 L x 193 H

• Overhead pivot provides a more natural pattern when compared to lower

pivoting units.

• Adjustable starting position allows appropriate range and improves safety.

• Dual Axis Technology

®

provides an innovative “user-defined” motion that

allows each user to determine their optimal path, also boosting the effective

loading in the muscle.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Technical

Specifications

Page 1-5

Single-Axis Chest Press - Product No. 4506

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

559 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 56 W x 46 L x 76 H
254 kg 139 kg cm = 143 W x 117 L x 193 H

• Overhead pivot provides a more natural pattern when compared to lower
pivoting units.

• Adjustable starting position allows appropriate range and improves safety.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Dual-Axis Incline Press - Product No. 4512

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

610 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 56 W x 51 L x 64 H
277 kg 139 kg cm = 143 W x 130 L x 163 H

• The path of motion is comparable to a 30oincline.

• Overhead pivot geometry provides a more natural arc of motion.

• Dual Axis Technology

®

provides an innovative “user defined” motion that
allows each user to determine their optimal path, also boosting the effective
loading in the muscle.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Single-Axis Incline Press - Product No. 4511

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

544 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 56 W x 51 L x 64 H
247 kg 139 kg cm = 143 W x 130 L x 163 H

• The path of motion is comparable to a 30oincline.

• Overhead pivot geometry provides a more natural arc of motion.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Dual-Axis Pulldown - Product No. 4515

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

630 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 39 W x 56 L x 76 H
286 kg 139 kg cm = 99 W x 142 L x 193 H

• “Free float” handles encourage a user pull to the center rather than “behind
the neck”.

• Neutral handles allow a single-axis motion in the sagittal plane.

• Dual Axis Technology

®

provides an innovative “user defined” motion that
allows each user to determine their optimal path, also boosting the effective
loading in the muscle.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Technical
Specifications
Page 1-6

Dual-Axis Row/Rear Delt - Product No. 4520

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

589 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 27 W x 62 L x 82 H
268 kg 139 kg cm = 69 W x 158 L x 209 H

• Overhead pivot geometry provides a more natural arc of motion, compared
to lower pivoting units.

• Dual Axis Technology

®

provides an innovative “user defined” motion that
allows each user to determine their optimal path, also boosting the effective
loading in the muscle.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Single-Axis Row/Rear Delt - Product No. 4521

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

574 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 27 W x 62 L x 82 H
261 kg 139 kg cm = 69 W x 158 L x 209 H

• Overhead pivot geometry provides a more natural arc of motion.

• “Traditional” pattern that benefits from superior biomechanical alignment
and geometry.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Dual-Axis Overhead Press - Product No. 4527

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

542 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 55 W x 62 L x 61 H
246 kg 93 kg cm = 140 W x 158 L x 155 H

• Counterbalanced input arms allow deconditioned users to develop overhead

lifting strength.

• Choice of grips includes a neutral position for individual preference and
anatomical limitations.

• Dual Axis Technology

®

provides an innovative “user defined” motion that
allows each user to determine their optimal path, also boosting the effective
loading in the muscle.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Single-Axis Overhead Press - Product No. 4526

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

519 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 55 W x 62 L x 61 H
236 kg 93 kg cm = 140 W x 158 L x 155 H

• Counterbalanced input arms allow deconditioned users to develop overhead
lifting strength.

• Choice of grips includes a neutral position for individual preference and

anatomical limitations.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Technical

Specifications

Page 1-7

Single-Axis Lat Pulldown - Product No. 4516

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

614 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 53 W x 61 L x 76 H
279 kg 139 kg cm = 135 W x 155 L x 193 H

• Open-style bar design encourages a user pull to the center rather than

“behind the neck”.

• Handles are angled for optimal position throughout the movement.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Fly - Product No. 4545

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

473 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 53 W x 37 L x 55 H
215 kg 93 kg cm = 135 W x 94 L x 140 H

• “Floating arm” design accommodates users of all sizes, eliminating the

tendency of the pads to “roll” or “scoot” on the arm.

• “Virtual pivot” axis allows the handles to float into optimal position

throughout the range of motion.

• Start range of motion adjustment eliminates the most hazardous

characteristic of most fly machines, the danger of excessive stretch.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Lateral Raise - Product No. 4530

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

439 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 40 W x 52 L x 67 H
199 kg 93 kg cm = 101 W x 132 L x 170 H

• Horizontal input arms allow the user to vary position for better alignment of

the middle deltoid against the resistance.

• Elimination of the standard chest pad allows the user to lean forward for

enhanced positioning.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Arm Curl - Product No. 4535

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

410 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 38 W x 50 L x 55 H
186 kg 93 kg cm = 97 H x 127 L x 140 H

• Rotating handles accommodate the user’s ability to achieve supination

relative to their goal and are angled slightly for proper wrist/grip alignment.

• The arm pad is angled for stability and the axis or pivot point is properly

positioned to allow alignment of the elbow joint.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Cybex Strength Systems Specifications

Technical
Specifications
Page 1-8

Arm Extension - Product No. 4540

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

433 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 36 W x 51 L x 55 H
197 kg 93 kg cm = 92 W x 130 L x 140 H

• The input arm automatically adjusts to accommodate varying forearm

lengths and a neutral grip position allows full extension without shoulder
rotation.

• The arm pad is angled for stability and the axis or pivot point is properly

positioned to allow alignment of the elbow joint.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Ab Crunch - Product No. 4705

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

407 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 42 W x 42 L x 55 H
185 kg 93 kg cm = 107 W x 107 L x 140 H

• Pivot point posterior to the spine creates a downward arc of motion

matching spinal flexion, creating an improved path for abdominal isolation.

• ROM adjustment via seat height manipulation with fine-tuning made

possible by moving back of forward slightly in the seat.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Back Extension - Product No. 4713, 4712, 4711

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

606 lbs. 305 lbs. inches = 41 W x 50 L x 61 H
275 kg 139 kg cm = 105 W x 127 L x 155 H

• Provides exceptional alignment and comfort for users of all sizes promoting

coordinated function of hip and lower back muscle consistent with proper
lifting technique.

• Advanced RLD design maintains integrity of the resistance profile.

• RLD positions are 10oapart with start and end phased by 5ofor maximum

protection.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Torso Rotation - Product No. 4715

Machine Weight Weight Stack Size

462 lbs. 205 lbs. inches = 28 W x 43 L x 67 H
211 kg 93 kg cm = 72 W x 110 L x 171 H

• Innovative design that applies resistance securely through the lower body

for efficiency.

• Upper torso assists with stabilization while eliminating the possibility of

dizziness by keeping the head stationary.

• “Slackless” drive mechanism for immediate resistance.

• Sliding 5-LB increment weights allow the user to fine-tune resistance levels.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Technical

Specifications

Page 1-9

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Technical
Specifications
Page 1-10

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General

Exercise

Guidelines

Page 2-1

Like any sport, strength training involves an element of risk. The following recommendations
will help to ensure that training is as productive and safe as possible.

Prior to embarking on any strength training program,
it is recommended that each user consult with a
physician.

All training sessions should be supervised by trained
personnel.

Be sure all warning labels are read and understood by
each user.

It is very important that all users be instructed on the
proper use of CYBEX Strength Systems products.
Pay close attention to the following:

• Set up and alignment for each individual entry and
exit from the unit

• Proper form

• Use of seat belts, safety catches and other safety
features

To minimize the chance of injury:

• Do not lean on the weight stack or other moving
parts

• Keep clear of safety catches, belts and pulleys

• Have a spotter present

• Exercise within physical capabilities and
anatomical limitations

• Do not exceed any exercise or movement
restrictions prescribed by a doctor, therapist

or trainer. This is particularly important for those
at risk due to:

-- Known heart disease

-- Known hypertension

-- Obesity

Instruct all users to report any equipment irregularity or
personal injury to supervisory personnel immediately.

General

Chapter 2 - General Exercise Guidelines

Abduction - movement away from the mid-line of the body.
Acceleration - the rate at which an object’s velocity changes with time; that is the change of

velocity divided by the time interval.
Accuracy - freedom from error. Degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true

value.
Action Line - the direction of pull created by the fibers or tendon of a muscle at the point of

application.
Active Insufficiency - a two joint muscle loses the ability to cross-bridge (generate force) due

to full shortening over its greatest anatomical length and tension created in an opposing
muscle (antagonist).

Active Range of Motion - the degree of motion that occurs between two adjacent segments
through voluntary contraction of the agonist (prime mover).

Active Stabilization - provided by an internal force. Static stabilization is provided through an
isometric contraction where dynamic stabilization is a series of motions. Dynamic stabilizers
maintain the relative positions of the segments, preventing undesirable or unnecessary
motions due to external forces as well as artifacts of internal forces. May also refer to the
concentric/eccentric contractions of a muscle acting in a force couple to produce motion
while maintaining a relatively fixed axis of rotation.

Adipose Tissue - fat tissue.
Adduction - movement towards the mid-line of the body.
Agonist - (prime mover) a muscle that is mechanically optimal to produce a specific motion at

a joint. There typically is more than one agonist for a peticular motion. A specific muscle can
be an agonist for more than one motion at a joint.

Aerobic - with or in the presence of oxygen oxygen.
Aerobic Endurance - the ability to persist in physical activities that rely heavily upon oxygen

for energy production.
Anabolic - pertaining to the synthesis of complex substances from simpler substances, espe-

cially to the synthesis of body proteins from amino acids.
Anaerobic - without oxygen.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Glossary

General
Exercise
Guidelines
Page 2-2

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

General

Exercise

Guidelines

Page 2-3

Anaerobic Endurance - the ability to persist in physical activities of short duration that

require high rates of energy expenditure. These high rates of energy expenditure cannot be
met solely by aerobic metabolism.

Anthropometrics - measurements and relationships of length and girth of body parts.
Antagonist- the muscle in opposition to the agonist.
Anatomical Position - standing erect, with feet and palms facing forward.
Anatomical Pulley - a bone or skeletal prominence that alters the direction of the pull of a

muscle to increase the muscle’s mechanical advantage.

Anatomy - geography, naming by orientation and/or apparent capability (non-functional).
Anchor Points - the points at which a load enters and exits the body and/or limb.
Anterior - anatomical term meaning towards the front. Same as ventral.
Assistant Mover - a muscle that is less effective at performing a specified motion, but does

have a small degree of mechanical ability to help the prime mover. There are many borderline
cases.

Atrophy - reduction in size of cells and tissues.
Axis of Rotation - imaginary line or point which an object rotates.
Bilateral - refers to both sides.
Biolocomotion - a perspective/description of the human body and its mechanics based upon

locomotion. All animals with legs (regardless of numbers) move with the same mechanics.
Gravity is the common denominator.

Biomechanics - the study of motion and the effect of forces on biological systems. In
resistance training it is the analysis of the load placed on a joint by both the muscle and
resistance. Anatomy, Kinesiology, and Physics = Engineering.

Body Composition - the component parts of the body - mainly fat and fat-free weight (lean
body mass).

Calorie - a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the tempera­ture of 1 g of water to 1 degree C.

Cam - a mechanical device used to vary leverage. Based on the fact that a muscles
mechanical advantage changes as it moves through a range of motion.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

General
Exercise
Guidelines
Page 2-4

Carbohydrate - a chemical compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in

specified arrangements. Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy for all body functions
and anaerobic muscular exertion; they are major components of food such as bread, potatoes
and rice.

Cardiovascular - pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
Cartilage - there are several types. Hyaline cartilage is a relatively thin covering on the ends

of many bones. It forms a smooth, resilient, low friction surface for the movement of one bone
on another. Wedges of cartilage (fibrocartilage) called menisci, disks and labrums function to
increase stability, provide shock absorption, and to facilitate motion in some joints.

Center of Gravity - the center of a body’s mass. In the human body, it is the point which all
parts are in balance with one another. It is dependent on current position in space, anatomical
structure, gender, habitual standing posture and if external objects are being held.

Circumduction - a circular movement permitted at ball and socket, condylar and saddle
joints. Consists of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in sequence.

Circuit Training - a type of conditioning program in which exercises are performed in
sequence, with little or no rest inbetween stations.

Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise - a series of rigid links interconnected by a series of pin-cen­tered joints. These are constructed so that motion at one joint will produce motion at all the
joints in the system. Closed-chain exercises produce greater mechanical efficiency at the risk
of increased joint loading. Example, leg press, bench press.

Close-Packed Position - all synovial joints have a position where joint surfaces are maximal­ly congruent and the ligaments and capsule are maximally taut. This is a position of maximal
stability and decreased mobility.

Collagen - a fibrous protein that serves as the major component of ligaments and tendons.
Compression - two forces acting along the same line towards each other that constitute a

compressive load or compressive stress.
Concentric action - contraction of a muscle resulting in shortening of the muscle. Positive

work is performed.
Connective Tissue - comprised of mostly the proteins collagen and elastin with water;

includes tendons, ligaments, bursae, cartilage, disks, menisci, fascia and bone.
Cross-Bridge - the connection and intertwining of the actin and myosin filaments in a

myofibril relative to a muscular contraction.
Curvilinear Motion - the frequently occurring combination of rotatory and translatory

motions.

General

Exercise

Guidelines

Page 2-5

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Distraction - two forces acting along the same line and in opposite directions, they constitute
a distractive, tensile load or tensile stress.

Diathrodial Joint - ball and socket joint.
Distal - furthest from the attached end of the limb; away from the body.
Dorsal - pertaining to the back; opposite of ventral, palmar or plantar.
Dorsiflexion - movement of the foot up in the sagittal plane; movement toward the leg.
Eccentric Action - muscle action in which tension is developed in the muscle while it is

lengthening. Negative work is performed.

Endurance - the ability to persist in performing some physical activity.
Energy - the capacity to perform work.
Energy (Kinetic) - energy associated with motion.
Energy (Potential) - energy by virtue of position.
Energy System - one of three metabolic systems involving a series of chemical reactions

resulting in the formation of waste products and the manufacture of ATP.

Eversion - movement of the sole of the foot outward; opposite of inversion.
Extension - movement about a joint in which bones on either side of the joint are brought

away from each other, bringing two parts into or towards a straight line, increasing the angle
of the joint. Returning to anatomical position from a position of flexion in the sagittal plane.

External Force - a push or pull on the body that arises from a source outside the body.
External Rotation - movement of the anterior surface of a segment away from the mid-line;

also termed lateral rotation.
Fast Twitch Fibers - skeletal muscle fibers most active in short-duration, intensive exercise,

e.g., in sprints and jumps.

Fatigue - the inability to maintain a given level of physical performance.
Flexibility - the range of movement of a specific joint or group of joints, influenced by the

associated bones and bony structures, muscles, tendons and ligaments.
Flexion - movement about a joint in which bones on either side of the joint are brought closer

together, decreasing the angle of the joint. Joint movement away from anatomical position,
occurring within the sagittal plane.

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

General
Exercise
Guidelines
Page 2-6

Foot-Pound - the work required to move one pound of resistance one foot in distance.
Force - an interaction between two objects, in the form of a push or pull, that may or may not

produce motion, Force = mass x acceleration.
Force Angle - (FA) the angle between the action line and the lever, on the side of the joint

axis. It is not directly related to the joint angle and changes as the muscle’s relationship to the
bone changes during motion

Force Couple - concentric/eccentric contractions of opposing muscles acting to produce
motion while maintaining a relatively fixed axis of rotation. A prime example occurs in the
shoulder, where the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles’ divergent pull create an almost perfect
spinning of the humeral head around a fixed axis of rotation.

Frontal Plane - (coronal) imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior
halves; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane.

Fulcrum - the support on which a lever rotates in moving or lifting.
Hyperextension - continuation of the movement of extension past the neutral position.
Hypertension - a chronic elevation of arterial blood pressure which is a primary risk factor for

coronary artery disease and stroke.

Hypertrophy - increased cell size leading to increased tissue size.
Impulse - the change in momentum. This becomes a concern in weight training, due to the

possible negative effects associated with it.
Inertia - the tendency of a body to remain at rest or continue in uniform motion unless acted

on by an unbalanced force. Represents Newton’s first law, the law of inertia.

Inferior - a lower position upon or within the body.
Insertion - the more distal attachment site of a muscle. The movable part or attachment of a

muscle as opposed to origin.

Intermittent Work - work sessions interrupted by rest sessions.
Internal Forces - act on the body and arise from sources within the human body.
Inversion - moving the sole of the foot inward. Opposite of eversion.
Isokinetic Contraction - a muscular contraction through a range of motion at a constant

velocity. The rate of movement is maintained at a constant velocity through a specific range of
motion even though maximal force is exerted.

General

Exercise

Guidelines

Page 2-7

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Isometric (Static) Contraction - a muscular contraction in which tension is produced but
there is no change in the angle of the involved joint(s) involved.

Isotonic Contraction - a muscular contraction in which a constant resistance is moved
through a range of motion of the involved joint(s). Movement in this type of contraction typi­cally involves both a concentric and an eccentric contraction.

Joint Play - “slack” in the connective tissues surrounding the joint that is required to allow
normal joint motion.

Kilocalorie - a unit of work or energy equal to the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree C.

Kinematics - area of study that examines the spatial and temporal components of motion
(position, velocity and acceleration).

Kinesiology - The scientific study of human movement.
Kinetic energy - energy associated with motion.
Kinetics - area of study that examines the forces that act on a system.
Kyphosis - neutral/normal sagittal curvature of the thoracic spine. Excessive kyphosis is often

accompanied by rounded shoulders.
Lactic Acid (Lactate) - the temporary end-product of anaerobic glucose metabolism

(glycolysis).
Lean Body Mass - body weight minus body fat; composed of muscle, bone and other non-

fat tissue.
Lever - a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed support (fulcrum) in response to an applied

force.
Lever Systems - a force system existing whenever two or more parallel forces, whose

actions lines will never converge, act on the same object but at some distance from each
other. The three classifications are first, second and third class levers.

Ligament - a band of fibrous connective tissue that binds bone to bone; functions to maintain
integrity of a joint.

Lordosis - neutral/normal forward curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine.
Luxation - complete joint dislocation.
Mass - the amount of matter an object contains, or the number of atoms. Unlike weight, an

objects mass is constant, despite the value of gravitational acceleration. Mass is a determiner
of an object’s inertia.

General
Exercise
Guidelines
Page 2-8

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Mechanical Efficiency - greater mechanical efficiency, relative to resistance training, means
less muscular force is required to move a load and therefore greater stress is transferred
through the skeletal system. The value of the system utilized becomes dependent upon the
goal.

Medial Rotation - movement around an axis and toward the mid-line of the body. Also
termed internal rotation.

Medial - aspect nearest the mid-line of the body; pertaining to the center. Opposite of lateral.
Metabolism - the sum total of the energy-producing and -absorbing processes in the body.

The energy used by the body.

Moment Arm - (MA) the shortest distance between the action line and the joint axis.
Momentum - the product of the mass of a body and its velocity. It will remain constant (it is

“conserved”) unless the object is acted upon by another force.

Muscle Contraction - shortening of a muscle and/or development of tension in a muscle.
Muscular Endurance - the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated

contractions against a load for an extended period of time.

Neutral - a point between the two extremes of a joint’s range of motion.
Obesity - the clinical classification of a percent body fat greater than 25% (males) or 30%

(females).
Open Kinematic Chain - the ends of the limbs or parts are free to move without causing

motion at another joint. Open chain motions are not predictable because the joints may
function either independently or in unison. Less mechanically efficient, therefore more stress
is placed upon muscular tissue. Examples, dumbbell presses and curls.

Origin - attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
Overload -stressing the body or parts against resistance greater than that which is normally

encountered. The resistance (load) can be maximal or near-maximal.
Passive Insufficiency - the point at which a two-joint muscle loses the ability to cross-bridge

(generate force) due to full lengthening over its greatest anatomical length due to force
created in an opposing muscle.

Passive Stabilization - a type of stabilization that is due to non-contractile components. This
can be accomplished internally by connective tissue (in situations of non-muscular support);
or through external structures such as a bench or brace.

Plane of Motion - a two-dimensional flat surface running through an object. Motion occurs in
the plane or parallel to the plane.

General

Exercise

Guidelines

Page 2-9

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Plantar - anatomical term referring to the sole or bottom.
Plantarflexion - movement of the foot down in the sagittal plane; movement away from the

leg.

Posterior - anatomical term meaning toward the back. Opposite of anterior.
Potential Energy - energy by virtue of position.
Power - the product of work divided by time. It is the time required to move a distance that

was produced by the force.
Prime Mover - (agonist) a muscle that is mechanically optimal to produce a specific motion

at a joint. There can be more than one prime mover for a particular motion, and a specific
muscle can be a prime mover for more than one motion at a joint.

Progressive Resistance - overloading a muscle or muscle group consistently throughout the
duration of a weight-resistance program.

Pronation - a triplanar motion at the subtalar joint consisting of abduction, depression and
eversion, resulting in lowering of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Position of the forearm with
the palm facing down.

Protein - an essential nutrient made up of amino acids. The building block for tissues.
Proximal - towards the attached end of the limb or origin.
Range of Motion (ROM) - the amount of motion available to a joint (measured in degrees)

within the anatomical limits of the joint structure. Limits to range of motion also include
physiological, biomechanical, and neural. ROM can be classified as Passive (movement
produced via a force outside the limb), Active (movement produced by muscles within the
limb) or Resisted (movement challenged under additional load).

Reciprocal Inhibition - contraction of agonist causes relaxation of antagonist.
Repetition Maximum (RM) - the maximum load that a muscle or muscle group can lift for

given number of repetitions before fatiguing. Example, an eight-RM load is the maximum load
that can be lifted eight times.

Rotary Motion - (radial or angular) the movement of an object around a fixed axis in a curved
path.

S.A.I.D. Principle - Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand. A muscle will gain strength in
the specific ranges of motion and speeds in which it is trained.

Sagittal Plane - Imaginary line that divides the body, or any of its parts, into right and left
sections.

General
Exercise
Guidelines
Page 2-10

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Scoliosis - a lateral curvature of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic area.
Secondary Joint - hinge joints that have a singular function (elbow/knee). Muscles are

situated on either side of these joints in virtual, if not real, pairings.
Set - in an interval training program, a group of work and relief intervals. In weight lifting, the

number of repetitions performed consecutively without resting.
Shear - two parallel forces applied in opposite directions that are not in line with each other

constitute a shearing load or stress within the object to which they are applied. Normal joint
motion is always associated with some degree of shearing stress due to normal muscular
action against resistance (weight of the limb, etc).

Shunt Muscle - directs the greater part of its contractile force along the bone it is moving
(creating greater force towards compression/stabilization). Example, the brachioradialis
muscle of the forearm is a shunt during an arm curl.

Skeletal Muscle - muscle controlling skeletal movement that is normally under voluntary
control.

Sliding Filament Theory - a muscle shortens or lengthens due to the thick and thin
myofibrils sliding past one another without the filaments changing length.

Slow-twitch Fibers - skeletal muscle fibers characterized by relatively slow contractile
speeds and great capacity for the aerobic production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Sprain - the permanent deformation of the structure due to excessive or prolonged
stress/strain.

Spurt Muscle - directs the greater part of its force across the bone it is moving rather than
along it (creating greater effort towards motion). Example, the biceps is a spurt during an arm
curl.

Stabilizer - a muscle that steadies or supports an adjacent joint in order for another active
muscle to have a firm base upon which to pull. A muscle may be a stabilizer for one motion,
and a prime mover (agonist) for another motion.

Static Contraction - a muscular contraction that does not involve changes in the angle of the
joint(s) involved.

Steady State - that state of physiological stability wherein the energy demands of the body
can be met relatively easily for a prolonged period of time.

Strain - the deformation of the structure as the result of stress.
Strength - the ability to exert muscular force briefly.
Stress - the force created within a structure when placed under load.

General

Exercise

Guidelines

Page 2-11

Cybex VR2 Owner’s Manual

Subluxation - a partial dislocation of a joint; usually reduces itself.
Submaximal Exercise - exercise at less than maximal intensity, may also refer to exercise of

less than maximal duration.

Superior - a higher position upon or within the body.
Synergist - occurs during the action of two muscles, both of which have a common joint

action and each of which has a second action that is antagonistic or opposing to the other.
True synergy is simply the stabilization of one muscle to prevent any action in one of the joints
traversed by a multi-joint muscle.

Synovial Fluid - a transparent, viscous lubricating fluid found in joint cavities, bursae and ten­don sheaths.

Tendons - cords of dense fibrous tissue that connect muscle to bone.
Tertiary Joint - a complex joint structure (wrist/ankle-subtalor), designed for finely controlled

movements.

Torque - the ability of a force to produce movement around an axis.
Translatory Motion - (linear) the movement of an object in a straight line.
Unilateral - refers to only one side.
Vector - typically represented by a drawn arrow, representing a force’s point of application,

action line or direction indicating pull or magnitude of force being exerted.
Vector Shift - a manipulation of the force or loadline through the chain by altering the position

of the anchors relative to the joints or vice versa.
Velocity - the rate at which an objects position changes with time; that is the total change in

position divided by the total change in time: V-d/t.
Weight - a unit of heaviness which is the product of the mass of an object and the gravita-

tional force exerted on it by the earth. W=mg, where g = gravitational acceleration.
Work - W = Fd. The amount of work performed is equivalent to the force applied to an object

times the distance the object is moved.

Single-Set & Circuit Training Diary

MACHINE

Date

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Seat

Pad

Single-Set & Circuit Training Diary

MACHINE

Date

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Seat

Pad

NAME

INSTRUCTOR

Multiple-Set Training Diary

MACHINE

Date

Set

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Seat

Pad

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Multiple-Set Training Diary

MACHINE

Date

Set

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Plates

Reps

Seat

Pad

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

The Machine

• Arc of Motion - The machine pivots from
below creating an arc congruent with the
functional movement of the legs. This also
decreases the detrimental forces on the knee
by maintaining an optimum knee/foot
relationship throughout the range of motion.
A leg press that pivots from above or that
moves in a linear path is inconsistent with the
natural arc of motion and creates excessive
forces within the knee during flexion.

• Accommodating Footplate - The movement
of the footplate eliminates excessive motion at
the ankle and maintains a near neutral position,
decreasing undue forces throughout the lower
extremity.

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The starting
position and range of motion limit are both
adjusted from a control pin below the legs. Adjustment is accomplished through the near
effortless movement of the footplate. By moving the footplate rather than the seat the legs
are always traveling through the appropriate arc of motion with the appropriate resistance.

• Seat Angle Adjustment - The back of the seat adjusts to vary the hip position and motion.
Five positions are available in five degree increments. The position of the seat is comfort
and goal dependent.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately varying resistance that is maximal at
the end of the motion where the body’s mechanical advantage increases.

• 10 to 505 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 505 pounds in five pound increments.

Chapter 3 - Exercises

Exercises

Page 3-1

Seated Leg Press

Closed Kinematic Chain Leg Extension

• Hip/Knee Extension - The quadriceps are
responsible for extension of the knee joint. The
gluteus maximus and hamstring are responsible
for hip extension. The hip-knee relationship in
closed kinematic chain extension represents an
indirect proportion. An increase in hip motion
will increase hip extensor work and proportion­ally decrease knee extensor work, and vice
versa.

• Knee Tracking - Functioning as a hinge, it is
imperative that the knee be directed toward the
toes when eccentrically flexing or concentrically
extending during closed chain movements.
Exactly which toe(s) the knee is to be directed
towards is dependent upon the anatomical
structure of the user. It is commonly suggested
that the knee track between the big and second
toes. However, if a marked Q-angle is noted,
tracking is recommended more toward the fifth
(little) toe. Comfort is also a factor in the decision.
Ultimately, once the proper tracking has been
determined, it must be monitored and
maintained throughout each repetition.

• Range of Motion - The range of motion is limited by spinal alignment during eccentric
flexion and at full knee extension concentrically. Hyperextension of the knee is to be
avoided in closed chain leg work.

• Associated Muscles - Hip adductor involvement varies with foot placement. As the feet are
placed wider and the knees track accordingly, hip adduction is increased.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-2

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the back pad to comfort or goal. Raising
the pad will increase hip extensor work. Lowering
the pad will decrease hip extensor work.

• Adjust the starting position (pull pin found
below the legs) to allow approximately a 90 degree
bend in the knee. The need for more or less knee
flexion is determined by the users goal and limita­tions. The degree of knee bend must allow the
pelvis/hips to remain firmly pressed against the
back pad.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

• Position the feet approximately shoulder width
with the toes and knees pointing slightly outward
at the same angle.

• Position the shoulders and hips/pelvis against the
back pad and maintain to eliminate spinal flexion.

The Motion

• Keeping the feet flat, tighten the legs, push through the heels and smoothly straighten the
legs. Do not lock/hyperextend the knees.

• Slowly return to the starting position without resting.

• Maintain the hips/pelvis and shoulders against the back pad and the knees pointing toward
the toes throughout each repetition.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-3

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

(This page intentionally left blank)

Exercise
Page 3-4

The Machine

• Three Models - The 4611 model provides standard
(non-RLD) operation. The 4612 model contains an
adjustable start position so that the ultimate degree of
knee flexion at the start of the movement can be deter­mined. The 4613 model provides both an adjustable
start and an adjustable end position for total control of
the user’s range of motion.

• Range of Motion Limitation - The range limiting
device allows quick, easy adjustment of the start (4612,

4613) and end positions (4613) for those user’s with
limited hamstring flexibility or for rehab purposes. The
RLD maintains the correct biomechanical relationship
between the lever arm and the cam which is critical in
maintaining the proper resistance variation through the
chosen range.

• Axis Alignment - The axis or pivot point of the machine is properly positioned to allow
alignment with the knee joints.

• Back Pad - The back pad is angled 100 degrees from the seat to allow for hamstring length.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides increased resistance at the point in the range where

force output of the quadriceps is the greatest.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-5

Leg Extension

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Quadriceps

• Knee Extension - The quadriceps are respon­sible for extension of the knee joint. Although
the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis are
pulling at slightly different angles on the
patella, the knee joint functions as a hinge.
Attempts at emphasizing either of these two
muscles by altering knee alignment will have
limited effect on the muscle and detrimental
effects on the joint itself. It should be noted
for alignment purposes that the axis of the
knee joint is actually near the posterior aspect
of the knee.

MUSCLES TRAINED

• Range of Motion - The normal range of motion is generally considered to be -10 to
135 degrees. Unless a restriction occurs or is prescribed, range of motion is limited only by
the user’s ability to control the quads concentrically into full extension and eccentrically
into flexion. Full extension on the Leg Extension (an open chain exercise) does not place
forces on the knee that furthers hyperextension, as is the case in a closed chain exercise. In
full extension, the least compressive force is placed on the patella. As range of motion
increases, the compressive forces on the patella increase. Ninety degrees (where patellar
compression equals eight times the resistance applied) is often regarded as being the end of
safely resisted extension, however, this remains an individual matter. Normal cruciate liga­ments safely counter shearing forces developed in this exercise. The hamstring can be a lim­iting factor in achieving full knee extension if the hip is positioned at 90 degrees.

Exercise
Page 3-6

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Note the pivot point at the front right corner of
the seat.

• Align the axis of the knees and adjust the back
pad to maintain that position.

• Adjust the leg pad to comfort.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate

resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Position the thighs parallel to each other and
relax the ankles.

• Grip the handles to remain firmly against the
seat and maintain proper posture.

The Motion

• Tighten the quadriceps and straighten the knees
as far as possible. NOTE: Do not kick.

• On the first repetition further align the knees by
rotating the thighs to position the patella directly
on top/center of the knees. Maintain this position
throughout each repetition.

• Return to the starting position without resting.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-7

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Set Start Position

1. Grasp pull pin (pullbutton) and pull.

2. Move input arm to desired position.

3. Lock pull pin into place.

• Set Stop (End) Position

1. Grasp pull pin (pullbutton) and pull.

2. Rotate stop to the desired end position.

3. Lock pull pin into place.

Exercise
Page 3-8

The Machine

• Three Models - The 4616 model provides
standard (non-RLD) operation. The 4617
model contains an adjustable start position
so that the ultimate degree of knee flexion
at the start of the movement can be
determined. The 4618 model provides both
an adjustable start and an adjustable end
position for total control of the user’s range
of motion.

• Range of Motion Limitation - The range
limiting device allows quick, easy
adjustment of the start (4617, 4618) and end
positions (4618) for those user’s with limited
hamstring flexibility or for rehab purposes.
The RLD maintains the correct biomechanical
relationship between the lever arm and the
cam which is critical in maintaining the proper resistance variation through the chosen
range.

• Axis Alignment - The axis or pivot point of the machine is properly positioned to allow
alignment with the knee joints.

• Hip/Spinal Stabilization - The increased angles of the trunk and thigh pads encourages hip
and spinal stabilization dramatically.

• Cervical Alignment - The shortened trunk pad eliminates the cervical hyperextension
and/or rotation encouraged by the longer trunk pad.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides increased resistance at the point in the range
where force output of the hamstrings is the greatest.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-9

Prone Leg Curl

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Hamstring

• Knee Flexion - The hamstring group is responsible
for flexion of the knee joint. The hamstrings also
cross the hip joint and are responsible for hip
extension. It should be noted that any movement
of the hip joint during resisted knee flexion usually
decreases the effectiveness of the exercise by
allowing unrelated change in the hamstring’s
length.

• Range of Motion - The normal range of motion is
generally considered to be -10 to 135 degrees. The
hamstring is limited by mechanical disadvantage
near full extension (eccentric “lowering of the
weight”). Due to the direction of resistance and the
availability of hyperextension at the knee, it is
advised to limit the eccentric movement just short
of full extension. Flexion is only limited by concentric
control.

• Associated Muscles - The gastrocnemius is an assistant mover for knee flexion. It can be
discouraged from use by attempting to completely relax the ankle muscles or by plantar
flexing the ankle. Plantar flexion shortens the gastroc and as knee flexion occurs the muscle
will achieve a condition of “active insufficiency”. However, the fact that the gastroc is
involved in plantar flexion can further its involvement through much of the knee motion.
Dorsiflexion encourages gastroc contraction. The gracilis, sartorius and plantaris are also
assistant movers for knee flexion.

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise
Page 3-10

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Motion

• Smoothly flex the knees as far as possible without raising the knees further, without
elevating the hips, and without hyperextending the spine.

• Slowly return to a position near full extension and without resting or dropping the knees.

The Positioning

• Adjust the leg pad comfortably behind the ankles.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate

resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Note the pivot point at the lower right corner of
the thigh pad.

• Align the knees with the pivot point while lying
prone on the machine. The top of the patella
should be at the edge of the thigh pad.

• With the ankles against the leg pad, position the
legs and feet parallel, ankles neutral and relaxed
or plantar flexed.

• Grip the handles and rest the forearms on the arm
pads.

• Stabilize the spine with the abdominals to prevent
hyperextension.

• Tighten the hamstrings and slightly lift the knees.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-11

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Set Start Position

1. Grasp pull pin (pullbutton) and pull.

2. Move input arm to desired position.

3. Lock pull pin into place.

• Set Stop (End) Position

1. Grasp pull pin (pullbutton) and pull.

2. Rotate stop to the desired starting
position.

3. Lock pull pin into place.

Exercise
Page 3-12

Stop RLD

Pull Pin

The Machine

• Three Models - The 4626 model provides standard
(non-RLD) operation. The 4627 model contains an
adjustable start position so that the ultimate degree of
knee flexion at the start of the movement can be deter­mined. The 4628 model provides both an adjustable
start and an adjustable end position for total control of
the user’s range of motion.

• Range of Motion Limitation - The range limiting
device allows quick, easy adjustment of the start (4627,

4628) and end positions (4628) for those user’s with
limited hamstring flexibility or for rehab purposes. The
RLD maintains the correct biomechanical relationship
between the lever arm and the cam which is critical in
maintaining the proper resistance variation through the
chosen range.

• Seated Position - The upright position allows a more comfortable positioning of the “body
in space”, positively affecting associated physiological factors such as positional hyperten­sion and vestibular stimulation. The degree of hip flexion associated with the seated
position is useful in strengthening the hamstring at its greatest length. This is often consid­ered “position/length specific” for goals such as rehab and sport and is ideal for general fit­ness as well.

• Axial Alignment - The axis or pivot point of the machine is properly positioned to allow
alignment with the knee joints.

• Thigh Stabilization - Femur stabilization is provided by a superiorly (top) positioned pad.
This approach to stabilization is key to preventing elevation of the knee/thigh which is other­wise inevitable during the initial phase of each repetition. This pad is easily adjusted for the
individual user’s thigh thickness and axial alignment and also offers quick release for exiting
the machine.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides increased resistance at the point in the range
where force output of the hamstrings is the greatest.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-13

Seated Leg Curl

The Hamstring

• Knee Flexion - The hamstring group is respon­sible for flexion of the knee joint. The ham­strings also cross the hip joint and are responsi­ble for hip extension. Altering the stabilized
position of the hip creates variety for resisted
knee flexion exercises. It should be noted that
any movement of the hip joint (loss of stabi­lization) that occurs during resisted knee flex­ion usually decreases the effectiveness of the
exercise by allowing unresisted change in the
hamstring’s length.

• Range of Motion - The normal range of knee
motion is generally considered to be -10 to 135
degrees. The hamstring is limited by mechani­cal disadvantage near full extension (eccentric
“lowering of the weight”). Due to the direction
of resistance and the availability of hyperexten
sion at the knee, it is advised to limit the
eccentric movement just short of full extension. Due to the position of hip flexion near 90
degrees, many users will not be able to achieve even this degree of extension eccentrically
due to poor hamstring flexibility. Resisted knee flexion is limited only by concentric
control.

• Associated Muscles - The gastrocnemius is an assistant mover for knee flexion. It can be
discouraged from use by attempting to completely relax the ankle muscles or by planter
flexing the ankle. Plantar flexion shortens the gastroc and as knee flexion occurs the muscle
will achieve a condition of active insufficiency. However, the fact that the gastroc is
involved in plantar flexion can further its involvement through much of the knee motion.
Dorsiflexion encourages gastroc contraction. The gracilis, sartorius, and plantaris are also
assistant movers for knee flexion.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-14

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Motion

• Tighten the hamstrings and smoothly flex the knees as far as possible without moving the
pelvis/spine.

• Slowly return near the predetermined position of available extension without resting.

• To exit the machine pull the release button and raise the thigh pad.

The Positioning

• Note the pivot point at the front right corner of the
seat.

• Align the axis of the knees with the pivot point of
the machine and adjust the back pad to support the
body while maintaining this position.

• Adjust the leg pad to comfort behind the ankles.

• Check the weight to insure the appropriate resis-

tance has been selected. Body position and control
of the motion should never be compromised by
excessive weight.

• Be seated with the lower leg resting upon the pad.

• Lower the thigh stabilization pad across the quads

snugly, making sure that knee axis is also aligned
with the machine pivot vertically.

• If the knee does not fully extend while in this posi­tion of hip flexion, due to tight hamstrings or other
complications, lowering the knee to align with the
pivot point will not be possible or safe without
adjusting the RLD to allow a start position of
slight knee flexion.

• With the ankles against the leg pad, position the
legs and feet parallel, ankles neutral and
relaxed or slightly plantar flexed.

• Grip the handles on the thigh pad.

• Stabilize the spine with the abdominals to pelvic motion throughout the movement.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-15

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Set Start Position

1. Grasp pull pin (pullbutton) and pull.

2. Move input arm to desired position.

3. Lock pull pin into place.

• Set Stop (End) Position

1. Grasp pull pin (pullbutton) and pull.

2. Rotate stop to the desired end position.

3. Lock pull pin into place.

Exercise
Page 3-16

The Machine

• Back Pad - The back pad is angled to position the\
hips in 70 degrees of flexion creating both comfort
and ease in introducing proper spinal alignment.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides increased
resistance at the point in the range where force out­put of the involved musculature is the greatest.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate pro­vides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty
pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound incre­mental plates are securely positioned for easy
access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound incre­ments.

The Abductors

• Hip Adduction With The Hip Flexed - The
movers of a joint with three degrees of freedom,
such as the hip, often change roles or actions
depending upon the starting position of the joint.
With the hip positioned in 70 degrees of flexion,
the adductors magnus, brevis and longus, the gra­cilis and the pectineus continue to be strong adduc­tors. The hamstrings are weaker associates in this
role. The functions of the tensor fasciae latae and
gluteus minimus are altered from abductors to
adductors due to the degree of hip flexion.
Conversely, the obturator internus and quadratus
femoris diminish as adductors for the same reason.

• Range of Motion - Hip adduction is limited maxi
mally at 90 degrees within the joint. This
is often limited further during active or resisted adduction by muscular insufficiency or by
meeting the other extremity at midline. The motion of adduction in a sealed position (hip
flexed) may begin from a position of extreme abduction in trained individuals (120 - 180)
but will commonly be limited to much less due to adductor length (passively and actively)
or active insufficiency (resisted eccentrically).

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-17

Hip Adduction

The Positioning

• Use the lever found to the right of the seat to
move the knee pads inward to increase ease of
positioning.

• Sit on the machine with the feet positioned on
the desired foot peg. Choose the peg that allows
the thigh to be parallel to the floor.

• Move the knee pads outward to the desired start
position. Use of the lever is not required for this
adjustment.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compromised
by excessive weight.

• Grasp the handles lightly.

The Motion

• Slowly move the knees toward the center.

• With a smooth controlled motion, slowly return
toward the center without resting.

• To exit the machine return the weights to resting
position and release the knee pads by pulling the
release handle on your right.

POSITIONING

MOTION

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-18

The Machine

• Back Pad - The back pad is angled to position the
hips in 70 degrees of flexion creating both comfort
and ease in introducing proper spinal alignment.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides increased
resistance at the point in the range where force out­put of the involved musculature is the greatest.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate pro­vides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty
pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound incre­mental plates are securely positioned for easy
access and effortless addition thereby providing
10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

The Abductors

• Hip Abduction With The Hip Flexed - The
movers of a joint with three degrees of freedom,
such as the hip, often change roles or actions
depending upon the starting position of the joint.
With the hip positioned in 70 degrees of flexion,
the gluteus maximus, piriformis and obturator
internus are the primary abductors.

• Range of Motion - In the erect position “pure”
hip abduction can be performed to 45 degrees on
each side (90 degrees between the two extremities).
However, when the hip is flexed all of the liga­ments surrounding the joint are relaxed and addi­tionally, skeletal limitation is eliminated. This may
allow as much as 120 to 180 degrees of abduction
in trained individuals.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-19

Hip Abduction

The Positioning

• Use the lever found to the right of the seat to
move the knee pads wide enough to allow leg
positioning.

• Sit on the machine with the feet positioned on
the desired foot peg. Choose the peg that allows
the thigh to be parallel to the floor.

• Push the knee pads inward to the desired start
position. Use of the lever is not required for this
adjustment.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compromised
by excessive weight.

• Grasp the handles lightly.

The Motion

• Slowly move the knees apart through a
comfortable range.

• With a smooth controlled motion, slowly return
toward the center without resting.

• To exit the machine return the weights to resting
position and release the knee pads by pulling the
release handle on your right.

POSITIONING

MOTION

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-20

The Machine

• Axis Alignment - The Rotary Calf machine is designed
to match the motion of the ankle joint by aligning the
joint axis with a pivot point of the machine.

• Footplate - The rotating footplate maintains full and
constant contact with the toes and ball of the foot. This
increases comfort through greater surface area for
weight distribution and increases safety by eliminating
the opportunity for the feet to slide off.

• Variable Resistance - The machine provides maximum
resistance at the beginning of the motion and appropri­ately decreases the resistance to allow full contraction at
the end. No other calf machine varies the resistance
throughout the range of motion, allowing each repetition
to be completed with a full contraction.

• 10 to 405 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a
minimum weight of ten pounds. Subsequent plates in
the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound incremental plates
are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby providing 10 to
405 pounds in five pound increments.

The Calves

• Ankle Plantar Flexion - The gastrocnemius and
the soleus are responsible for plantar flexion of the
ankle joint.

• Range of Motion - The ankle permits approxi­mately 60 degrees of active motion. Much more
motion is often available during passive movement
under load. However, the range of motion during
exercise should be limited by the user’s ability to
control the gastrocnemius and soleus concentrically
in plantar flexion and eccentrically in dorsiflexion.

• Associated Muscles - The planataris, peroneus
longus and brevis, tibialis posterior, and the flexors
of the toes assist with plantar flexion.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-21

Rotary Calf

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat, in minor increments, to allow a
slight bend or straight knee but not hyperextension.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Position the feet parallel at hip width with the
ball of each foot securely on the plate (toes near
the top of the footplate).

The Motion

• Tighten the calf and press forward as far as
possible without moving the knees.

• Return to the starting position without resting and
without changing the knee position.

• For more stretch, move the seat forward. For more
motion in plantar flexion, move the seat backward.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise
Page 3-22

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The dual-axis chest
press eliminates the danger of excessive stretch by pro­viding an adjustable starting position that, when preset
to the individual user’s structure/mechanics, also serves
as a range of motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles are angled to allow opti­mum average wrist position throughout the movement.
They are in a “barbell” or horizontal position to encour­age motion in the horizontal plane as well as the optimal
position of neutral shoulder rotation. Vertical or neutral
handles are less effective for chest work as they encour­age motion in the sagittal plane (shoulder flexion).

• User Defined Path of Motion - The width of the start
position, the end position, as well as the path of travel
between the two are entirely determined by the user.
The path chosen can be based upon the user’s ability level, goal, fatigue, or structural
limitations (as are often found in the shoulder joint). Options range from the traditional
press to numerous other user friendly options including movement toward midline similar
to dumbbell exercises. Although the dual-axis technology allows freedom within the proper
plane of motion, unwanted motion outside of that plane is safely eliminated by the
machine, allowing all effort to be directed toward the Pectoralis Major.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately varying resistance that is maximal at
the end of the motion where the body’s mechanical advantage increases.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology not only provides resistance
against the pressing movement (by pushing back against you) but it can also provide
resistance against adduction (by pushing the hands apart) when the handles are moved
inward from their resting position. By providing two directions of resistance within the
plane of motion pec stimulation is increased and the triceps are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved inward due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the
pectoralis major.

CHAPTER 3 - EXERCISES

Exercise

Page 3-23

Chest Press - Dual Axis

The Chest

• Horizontal Adduction - The pectoralis major
is primarily responsible for horizontal adduc­tion of the shoulder joint. The pec is also
involved in flexion and extension of the
shoulder joint, although the anterior deltoid
and latissimus dorsi muscles, respectively, are
mechanically more effective at performing
those motions. The pec is involved in inter­nal rotation of the shoulder, however, this is
a mechanically weak motion and becomes
the limiting factor in strength when combined
with other shoulder motions.

• Scapular Retraction - The position of full
scapular retraction, when maintained, creates
the greatest possible force angles of the pec
throughout the range of motion.

• Range of Motion - With scapular retraction
maintained, horizontal adduction is limited to
approximately 90 degrees (arm straight to the front) and horizontal abduction (achieved
through the eccentric action “lowering of the weight”) is limited by mechanical disadvan­tage at approximately 0 degrees (upper arm straight out from the shoulder), when pectoralis
work is isolated as the goal.

• Associated Muscles - The anterior deltoid and coracobrachialis are also prime movers for
the motion of horizontal adduction. However, by maintaining motion in the horizontal plane,
scapular retraction, and limited horizontal abduction (limited stretch) the pectoralis major
will be emphasized over the anterior deltoid. The triceps are always involved in pressing
movements as elbow extension is required.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

Exercise
Page 3-24

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to allow the handles to align with
the mid-chest. This allows movement through the
horizontal plane of the shoulder.

• Adjust the starting position (pull pin found over­head) to allow the upper arm to be straight out to
the side when the hands are positioned on the
handles.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

• Grip the handles and position the elbows out to
the side, level with the handles.

• Fully retract the scapula and maintain on all
movements for the chest.

The Motions

IMPORTANT NOTE: The dual-axis technology

is most effective and most comfortable when the fol­lowing cues are given. These brief instructions, when
properly given, improve the motor learning process, which is the key to the safe and effective
performance of ANY exercise. After only a few repetitions of each with a light weight the
movement will be mastered.

The Basic Press

• Press the handles forward with a smooth controlled motion and return slowly without

resting, keeping the elbows level with the handles and shoulder blades pinched throughout
each repetition.

The Adduction

• While in the fully pressed position with the arms straight, move the handles directly toward

each other.

• Keeping the arms straight, slowly return the handles to the wide position without resting.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-25

The Advanced Press

• From the wide start position press forward,

simultaneously moving the handles toward
each other, ending with the arms straight
and handles together.

• Return to the wide starting position in a
slow controlled manner without resting.

The Stabilization Press

• Before pressing, move the handles inward

a few inches and maintain that width while
pressing forward and during the return.

NOTE: Each of the above is a valuable
exercise within itself and can be used alone
or in combinations.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

ADVANCED MOVEMENT

NOTE: The resistance level utilized for this

Advanced Movement will be significantly
less than that for the Basic Movement.

Exercise
Page 3-26

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The chest press elimi
nates the danger of excessive stretch by providing an
adjustable starting position that, when pre-set to the indi­vidual user’s structure/mechanics, also serves as a range
of motion limit.

.

• Plane of Motion - The handles are angled to allow opti­mum average wrist position throughout the movement.
They are in a “barbell” or horizontal position to encour­age motion in the horizontal plane as well as the optimal
position of neutral shoulder rotation. Vertical or neutral
handles are less effective for chest work as they encour­age motion in the sagittal plane (shoulder flexion).

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately
varying resistance that is maximal at the end of the
motion where the body’s mechanical advantage
increases.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

The Chest

• Horizontal Adduction - The pectoralis major
is primarily responsible for horizontal adduc­tion of the shoulder joint. The pec is also
involved in flexion and extension of the
shoulder joint, although the anterior deltoid
and latissimus dorsi muscles, respectively, are
mechanically more effective at performing
those motions. The pec is involved in inter­nal rotation of the shoulder, however, this is
a mechanically weak motion and becomes
the limiting factor in strength when combined
with other shoulder motions.

• Scapular Retraction - The position of full
scapular retraction, when maintained, creates
the greatest possible force angles of the pec
throughout the range of motion.

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-27

Chest Press - Single Axis

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-28

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The dual-axis
incline press eliminates the danger of excessive
stretch by providing an adjustable starting posi­tion that, when preset to the individual user’s
structure/mechanics, also serves as a range of
motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles move through
a very slight arc angled approximately 30
degrees above the plane that lies perpendicular
to the bench. (The handles are angled to allow
optimum average wrist position throughout the
movement.) They are in a “barbell” or horizon­tal position to encourage shoulder motion
through the proper plane as well as the optimal
position of neutral shoulder rotation. Vertical or
neutral handles are inappropriate for pec
work as they encourage motion in the sagittal plane (shoulder flexion).

• User Defined Path of Motion - The width of the start position, the end position, as well as
the path of travel between the two are entirely determined by the user. The path chosen can
be based upon the user’s ability level, goal, fatigue, or structural limitations (as are often
found in the shoulder joint). Options range from the traditional press to numerous other user
friendly options including movement toward midline similar to dumbbell exercises.
Although the dual-axis technology allows freedom within the proper plane of motion,
unwanted motion outside of that plane is safely eliminated by the machine, allowing all
effort to be directed toward the pectoralis major.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately varying resistance that is maximal at
the end of the motion where the body’s mechanical advantage increases.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology not only provides resistance
against the pressing movement (by pushing back against you) but it can also provide
resistance against adduction (by pushing the hands apart) when the handles are moved
inward from their resting position. By providing two directions of resistance within the
plane of motion pec stimulation is increased and the triceps are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved inward due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the
pectoralis major.

Incline Press - Dual Axis

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The dual-axis
incline press eliminates the danger of excessive
stretch by providing an adjustable starting posi­tion that, when preset to the individual user’s
structure/mechanics, also serves as a range of
motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles move through
a very slight arc angled approximately 30
degrees above the plane that lies perpendicular
to the bench. (The handles are angled to allow
optimum average wrist position throughout the
movement.) They are in a “barbell” or horizon­tal position to encourage shoulder motion
through the proper plane as well as the optimal
position of neutral shoulder rotation. Vertical or
neutral handles are inappropriate for pec
work as they encourage motion in the sagittal plane (shoulder flexion).

• User Defined Path of Motion - The width of the start position, the end position, as well as
the path of travel between the two are entirely determined by the user. The path chosen can
be based upon the user’s ability level, goal, fatigue, or structural limitations (as are often
found in the shoulder joint). Options range from the traditional press to numerous other user
friendly options including movement toward midline similar to dumbbell exercises.
Although the dual-axis technology allows freedom within the proper plane of motion,
unwanted motion outside of that plane is safely eliminated by the machine, allowing all
effort to be directed toward the pectoralis major.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately varying resistance that is maximal at
the end of the motion where the body’s mechanical advantage increases.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology not only provides resistance
against the pressing movement (by pushing back against you) but it can also provide
resistance against adduction (by pushing the hands apart) when the handles are moved
inward from their resting position. By providing two directions of resistance within the
plane of motion pec stimulation is increased and the triceps are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved inward due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the
pectoralis major.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-29

Incline Press - Dual Axis

The Chest

• Modified Plane Adduction - The clavicular
fibers, as well as the upper sternal fibers, of the
pectoralis major are primarily responsible for
adduction of the shoulder through a plane
angled approximately 30 degrees above the
horizontal plane of the shoulder joint. The pec­toralis major is also involved in flexion and
extension of the shoulder joint, although the
anterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi muscles,
respectively, are mechanically more effective at
performing those motions. The pectoralis major
is involved in internal rotation of the shoulder,
however, this is a mechanically weak motion
and becomes the limiting factor in strength
when combined with other shoulder motions.

• Scapular Retraction - The position of full
scapular retraction, when maintained, creates
the greatest possible force angles of the pec
throughout the range of motion.

• Range of Motion - With scapular retraction maintained, horizontal adduction is limited to
approximately 90 degrees (arm straight to the front) and horizontal abduction (achieved
through the eccentric action “lowering of the weight”) is limited by mechanical disadvan­tage at approximately 0 degrees (upper arm straight out from the shoulder), when pectoralis
work is isolated as the goal.

• Associated Muscles - The anterior deltoid and coracobrachialis are also prime movers for
the motion of horizontal adduction. However, by maintaining motion in the horizontal plane,
scapular retraction, and limited horizontal abduction (limited stretch) the pectoralis major
will be emphasized over the anterior deltoid. The triceps are always involved in pressing
movements as elbow extension is required.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

Exercise
Page 3-30

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to allow the handles to align with
the upper chest. This allows movement through the
proper plane.

• Adjust the starting position (pull pin found over­head) to allow the upper arm to be straight out to
the side when the hands are positioned on the
handles.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

• Grip the handles and position the elbows out to
the side, level with the handles.

• Fully retract the scapula and maintain on all
movements for the chest.

The Motion

IMPORTANT NOTE: The dual-axis technology

is most effective and most comfortable when the fol­lowing cues are given. These brief instructions, when
properly given, improve the motor learning process, which is the key to the safe and effective
performance of ANY exercise. After only a few repetitions of each with a light weight the
movement will be mastered.

The Basic Press

• Press the handles forward with a smooth controlled motion and return slowly without

resting, keeping the elbows level with the handles and shoulder blades pinched throughout
each repetition.

The Adduction

• While in the fully pressed position with the arms straight, move the handles directly toward

each other.

• Keeping the arms straight, slowly return the handles to the wide position without resting.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-31

The Advanced Press

• From the wide start position press forward,

simultaneously moving the handles toward
each other, ending with the arms straight
and handles together.

• Return to the wide starting position in a
slow controlled manner without resting.

The Stabilization Press

• Before pressing, move the handles inward

a few inches and maintain that width while
pressing forward and during the return.

NOTE: Each of the above is a valuable
exercise within itself and can be used alone
or in combinations.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

ADVANCED MOVEMENT

NOTE: The resistance level utilized for this

Advanced Movement will be significantly
less than that for the Basic Movement.

Exercise
Page 3-32

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The incline press
eliminates the danger of excessive stretch by pro­viding an adjustable starting position that, when preset
to the individual user’s structure/mechanics, also serves
as a range of motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles move through a very
slight arc angled approximately 30 degrees above the
plane that lies perpendicular to the bench (horizontal to
the body). The handles are angled to allow optimum
average wrist position throughout the movement. They
are in a “barbell” or horizontal position to encourage
shoulder motion through the proper plane as well as the
optimal position of neutral shoulder rotation. Vertical or
neutral handles are inappropriate for pec work as they
encourage motionin the sagittal plane (shoulder flexion).

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately varying resistance that is maximal at
the end of the motion where the body’s mechanical advantage increases.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-33

Incline Press - Single Axis

The Chest

• Angled Horizontal Plane Adduction - The
clavicular fibers, as well as the upper sternal
fibers, of the pectoralis major are primarily
responsible for adduction of the shoulder
through a plane angled approximately 30
degrees above the horizontal plane of the
shoulder joint. The pectoralis major is also
involved in flexion and extension of the shoul­der joint, although the anterior deltoid and
latissimus dorsi muscles, respectively, are
mechanically more effective at performing
those motions. The pectoralis major is involved
in internal rotation of the shoulder, however,
this is a mechanically weak motion and
becomes the limiting factor in strength when
combined with other shoulder motions.

• Scapular Retraction - The position of full
scapular retraction, when maintained, creates
the greatest possible force angles of the pec throughout the range of motion.

• Range of Motion - With scapular retraction maintained, horizontal adduction is limited to
approximately 90 degrees (arm straight to the front) and horizontal abduction (achieved
through the eccentric action “lowering of the weight”) is limited by mechanical disadvan­tage at approximately 0 degrees (upper arm straight out from the shoulder), when pectoralis
work is isolated as the goal.

• Associated Muscles - The anterior deltoid and coracobrachialis are also prime movers for
the motion of horizontal adduction. However, by maintaining motion in the horizontal plane,
scapular retraction, and limited horizontal abduction (limited stretch) the pectoralis major
will be emphasized over the anterior deltoid. The triceps are always involved in pressing
movements as elbow extension is required.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-34

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to allow the handles to align with
the upper chest. This allows movement through the
proper plane.

• Adjust the starting position (pull pin found over­head) to allow the upper arm to be straight out to
the side when the hands are positioned on the
handles.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

• Grip the handles and position the elbows out to
the side, level with the handles.

• Fully retract the scapula and maintain on all
movements for the chest.

The Motion

• Press the handles forward with a smooth controlled
motion and return slowly without resting.

• Maintain the elbows level with the handles and
shoulder blades pinched throughout each repetition.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-35

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

(This page intentionally left blank)

Exercise
Page 3-36

The Machine

• Accommodating Grip - The outer handles
pivot to maintain proper wrist alignment
throughout the motion of adduction.

• Plane of Motion - The “straight bar”/outer handles allow
full motion in the frontal plane (adduction). The
parallel/narrow handles are specifically designed to allow
motion in the sagittal plane (extension). Motion in the
sagittal plane (narrow grip pulldown) is considered more
functional and safer for the shoulder. The two individual
handles allow the user to pull through the center of the
body or through the front. The detrimental and minimally

effective “behind the neck” position should be avoided by

leaning back slightly.

• Range of Motion - The dual-axis technology allows a
greater range of motion in the frontal plane (wide
pulldown) than any other machine by allowing the user to start directly overhead and move
outward, then down, then in toward the sides. The user also has the ability to perform a
narrow grip pulldown of varying widths ranging from several inches to shoulder width.

• Variable Resistance - The machine provides maximum resistance at the beginning of
motion and appropriately decreases the resistance to allow full contraction at the end.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology functions in the wide grip

pulldown to not only provide resistance against the downward movement (by pulling
upward against you) but also to provide resistance against the outward motion at the top of
the wide movement (by pushing the hands together). By providing two directions of
resistance within the frontal plane latissimus stimulation is increased and the elbow flexors
are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved outwards due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the lats.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-37

Pulldown - Dual Axis

The Latissimus Dorsi

• Extension/Adduction - The latissimus dorsi is
responsible for extension as well as adduction
of the shoulder joint. The lat is also involved in
internal rotation of the shoulder, however, this
is a mechanically weak motion and becomes
the limiting factor in strength when combined
with other motions. The teres major works
alongside the upper fibers of the lat in adduc­tion and extension. The combined positions of
external rotation to 90 degrees and abduction
to 90 degrees create the most compromising
position for the shoulder joint.

• Range of Motion - Full normal adduction or
extension begins with the arm in a vertical
position overhead at 180 degrees and ends
with the arm at the side in 0 degrees. As the
arm moves from overhead the direction of
travel arcs outward (for adduction) or forward
(for extension) away from the head, then
down, and finally, inward toward the side. Full
concentric shortening of the lat can only occur when the associated scapular motion is per
formed with shoulder motion. With motion and resistance from overhead, scapular depres­sion is required. For the arm to return to the starting position overhead the eccentric action
of the lat must be accompanied by the scapular rotation of scapulohumeral rhythm.

• Associated Muscles - The lower fibers of the trapezius are responsible for scapular
depression. Slight retraction is always associated with scapular depression as the lower
fibers of the trapezius angle downward and toward midline, attaching on the spine. The long
head of the triceps is involved in shoulder extension and adduction, although change in its
length is limited when elbow flexion coincides with shoulder motion. The biceps,
brachioradialis, and brachialis are always involved in pulling movements as elbow flexion is
required. The degree of their individual involvement depends upon radioulner joint position.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the thigh pad to allow access and stabilize the body.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate resistance has been selected. Body position

and control of the motion should never be compromised by excessive weight.

Exercise
Page 3-38

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Motions

The Narrow Pulldown

NOTE: This exercise is ideal for the beginner as well
as being the safest (biomechanically correct), most
functional, and optimally effective for the advanced
user.

• Grip the narrow/parallel handles.

• Lean back slightly at the hips and maintain.

Watch the handles to insure that they safely clear
the head on the way down.

• Depress the scapula (pinch the shoulder blades
down and back).

• While maintaining the scapular position, bring the
handles toward the chest and arms down beside
the body.

• Slowly return to the starting position overhead by
allowing the scapula to move as needed, but with­out resting.

• Reset the scapula at the beginning of each
repetition.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-39

IMPORTANT NOTE: The dual-axis technol-

ogy is most effective and most comfortable
when the following cues are given. These brief
instructions, when properly given, improve the
motor learning process, which is the key to the
safe and effective performance of ANY exercise.
After only a few repetitions of each with a light
weight the movement will be mastered.

The Wide Pulldown

• Grip the outer handles and lean back slightly

at the hips.

• Depress the scapula (pinch the shoulder
blades down and back).

• Move the handles outward first, then bring
the arms down fully to your sides. Keep the
elbows directly beneath the hands throughout
the entire range of motion.

• Slowly return to the starting position overhead by allowing the scapula to move as needed,
but maintaining lateral resistance by not touching the handles together at the top.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

ADVANCED MOVEMENT

NOTE: The resistance level utilized for this

Advanced Movement will be significantly
less than that for the Basic Movement.

Exercise
Page 3-40

The Machine

• Planes of Motion - The long parallel or vertical handles
are specifically designed to allow motion in the sagittal
plane (extension). The horizontal handles allow full motion
in the horizontal plane for optimum posterior deltoid (rear
delt) work. The length/position of the handles allows use
of either set from the same seat position.

• Range of Motion - The dual-axis technology allows a
greater range of motion in the horizontal plane (rear delt)
than any other machine by allowing the user to start
directly in front and move outward, then back.

• Variable Resistance - The machine provides maximum
resistance at the beginning of motion and appropriately
decreases the resistance to allow full contraction at the
end.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology is used in the rear delt movement
to not only provide resistance against the backward movement (by pulling forward against
you) but also to provide resistance against the outward motion that is optimal at the begin­ning of the movement (by pushing the hands together). By providing two directions of resis­tance within the horizontal plane of motion posterior deltoid stimulation is increased and the
elbow flexors are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved outward due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the rear
deltoids.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-41

Row / Rear Delt - Dual Axis

The Latissimus Dorsi

• Extension - The latissimus dorsi is responsible
for extension as well as adduction of the shoul­der joint. This machine is designed to resist
shoulder extension from the front. The lat is
also involved in internal rotation of the shoul­der, however, this is a mechanically weak
motion and becomes the limiting factor in
strength when combined with other motions.
The teres major works alongside the upper
fibers of the lat in extension.

• Range of Motion - Row/extension begins with
the arm positioned forward (shoulder joint in
approximately 90 degrees of flexion) and ends
with the arm at the side in 0 degrees. Full con­centric shortening of the lat can only occur
when the associated scapular motion is per­formed with the shoulder motion. With motion
and resistance from the front, scapular
retraction is required. For the arm to return to the starting position, scapular motion is not
required. However, if protraction is allowed during the eccentric phase, then the scapula
must be reset in retraction at the beginning of the next repetition.

• Associated Muscles - The rhomboids and middle fibers of the trapezius are responsible for
scapular retraction. The posterior deltoid is an assistant mover for shoulder extension. The
long head of the triceps is also involved in shoulder extension, although change in its length
is limited when elbow flexion coincides with shoulder motion. The biceps, brachioradialis,
and brachialis are always involved in pulling movements as elbow flexion is required. The
degree of their individual involvement depends upon radioulnar joint position.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Posterior Deltoid

• Horizontal Abduction - The posterior deltoid is responsible for horizontal abduction of the
shoulder joint. Due to the attachment of the rear deltoid on the scapula, the scapula must
remain stabilized during shoulder joint motion. If scapular movement occurs, the resistance
will move without change in the length of the rear delt, minimizing effectiveness. The teres
minor and infraspinatus are also prime movers for horizontal abduction.

• Range of Motion - Horizontal abduction is limited concentrically at approximately 10 - 20
degrees (posterior to the shoulder) and eccentrically at approximately 90 degrees of horizon­tal adduction (arms to the front) when the scapula remains retracted. From the starting
position in front, the arms move outward then back at shoulder level as the concentric
action is performed.

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise
Page 3-42

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to align the horizontal handles
with the top of the shoulders.

• Adjust the chest pad to allow both hands to reach
the handles while protracting. Moving into the
“chest up” erect posture should then allow full
motion.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

START POSITION

• Associated Muscles - The rhomboids and middle fibers of the trapezius are responsible for
stabilization of the scapula in retraction. The teres major and upper fibers of the latissimus
dorsi are assistant movers for horizontal abduction. The biceps, brachioradialis, and
brachialis are always involved in pulling movements as elbow flexion is required. The
degree of their individual involvement depends upon radioulnar joint position.

The Motion - The Row

• Grip the lower end of the vertical or parallel
handles.

• Retract the scapula (pinch the shoulder blades
back and together).

• While maintaining the scapular position and the
chest on the pad, bring the arms to your sides.

• Slowly return to the starting position without
resting.

• If the scapular position changes, reset the scapula
retraction at the beginning of each repetition.

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-43

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Motion - The Rear Delt

• Grip the horizontal handles.

• Retract the scapula (pinch the shoulder

blades back and together) and maintain.

• Move the handles outward, then bend the
arms and bring the elbows back as far as
possible, keeping them at shoulder level.
“Lead with the elbows” to decrease elbow
flexor involvement.

• Slowly return to the starting position
without resting, maintaining scapular
retraction.

REAR DELTOID MOVEMENT

NOTE: The resistance level utilized for the

Rear Delt Movement will be significantly
less than that for the Row Movement.

IMPORTANT NOTE: The dual-axis technology is most effective and most comfortable

when the following cues are given. These brief instructions, when properly given, improve the
motor learning process, which is the key to the safe and effective performance of ANY exer­cise. After only a few repetitions of each with a light weight will the movement be mastered.

Exercise
Page 3-44

The Machine

• Planes of Motion - The long parallel or vertical handles
are specifically designed to allow motion in the sagittal
plane (extension). The horizontal handles allow full motion
in the horizontal plane for optimum posterior deltoid (rear
delt) work. The length/position of the handles allows use
of either set from the same seat position.

• Variable Resistance - The machine provides maximum
resistance at the beginning of motion and appropriately
decreases the resistance to allow full contraction at the
end.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a
minimum weight of ten pounds. Subsequent plates in the
weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on”
five pound incremental plates are securely positioned for
easy access and effortless addition thereby providing 10
to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Latissimus Dorsi

• Extension - The latissimus dorsi is responsible
for extension as well as adduction of the shoul­der joint. This machine is designed to resist
shoulder extension from the front. The lat is
also involved in internal rotation of the shoul­der, however, this is a mechanically weak
motion and becomes the limiting factor in
strength when combined with other motions.
The teres major works alongside the upper
fibers of the lat in extension.

• Range of Motion - Row/extension begins with
the arm positioned forward (shoulder joint in
approximately 90 degrees of flexion) and ends
with the arm at the side in 0 degrees. Full con­centric shortening of the lat can only occur
when the associated scapular motion is per­formed with the shoulder motion. With motion
and resistance from the front, scapular
retraction is required. For the arm to return to the starting position, scapular motion is not
required. However, if protraction is allowed during the eccentric phase, then the scapula
must be reset in retraction at the beginning of the next repetition.

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-45

Row / Rear Delt - Single Axis

• Associated Muscles - The rhomboids and middle fibers of the trapezius are responsible for
scapular retraction. The posterior deltoid is an assistant mover for shoulder extension. The
long head of the triceps is also involved in shoulder extension, although change in its length
is limited when elbow flexion coincides with shoulder motion. The biceps, brachioradialis,
and brachialis are always involved in pulling movements as elbow flexion is required. The
degree of their individual involvement depends upon radioulnar joint position.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Posterior Deltoid

• Horizontal Abduction - The posterior deltoid is responsible for horizontal abduction of the
shoulder joint. Due to the attachment of the rear deltoid on the scapula, the scapula must
remain stabilized during shoulder joint motion. If scapular movement occurs, the resistance
will move without change in the length of the rear delt, minimizing effectiveness. The teres
minor and infraspinatus are also prime movers for horizontal abduction.

• Range of Motion - Horizontal abduction is limited concentrically at approximately 10 - 20
degrees (posterior to the shoulder) and eccentrically at approximately 90 degrees of horizon­tal adduction (arms to the front) when the scapula remains retracted.

• Associated Muscles - The rhomboids and middle fibers of the trapezius are responsible for
stabilization of the scapula in retraction. The teres major and upper fibers of the latissimus
dorsi are assistant movers for horizontal abduction. The biceps, brachioradialis, and
brachialis are always involved in pulling movements as elbow flexion is required. The
degree of their individual involvement depends upon radioulnar joint position.

Exercise
Page 3-46

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to align the horizontal handles
with the top of the shoulders.

• Adjust the chest pad to allow both hands to reach
the handles while protracting. Moving into the
“chest up” erect posture should then allow full
motion.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

START POSITION

The Motion - The Row

• Grip the lower end of the vertical or parallel
handles.

• Retract the scapula (pinch the shoulder blades
back and together).

• While maintaining the scapular position and the
chest on the pad, bring the arms to your sides.

• Slowly return to the starting position without
resting.

• If the scapular position changes, reset the scapula
refraction at the beginning of each repetition.

FINISH POSITION

The Motion - The Rear Delt

• Grip the horizontal handles.

• Retract the scapula (pinch the shoulder blades back and together) and maintain.

• Bring the elbows back as far as possible, keeping them at shoulder level. “Lead with the

elbows” to decrease elbow flexor involvement.

• Slowly return to the starting position without resting, maintaining scapular retraction.

Exercise

Page 3-47

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The seat adjustment of
the dual-axis overhead press serves to determine start
position and as a range of motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles are angled to allow opti­mum average wrist position throughout the movement.
The “barbell” or horizontal position encourages motion
in the frontal plane (abduction). The neutral or parallel
handles encourage motion in the sagittal plane (flex­ion). Motion in the sagittal plane (pressing in the front)
is considered more functional and safer for the overhead
press and is just as (if not more) effective for stimulation
of the desired muscles.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately
varying resistance that is maximal at the end of the
motion where the body’s mechanical advantage
increases.

• User Defined Path of Motion - The width of the start position, the end position, as well as
the path of travel between the two are entirely determined by the user. The path chosen can
be based upon the user’s ability level, goal, fatigue, or structural limitations (as are often
found in the shoulder joint). Options range from the traditional press to numerous other user
friendly options including movement toward midline similar to dumbbell exercises.
Although the dual-axis technology allows freedom within the proper plane of motion,
unwanted motion outside of that plane is safely eliminated by the machine, allowing all
effort to be directed toward the deltoids. This freedom is ideal for those users who have
special limitations or discomfort with traditional press machines as they are able to select a
pain free and unrestricted path of travel.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology not only provides resistance
against the pressing movement (by pushing down against you) but it can also provide
resistance against the inward motion at the top (by pushing the hands apart). By providing
two directions of resistance within the plane of motion deltoid stimulation is increased and
the triceps are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved inward due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the deltoids.

Exercise
Page 3-48

Overhead Press - Dual Axis

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The seat adjustment of
the dual-axis overhead press serves to determine start
position and as a range of motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles are angled to allow opti­mum average wrist position throughout the movement.
The “barbell” or horizontal position encourages motion
in the frontal plane (abduction). The neutral or parallel
handles encourage motion in the sagittal plane (flex­ion). Motion in the sagittal plane (pressing in the front)
is considered more functional and safer for the overhead
press and is just as (if not more) effective for stimulation
of the desired muscles.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately
varying resistance that is maximal at the end of the
motion where the body’s mechanical advantage
increases.

• User Defined Path of Motion - The width of the start position, the end position, as well as
the path of travel between the two are entirely determined by the user. The path chosen can
be based upon the user’s ability level, goal, fatigue, or structural limitations (as are often
found in the shoulder joint). Options range from the traditional press to numerous other user
friendly options including movement toward midline similar to dumbbell exercises.
Although the dual-axis technology allows freedom within the proper plane of motion,
unwanted motion outside of that plane is safely eliminated by the machine, allowing all
effort to be directed toward the deltoids. This freedom is ideal for those users who have
special limitations or discomfort with traditional press machines as they are able to select a
pain free and unrestricted path of travel.

• Two Directions of Resistance - The dual-axis technology not only provides resistance
against the pressing movement (by pushing down against you) but it can also provide
resistance against the inward motion at the top (by pushing the hands apart). By providing
two directions of resistance within the plane of motion deltoid stimulation is increased and
the triceps are de-emphasized.

NOTE: Less weight will be employed when the handles are moved inward due to the
multiple directions of resistance and the increased muscular effort required of the deltoids.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-49

Overhead Press - Dual Axis

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

The Shoulders

• Flexion/Abduction in Exter nal Rotation -

The anterior deltoid is primarily responsible
for flexion of the shoulder joint as well as
abduction of the shoulder joint when com
bined with 90 degrees of external rotation
(overhead press position). The middle deltoid
is a prime mover for shoulder abduction, how
ever, it’s level of involvement diminishes as the
shoulder is externally rotated and the middle
fibers are moved posteriorly. The actual
degree of middle deltoid involvement varies
with the user’s individual deltoid structure. The
combined positions of external rotation to 90
degrees and abduction to 90 degrees create
the most compromising position for the
shoulder joint.

• Range of Motion - Full normal abduction or flexion begins with the arm at the side in 0
degrees and ends in a vertical position overhead at 180 degrees. As the arm moves overhead
the direction of travel arcs upward, then inward toward the head.

• Associated Muscles - Collectively, the scapular muscles are involved in the scapular
rotation that is key to scapulohumeral rhythm. This combined motion of the scapula and
the shoulder joint is required to achieve elevation of the arm overhead in any plane. The
rotator cuff muscles act as dynamic stabilizers during elevation of the arm. The triceps are
always involved in pressing movements as elbow extension is required. Due to the external­ly rotated position, the posterior deltoid plays a stabilizing role at best and in many shoulder
structures would prove to be an antagonist to overhead movements.

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to align the handles with the top of the shoulders.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate resistance has been selected. Body position

and control of the motion should never be compromised by excessive weight.

• Grip either set of handles and position the elbows directly below the hands.

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise
Page 3-50

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Motions

IMPORTANT NOTE: The dual-axis technology

is most effective and most comfortable when the fol­lowing cues are given. These brief instructions, when
properly given, improve the motor learning process,
which is the key to the safe and effective performance
of ANY exercise. After only a few repetitions of each
with a light weight the movement will be mastered.

The Basic Press

• Press the handles upward with a smooth controlled

motion and return slowly without resting, keeping
the elbows directly below the hands at the bottom
of each repetition.

The Overhead Fly

• While in the fully pressed position with the arms

straight, move the handles directly toward each
other.

• While keeping the arms straight, slowly return the
handles to the wide position without resting.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-51

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Advanced Press

• From the wide start position press upward,

simultaneously moving the handles toward
each other, ending with the arms straight
and handles close together.

• Slowly return to the wide starting position
without resting.

The Stabilization Press

• Before pressing, move the handles inward a

few inches and maintain that width while
pressing upward and during the return.

NOTE: Each of the above is a valuable
exercise within itself and can be used alone or
in combinations.

ADVANCED MOVEMENT

NOTE: The resistance level utilized for this

Advanced Movement will be significantly
less than that for the Basic Movement.

Exercise
Page 3-52

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The seat adjustment of
the overhead press serves to determine start position and
as a range of motion limit.

• Plane of Motion - The handles are angled to allow opti­mum average wrist position throughout the movement.
The “barbell” or horizontal position encourages motion
in the frontal plane (abduction). The neutral or parallel
handles encourage motion in the sagittal plane (flex­ion). Motion in the sagittal plane (pressing in the front)
is considered more functional and safer for the overhead
press and is just as (if not more) effective for stimulation
of the desired muscles.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides appropriately
varying resistance that is maximal at the end of the
motion where the body’s mechanical advantage
increases.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

The Shoulders

• Flexion/Abduction in Exter nal Rotation -

The anterior deltoid is primarily responsible for
flexion of the shoulder joint as well as abduc­tion of the shoulder joint when combined with
90 degrees of external rotation (overhead press
position). The middle deltoid is a prime mover
for shoulder abduction, however, it’s level of
involvement diminishes as the shoulder is
externally rotated and the middle fibers are
moved posteriorly. The actual degree of middle
deltoid involvement varies with the user’s
individual deltoid structure. The combined
positions of external rotation to 90 degrees and
abduction to 90 degrees create the most com­promising position for the shoulder joint.

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-53

Overhead Press - Single Axis

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

• Range of Motion - Full normal abduction or flexion begins with the arm at the side in 0
degrees and ends in a vertical position overhead at 180 degrees.

• Associated Muscles - Collectively, the scapular muscles are involved in the scapular
rotation that is key to scapulohumeral rhythm. This combined motion of the scapula and
the shoulder joint is required to achieve elevation of the arm overhead in any plane. The
rotator cuff muscles act as dynamic stabilizers during elevation of the arm. The triceps are
always involved in pressing movements as elbow extension is required. Due to the external­ly rotated position, the posterior deltoid plays a stabilizing role at best and in many shoulder
structures would prove to be an antagonist to overhead movements.

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to align the handles with the top
of the shoulders.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Grip either set of handles and position the elbows
directly below the hands.

The Motion

• Press the handles upward with a smooth controlled
motion.

• Retur n slowly without resting, keeping the elbows
directly below the hands at the bottom of each
repetition.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise
Page 3-54

The Machine

• Planes of Motion - The “straight bar”/outer handles allow

full motion in the frontal plane (adduction). The
parallel/narrow handles are specifically designed to allow
motion in the sagittal plane (extension). Motion in the
sagittal plane (narrow grip pulldown) is considered more
functional and safer for the shoulder. The individual
handles allow the user to pull through the center of the
body or through the front. The detrimental and minimally
effective “behind the neck” position should be avoided by
leaning back slightly. The handles are also angled to pro­vide the optimum average wrist position througout the
movement.

• Variable Resistance - The machine provides maximum
resistance at the beginning of motion and appropriately
decreases the resistance to allow full contraction at the end.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Latissimus Dorsi

• Extension/Adduction - The latissimus dorsi is
responsible for extension as well as adduction
of the shoulder joint. The lat is also involved in
internal rotation of the shoulder, however, this
is a mechanically weak motion and becomes
the limiting factor in strength when combined
with other motions. The teres major works
alongside the upper fibers of the lat in adduc­tion and extension. The combined positions of
external rotation to 90 degrees and abduction
to 90 degrees create the most compromising
position for the shoulder joint.

• Range of Motion - Full normal adduction or
extension begins with the arm in a vertical
position overhead at 180 degrees and ends
with the arm at the side in 0 degrees. Full con­centric shortening of the lat can only occur

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise
Page 3-55

Lat Pull

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the thigh pad to allow access and stabilize
the body.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compro­mised by excessive weight.

when the associated scapular motion is performed with shoulder motion. With motion and
resistance from overhead, scapular depression is required. For the arm to return to the start­ing position overhead the eccentric action of the lat must be accompanied by the scapular
rotation of scapulohumeral rhythm.

• Associated Muscles - The lower fibers of the trapezius are responsible for scapular
depression. Slight retraction is always associated with scapular depression as the lower
fibers of the trapezius angle downward and toward midline, attaching on the spine. The long
head of the triceps is involved in shoulder extension and adduction, although change in its
length is limited when elbow flexion coincides with shoulder motion. The biceps,
brachioradialis, and brachialis are always involved in pulling movements as elbow flexion is
required. The degree of their individual involvement depends upon radioulner joint position.

The Motion

• Grip the narrow/parallel handles.

• Lean back slightly at the hips and maintain.

• Depress the scapula (pinch the shoulder blades

down and back).

• While maintaining the scapular position, bring the
handles down in front of the face an elbows beside
the body.

• Slowly return to the starting position overhead by
allowing the scapula to move as needed, but with­out resting.

• Reset the scapula at the beginning of each
repetition.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise
Page 3-56

The Machine

• Range of Motion Adjustment - The VR2 Fly
eliminates the most hazardous characteristic of
traditional fly machines, the danger of exces­sive stretch. It accomplishes this by providing
an adjustable starting position that, when pre­set to the individual user’s structure/mechanics,
also serves as a range of motion limit.

• “Virtual Pivot” Axis - The lever arms (han­dles/arm pads) are placed on a second axis.
This allows the lever arms to “float” toward or
away from the user as the fly motion is per­formed. This solves three problems inherent to
traditional fly machines. 1) It eliminates the
tendency of the pads to “roll” or “scoot” on the
arms because 2) it eliminates the need to
perfectly align the primary pivots with the user’s
shoulder width (a design and manufacturing challenge that is virtually impossible due to the
variety of user sizes), and 3) it eliminates the discomfort and limitations associated with the
spectrum of user arm lengths and chest thicknesses.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides appropriately varying resistance that matches the
strength curve of the associated muscles performing this motion in the defined position.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-57

Fly

The Chest

• Horizontal Adduction While Externally Rotated -

The pectoralis major is primarily responsible for
horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint. The pec
is also involved in flexion and extension of the
shoulder joint, although the anterior deltoid and
latissimus dorsi muscles, respectively, are mechani­cally more effective at performing these motions
respectively. The pec is also involved in internal
rotation of the shoulder, however, this is a mechan­ically weak motion and becomes the limiting factor
in strength when combined with other shoulder
motions. Maintaining the shoulder in an externally
rotated position during the performance of horizon­tal adduction allows strengthening of the muscle
from a slightly lengthened state when compared to
a neutrally rotated (chest press) position. It should
also be noted that this position will result in less
tension development within the muscle due to the length-tension ratio as well as limiting the
final amount of concentric shortening.

• Scapular Retraction - The position of full scapular retraction, when maintained, creates
the greatest possible force angles of the pectoralis major throughout the range of motion.

• Range of Motion - With scapular retraction maintained, horizontal adduction is limited to
approximately 90 degrees (humerus straight to the foot). While maintaining 90 degrees of
external rotation, horizontal abduction (achieved through the eccentric “lowering of the
weight” or return to the starting position) is limited by mechanical disadvantage at approxi­mately 0 degrees (upper arm straight out from the shoulder) and, much more importantly, by
achieving the closed packed position for the shoulder at this point. Here the ligaments reach
their maximum length and if horizontally abducted further, while maintaining external rota­tion, will under go undue stress.

• Associated Muscles - The anterior deltoid and caracobrachialis are also prime movers for
the motion of horizontal adduction. However, by maintaining motion in the horizontal plane,
scapular retraction, and limited horizontal abduction (limited stretch) the pectoralis major
will be emphasized over the anterior deltoid. Mechanical analysis indicates that the effec­tiveness of the anterior deltoid in horizontal adduction may be slightly reduced in the
externally rotated position.

MUSCLES TRAINED

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-58

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat height so that elbows are slightly
below shoulders when grasping handles.

• Adjust handle position, by releasing the publlbut­ton located below the seat to the right, so that the
upper arm is straight to side when handle is
grasped.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Grip the handles and position the forearms on the
pads by moving the lever arms inward to a com­fortable width.

• Retract the scapulae. Monitor and maintain this
position on all movements for the chest.

The Motion

• Tighten the chest and slowly bring the handles
together in front without changing the position of
the scapulae.

• Maintaining a slow smooth motion, return to near the starting position without relaxing the
muscles.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise

Page 3-59

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

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Exercise
Page 3-60

The Machine

• Placement of Resistance - The Lateral
Raise decreases the dangers of excessive
shoulder joint shear by placing the resistance
at the elbow. The elimination of the chest pad
allows for more precise alignment of the
resistance with the fiber direction of the lateral
deltoid.

• Plane of Motion - The long input arms
combined with a swivel handle allow for
smooth shoulder abdjuction and maximum
pad contact.

• Variable Resistance - A cam provides
appropriately varying resistance that
decreases at the end of the range of motion,
where that lateral deltoid has less mechanical advantage.

• 10 TO 205 POUNDS BY FIVES - The top plate provides the minimum weight of ten
pounds. Subsequent plates in the stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five
pound increment plates are securely positioned for Easy access and effortless addition
thereby providing 10 to 205 pounds in Five pound increments.

The Shoulders

• Abduction - The lateral deltoid is responsible
for abduction of the shoulder joint.

• Scapular Retraction - The position of slight
scapular retraction, when maintained, creates
improved force angles for the deltoid
throughout the range of motion. The
movement may also be performed for more
functional training, by allowing the scapular
motion.

• Range of Motion - When the upper arm is in
neutral rotation, the range of abdustion is
90° at the shoulder joint. Further range of
motion is prevented by the contact of bone

processes in the shoulder.

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Exercise

Page 3-61

MUSCLES TRAINED

Lateral Raise

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat height to allow the shoulders to align with the
axis of rotation of the cams.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate resistance
had been selected. Body position and control should never
be compromised by excessisve weight.

• Maintaining proper spinal position, lean forward slightly at
the waist to align the lateral deltoid (whick typically lies
slightly posterior of center) with the path of motion of the
machine.

Exercise
Page 3-62

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

START POSITION

The Motion

• Grip the handles lightly and allow your upper arm to maintain
a vertical position, perpendicular with the machine arms.

• Choose either to maintain slight scapular retraction of allow
functional motion, raise elbows to a level at or near shoulder
height using smooth controlled movements.

• Return to the starting position and repeat the motion without
resting.

• If unable to maintain the shoulder position for your goal,
decrease the weight and repeat exercise

The Machine

• Axis Alignment - The axis or pivot point of the machine
is properly positioned to allow alignment with the elbow
joints.

• Accommodating Grip - The rotating handles accommo­date to the user’s ability to achieve supination. A neutral
position can be employed to emphasize the brachioradialis,
however, the handles, designed specifically for the biceps,
are angled slightly for proper wrist/grip alignment in full
supination.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides increased resist­ance at the point in the range where force output of the
biceps is the greatest.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a
minimum weight of ten pounds. Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds
each. Three “slide-on” five pound incremental plates are securely positioned for easy
access and effortless addition thereby providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

The Biceps

• Elbow Flexion - The triceps brachii is
responsible for extension of the elbow joint
as well as supination of the radioulnar joint.
The biceps are most effective at performing
elbow flexion when the position of full
supination is maintained throughout the
entire range of motion. The biceps also cross
the shoulder joint, although it is more effec­tive at stabilizing the shoulder than moving
it. It should be noted that any movement of
the shoulder joint during resisted elbow flex­ion usually decreases the effectiveness of
the exercise by allowing unresisted change
in the biceps’ length.

• Range of Motion - Normal elbow motion is
0 to 150 degrees. During isolated biceps work
the range of motion is limited by the user’s
ability to control the biceps in flexion
concentrically and extension eccentrically.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-63

Lateral Raise

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to allow the upper arm to rest on
the pad.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Grip the handles and rotate to the desired position.

• Sit with the spine erect and scapula retracted.

• Position the arms parallel to each other.

• Note the pivot point at the right edge of the arm

pad. Position the elbows in line with the pivot
point.

• By depressing the scapula (lowering the shoulders),
press the upper arms firmly into the pad and
elevate the elbows slightly.

The Motion

• Tighten the biceps and flex the elbows as far
as possible without raising the elbows further.

• Return to the starting position without resting and without changing the shoulder arm
position or elbow alignment.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

• Associated Muscles - The brachialis and brachioradialis are both prime movers for elbow
flexion. The brachialis is equally effective in all radioulnar positions, however, it is empha­sized alone when pronation is maintained during elbow flexion due to the decreased effec­tiveness of the biceps and brachioradialis in this position. The brachioradialis is emphasized
when the neutral (hammer) position is maintained.

Exercise
Page 3-64

The Machine

• Axis Alignment - The axis or pivot point of
the machine is properly positioned to allow
alignment with the elbow joints.

• Neutral Grip - The neutral handles allow full
extension without shoulder rotation as well as
a powerful and stable position of the wrist and
hand.

• Variable Resistance - The cam provides
increased resistance at the point in the range
where force output of the triceps is the greatest.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate
provides a minimum weight of pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are
twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound incremental plates are securely
positioned for easy access and effort less addition thereby providing 10 to 205 pounds in
five pound increments.

The Triceps

• Elbow Extension - The triceps brachii is
responsible for extension of the elbow joint. The
triceps insert on the olecranon of the ulna and is
not involved in or directly affected by the position
of the radioulnar joint. However, full pronation
often encourages internal rotation of the shoulder
in order to achieve full elbow extension. The long
head of the triceps originates on the scapula and is
an assistant mover of shoulder extension and
adduction, however, it is more effective at stabiliz­ing the shoulder than moving it. It should be noted
that any movement of the shoulder joint during
resisted elbow extension may decrease the effec­tiveness of the exercise.

• Range of Motion - Normal elbow motion is 0 to
150 degrees. During isolated triceps work
the range of motion is limited by the user’s ability to control the triceps in extension
concentrically and flexion eccentrically.

• Associated Muscles - The anconeus is also a prime mover for elbow extension.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-65

Arm Extension

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to allow the upper arm to rest on
the pad.

• Note the pivot point at the right edge of the arm
pad. Position the elbows in line with the pivot
point.

• Adjust the back pad to provide support in
maintaining the elbow/axis alignment.

• Check the weight to insure that the appropriate
resistance has been selected. Body position
and control of the motion should never be
compromised by excessive weight.

• Swing the handles back and grip.

• Position the arms parallel to each other.

• Sit with the spine erect and scapula retracted.

The Motion

• Tighten the triceps and extend the elbows as far
as possible without raising the elbows or shoulders.

• Return to the starting position without resting and
without changing the shoulder/arm
position or elbow alignment.

START POSITION

FINISH POSITION

Exercise
Page 3-66

The Machine

• Arc Alignment - The axis or pivot point of the machine
is positioned posterior to the spine. This creates a down­ward arc of motion matching spinal flexion and elimi­nating hip flexion and hip flexor activity.

• Range of Motion - The seat height adjustment allows
for varying torso lengths and serves as a range of
motion limit. Fine tuning of the range of motion can be
made by moving forward or backward slightly on the
seat.

• Resistance Application - The resistance is applied
through an arm pad which is designed to further prevent
hip flexor use.

• Stabilization - A foot plate/strap is not available to
encourage use of the hip flexors. A seat belt is provided to secure the body when the
amount of resistance employed nears the weight of the body. This belt is positioned near
the hip joints to decrease use and leverage of the hip flexors.

• 10 to 205 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 205 pounds in five pound increments.

The Abdominals

• Spinal Flexion - The rectus abdominis is responsi­ble for flexion and stabilization of the spine. The
internal and external obliques work bilaterally as
synergists in their roles as prime movers for spinal
flexion.

• Range of Motion - Unless a restriction occurs or
is prescribed, range of motion is limited only by
the user’s ability to control the abdominals concen­trically into full flexion and eccentrically into
hyperextension.

• Associated Muscles - The transverse abdominis is
not situated to assist with spinal flexion. Attempts
at involving this muscle in the crunch by “sucking
in” will decrease the effectiveness of the rectus
abdominis.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

MUSCLES TRAINED

Exercise

Page 3-67

Ab Crunch

The Positioning

• Adjust the seat to align the arm pad with the top of the
shoulders/base of the neck. Raise the seat to
decrease range of motion. Lower the seat to
increase range of motion.

• Check the weight to insure that the apprpriate
resistance has been selected. Body position and
control of the motion should never be compromised by
excessive weight.

• Position the feet flat on the floor and use the seat belt
if needed.

• Cross the arms over the pad and sit erect with the
chest near the edge of the pad.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise
Page 3-68

START POSITION

The Motion

• Tighten the abdominals and crunch smoothly as far as
possible. Stabilize the shoulders and lead with the
ribs.

• Slowly return to the starting position without resting.

The Machine

• Three Models - The 4711 model provides standard
(non-RLD) operation. The 4712 model contains an
adjustable start position so that the ultimate degree
of knee flexion at the start of the movement can be
determined. The 4713 model provides both an
adjustable start and an adjustable end position for
total control of the user’s range of motion.

• Range of Motion Limitation - The range limiting
device allows quick, easy adjustment of the start
(4712, 4713) and end positions (4713) for those
user’s with limited hamstring flexibility or for rehab
purposes. The RLD maintains the correct biome­chanical relationship between the lever arm and the
cam which is critical in maintaining the proper
resistance variation through the chosen range.

• Axis Alignment - The axis or pivot point of the machine is positioned to be aligned with
the hip joints.

• Stabilization - The footplate is adjustable to stabilize the hip in axial alignment. A seat belt
is provided to secure the body.

• 10 to 305 Pounds by Fives - The top plate provides a minimum weight of ten pounds.
Subsequent plates in the weight stack are twenty pounds each. Three “slide-on” five pound
incremental plates are securely positioned for easy access and effortless addition thereby
providing 10 to 305 pounds in five pound increments.

CYBEX VR2 Owner’s Manual

Exercise

Page 3-69

Back Extension