Crown SR-1, Studio Reference Mk2 Service manual

PROFESSIONAL

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.-

1

Bntroductisn

1.

1

The

1.2

Scope

1.3

Warranty

2

Specifications

2 . "Berformance

2.2

Pswei

23

Cantrofs

2.

4

f

ndicators

2.5

l~putsautput

2.6

Output

22

Protcctisn

2.8

Construction

3

Va1tags

4

Circuit

Conversion

Theory

4.1

Overview

4.2

Features

4.3

Frant

4.3.1

4.3.2

4.3.3

4. 4

Voltage

4.4.1

4.4.2

4.5

Grounded

4.5.

Wigh

4.5.2

4.6

Output

4.7

Ganliol

4.7.1

4.

7.2

4.7.3

4.7. 4 Fan

4.8

Power

4.8.

1

423.2

4.8. 3 Over

4.9

Display

4.9.1

4"9+2

433

Studio

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Stndis

Referents

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.............................................................................................

..........................................................................................

Signal

..........................................................................................

........................................................................................

.................................................................................................

...........................................................................................

.............................................................................................

End

Operation

Balanced

Variable

Error

Amp

Amplification

Voltage

bast

Voltage

Bridge

Side

Law

Side

Device

Circuitry

DC$LF

fault

Turn

AC

Soft

Protect

Circuit

On

Corjtrol

Supply

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Start

Voltage

Circuitry

............................................................................................

1QC

ODEP

Signal

........................................................................................

Indicafis~s

Reference

........................................................................

...................................................................................... 2.

Service

.~.~~~~~...~.~..A~~~~~....,.........

Manu3l

@crown

3-1

1-1

1-1

1-1

-2-1

1

2-1

2-2

2.2

......................................................................................

.....................................................................................

......................................................................................

..........................................................................

Gnin

Stage

Gain

Stage

(BGS)

(VGS)

.....................................................

........................................................

..................................................................................

.........................................................................

Transfators

Topology

(HS)

(LS)

Emulation

................................................................................

....................................................................

Amplifiers

.........................................................................

............................................................................

(LVAS)

...............................................................

Prccalectian

..................................................

(OBEP)

....................................

............................................................................

...............................................................................

Belay

...........................................................................

................................................................................

....................................................................................

Fiiter

............................................................................

...................................................................................

Protection

............................................................

..............................................................................

........................................................................

2-3

2-3

2.3

2.3

3-1

4-4

4-1

4-2

4-2

4-2

4-2

4.2

4-2

4.3

4-3

4-4

-4-4

4.4

4-5

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6

4-6
4-6

4-6

4-6

4-7

"4-7

4-7

4.7

4.7

5

Electrical Checkout

51

General

52

Standard

53

DC

Offset

5.4

Output

55

OBEP

5.6

AC

Pawer

5.7

High

5-8

Common

5.9

Voltage

533

Level

5.

1

1

Current

512

Slew

.

5

f

3

Crosstalk

5.

1-4

Output

5.1

5

Reactive Loads

5.

16

ODEP

5%

17

Mute

5.

18

Law

5.

19

Signal

5.20

Intermadulation

5.21

LED

5.22

Display

5.23

Turn-On

5.24

Turn-OM

525

Past

6

Schematics

7

Parts

7.

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Fi%jure

Figt,i

Figure

....................................................................................................

Information

1

General

Standard

Ordering

Shipment

Terms

Illustrated

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.

4

7.5

re

7%

7.

7

...........................................................................................................

and

Adjustment

Informatiow

Initiat

...........................................................................

Conditions

..........................................................................................

Bias

Adjustmen$

Voltage

tine

Gain

Controls

Rate

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Mode

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and

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Power

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Limiting

and

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to

Functions

Set-Up

Transients

Transiep-rts

Testing

.................................................................................

Turn-On

Noise

Delay

Protection

Ratia

Diskoflion

.................................................................................

................................................................................

...........................................................................

..........................................................................

.....................................................................................

Procedures

................................................................

....................................................................

.................................................................

,,,

.......................................

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-1

..................................................................

5-1

5-2

5-2

5-2

Wave

....................................................

5-2

5-3

5-9

5-3

5-4

..................................................................

...............................................................

.......................................................................

...............................................................

5-4

5-4

545

5-5

5-5

5-5

5-5
5-5
5-5

6-1

............................................................................................

lnfarmation

and

Parts

....................

...........................................................................

Special

Parts

...............................................................

...................................................................................

.....,.

........................................................

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7-1

7-1

7-1

7-1
7-1

7-7

7-1

7-2

7-4

7-6

7-8

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3.1

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2-3

3-1

3-11

4-1

..

4-3

4-5

5-2

5-2

5-2

5-3

5-3

5-4

5-4

7-2
7-4

7-6

7-8

7-16

F.12

7-14

8-7

8-18

8-13

8-16

8-19

8-22

8-27

8-32

8-35

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channel

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of

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Specifications

2-3

Studio

Reference

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Studio

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The

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Voltage

Conversion

3-2

Studio

Reference

Service

Manual

INVERTING

BRIDGE

BWUNCE

LOW

OUTPUT

PNP

STAGE

Circuit

SIDE

Theory

4-1

Bcrcrurn.

Studio

innovations, including gf@tuflded
teehnofogies.

essentially air conditianer technology.

lo

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significantly better emling than

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transistors are
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Studio Reference ampiifiers

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amplifier superior*

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Studio Reference

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whisper quiet

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front panel is a five-segmet display Tor each chan­which

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audio

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bridgs output topology.

of

stages per channel: one
High Side of

NPN

trolling

stages

distortion
efficiency.

4,5.%

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the input drive vsitage becomes more po%itive, the

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are biased

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is

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load,

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L2/D2

D1

CI

C1

C2

C2

Module

lnfarmaf

ion

8-5

This

page

intentionally

left

bDank

Maduie

Information

8-6

Rev"

0

8

Modu

ormation

C05

COG

C67

COB

C09

CJ0

el

1

GI2

C13

C

6806-

1

C

6886-f

C

6887-9

C

6810-3

@

G889-5

C

6807-9 .881pf

C

6886-7

---

Nat

Used

---

No$

Used

.Q1&aF

.OfgF10OY
.001vF106V

180pF

220pF

.OlpFlOOV

---

---

186V

166V

l

0OV

1QQV

34

G4

F3

E3

J3

14

14

A10266-8803
AJ0266-18'11

12

Pin

Header

"'UP47

NPN

2SC4029

2SA1559

2SC4029

2SA1553

2SC4793

TIP47

NPN

2SA4837

68

5%

1865%

5.6

5%

,5W

NPN

PNP

NPN

PNP

NPN

PNP

FP

J3

14

E5

J5

G5

H5

F4

F4

14

F4

E4

F3

HW1

HW2

HW3
HW4
HW5

HW6

HW?

HW8

HW9

HW?6

HW?

2

HW13

HW14

HWf

5

LOO

LO

l

LO2

A

1

0894-2

A

3

0094-2

A

1

0094-2

A

"1094-2

C

748

C

748

A

1

0668-3

A-f

0608-3

A

16608-3

A

I

6608-9

A

1

0020-

A

'4

0020-

A

1

0020-

A

10020-

D

770

C

35

6

35

1-2

1-2 4

-8

1

f

l

1

-2

3

0-2

1

0-2

A10266-1011

A"18266-2R74
A

1

0266-6801

AIQ266-2R74

#4

Lockwashcr

#4

Lockwasher

#&

Lockwa~her

#4

Lockwasher

4WayConnh

Way

Conn.

4-40x368

4-48x318

4-4OX3i8

4-40x388

4-40X.25

4-40X,25

4-40X.25

4-40X,25

2.S~l-4

470pH Choke F4 A10266-,1RO2
490pH

SPCT
SPC~

Spcr

Sper

Stud
Sf

Stud
Stud

Csi!

Choke

~d

I

1

It

G2

@2

ill

G2

1

0

11

62

G2

I

I

I

I

G2

62

G2

J4

AIQ266-13331
A'I

8268-222"F2.2K

A1

6266-391

A16266-1331 14K5%

A10266-510"%51
A18265-10261

---

Not

---

Not

---

$?$at

A18266-1882

1

Used

Used

Used

1005%

5,65%5W

2,7

68

5%

2.75%2W

5*6

5%

"B3K5%

398

5%

1625%

5.65%5W

---

---

---

1

5%

1

%%,5W

5%

5%

5%

.5W

2W

.5W

FP

$4

H2

CC1

J4

MaBZ-I

F1

F4

G4

14

F3

D3

G2

@t

Ct

B1

D4

K4

Module

Information

8-8

It

It

It

R43

R44

R45

R46

847

R48

A18268-5101
A10266-2021

A1

8266-751

---

Not

tlsed

---

Not

Used

---

Nat

Used

1

---

---

---

51

2K

750

6

Ohm

O

Ohm

O

Ohm

Q

Ohm

0

Ohm

Q

Ohm

8

Ohm

O

Ohm

8

Ohm

0

Ohm

8

Qhm

0

6Rm

O

Ohm

0

Ohm

0

Qhm

6

Ohm

8

Ohm

O

Ohm

6

Ohm

Q

Ohm

O

Ohm

O

Ohm

5%

5%

5%

I

Jrnp

Jmp

Jrnp

Jrnp

3mp

Jmp

Jmp

Jrnp

3mp

Jmp

Jmp

Jrnp

Jrnp

4mp

Jrnp

4mp

Jrnp
Jmp

Jmp
Jmp

Jmp

Jrnp

Module

In.lormatisn

8-10

R~K

0

o.mmp

8.6

04318383

G1

Ct

C2

C3

64

@5

66

c7

C8

C9

~10

CI1

C12

C13

B1

D2

D3

04

D5

86

87

88

DS

Dl0

D1

1

012

Dl3

014

Dl5

Dl6

D?7

018

D19

D20

027

D22"
D23"

024*

D25'

"Nst

included

C

C

C

C

G

G

G

C

C

C

C

@

C

Control

C

6804-6

C

6696-9

C

78

19-3

C

782

9-3

C

5362-6

C

5362-6

e

9943-9

C

9943-9

@

9943-9

e

9943-9

C

8804-6

C

6804-6

C

8963-8

C

2859-4

C

2851-1

G

2851-1

6

2851

C

2851-3

C

2851-1

C

2851-1

f2

285-8-1

C

2851-1

C

3181-2

C

2851-1

C

3781-2

3781-2

3381-2

3181-2 IN4148

3181-2

2851-1

2859-1

3549-0

3181-2

3181-2

1

0437-9

1

6437-9

16437-9

16437-9

with

Msdule

-1

module,

3.3pF

18OOyF35V

2.2yF

2.2uF

.I

VF

.I

pF

.1

pF

.I

YF

.1

PF

.lyF5QV

.47pF

1

N4004

1

N4Q04

1

N4084

1

N4004

1

N4004

1

M4804

1

N48Q4

1

N4004

2

N4004

1

N4j48

1

N4004

IN4148

t

N4148

IN4148

IN4748

1

N4004

1

N4004

1N961B,

1N4?48

fN4t48

Bridge

Bridge

Bridge

Bridge

order

Studio

Pad$

50V

50V

SQV

250~
250V
258V
250~

50V

250V

Reference

List

1BV

Wect,

Wect.

Rect.

Reel..

separately*

F5

F34

C3

HI
I

I

A3

A4

,,, ,,, , ,

Service

-"."""._-p

M3nua$

C

4508-5

C

4508-5

C

4508-5

C

9442-2

---

Not

Used

C

9787-0

C

9787-0

C

9787-0

C

8960-4

A1

0265-8252 1 82.5K

C

3893-9

A28265-18031

A16265-30031

A1

0266-3351

---

Not

Used

---

A10266-3921

A1

0266-2221

810266-2221

A

10266-4733

6-32

Hex

8-32

Hex

T022Q

TO228

TO220

TQ220

TO220

TO220

Wires

Molder

16

Pin

16

Pin

16

Pin

"i

Pin

---

30A

24V

30A

24V

30A

24V

.25

Tab

,25

Teb

25

Tab

-25

kb

-25

Tab

.25

Tab

.25

Tab

,2%

Tab

.25

Tab

.25

Tab

5

Pin

Header

4

Pin

Header

25

Tab

'25

Tab

58hmPTC

1

OK

Helitrim

IOOK

1%

WOK%%

33K

5%

3,9K

5%

2,2K

5%

2.2K

5%

47M

5%

@crawmz

Nut

E2

Nut

E5

HTSNK
WTSNK
HTSNK
Spre~dsr

Spreader

Spreader

Sockst

Socket

Socket

Conn.

Relay

Relay

Relay

1

5%

A4

E2

E5

A4

E2

E5

H5B

E4

A2
A1

Cl

14

82

E3

G

1

G2

G4

04

84

H3

H4

D4

D4

03

D%

61

04

15

Module

informatian

8-1

1

@CTaWm8

---."..-

Studio

R@fef@nce

Service

M38-sua$

Rex

---

0

I

S

-25

Tab

"25

Tab

25

Tab

25

Tab

REF

HI

HI

11
1%

Control

Module

infarmation

8-3

2

Module

information

8-13

R@K

"Nst

included

HW1

HW2

HW3

HW5

Ht&6

HW7

HW1O

0

A

At

A

A

At

A

A

with

module,

10086-"10665

0086-

1

0605

'4

0086-

10605

1

8094

-4

0894-4

1

0094-4

4

Q"IQ2-5

Studio

1

N4004

1

N4084

1

N4004

1

N40Q4

1

N4084

f

N4084

1

N4004

^4

N4804

1

N4064

IN4148

1

N4004

1

N4148

f

N4148

1

N4I4$

IN4248

1

N4148

"i4804

1

N40Q4

1

N961

B,

I

M4348

1

N4148

Bridge
Bridge

Bridge

Bridge

order

6-32X037

6-32X
6-32X.3

#6

#6

#6

6-32

Rect.

Reet,

Re@%.

Rect,

separately.

.3

I

11

Lockwasher

Lock~asker

lockwasher

Hex

1

25

25

25

Nut

Referenee

04

84

F

F5

E2

E5

12

H2
H2

12

e4

C3

H4

OV

A4

EZ

E5

A4

E2

E5

44

Service

Loe

--

1

Manual

A1

0102-5

A1

01

02-5

e

65

1

s-9

C

65

10-9

C

65 1 0-9

C

654

1-4

@

654

1-4

C

654

1-4

H43267-6

C

8982-8

gl=

4588-5

@

4508-5

C

4588-5

C

9442-2

---

Not

Used

6

3787-8

C

9787-0

C

9787-0

G

8960-4

A10265-82521

C

3093-9

A10265-16091

A"16265-10831

A"iQ66-3331

---

Nsk

Used

898266-3921

A1

0266-2224

441

0266-2221

A1

8266-4731

6-32

6-32

TO220
TO220
"TO226
TO220

TO220

TO228

Wires

Holder

"i

Pin

"1

Pin

16

Pin

15

Pin

--

3BA

38A

308

.25

Tab

-25

Tab

.25

Tab

.25

Tab

25

Tab

-25

Tab

.25

Tab

25

Tab

.25

T8b

.25

Tab

5 Pin

4

Pin

-25

Ti

.25

Tab

5OhnPVC

82.5K

1

OK

Hsiitrim

1OOK

JBBK

33K

5%

---

3.9K5%

2.2K

5%

2,269

5%

47K

5%

Hex

Nut

Hex

Nut

WTSNK

HTSNK

HTSNK

Spreader
Spreadsir

Spreader

Socket
Socket
Sseks"l1

Conn.

24V

Relay

24V

Relay

24V

Wejay

Header

Header

b

1%

1%

1%

E2

E5

A4

E2

E5

A4

E2

E5

H5

G4

A2

Al

14

B2

G3

GI

G2

G4

D4

04

H3

H4

D4

04

D3

02

C1

84

&

f5

Module

information

8-1

4

52

6

7325-1

BPDT

62

PC

Board

D

8853-0

LM339

f

4

Pin

Socket

MCSBl5CT

MC7915CT

MOC3011

-25

Tab

"25

Tab

25

Tab

25

Tab

REF

Control

82

C4

@4

E2
E5

F4

HI

HI

I1

I

"&

8

Modu

nformation

R~K

0

Studio

.

,

Reference

Service

---

Manual

@Grown"

88

843504-2

C?
C2

C3

C4

C5

G6

@7

C8

CS

CIS

C11

C12

C13

C14

G15
C1G

~f7

C18

&51

02

D3

84

D5

D6

07

D8

09

Dl0

B1"I

012

D13

814

Dl5

B16

Dl7

D18
Dl9

028

02

I

022*

D22X

822XX

D23"
D23X

D23XX

024"

D35"

*Not

included

Gontrgl

Mod@!@

m&t&

4-6

C

6096-9

C

7819-3

C

78

1

9-3

C

5462-6

C

5362-6

C

9943-9

6

9943-9

C

8554-5

C

8554-5

C

8804-6

C

6804-6

C

8963-8

C

10326-4

C

1

8325-6

@ I 0325-6

C

8554-5

C

8554-5

C

2851-1

6

2851-3

C

285f

-1

C

2851-1

C

2851-1

C

2851-1

C

2852-1

C

2856-4

C

2851-1

C

3181-2

C

2851-1

C

3181

-2

C

3183-2

C

3183-2

@

3181-2

G

31852

e

2851-1

C

285'5-1

C

3549-0

@

3181-2 1N4148

c

3e1-a

C

16437-9

C

7817-7

6

787

7-7

C10437-9

C

7817-7

C

7832

7-7

C

7

0437-9

C

10437-9

with

module,

.JpF

3,3pF

18QQpF35V

2.2pF

2.2gF

.I

"1

.22yF250V

-22~F250V

1

.

1

,47pF258V

fpF

2288pF

2280pF

.22pF%5QV

.22p%25QV 92

1

N4004

1

N4684

1

N4004

1

N40Q4

1

N4804

t

N4804

1

N4604

1

N48Q4

1

N4604

1

N4148 P18

1

N4004

IN4148

1

N4148

IN4148

IN4148

IN4348

1

M4004

1

N4004

1M961B,lOV

1~4148

Bridge

25

25

Brtdge

-25

-25

Bridge

Bf-rdge

order

Pa@%

56V

50Y

50V

50V

y

F

25QV

VF

250V

VF

50V

yF

58V

350V

25QV

25QV

Rect.

Tab

Is,b

Re@!.

"Tb

Tab

Rect,

Rect.

separately

kist

F2

H2

32

G5

J5

M5

H5

H2

C3

HI

11

A4

A3

HWI

HW2

HW3

HW4

HW5

HW6

HW7

HW8

HW9

HW1

HWl

HW12

HW13

J3

J4

J12

J13

J14

K1

K2
K3

L1

$13

$14

P75

PI6

PI9

$19

PZO

P2

1

P26
P27

P28

P5Q

P5

f

a1

02

Q3

Q4

Q4X

81

R1X

83

R4

R5

A

C

A 1 6094-4

8

A

C

A

A1
A1

O

1

6

A

A18182-5 6-32

H4326F-6

C

C

6

C

c

C

C

C^d

W

C

C

A1

6

A'10285-10031

1

0086-

1

0605

654

1-4

"%

81

82-5

1

6686- 1 0605

654

1-4

"f0094-4

01

02-5

6086-1 0605

854 1 -4

"I909-4

4508-5

4508-5

4508-5

8537-0

10304-

J

t

0304-

0304-

6304-1

1

1

1

43598-4

8960-4

8982-8

0265-,8252'1

3893-9

6-32X%3

Tsrq,

#6

6-32

6-32X, 3 3

Tarq,

#6

6-32
6-32X.3125

Tarq.

#6

"32

Spreader

Lockwasher

Muf.

25

Spreader

Lockwasher

Nut

Spreader

Lsckwashai

HEX Nut

Wires

16

Pin

S~cket

16

Pin

Socket

16

Pin

Socket

6

Pin

Header

9

Pas

Hsader

3QA

24V

Refay

30A

24V

Relay

3QA

24V

Retay

Choke

.25

Tab

25

Tab

25

"4"b

.25

Tab

.2%

Tab

-25

Tab

.25

Tab

.25

Tab

.25

Tab

.25

Tab

5

Pin

Header

4

Pin

Header

25

Tab

,25

"!?a

b

5OhmPTC

Plastic

82,5M

l@rK

188K

Holder

1

76

Helitrim

1%

E2

E2
E2

E2

E5

E5

E5

E5

G5

G5

@5

G5

85

A2

Af

C 1

14

13

G4

C1

E2

15

H4

H4

04

04

F4

R6

R7

R8

R9

W10
W1"S
R32

R13

R14

R15

W16

W37

R18

R19

W20

R21

R22

R23 A1

W24

W25

R28

W27

832

A10265-"to031
Af

---

A10266-3924

Af

A"19266-2221

818266-4791

A10266-2031

A10266-4731

At8266-I021

A1

A10266-3321

A1
Al0265-11031

AIQ266-4721

A10266-4721

A4

A1

A10266-"8812

A1

810266-3821

A18266-5141

8266-3331

Not

Used

0266-2221

0266-4731

0286-1231

0286-4741

6266-474

1

8266-2221

0266-3682

lOBK

33K

---

3.9K

2.2%

2.2K

47K

20K

49K

1K5%

47K

3.3K

12K

lmOKt%

4,7K5%

4,7K

490K

478K

2-2K

188

3@

3%

578K5%

5%

5%

5%
5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

1Yo

5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

5%

.5W

,5W

G5

G6

1

B

9099-9

LM339

"B

Pin

Socket

MC9815CT

Heatsink

MC7915CT

Heatsink

MQC3811

REF

Control

C4

C4

E2

E2

E5

E5

F4

Board

Module

Information

8-1

8

r---------

-

OVER

VOLT

CUT

AGE

gaFF

I

i

R~K

0

-

Studio

27pF

286V

27pF

200V

.47pF

%k%V

.47pF

50V

,fpF

50V

..

I

pF

56V

.I

pF

50V

.

l

yF

5OV

,

l

yF

58V

.1

pF

58V

.

1

pF

50V

. I pF

58V

.1pF56V

l

yF

50V

.47pF

50V

.47pf

56V

.801gF

80

.001

.&CdO'?pyF

.001pF

.801yF

AOO1yF

-682

,081yF

,081

.

1

*lyF

pF

I

biF

pF

yF

pF

50V
58V

108V

1
1

168V

106V

1BOV

160V

1QQV

4Q8V

1OOV

0BV

OOV

Refergnee S@ra/ice

-

Manua$

D

6990-2

P

rsen

Green

Grsen

Green
Green

Graen

Green

Green

Amber

16

pin

@CraWma

---

----

LED

LED

LED

LED

LED

LED

LED

LED

LED

cable

J1

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Studio Reference I

T

STUDIO REFERENCE SERIES

Studio Reference II

he stunning realism you will experience
when listening to a Crown

T

ence™ amplifi er will redefi ne your expec­tations. The evolution of this studio standard
ushers in a new era of powerful, ultraquiet
amplifi ers capable of faithfully reproducing
the most demanding of signals. This kind of
sonic integrity does not happen accidentally.
It demands the leadership and technical excel­lence for which Crown has long been known.

With the best transfer function in the industry,
ultra-high dynamic range and extraordinary
damping factor, your Studio Reference amplifi er
comes closer to the ideal “straight wire with
gain” than any other amplifi er. As you listen,
it will become apparent—the amplifi er’s low­frequency transient response is the standard by
which all others must be judged.

Studio Reference amplifi ers integrate several
cutting edge technologies that make them the
most accurate reference amplifi ers available.
For example, in Stereo mode each channel
can actually be treated as a separate amplifi er
because of its separate high-voltage power sup­plies and ultra-low crosstalk.

Crown’s unconventional Grounded Bridge™ cir­cuitry delivers incredible voltage swings with­out using stressful output transistor confi gu­rations like other more traditional amplifi ers.
This results in signifi cantly lower distortion and
superior reliability.

For more details about the Studio Reference I
and Studio Reference II, contact the Crown
Technical Support Group at 800-342-6939 or
574-294-8200. Also, visit the Crown Audio
website at www.crownaudio.com.

Specifi cations

The following apply to units in dual mode with both channels
driven into 8 ohm loads and an input sensitivity of 26 dB gain
unless otherwise specifi ed.

Power

Output Power: See power charts below.

Studio Reference I

4 ohm Stereo (per channel)

8 ohm Stereo (per channel)

8 ohm Bridge-Mono

16 ohm Bridge-Mono

2 ohm Parallel-Mono

4 ohm Parallel-Mono

*1 kHz Power: refers to maximum average power in watts
at 1 kHz with 0.05% THD.

®

Studio Refer-

*1 kHz
Power

1,160W

780W
2,220W
1,580W
2,315W

1,565W

fi

Features

• Patented ODEP® (Output Device Emulation
Protection) circuitry detects and compen­sates for overheating and overload to keep
the amplifier working when others would
fail.

®

(Input/Output Comparator) circuitry

• IOC
immediately alerts you of any distortion that
exceeds 0.05% to provide dynamic proof of
distortion-free performance.

• PIP™ (Programmable Input Processor) con­nector accepts accessories that tailor your
amplifi er to suit specifi c applications.

• Extremely wide dynamic range.

Performance

Frequency Response: ±0.1 dB from 20 Hz to

20 kHz at 1watt.
Phase Response: +5 to –15 degrees from 20

Hz to 20 kHz at 1 watt.

Signal-to-Noise (A-weighted) below rated full
bandwidth power: Studio Reference I: 120 dB.

Studio Reference II: 117 dB.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Less than

0.1% at full bandwidth power.
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD): (60 Hz and

7 kHz 4:1)

Studio Reference I: < 0.005% from full
bandwidth power to 78 watts, rising
linearly to 0.025% at 78 milliwatts.

Studio Reference II

4 ohm Stereo (per channel)

8 ohm Stereo (per channel)

8 ohm Bridge-Mono

16 ohm Bridge-Mono

2 ohm Parallel-Mono

4 ohm Parallel-Mono

*1 kHz Power: refers to maximum average power in watts
at 1 kHz with 0.05% THD.

*1 kHz
Power

555W
355W

1,100W

715W

1,115W

710W

• Ultra-high damping factor delivers superior
loudspeaker motion control for the cleanest,
tightest bottom end you’ve ever felt—or
heard.

• Super-low harmonic and intermodulation
distortion give your amplifi er the best transfer
function in the business.

• Two mono modes (Bridge-Mono and Parallel­Mono) for driving a wide range of load imped­ances.

• Custom-designed, tape-wound, low-noise
toroidal supplies with extremely high power
density.

Studio Reference II: < 0.005% from full

bandwidth power to 36 watts rising linearly
to 0.025% at 36 milliwatts.

Crosstalk (below rated full bandwidth power):

Studio Reference I: >100 dB from 20

Hz to 400 Hz and >70 dB at 20 kHz.
Studio Reference II: >100 dB from 20 Hz
to 400 Hz and >65 dB at 20 kHz.

Damping Factor: >20,000 from 10 Hz to 400
Hz.

Voltage Gain (at the maximum level setting):

Studio Reference I:

103:1 ± 6% or 40 dB ±0.5 dB at

0.775 volt sensitivity.
57:1 ± 6% or 35 dB ± 0.5 dB at

1.4 volt sensitivity.
20:1 ± 6% at 26 dB gain ± 0.5 dB.

Studio Reference II:

69:1 ± 6% or 37 dB ± 0.5 dB at

0.775 volt sensitivity.
38:1 ± 6% or 32 dB ± 0.5 dB at

1.4 volt sensitivity.
20:1 ± 6% at 26 dB gain ± 0.5 dB

Load Impedance: Safe with all types of loads.
4-8 ohms in Stereo mode, 8-16 ohms in
Bridge-mono mode, and 2-4 ohms in Parallel­Mono mode.

AC Line Voltage and Frequency Confi gurations
Available (± 10%): 50 or 60 Hz; 100, 120, 200,

220 or 240VAC. Power draw at idle is 90 watts
or less.

OFF RESET ON

CAUTION: To prevent electric

shock do not remove the top or
bottom covers. There are no user
serviceable parts inside. Please
refer all servicing to qualified
service personnel. Disconnect
the power cord before removing
the P.I.P. module to access the
input sensitivity switch inside
the amplifier.

ATTENTION: Débrancher avant

d'ouvrir.

WARNING: To reduce the risk

of fire or electric shock, do not
expose this equipment to rain or
moisture.

Registered with the
U.S. Patent Office.

4,330,809
4,611,180

Designed and constructed by

the Professional Audio Division

of Crown International, Inc.

1718 West Mishawaka Rd.

Elkhart, Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

OFF

STEREO

PARALLEL

MONO

CAUTION: Turn off the amplifier

before changing this switch!

FX

Programmable
Input Processor (P.I.P.)

This amplifier is equipped with a selectable input sensitivity. Remove the P.I.P. module to access the sensitivity switch.

BRIDGE
MONO

BALANCED

INPUT WIRING

GND

+

TIP

RING

–

SLEEVE

CH-2 CH-1

INPUT GROUND LIFT

LIFT

(AFFECTS PHONE INPUTS ONLY.)

CH-2 CH-1

PUSHPUSH

INPUT INPUT

(MONO)

UNBALANCED
INPUT WIRING

GND

GND

12

+

TIP

SLEEVE

3

CH-2 CH-1

Class 1 output wiring is required.

BRIDGE-MONO OUTPUT WIRING

1

Turn the amplifier off.

2

Set the Stereo/Mono
switch to Bridge-Mono.

3

Output across the
“+” terminals only.
Ch-1 is positive.

PARALLEL-MONO OUTPUT WIRING

1

Turn the amplifier off.

2

Set the Stereo/Mono

–

switch to Parallel-Mono.

3

Add jumper (14+ gage)

+

across “+” terminals.

4

Output across the
Ch-1 terminals only.

Model: Reference 1

50/60 Hz AC Volts: 120 Current: 17.8 Amps
Maximum Output: 1,160 watts per channel
into 4 ohms at 1 kHz with no more than 0.02%
THD (in Stereo mode).

Model: Reference 2

50/60 Hz AC Volts: 120 Current: 8.8 Amps

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

Maximum Output: 560 watts per channel into

ELKHART, IN 46517
MADE IN U.S.A.

4 ohms at 1 kHz with no more than 0.02% THD

SERIAL NUMBER

(in Stereo mode).

®

INTERNATIONAL, INC.

000000

Studio Reference I

Studio Reference II

–

+

0000

Controls

Power: A two-position front panel pushbutton

on/off switch. Four-second turn-on delay.
Level: An independent 31-position detented

front-panel level control for each channel.
Reset Switch: This back panel switch can be

used to trip and reset the AC mains circuit
breaker.

Stereo/Mono Switch: Back-panel switch
selects between Stereo, Bridge-mono, and
Parallel-mono modes.

Ground Lift Switch: The input signal ground
may be isolated from the AC ground with this
back-panel switch to help prevent unwanted
ground loops. It affects only the phone jacks.
It has no effect on the PIP module’s XLR
connectors. Activating the switch inserts an
impedance between the sleeve of each phone
input jack and the circuit ground.

Input Sensitivity Switch: The three-position
input sensitivity switch inside the amplifi er
can be accessed by removing the PIP module.
Settings include 0.775 volts and 1.4 volts for
rated output, and 26 dB voltage gain.

Meter Switches: Two switches behind the
front panel can make the output meters dis­play either the dynamic range of the output
signal in dB (factory default), or the output
level in dB.

Indicators

Signal Presence: The green front panel indi-

cator for each channel fl ashes synchronously
with the channel’s output signal to indicate its
presence.

Enable Indicator: This indicator lights when the
amplifi er has been “enabled” or turned on, and
AC power is available.

ODEP Indicators: During normal operation of
the amplifi er, the ODEP (Output Device Emu­lation Protection) indicators glow brightly to
show the presence of reserve thermodynamic
energy. They dim proportionally as energy
reserves decrease. In the rare event that energy
reserves are depleted, the indicators turn off
and ODEP proportionally limits the output drive
so the amplifi er can safely continue operating
even under severe conditions. These indicators
also help to identify more unusual operating
conditions.

Input/Output Comparator: The red Input/Output
Comparator (IOC) indicator for each channel
fl ashes if any type of distortion reaches 0.05%.

Dynamic Range/Level Meters: A fi ve-segment
output meter is provided for each channel. The
meters are factory-set to show dynamic range
of the signals in dB, which is computed as the
ratio of peak to average output power. Also,
the meter can optionally be set to show output
levels.

Input/Output

Input Connectors: Balanced ¼-inch (6.35-mm)

phone jack for each channel. Balanced three­pin female XLR connector on the PIP-FX for
each channel.

Input Impedance: Nominally 10 k ohms, bal­anced. Nominally 5 k ohms, unbalanced.

Input Sensitivity: Confi gurable for 26 dB gain,

0.775 volt sensitivity, or 1.4 volt sensitivity.
Output Connector: Two pairs of versatile 5-way

binding posts are provided for the output of
each channel so multiple loudspeakers can be
connected easily. They accept banana plugs,
spade lugs or bare wire.

Output Impedance: <10 milliohms in series
with 2.5 microhenries.

DC Output Offset: ± 2 millivolts.

Output Signal

Dual: Unbalanced, two channel.
Bridge-Mono: Balanced, single channel. Chan-

nel 1 controls are active; channel 2 controls
should be turned down.

Parallel-Mono: Balanced, single channel.
Channel 1 controls are active; channel 2 con­trols should be turned down.

Protection

Studio Reference amplifi ers provide extensive
protection and diagnostics capabilities. Protec­tion systems include ODEP, standby mode, an
AC circuit breaker and transformer thermal pro­tection. These systems will prevent amplifi er
damage in virtually any situation. A four-second
turn-on delay prevents power-on thumps.

Construction

Durable black fi nish on aluminum chassis.
Dimensions: EIA Standard 19-inch (48.3-cm)

rack mount width (EIA RS-310B), 7 inches
(17.8 cm) high and 16 inches (40.6 cm) deep
behind mounting surface and 2.75-inch (7-cm)
protrusion in front of mounting surface

Net Weight:

Studio Reference I: 60.7 lb (27.6 kg)
Studio Reference II: 56.1 lb (25.5 kg).

Shipping Weight:

Studio Reference I: 74.2 lb (33.7 kg)
Studio Reference II: 69.6 lb (31.6 kg).

Cooling: Flow-through ventilation from front to

sides. On-demand proportional speed fan.

Crown’s Three-Year, No-Fault, Fully Transferable Warranty

Crown offers a Three-Year, No-Fault, Fully Transferable Warranty for every new Crown ampli­fi er—an unsurpassed industry standard. With this unprecedented No-Fault protection, your new
Crown amplifi er is warranted to meet or exceed original specifi cations for the fi rst three years of
ownership. During this time, if your amplifi er fails, or does not perform to original specifi cations,
it will be repaired or replaced at our expense. About the only things not covered by this warranty
are those losses normally covered by insurance and those caused by intentional abuse. And the
coverage is transferable, should you sell your amplifi er.

See your authorized Crown dealer for full warranty disclosure and details. For customers outside
of the USA, please contact your authorized Crown distributor for warranty information or call
574-294-8200.

Crown International
P.O. Box 1000
Elkhart, IN 46515-1000
TEL: [phone]
FAX: [phone]FAX
www.crownaudio.com

Specifi cations subject to change without prior notice. Latest
information available at www.crownaudio.com.

Grounded Bridge, PIP, and Studio Reference are trademarks,
and Crown, ODEP, and IOC are registered trademarks of
Crown International. Other trademarks are the property of
their respective owners. Printed in U.S.A.

© 2003 Crown Audio, Inc.

7/03 136734-1

STUDIO

S T U D I O R E F E R E N C E S E R I E S

REFERENCE I

Studio Reference I (120 V, 60 Hz models)

The Crown
model employing multi-mode (AB+B) grounded bridge(TM) output circuitry with a
variable impedance (VZ) power supply for each channel.

The outputs shall be switchable as stereo, bridged-mono or parallel-mono modes
of operation. The bridged-mono mode shall bridge the outputs to provide increased
output voltage. The parallel-mono mode shall parallel the outputs to provide
increased output current.

The output impedance of each channel shall be less than 10 milliohms in series with
less than 2 microhenries in stereo mode.

The variable impedance power supplies shall reduce unnecessary voltage across the
output devices by automatically switching to a parallel mode when less voltage is
required by the output circuitry and to a series mode when more voltage is required.

The amplifier shall contain protection circuitry which limits the drive level placed on
the output devices before their SOA (Safe Operating Area) is exceeded. This protec­tion circuitry shall calculate the instantaneous voltage across and current through
the output devices while factoring in their simulated junction temperatures to predict
how close they are to their operating limits. This protection will be called “ODEP.”

The amplifier shall contain controlled slew-rate voltage circuitry to protect it against
radio frequency interference burnouts. It shall also be protected from current over­load at its output stage. The slew rate of the amplifier shall be greater than 30 volts
per microsecond in stereo mode.

®

Studio Reference I power amplifier shall be a solid-state two-channel

Architectural & Engineering Specifications

The power amplifier shall meet or exceed the following performance criteria. Input
sensitivity for rated output: 26 dB voltage gain (unbalanced). Rated FTC output in
stereo mode with less than 0.1% THD: 780watts per channel (20 Hz to 20 kHz) into
8 ohms. Hum and noise: at least 120 dB (A weighted) below full rated output power.
Phase response: +5 to –15 degrees from 20 Hz to 20 kHz at 1 watt. Frequency
response: 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 0.1 dB at 1 watt into 8 ohms per channel in stereo mode.
Damping factor: greater than 20,000 from 10 to 200 Hz into 8 ohms. Intermodulation
distortion (SMPTE): less than 0.005% from full bandwidth power to 78 watts rising
linearly to better than 70 dB at 20 kHz. Harmonic distortion: less than 0.02% at rated
low-distortion 1 kHz power.

The amplifier shall be safe when driving any kind of load—even highly reactive ones.

The power requirements shall be 120 VAC at 60 Hz. At idle, the amplifier shall draw
90 watts or less.

The amplifier chassis shall be constructed of steel with a durable black finish and
shall be designed for flow-through fan-assisted ventilation from the front panel to the
side panels. The amplifier shall have an aluminum front panel with super-gloss Imron
finish and Lexan overlay.

The dimensions of the amplifier shall allow for 19 inch (48.3 cm) EIA standard (RS­310-B) rack mounting. The amplifier shall be 7 inches (17.8 cm) tall, 16 inches (40.6
cm) deep behind the rack-mounting surface, and 2.75 inches (7 cm) in front of the
rack-mounting surface.

The amplifier shall weigh 60 pounds, 11 ounces (27.6 kg) and shall have a center of
gravity approximately 6 inches (15.2 cm) behind the front panel.

The amplifier shall temporarily go into a stand-by mode if its power transformer
becomes excessively hot and shall automatically resume normal operation once it
has cooled to a safe operating temperature.

Front-panel controls shall include an enable on/off switch and a detented input level
control for each channel.

Rear-mounted controls shall include a ground lift switch to isolate the signal ground
from the chassis ground, a switch which selects between stereo, bridged-mono and
parallel-mono modes of operation and a reset switch for the AC mains circuit breaker.

Internal controls shall include an input sensitivity switch to select between 0.775 V,

1.4 V or a fixed voltage gain of 26 dB for full rated output.

A Crown P.I.P. and P.I.P.2-compatible expansion connector shall be provided behind
an access panel in the rear to accept auxiliary input modules. It shall be fully compat­ible with the Crown IQ System.

Front panel indicators shall include an amber power enable indicator, an amber ODEP
protection system indicator for each channel which shall normally be illuminated
to confirm the availability of reserve thermodynamic energy and which shall dim
in proportion to limiting when the power demands of the output stages have been
exceeded, a green IOC indicator for each channel, and a green Signal indicator for
each channel which shall normally flash at moderate intensity to show the presence
of an audio signal.

The amplifier shall be designated the Crown Studio Reference I.

Crown International
1718 W. Mishawaka Rd.
Elkhart, IN 46517-9439
TEL: [phone]
FAX: [phone]FAX
www.crownaudio.com

Specifications subject to change without prior notice. Latest
information available at www.crownaudio.com.
Crown and Crown Audio are registered trademarks of Crown
International, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
© 2005 Crown Audio®, Inc.

04/05 138313-1

y

()

g

)

()

SR-I

S T U D I O R E F E R E N C E S E R I ES

AC Power Draw and Thermal Dissipation

The information provided on this page is calculated data based on driv­ing both channels to rated output using the 1 kHz Maximum Average
Power rating method.

Other parameters used in calculation include a conservative idle current
estimate of 90 watts and a conservative estimate of effeciency at 65%.

Information is provided only for getting an idea of current draw and heat
produced. Actual performance will vary depending on environment, pro­gram material, load, signal, and AC mains voltage and frequency.

Values of calculated current draw are intended to represent average draw
corresponding to the thermal breaker requriements that should be met to
handle the amplifier as a load on the AC mains.

Peak current draw with dynamic program material may be significantly
higher. Thermal information is provided to assist with calculating air
conditioning needs. The data here should not be construed as specifica­tions.

Duty cycle of various program material:

Individual speech: 10%
Acoustic/chamber music: 20%
Full-range rock music: 30%
Compressed rock music: 40%
Pink noise: 50%

Here are the equations used to calculate the data presented in Figure 1:

AC Mains Power

Draw (watts)

Total output power with all

channels driven (watts)

=

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)

x

Duty

Cycle

Quiescent Power

+

Draw (watts)

The quiescent power draw is a maximum value and includes power drawn by the fan. The
following equation converts power draw in watts to current draw in amperes:

AC Mains Power

Current Draw

(amperes)

=

AC Mains

Volta

Draw (watts)

x

e

Factor (.83

Power

The value used for Power Factor is 0.83. The Power Factor variable is needed to compen­sate for the differnece in phase between the AC mains voltage and current. The following
equation is used to calculate thermal dissipation:

Thermal

Dissipation

(btu/hr)

Total output power with all

channels driven (watts)

=

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)

Duty

x

Cycle

.35

x

Quiescent Power

+

Draw (watts)

x

3.415

The value used for inefficiency is 1.00-efficiency. The factor 3.415 converts watts to btu/
hr. Thermal dissipation in btu is divided by the constant 3.968 to get kcal. If you plan to
measure output power under real-world conditions, the following equation may also be
helpful:

Thermal

Dissipation

(btu/hr)

Total measured output power

from all channels (watts)

=

Amplifier Efficienc

(.65)

.35

x

Quiescent Power

+

Draw (watts)

x

3.415

Studio Reference I

LOAD

2 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Bridge 4 Ohm Stereo / 8 Ohm Bridge / 2 Ohm Parallel Mono 8 Ohm stereo / 16 Ohm Bridge / 4 Ohm Parallel Mono

Duty

Cycle

AC
Mains
Power

Draw

(watts)

Current Draw

(Amps)

120V 230V btu/hr kcal/hr 120V 230V btu/hr kcal/hr 120V 230V btu/hr kcal/hr

Thermal

Dissipation

50% 1874 19.3 9.7 2500 630 1290 13.3 6.7 1780 449
40% 1518 15.6 7.8 2060 519 1050 9.3 5.4 1485 374
30% 1161 11.9 6.0 1620 408 557 8.3 4.2 1190 300
20% 804 8.3 4.1 1185 299 570 5.9 2.9 900 227
10% 447 4.6 2.3 745 188 330 3.4 1.7 605 152

A Harman International Company

Crown International, Inc.
1718 W. Mishawaka Rd.
Elkhart, IN 46517-9439
TEL: [phone]
FAX: [phone]FAX
www.crownaudio.com

AC

Mains

Power

Draw

(watts)

Current Draw

(Amps)

Thermal

Dissipation

For more details refer to the applicable Operation
Manual or contact Crown Factory Service. The
provided data should not be construed as specif­ciations.
Crown and Crown Audio® are registered trade­marks of Cown international, Inc. Printed in
U.S.A.
©2005 Crown Audio, Inc.

04/05 138354-1

AC
Mains
Power

Draw

(watts)

Current Draw

(Amps)

Thermal

Dissipation

STUDIO

S T U D I O R E F E R E N C E S E R I E S

REFERENCE II

Studio Reference II (120 V, 60 Hz models)

The Crown® Studio Reference II power amplifier shall be a solid-state two­channel model employing multi-mode (AB+B) grounded bridge(TM) output
circuitry with a variable impedance (VZ) power supply for each channel.

The outputs shall be switchable as stereo, bridged-mono or parallel-mono
modes of operation. The bridged-mono mode shall bridge the outputs to
provide increased output voltage. The parallel-mono mode shall parallel the
outputs to provide increased output current.

The output impedance of each channel shall be less than 10 milliohms in
series with less than 2 microhenries in stereo mode.

The variable impedance power supplies shall reduce unnecessary voltage
across the output devices by automatically switching to a parallel mode
when less voltage is required by the output circuitry and to a series mode
when more voltage is required.

The amplifier shall contain protection circuitry which limits the drive level
placed on the output devices before their SOA (Safe Operating Area) is
exceeded. This protection circuitry shall calculate the instantaneous volt­age across and current through the output devices while factoring in their
simulated junction temperatures to predict how close they are to their
operating limits. This protection will be called “ODEP.”

The amplifier shall contain controlled slew-rate voltage circuitry to protect
it against radio frequency interference burnouts. It shall also be protected
from current overload at its output stage. The slew rate of the amplifier
shall be greater than 30 volts per microsecond in stereo mode.

The amplifier shall temporarily go into a stand-by mode if its power trans­former becomes excessively hot and shall automatically resume normal
operation once it has cooled to a safe operating temperature.

Architectural & Engineering Specifications

demands of the output stages have been exceeded, a green IOC indicator
for each channel, and a green Signal indicator for each channel which shall
normally flash at moderate intensity to show the presence of an audio
signal.

The power amplifier shall meet or exceed the following performance
criteria. Input sensitivity for rated output: 26 dB voltage gain (unbalanced).
Rated FTC output in stereo mode with less than 0.1% THD: 355watts per
channel (20 Hz to 20 kHz) into 8 ohms. Hum and noise: at least 120 dB
(A weighted) below full rated output power. Phase response: +5 to –15
degrees from 20 Hz to 20 kHz at 1 watt. Frequency response: 20 Hz to 20
kHz, 0.1 dB at 1 watt into 8 ohms per channel in stereo mode. Damping
factor: greater than 20,000 from 10 to 200 Hz into 8 ohms. Intermodula­tion distortion (SMPTE): less than 0.005% from full bandwidth power to
78 watts rising linearly to better than 70 dB at 20 kHz. Harmonic distortion:
less than 0.02% at rated low-distortion 1 kHz power.

The amplifier shall be safe when driving any kind of load—even highly
reactive ones.

The power requirements shall be 120 VAC at 60 Hz. At idle, the amplifier
shall draw 90 watts or less.

The amplifier chassis shall be constructed of steel with a durable black
finish and shall be designed for flow-through fan-assisted ventilation from
the front panel to the side panels. The amplifier shall have an aluminum
front panel with super-gloss Imron finish and Lexan overlay.

The dimensions of the amplifier shall allow for 19 inch (48.3 cm) EIA
standard (RS-310-B) rack mounting. The amplifier shall be 7 inches (17.8
cm) tall, 16 inches (40.6 cm) deep behind the rack-mounting surface, and

2.75 inches (7 cm) in front of the rack-mounting surface.

The amplifier shall weigh 56 pounds, 2 ounces (25.5 kg) and shall have a
center of gravity approximately 6 inches (15.2 cm) behind the front panel.

Front-panel controls shall include an enable on/off switch and a detented
input level control for each channel.

Rear-mounted controls shall include a ground lift switch to isolate the
signal ground from the chassis ground, a switch which selects between
stereo, bridged-mono and parallel-mono modes of operation and a reset
switch for the AC mains circuit breaker.

Internal controls shall include an input sensitivity switch to select between

0.775 V, 1.4 V or a fixed voltage gain of 26 dB for full rated output.

A Crown P.I.P. and P.I.P.2-compatible expansion connector shall be pro­vided behind an access panel in the rear to accept auxiliary input modules.
It shall be fully compatible with the Crown IQ System.

Front panel indicators shall include an amber power enable indicator, an
amber ODEP protection system indicator for each channel which shall
normally be illuminated to confirm the availability of reserve thermody­namic energy and which shall dim in proportion to limiting when the power

The amplifier shall be designated the Crown Studio Reference II.

Crown International
1718 W. Mishawaka Rd.
Elkhart, IN 46517-9439
TEL: [phone]
FAX: [phone]FAX
www.crownaudio.com

Specifications subject to change without prior notice. Latest
information available at www.crownaudio.com.
Crown and Crown Audio are registered trademarks of Crown
International, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
© 2005 Crown Audio®, Inc.

04/05 138314-1

y

()

g

)

()

SR-II

S T U D I O R E F E R E N C E S E R I ES

AC Power Draw and Thermal Dissipation

The information provided on this page is calculated data based on driv­ing both channels to rated output using the 1 kHz Maximum Average
Power rating method.

Other parameters used in calculation include a conservative idle current
estimate of 90 watts and a conservative estimate of effeciency at 65%.

Information is provided only for getting an idea of current draw and heat
produced. Actual performance will vary depending on environment, pro­gram material, load, signal, and AC mains voltage and frequency.

Values of calculated current draw are intended to represent average draw
corresponding to the thermal breaker requriements that should be met to
handle the amplifier as a load on the AC mains.

Peak current draw with dynamic program material may be significantly
higher. Thermal information is provided to assist with calculating air
conditioning needs. The data here should not be construed as specifica­tions.

Duty cycle of various program material:

Individual speech: 10%
Acoustic/chamber music: 20%
Full-range rock music: 30%
Compressed rock music: 40%
Pink noise: 50%

Here are the equations used to calculate the data presented in Figure 1:

AC Mains Power

Draw (watts)

Total output power with all

channels driven (watts)

=

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)

x

Duty

Cycle

Quiescent Power

+

Draw (watts)

The quiescent power draw is a maximum value and includes power drawn by the fan. The
following equation converts power draw in watts to current draw in amperes:

AC Mains Power

Current Draw

(amperes)

=

AC Mains

Volta

Draw (watts)

x

e

Factor (.83

Power

The value used for Power Factor is 0.83. The Power Factor variable is needed to compen­sate for the differnece in phase between the AC mains voltage and current. The following
equation is used to calculate thermal dissipation:

Thermal

Dissipation

(btu/hr)

Total output power with all

channels driven (watts)

=

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)

Duty

x

Cycle

.35

x

Quiescent Power

+

Draw (watts)

x

3.415

The value used for inefficiency is 1.00-efficiency. The factor 3.415 converts watts to btu/
hr. Thermal dissipation in btu is divided by the constant 3.968 to get kcal. If you plan to
measure output power under real-world conditions, the following equation may also be
helpful:

Thermal

Dissipation

(btu/hr)

Total measured output power

from all channels (watts)

=

Amplifier Efficienc

(.65)

.35

x

Quiescent Power

+

Draw (watts)

x

3.415

Studio Reference II

LOAD

2 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Bridge 4 Ohm Stereo / 8 Ohm Bridge / 2 Ohm Parallel Mono 8 Ohm stereo / 16 Ohm Bridge / 4 Ohm Parallel Mono

Duty

Cycle

AC
Mains
Power

Draw

(watts)

Current Draw

(Amps)

120V 230V btu/hr kcal/hr 120V 230V btu/hr kcal/hr 120V 230V btu/hr kcal/hr

Thermal

Dissipation

50% 944 9.8 4.9 1360 343 636 6.5 4.9 970 244
40% 773 8.0 4.0 1150 290 527 5.4 4.0 840 212
30% 602 6.2 3.1 940 237 418 4.3 3.1 705 178
20% 432 4.5 2.2 730 184 308 3.2 2.2 575 145
10% 261 2.7 1.4 520 131 199 2.1 1.4 440 111

A Harman International Company

Crown International, Inc.
1718 W. Mishawaka Rd.
Elkhart, IN 46517-9439
TEL: [phone]
FAX: [phone]FAX
www.crownaudio.com

AC

Mains

Power

Draw

(watts)

Current Draw

(Amps)

Thermal

Dissipation

For more details refer to the applicable Operation
Manual or contact Crown Factory Service. The
provided data should not be construed as specif­ciations.
Crown and Crown Audio® are registered trade­marks of Cown international, Inc. Printed in
U.S.A.
©2005 Crown Audio, Inc.

04/05 138355-1

AC
Mains
Power

Draw

(watts)

Current Draw

(Amps)

Thermal

Dissipation

®

THE PROFESSIONAL AUDIO DIVISION OF CROWN INTERNATIONAL, INC.

®

®

Exported to select countries as Amcron.

Studio Reference

PROFESSIONAL STUDIO AMPLIFIERS

OWNER’S MANUAL

©1995 by CROWN INTERNATIONAL, INC.

P.O. Box 1000, Elkhart, Indiana 46515-1000

Telephone: [phone]

Trademark Notice:

are trademarks and
Crown International, Inc. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Studio Reference

Crown

®

,®

IOC

,

,™

ODEP

Smart Amp

®

,

IQ System

™

,

MPX-6

®

and

,™

SMX-6

,™

AMB-5

®

P.I.P.

are registered trademarks of

,™and

grounded bridge

™

Printed on

recycled paper.

™

K80604-0

8/95

3

YEAR

THREE YEAR

FULL WARRANTY

3

A

E

Y

R

WORLDWIDE

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West
Mishawaka Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you,
the ORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each
NEW Crown
purchase by the original purchaser (the “warranty period”) that the new
Crown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship, and we
further warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason for
failure, except as excluded in this Crown Warranty.

1

Note: If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the

name “Crown” in this warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTY

This Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product
which occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product
which has been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident,
negligence, or loss which is covered under any of your insurance
contracts. This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown
product if the serial number has been defaced, altered, or removed.

We will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except as
excluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund
unless you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and
repair is not practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then
you must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to us
free and clear of all liens or other encumbrances. The refund will be equal
to the actual purchase price, not including interest, insurance, closing
costs, and other finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on the
product from the date of original purchase. Warranty work can only be
performed at our authorized service centers. We will remedy the defect
and ship the product from the service center within a reasonable time after
receipt of the defective product at our authorized service center. All
expenses in remedying the defect, including surface shipping costs to the
nearest authorized service center, will be borne by us. (You must bear the
expense of all taxes, duties and other customs fees when transporting the
product.)

You must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety
(90) days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be
shipped in a factory pack. Corrective action will be taken within a
reasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by our
authorized service center. If the repairs made by our authorized service
center are not satisfactory, notify our authorized service center
immediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL

YOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE
NEW CROWN PRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO
ANOTHER PRODUCT OR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A
DEFECT.

No person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown
Warranty. This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time
which you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and
replacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall
carry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty.

We reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time
without notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in
products previously manufactured.

No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later than
ninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERS

CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

Telephone: [phone]. Facsimile: 219-294-8301

SUMMARY OF WARRANTY

1

product, for a period of three (3) years from the date of

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DO

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE

DAMAGES

WARRANTY ALTERATIONS

DESIGN CHANGES

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASER

9/90

NORTH AMERICA

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West Mishawaka
Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, the ORIGINAL
PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown
product, for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase by the original
purchaser (the “warranty period”) that the new Crown product is free of defects
in materials and workmanship, and we further warrant the new Crown product
regardless of the reason for failure, except as excluded in this Crown Warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTY

This Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product which
occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product which has
been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident, negligence, or
loss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts. This Crown
Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial number
has been defaced, altered, or removed.

We will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except as
excluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund unless
you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and repair is not
practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then you must make
the defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liens
or other encumbrances. The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price,
not including interest, insurance, closing costs, and other finance charges less
a reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase.
Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers or at
the factory. We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the service
center or our factory within a reasonable time after receipt of the defective
product at our authorized service center or our factory. All expenses in
remedying the defect, including surface shipping costs in the United States, will
be borne by us. (You must bear the expense of shipping the product between
any foreign country and the port of entry in the United States and all taxes,
duties, and other customs fees for such foreign shipments.)

You must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety (90)
days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be shipped
in a factory pack, which, if needed, may be obtained from us free of charge.
Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receipt
of the defective product by us or our authorized service center. If the repairs
made by us or our authorized service center are not satisfactory, notify us or
our authorized service center immediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGES

YOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTAL
DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWN
PRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT OR
PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT. SOME STATES DO

NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR
EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

No person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown Warranty.
This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time which you are
deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and replacement parts
provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpired
portion of this Crown Warranty.

We reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time
without notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in
products previously manufactured.

THIS CROWN WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, YOU
MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO
STATE. No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later
than ninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERS

CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

Telephone: [phone]. Facsimile: 219-294-8301

SUMMARY OF WARRANTY

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DO

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE

WARRANTY ALTERATIONS

DESIGN CHANGES

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASER

9/90

The information furnished in this manual does not include all of the details of design, production, or variations of the
equipment. Nor does it cover every possible situation which may arise during installation, operation or
maintenance. If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the name “Crown” in this manual. If you
need special assistance beyond the scope of this manual, please contact our Technical Support Group.

Crown Audio Division Technical Support Group

57620 C.R. 105, Elkhart, Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

Phone: [phone] (U.S.A.) or 219-294-8200 Fax: [phone]

IMPORTANT

STUDIO REFERENCE AMPLIFIERS

REQUIRE CLASS 1 OUTPUT WIRING.

C A U T I O N

RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

DO NOT OPEN

TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DO

NOT REMOVE TOP OR BOTTOM
COVERS. NO USER SERVICEABLE
PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING

TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSON-

NEL. DISCONNECT POWER CORD

BEFORE REMOVING REAR INPUT

MODULE TO ACCESS GAIN SWITCH.

WARNING

TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC

SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS

EQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE!

A V I S

RISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE

N’OUVREZ PAS

À PRÉVENIR LE CHOC

ÉLECTRIQUE N’ENLEVEZ

PAS LES COUVERTURES.

RIEN DES PARTIES

UTILES À L’INTÉRIEUR.

DÉBRANCHER LA BORNE

AVANT D’OUVRIR LA

MODULE EN ARRIÈRE.

Magnetic Field

CAUTION! Do not locate sensitive high-gain equip­ment such as preamplifiers or tape decks directly
above or below the unit. Because this amplifier has

a high power density, it has a strong magnetic field
which can induce hum into unshielded devices that
are located nearby. The field is strongest just above
and below the unit.

If an equipment rack is used, we recommend locating
the amplifier(s) in the bottom of the rack and the
preamplifier or other sensitive equipment at the top.

WATCH FOR THESE SYMBOLS:

The lightning bolt
triangle is used to
alert the user to the
risk of electric shock.

The exclamation point
triangle is used to alert the
user to important operating or
maintenance instructions.

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CONTENTS

1 Welcome.......................................................................... 7

1.1 Features ................................................................... 7

2 Facilities .......................................................................... 8

3 Installation..................................................................... 10

3.1 Mounting ................................................................ 10

3.2 Cooling ................................................................... 10

3.3 Wiring ..................................................................... 11

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) Operation ................... 12

3.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ................................ 12

3.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation ............................... 13

3.3.4 Input Connection .......................................... 14

3.3.5 Output Connection ....................................... 16

3.3.6 Additional Load Protection ............................ 18

3.4 AC Mains Power ..................................................... 18

4 Operation....................................................................... 19

4.1 Precautions ............................................................. 19

4.2 Indicators................................................................ 19

4.3 Protection Systems ................................................. 20

4.3.1

ODEP ...........................................................

4.3.2 Standby Mode .............................................. 21

4.3.3 Transformer Thermal Protection .................... 21

4.3.4 Circuit Breaker ............................................. 22

4.4 Controls .................................................................. 22

4.5 Filter Cleaning ......................................................... 23

5 Technical Information ................................................... 24

5.1 Overview ................................................................ 24

5.2 Circuit Theory ......................................................... 24

5.2.1 Stereo Operation .......................................... 24

5.2.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ................................ 26

5.2.3 Parallel-Mono Operation ............................... 26

6 Specifications................................................................ 27

7 AC Power Draw & Thermal Dissipation........................ 36

8 Accessories ................................................................... 38

8.1

P.I.P.

Modules ......................................................... 38

9 Service........................................................................... 40

9.1 Worldwide Service .................................................. 40

9.2 North American Service .......................................... 40

9.2.1 Service at a North American Service Center .. 40

9.2.2 Factory Service ............................................ 40

21

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ILLUSTRATIONS

1.1

Studio Reference

2.1 Front Facilities ................................................................. 8

2.2 Rear Facilities ................................................................. 9

3.1 Mounting Dimensions .................................................... 10

3.2 Removing an End Cap .................................................. 10

3.3 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit .................................. 10

3.4 Proper Air Flow with a Rack-Mounted Blower ................ 11

3.5 Stereo Wiring ................................................................ 11

3.6 Bridge-Mono Wiring ...................................................... 12

3.7 Parallel-Mono Wiring ..................................................... 13

3.8 Unbalanced Input Wiring............................................... 14

3.9 Balanced Input Wiring ................................................... 14

3.10 Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plugs ....................... 14

3.11 Subsonic Filter Capacitors ............................................ 15

3.12 Unbalanced RF Filters ................................................... 15

3.13 Balanced RF Filters ....................................................... 15

3.14 Wire Size Nomograph ................................................... 16

3.15 Inductive Load (Transformer) Network ........................... 17

3.16 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph ..................................... 18

4.1 Indicators ...................................................................... 19

4.2

Studio Reference

4.3 Removing a Handle ...................................................... 22

4.4 Meter Switches ............................................................. 23

4.5 Input Sensitivity and Ground Lift Switches ..................... 23

5.1 Circuit Block Diagram ................................................... 25

6.1

Studio Reference

6.2

Studio Reference

6.3

Studio Reference

6.4

Studio Reference

6.5 Typical Frequency Response ........................................ 33

6.6 Typical Damping Factor ................................................ 33

6.7 Typical Output Impedance ............................................ 33

6.8 Typical Phase Response ............................................... 34

6.9 Typical Common Mode Rejection .................................. 34

6.10 Typical Crosstalk ........................................................... 35

7.1

Studio Reference

Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ................... 36

7.2

Studio Reference

Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ................... 37

8.1 Installing a

I Amplifier ........................................... 6

Indicator States.................................. 20

I Minimum Power Matrix .................... 29

II Minimum Power Matrix .................. 30

I Maximum Power Matrix ................... 31

II Maximum Power Matrix ................. 32

I Power Draw, Current Draw and

II Power Draw, Current Draw and

P.I.P.

Module ............................................... 38

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Fig. 1.1 Studio Reference I Amplifier

Unpacking Instructions

Please unpack and inspect your new amplifier for
any damage that may have occurred during transit.
If damage is found, notify the transportation com­pany immediately. Only you, the consignee, may ini­tiate a claim for shipping damage. Crown will be
happy to cooperate fully as needed. Save the ship­ping carton as evidence of damage for the shipper’s
inspection.

Even if the unit arrived in perfect condition, as most
do, save all packing materials so you will have them
if you ever need to transport the unit. NEVER SHIP

THE UNIT WITHOUT THE FACTORY PACK.

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1 Welcome

The stunning realism you will experience when listen­ing to a Crown

Studio Reference

redefine your expectations. The evolution of this studio
standard ushers in a new era of powerful, ultraquiet
amplifiers capable of faithfully reproducing the most
demanding signals that state-of-the-art 20-bit digital
recording systems can offer. This kind of sonic integrity
does not happen accidentally. It demands the leader­ship and technical excellence for which Crown has
long been known.

With the best transfer function in the industry, ultra-high
dynamic range and extraordinary damping factor, your

Studio Reference

amplifier comes closer to the ideal
“straight wire with gain” than any other amplifier. As
you listen, it will become apparent—the amplifier’s low­frequency transient response is the standard by which
all others must be judged.

We have taken great care at every step in the creation
of your amplifier—from the selection of its components
to the routing of each wire. It is our goal to provide you
with total satisfaction. This is one reason why we have
spent considerable effort in providing you with the
most complete

Owner’s Manual

Please read it carefully—especially the instructions,
warnings and cautions. It will help you successfully
install and use your new amplifier. Be sure to read
Sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 if you plan to use one of the
amplifier’s two mono modes.

Please send in your warranty registration card today
and save your bill of sale because it is your official
proof of purchase. We hope you enjoy your new ampli­fier, and thank you for choosing Crown.

1.1 Features

Studio Reference

edge technologies that make them the most accurate
reference amplifiers available. For example, in Stereo
mode each channel can actually be treated as a sepa­rate amplifier because of its separate high-voltage
power supplies and ultra-low crosstalk. Here are some
of its many impressive features:

❏ Crown’s unconventional

delivers incredible voltage swings without using
stressful output transistor configurations like other more

amplifiers integrate several cutting

grounded bridge

™

amplifier will

in the business.

™

circuitry

traditional amplifiers. This results in significantly lower
distortion and superior reliability.

❏ Patented

circuitry detects and compensates for overheating and
overload to keep the amplifier working when others
would fail.

®

❏

IOC

(Input/Output Comparator) circuitry immediately
alerts you of any distortion that exceeds 0.05% to
provide dynamic

P.I.P.

❏

❏ Extremely wide dynamic range capable of accurately

❏ Ultra-high damping factor delivers superior loudspeaker

❏ Super-low harmonic and intermodulation distortion give

❏ Two mono modes (Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Mono) for

❏ Custom-designed, tape-wound, low-noise toroidal

❏ High-voltage headroom and high-current headroom

❏ Full protection against shorted outputs, mismatched

❏ Indicators include Enable,

❏ Balanced phone jacks and XLR connectors are pro-

❏ Ground lift switch isolates the AC power and phone jack

❏ Efficient heat sinks and a self-contained, on-demand,

❏ Internal three-position input sensitivity switch provides

❏ Mounts in a standard 19 inch (48.3 cm) equipment rack,

❏ Three year “No-Fault” full warranty completely protects

(Programmable Input Processor) connector
accepts accessories that tailor your amplifier to suit
specific applications.

reproducing 20-bit digital recordings.

motion control for the cleanest, tightest, chest-thumping
bottom end you’ve ever felt—or heard.

your amplifier

driving a wide range of load impedances.

supplies with extremely high power density.

provide energy reserves that make it easy to drive low­impedance loads and highly reactive loads to full power.

loads, general overheating, DC and high-frequency
overloads. Full overvoltage and internal fault protection.

and the Dynamic Range/Level meter.

vided for input. Two pair of 5-way binding posts per
channel are provided for versatile output connection.

audio grounds.

infinitely variable forced-air cooling system prevents
overheating and prolongs component life.

settings of 0.775 volts and 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz
power, and 26 dB gain.

or units can be stacked directly on top of each other.

your investment and guarantees its specifications.

®

ODEP

(Output Device Emulation Protection)

proof of distortion-free performance

the best transfer function

ODEP, IOC

.

in the business.

, Signal Presence

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Fig. 2.1 Front Facilities

2 Facilities

A. Level Controls

Each channel’s output level can be adjusted accurately
using the 31-position detented level controls on the front
panel (see Section 4.4).

B.

ODEP

Indicators

During normal operation of the amplifier, the
(Output Device Emulation Protection) indicators glow
brightly to show the presence of reserve thermody­namic energy. They dim proportionally as energy
reserves decrease. In the rare event that energy re­serves are depleted, the indicators turn off and
proportionally limits the output drive so the amplifier can
safely continue operating even under severe conditions.
These indicators also help to identify more unusual op­erating conditions (see Figure 4.2).

C.

IOC

Indicators

The

IOC

(Input Output Comparator) indicators serve as

sensitive distortion indicators to provide

distortion-free performance

the indicators remain off. They flash if the output
waveform differs from the input by 0.05% or more (see
Section 4.2). If the input signal level is too high, the
indicators will also flash brightly with a half-second hold
delay to show input overload or output clipping.

. Under normal conditions,

The channel 2 IOC indicator stays on in Parallel-Mono
mode.

See Section 4.2.

D. Signal Presence Indicators

These indicators flash synchronously with the amplifier’s
audio output to show signal presence.

Note: These indi-

ODEP

ODEP

proof of

Note:

cators may not flash at very low input signal levels.

Section 4.2.

See

E. Enable Indicator

This indicator lights when the amplifier has been “en­abled” or turned on, and AC power is available.

F. Enable Switch

This push button is used to turn the amplifier on and off.
When turned on, the output is muted for about four sec­onds to protect your system from start-up transients.
This is why a power sequencer is rarely needed for mul­tiple units. (The turn-on delay can be changed. Contact
Crown’s Technical Support Group for details.)

G. Dust Filter

The dust filter removes large particles from the air drawn
in by the cooling fan. In most cases, the fan will not run
so the filter will remain clean. If the filter becomes dirty, it
can be removed for easy cleaning (see Section 4.5).

H. Dynamic Range / Level Meters

A five-segment output meter is provided for each chan­nel. The meters are factory-set to show dynamic range
of the signals in dB, which is computed as the ratio of
peak to average output power. Also, the meter can op­tionally be set to show output levels (see Section 4.4).

❏ Meter Switches

Two switches behind the front panel can be used to
customize the output meters (H). By default, the meters
display dynamic range. To make the meters display sig­nal levels or to turn them off, see Section 4.4.

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