Cooper Bussmann 945U-E User Manual
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Cooper Bussmann
945U-E Wireless Ethernet Modem
& Device Server
User Manual
Version 2.14
Cooper Bussmann 945U-E Wireless Ethernet Modem & Device Server User Manual
ATTENTION!
Incorrect termination of supply wires may cause internal damage and will void warranty. To ensure your 945U-E
enjoys a long life, double check ALL your connections with the user manual before turning the power on.
CAUTION
To comply with FCC RF Exposure requirements in section 1.1310 of the FCC Rules, antennas used with this
device must be installed to provide a separation distance of at least 20 cm from all persons to satisfy RF exposure
compliance.
DO NOT
• Operate the transmitter when someone is within 20 cm of the antenna.
• Operate the transmitter unless all RF connectors are secure and any open connectors are properly terminated.
• Operate the equipment near electrical blasting caps or in an explosive atmosphere.
All equipment must be properly grounded for safe operation. All equipment should be serviced only by a qualified
technician.
FCC Notice
This device complies with Part 15.247 of the FCC Rules.
Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference, and
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
This device must be operated as supplied by ELPRO Technologies. Any changes or modifications made to the
device without the written consent of ELPRO Technologies may void the user’s authority to operate the device.
End user products that have this device embedded must be installed by experienced radio and antenna personnel,
or supplied with non-standard antenna connectors, and antennas available from vendors specified by ELPRO.
Please contact ELPRO for end user antenna and connector recommendations.
In accordance with 47 CFR Part 15 Subpart C Section 15.203, only the following antenna/coax cable kits
combinations can be used.
Manufacturer Model Number Coax Kit Net
ELPRO DG900-1 Includes 1m Cellfoil -2 dB Loss
ELPRO DG900-5 Includes 5m Cellfoil -3 dB Loss
ELPRO CFD890EL Includes 5m Cellfoil Unity Gain
ELPRO SG-900EL CC10/900 1.8 dB Gain
ELPRO SG-900EL CC20/900 -1.2 dB Loss
ELPRO SG-900-6 CC10/900 4.8 dB Gain
ELPRO SG-900-6 CC20/900 1.8 dB Gain
ELPRO YU6/900 CC10/900 6.8 dB Gain
ELPRO YU6/900 CC20/900 3.8 dB Gain
• Part 15—This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC rules (Code of Federal Regulations 47CFR Part 15). Operation is subject to the condition
that this device does not cause harmful interference.
• Notice—Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by ELPRO could void the user’s authority to
operate this equipment.
This Device should only be connected to PCs that are covered by either FCC DoC or are FCC certified.
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Safety
Exposure to RF energy is an important safety consideration. The FCC has adopted a safety standard for human
exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic energy emitted by FCC regulated equipment as a result of its actions
in Docket 93-62 and OET Bulletin 65 Edition 97-01.
UL Notice
1. The Wireless Ethernet module is to be installed by trained personnel / licensed electricians only and installation
must be carried out in accordance with the instructions listed in the Installation Guide and applicable local
regulatory codes.
2. The units are intended for Restricted Access Locations.
3. The Wireless Ethernet module is intended to be installed in a final enclosure, rated IP54, before use outdoors.
4. The Equipment shall be powered using an external Listed Power Supply with LPS outputs or a Class 2 Power
Supply.
5. The Wireless Ethernet module must be properly grounded for surge protection before use.
6. If installed in a hazardous environment coaxial cable shall be installed in a metallic conduit.
GNU Free Documentation License
Copyright (C) 2009 ELPRO Technologies.
ELPRO Technologies is using a part of Free Software code under the GNU General Public License in operating
the 945U-E product. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s code and
to any other program whose authors commit by using it. The Free Software is copyrighted by Free Software
Foundation, Inc., and the program is licensed “As is” without warranty of any kind. Users are free to contact ELPRO
Technologies for instructions on how to obtain the source code used in the 945U-E.
A copy of the license is included in “Appendix E - GNU FREE DOC LICENSE.”
Important Notice:
ELPRO products are designed to be used in industrial environments by experienced industrial engineering
personnel with adequate knowledge of safety design considerations.
ELPRO radio products are used on unprotected license-free radio bands with radio noise and interference. The
products are designed to operate in the presence of noise and interference. However, in an extreme cases radio
noise and interference could cause product operation delays or operation failure. As with all industrial electronic
products, ELPRO products can fail in a variety of modes due to misuse, age, or malfunction. We recommend that
users and designers design systems using design techniques intended to prevent personal injury or damage during
product operation, and provide failure tolerant systems to prevent personal injury or damage in the event of product
failure. Designers must warn users of the equipment or systems if adequate protection against failure has not been
included in the system design. Designers must include this Important Notice in operating procedures and system
manuals.
These products should not be used in non-industrial applications or life-support systems without first consulting
ELPRO.
1. A radio license is not required in some countries, provided the module is installed using the aerial and
equipment configuration described in the
further information on regulations.
945U-E Installation Guide
. Check with your local distributor for
2. Operation is authorized by the radio frequency regulatory authority in your country on a non-protection basis.
Although all care is taken in the design of these units, there is no responsibility taken for sources of external
interference. Systems should be designed to be tolerant of these operational delays.
3. To avoid the risk of electrocution, the aerial, aerial cable, serial cables and all terminals of the 945U-E module
should be electrically protected. To provide maximum surge and lightning protection, the module should be
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connected to a suitable ground/earth and the aerial, aerial cable, serial cables and the module should be
installed as recommended in the Installation Guide.
4. To avoid accidents during maintenance or adjustment of remotely controlled equipment, all equipment should
be first disconnected from the 945U-E module during these adjustments. Equipment should carry clear
markings to indicate remote or automatic operation. For example, “This equipment is remotely controlled and
may start without warning. Isolate at the switchboard before attempting adjustments.”
5. The 945U-E module is not suitable for use in explosive environments without additional protection.
6. The 945U-E operates using the same radio frequencies and communication protocols as commercially
available off-the shelf equipment. If your system is not adequately secured, third parties may be able to gain
access to your data or gain control of your equipment via the radio link. Before deploying a system make sure
you have considered the security aspects of your installation carefully.
Release Notice
This is the April 2013 release of the
2.16 modem firmware.
945U-E Ethernet Modem User Manual
version 2.14, which applies to version
Follow Instructions
Read this entire manual and all other publications pertaining to the work to be performed before installing,
operating, or servicing this equipment. Practice all plant and safety instructions and precautions. Failure to follow
the instructions can cause personal injury and/or property damage.
Proper Use
Any unauthorized modifications to or use of this equipment outside its specified mechanical, electrical, or other
operating limits may cause personal injury and/or property damage, including damage to the equipment. Any such
unauthorized modifications: (1) constitute “misuse” and/or “negligence” within the meaning of the product warranty,
thereby excluding warranty coverage for any resulting damage; and (2) invalidate product certifications or listings.
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION ...................7
1.0 Network Topology ........................7
Access Point vs. Client .....................8
Bridge vs. Router ..........................9
1.1 Getting Started Quickly ...................10
Chapter 2 - INSTALLATION ...................11
2.0 General ................................11
2.1 Antenna Installation ......................11
Antenna Diversity .........................11
Bench Test and Demo System Setup .........12
Plant and Factory Installations ...............12
Line-of-sight Installations ...................13
Antenna Gain and Loss ....................13
Installation Tips ..........................13
Dipole and Collinear Antennas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Directional Antennas ......................14
2.2 Power Supply ...........................15
2.3 Serial Connections .......................16
RS232 Serial Port .........................16
DB9 Connector Pinouts ....................16
RS485 Serial Port .........................16
2.4 Discrete (Digital) Input/Output ..............17
Chapter 3 - OPERATION .....................19
3.0 Startup ................................19
Access Point Startup .....................19
Client Startup ...........................19
Link Establishment ........................19
How a Link Connection Is Lost .........19
Roaming Clients ..........................19
LED Indication ...........................20
3.1 Selecting a Channel ......................20
802.11 (900 MHz) Channels .................20
Radio Throughput ........................21
Throughput and Repeaters .................22
3.2 Configuring the Unit for the First Time .......23
Default Configuration ......................23
Accessing Configuration for the First Time ....23
3.3 Quick Start .............................27
3.4 Network Configuration ....................28
3.6 Security Menu ..........................31
WEP (64 bit) and (128 bit) ..................32
Encryption Keys 1 to 4 ...............32
Default WEP Key ....................32
WEP Open Authentication Mode .......32
WEP Shares Authentication Mode ......32
WPA / WPA2 ............................32
WPA Enterprise - Authenticator
(AP) Configuration ........................33
WPA Enterprise - Supplicant
(Client) Configuration ......................34
3.7 Normal Operation .......................34
Bridge Operation (Transparent Network) .......34
Router Operation (Routed Network) ..........35
3.8 Radio Configuration ......................35
3.9 Advanced Radio Configuration .............37
Fixed Noise Floor .........................38
3.10 Serial Port Configuration .................39
RS-232 PPP Server .......................39
Serial Gateway (Server/Client/Multicast) .......40
Serial Gateway (Modbus–Modbus RTU to TCP) . 40
Modbus TCP to RTU Gateway ..............41
3.11 Serial Menu ...........................42
RS-232 / RS485 Serial Port Configuration .....42
RS232 PPP Server (Only RS232) .............42
RS-232 / RS485 Serial Gateway Mode ........42
RS-232 / RS485 Modbus TCP/RTU Converter ..43
3.12 Multicast Pipe Manager ..................44
3.13 Digital Input/Output .....................44
3.14 Modbus I/O Transfer ....................45
3.15 Roaming ..............................49
3.16 Repeaters (WDS) .......................50
3.17 Routing Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.18 Filtering ..............................59
MAC Address Filter Configuration ............60
IP Address Filter Configuration ..............61
ARP Filter Configuration ...................62
3.19 DHCP Client Configuration ...............62
3.20 DHCP Server Configuration ...............62
3.21 DNS Server Configuration ................62
3.22 VLAN ................................63
What is VLAN ............................63
Operation ...............................64
VLAN Group .............................65
Interface Membership .....................65
Examples ...............................66
3.23 Module Information Configuration ..........69
3.24 Configuration Examples .................70
Setting a 945U-E to Factory Default Settings ...70
Extending a Wired Network .................70
Connecting Two Networks Together ..........71
Extending Network Range with a Repeater Hop . 73
Chapter 4 - DIAGNOSTICS ...................74
4.0 Diagnostics Chart .......................74
4.1 Connectivity ............................74
Connectivity Parameters ...................75
Site Survey ..............................75
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4.2 Channel Survey (Utilization) ................75
Channel Utilization on a Live System .........76
Channel Utilization for Channel Selection
or RF Path Testing ........................76
Diagnosing Low Throughput ................76
Solutions for High Channel Utilization .........76
4.3 Custom Survey .........................78
4.4 Throughput Test ........................79
Internal Throughput Test ...................80
4.5 Statistics ..............................82
Wireless Statistics ........................82
Network Traffic Analysis ...................83
4.6 System Tools ...........................83
4.7 Testing Radio Paths ......................84
Connection and Signal Strength .............84
Throughput Test ..........................84
Internal Radio Tests .......................84
RSSI Test ..........................85
Throughput Test ....................85
4.8 Remote Configuration ....................86
4.9 Internal Diagnostic Modbus Registers .......87
Connection Information ....................87
Statistic Registers ...................88
4.10 Utilities ...............................88
ping ...................................88
ipconfig .................................90
arp ....................................90
route ...................................90
Appendix A - FIRMWARE UPGRADES ..........94
Web-based Upgrade ........................94
Appendix B - GLOSSARY ....................95
Appendix C - POWER CONVERSION ..........100
Power Conversion .........................100
Appendix D - IPERF THROUGHPUT TEST - EXT .101
Materials .................................101
Installation ...............................101
Iperf Application ...........................101
JPerf Application ..........................103
Appendix E - GNU FREE DOC LICENSE .......104
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ChapTEr 1 - INTrODUCTION
The 945U-E Wireless Ethernet Modem and Device Server is an industrial 802.11-compliant module that provides
wireless connections between Ethernet devices and/or Ethernet wired networks (LANs) and complies with relevant
IEEE 802.11 standards.
945U-E 802.11 630mW max power
945U-E-H 802.11 1000mW max power
The 945U-E is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) wireless transceiver that utilizes the unlicensed
900-MHz frequency band for communications. There are various channels and bandwidths available depending
on the country and their radio regulations. If operating in the North America you can choose from the following 9 x
1.25 MHz, 9 x 2.5 MHz, 4 x 5 MHz, 4 x 10 MHz or 2 x 20 MHz channels. If operating in Australia you can choose
from 4 x 1.25 MHz, 4 x 2.5 MHz, 3 x 5 MHz or 1 10 MHz channels, etc. For a more information see “3.1 Selecting a
Channel.”
The 945U-E unit also provides two serial connections as well as the Ethernet connections. It is possible to use all
three data connections concurrently, allowing the 945U-E to act as a Device Server. Wireless connections can be
made between serial devices and Ethernet devices. The 945U-E provides connection functionality between serial
“Modbus RTU” devices and Ethernet “Modbus TCP” devices. Appropriate driver applications will be required in the
host devices to handle other protocols.
The modem is VLAN compliant and capable of passing VLAN tagged frames by default. VLAN bridging and Routing
Modes are also available which will facilitate a number of different VLAN topologies.
The 945U-E has a standard RJ45 Ethernet connection which will operate at up to 100 Mbit/sec. The module will
transmit the Ethernet messages on the wireless band at rates between 1 and 54 Mbit/sec & 6 and 54 Mbit/sec
depending on model, band, encryption methods, and radio paths.
1.0 Network Topology
The 945U-E is an Ethernet device, and must be configured as part of an Ethernet network. Each 945U-E must be
configured as an:
• Access Point or Sta, Station, Client
Also needs to be configured as a:
• Bridge or Router
You can also connect to the 945U-E via an RS232 or RS485 serial port using serial server or point-to-point (PPP)
protocol. PPP allows the 945U-E to connect serial communications into the Ethernet network.
Figure 1 Network Topology
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Access Point vs. Client
The Access Point unit acts as the wireless master unit. The Access Point accepts and authorizes links initiated by
client units, and controls the wireless communications.
Clients (Stations) are slave units and when connected to the Access Point become transparent Ethernet links.
Figure 2 shows a connection between two Ethernet devices using 945U-E Ethernet modems. In this example one
945U-E is configured as an Access Point and the other as a Client. The Access Point can be connected.
Figure 2 Access Point and Client (Example 1)
Figure 3 shows an existing LAN being extended using 945U-Es. In this example, the Access Point is configured at
the LAN end, although the wireless link will still work if the Client is at the LAN end.
Figure 3 Access Point and Client (Example 2)
An Access Point can connect to multiple Clients. In this case, the Access Point should be the central unit.
Figure 4 Repeater
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An Access Point could be used as a repeater unit to connect two 945U-E Clients that do not have direct reliable
radio paths. There is no special repeater module—any 945U-E can be a repeater and at the same time can be
connected to an Ethernet devices or on a LAN.
Figure 5 Multiple Clients
Multiple Access Points can be set up in a mesh network to provide multiple repeaters.
Figure 6 Multiple Access Points
Bridge vs. Router
Each 945U-E is configured with one IP address for the Ethernet side and another for the wireless side. A Bridge
connects devices within the same Ethernet network, for example, extending an existing Ethernet LAN. For a Bridge,
the IP address for the wireless side is the same as the Ethernet side.
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Figure 7 Bridge
A Router connects devices on different LANs. The IP addresses for the Ethernet and wireless sides are different.
In the example in Figure 8, the wireless link is part of LAN A with the Client unit acting as a Router between LANA
and LAN B.
Alternatively, the Access Point could be configured as a Router. The wireless link is then part of LAN B. If more than
two routers are required within the same radio network, then routing rules may need to be configured (see“3.17
Routing Rules” for details). There is no limit to the number of Bridges in the same network, although there is a limit
of 128 Client units linked to any single Access Point.
Figure 8 Router
1.1 Getting Started Quickly
Most applications for the 945U-E require little configuration. The 945U-E has many sophisticated features, but if
you do not require these features you can use this section to configure the units quickly.
To get started quickly:
1. Read “Chapter 2 - INSTALLATION.” The 945U-E requires an antenna and a power supply.
2. Power the 945U-E and make an Ethernet connection to your PC.
For detailed steps, see “3.2 Configuring the Unit for the First Time.”
3. Set the 945U-E address settings as described in “3.2 Configuring the Unit for the First Time.”
4. Save the configuration.
The 945U-E is now ready to use.
Before installing the 945U-E, bench test the system. It is much easier to locate problems when the equipment is
altogether. There are additional configuration settings, that may improve the operation of the system. For more
information, see “3.0 Startup.”
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ChapTEr 2 - INSTaLLaTION
2.0 General
The 945U-E modules are housed in a rugged aluminum case suitable for DIN-rail mounting. Terminals will accept
wires up to 2.5 mm2 (12 gauge) in size. All connections to the module must be SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage).
Normal 110-250V mains supply must not be connected to any terminal of the 945U-E module. Refer to “2.2 Power
Supply.”
Before installing a new system, it is preferable to bench test the complete system. Configuration problems are
easier to recognize when the system units are adjacent. Following installation, the most common problem is poor
communications caused by incorrectly installed antennas, radio interference on the same channel, or the radio path
being inadequate. If the radio path is a problem (for example, the path is too long or obstructed), a higher
performance antenna or a higher mounting point for the antenna may rectify the problem. Alternatively, use an
intermediate 945U-E module as a repeater.
The
945U-E Installation Guide
is detailed below. Each 945U-E module should be effectively earthed via the “GND” terminal on the back of the
module. This is to ensure that the surge protection circuits inside are effective.
2.1 Antenna Installation
The 945U-E module will operate reliably over large distances. However, the achievable distances will vary with the
application, radio model, type and location of antennas, the degree of radio interference, and obstructions (such as
buildings or trees) to the radio path.
provides an installation drawing appropriate to most applications. Further information
The maximum range achievable depends on the radio model, the regulated RF power permitted in your country,
and whether you use separate transmit and receive antennas. A 945U-E (900 MHz) with a single antenna, 6.2 miles
can be achieved in USA, Canada (4W ERP) and 10 km in Australia, New Zealand (1W ERP).
To achieve the maximum transmission distance, the antennas should be raised above intermediate obstructions
so the radio path is true line-of-sight. The modules will operate reliably with some obstruction of the radio path,
although the reliable distance will be reduced. Obstructions that are close to either antenna will have more of a
blocking affect than obstructions in the middle of the radio path.
The 945U-E modules provide a diagnostic feature that displays the radio signal strength of transmissions. Refer to
“Chapter 4 - DIAGNOSTICS.”
Line-of-sight paths are only necessary to obtain the maximum range. Obstructions will reduce the range, however
may not prevent a reliable path. A larger amount of obstruction can be tolerated for shorter distances. For short
distances, it is possible to mount the antennas inside buildings. An obstructed path requires testing to determine if
the path will be reliable. Refer to “4.7 Testing Radio Paths.”
Where it is not possible to achieve reliable communications between two 945U-E modules, then a third 945U-E
module may be used to receive the message and re-transmit it. This module is referred to as a repeater. This
module may also have a host device connected to it.
The 945U-E unit has two antenna connections at the top of the module, allowing for two antennas to be fitted to
the module if need be. By default the right connector labeled TX/RX is the main connection used to transmitter
and receiver. The left connector, labeled “RX,” is not connected unless configured as described in “3.9 Advanced
Radio Configuration.” Each antenna port can be configured for TX only, RX only or Diversity (TX and RX). Selection
can be made by choosing one of the options from TX Antenna / RX Antenna on the Advanced Radio Configuration
page.
NOTE When only one antenna is used, it must be connected to the TX / RX connector.
Antenna Diversity
There are two main reasons for using Antenna diversity. The first is to improve the reliability of a radio link that may
be affected by multipath signals. Often if radio signals are transmitted in built-up area the signal can get reflected
off different surfaces and when these signals are received they can cancel each other out due to slightly different
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time delays. Using more than one antenna the radio is able to choose the best signal thus providing a more robust
radio link.
The second reason to use antennas diversity is to increase the received radio signal into the receiver. All countries
have radio licensing regulations that can often limit on the amount of transmitted power and radiated power from
the antenna. In the US this is 630 mW or 1000 mW for the 945U-E-H of transmit power and 4 watts EIRP (Effective
Isotropic Radiated Power) from the antenna. If a high gain antenna is used to try and improve the receive signal it
will also increase the transmit level and push it over the EIRP regulation limit.
Using Antenna diversity allows two antennas to be used, one for receive and the other for transmit / receive. The
TX / RX antenna has the normal restriction on gain to keep it below the regulation limit. However, the receive
antenna has no regulatory limits as it does not radiate power so a higher gain antenna can be used to receive
weaker signals. See “3.9 Advanced Radio Configuration” for details on configuring Antenna diversity.
In North America, the maximum allowable radiated power (EIRP) for a 945U-E is 4 Watts, which is 8 dB higher that
the modules transmit power of 630 mW or 6 dB higher that the transmit power of the 945U-E-H. Therefore we are
able to increase the antenna gain as long as overall system gain (antenna Gain – coax loss) does not go above 8dB
for the 945U-E or 6 dB for the 945U-E-H.
Example
• Using the 945U-E with 10 m (33 ft) of Cellfoil coax cable (approximately 3 dB of loss) and an 8 dBi collinear
antenna would equate to approximately 5 dB of gain, which is below the regulated 8 dB limit.
• Using the 945U-E-H with 20 m (66 ft) of Cellfoil coax cable (approximately 6 dB of loss) and a 10 dBi Yagi
antenna would equate to approximately 4 dB of gain, which is below the regulated 6 dB limit.
Bench Test and Demo System Setup
Care must be taken with placement of antenna in relation to the radios and the other antennas. Strong radio signals
can saturate the receiver, hindering the overall radio communications.
When setting up a bench test, demo, or a short range system, the following considerations should be taken into
account for optimum radio performance and reduced signal saturation.
• If using Demo Whip antennas (DG-900 and WH-900), it is recommended that only the Access Point be fitted
with an antenna.
• If using Demo Whip antennas on each end, a 20 dB coax attenuator must be connected in-line with the coax
cable.
• If using Demo Whip antennas, modules and antennas must be kept a suitable distance from each other. Check
the receive signal strength on the Connectivity page of the module and ensure the level is not greater than
-45dB.
Demo Whip antennas should not be used in the final installation as the maximum performance of the modem
cannot be guaranteed. If using a DG-900 antenna, it is better to keep the antennas at least 3 ft (1 m) away from the
module so as to limit RF saturation.
Plant and Factory Installations
Another application where antenna diversity may be needed is in industrial plants and factories installations which
can suffer from multipath fading effects where multiple reflected radio signals adversely affect the signal strength.
In a static installation where the radio path is not changing, moving an antenna to the position of maximum signal
solves this problem. However, where the radio path changes because the 945U-E is mounted on moving equipment
or if there is moving equipment in the area, the solution is to use two antennas. Because the two connectors are
separated, the RF signal at each connector will be different in the presence of multi-path fading. The 945U-E unit
will automatically select the higher RF signal provided RX diversity has been enabled on the radio Configuration
page.
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Line-of-sight Installations
In longer line-of-sight installations, the range may be increased by using a high gain antenna on the TX / RX
connector. However, the gain should not cause the effective radiated power (ERP) to exceed the permitted value.
A second higher gain antenna can be connected to the RX connector without affecting ERP. This will increase the
operating range provided any interference in the direction of the link is low.
Antenna Gain and Loss
Antennas can be either connected directly to the module connectors or connected via 50-ohm coaxial cable
(for example, RG58 Cellfoil or RG213) terminated with a male SMA coaxial connector. The higher the antenna
is mounted, the greater the transmission range will be. However, cable losses also increase as the length of the
coaxial cable increases.
The net gain of an antenna-cable configuration is the gain of the antenna (in dBi) less the loss in the coaxial cable
(in dB). The 945U-E maximum net gain for US and Canada is 10dB (4W ERP) and 0dB for Australia and NZ (1 W
ERP). There is no gain restriction for antennas connected to the RX connector unless “TX Diversity” is enabled on
the Radio page.
The gains and losses of typical antennas are as follows.
Antenna 945U-E Gain (dBi)
Dipole 0 dB
Collinear 5 or 8 dBi
Directional 10–15 dBi
Cable Loss dB per 30 m / 100 ft
RG58 Cellfoil -9 dB
RG213 -7.4 dB
LDF4-50 -2 dB
The net gain of the antenna/cable configuration is determined by adding the antenna gain and the cable loss. For
example, an 8 dBi antenna (5.8 dBd) with 10 meters of Cellfoil (3 dBd) has a net gain of 2.8 dB (5.8 dB–3 dB).
Installation Tips
Connections between the antenna and coaxial cable should be carefully taped to prevent ingress of moisture.
Moisture ingress in the coaxial cable is a common cause for problems with radio systems, as it greatly increases
the radio losses. We recommend that the connection be taped, firstly with a layer of PVC Tape, then with a
vulcanizing tape such as 3M™ 23 tape and finally with another layer of PVC UV-stabilized insulating tape. The first
layer of tape allows the joint to be easily inspected when trouble shooting as the vulcanizing seal can be easily
removed.
Where antennas are mounted on elevated masts, the masts should be effectively earthed to avoid lightning surges.
For high lightning risk areas, approved ELPRO surge suppression devices such as the CSD-SMA-2500 or CSD-N6000 should be fitted between the module and the antenna. If using non ELPRO surge suppression devices, the
devices must have a TURN ON voltage of less than 90 V. If the antenna is not already shielded from lightning strike
by an adjacent earthed structure, a lightning rod may be installed above the antenna to provide shielding.
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Figure 9 Vulcanizing Tape
Dipole and Collinear Antennas
A dipole or collinear antenna transmits the same amount of radio power in all directions—as such they are easy
to install and use. The dipole antenna with integral 15 ft (5 m) cable does not require any additional coaxial cable.
However, a cable must be used with the collinear antennas. To obtain maximum range, collinear and dipole
antennas should be mounted vertically, preferably 1 wavelength away from a wall or mast (see Figure 10 for
distances), and at least 3 ft (1 m) from the radio module.
Figure 10 Collinear/Dipole Antenna
Directional Antennas
Directional antennas can be any of the following:
• Yagi antenna with a main beam and orthogonal elements.
• Directional radome, which is cylindrical in shape.
• Parabolic antenna.
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A directional antenna provides high gain in the forward direction, but lower gain in other directions. This type of
antenna may be used to compensate for coaxial cable loss for installations with marginal radio path.
Yagi antennas should be installed with the main beam horizontal, pointing in the forward direction. If the Yagi is
transmitting to a vertically mounted omni-directional antenna, the Yagi elements should be vertical. If the Yagi is
transmitting to another Yagi, the elements at each end of the wireless link need to in the same plane
(horizontal or vertical).
Directional radomes should be installed with the central beam horizontal and must be pointed exactly in the
direction of transmission to benefit from the gain of the antenna. Parabolic antennas should be mounted as per the
manufacturer’s instructions, with the parabolic grid at the back and the radiating element pointing in the direction of
the transmission.
Ensure that the antenna mounting bracket is well connected to ground/earth.
Figure 11 Dipole Antenna
2.2 Power Supply
The 945U-E module can be powered from a 9–30 Vdc power supply. The power supply should be rated at 1 Amp
minimum. The positive side of the supply must not be connected to earth. The supply negative is connected to the
unit case internally. The DC supply may be a floating supply or negatively grounded.
Figure 12 Power Supply
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The power requirements of the 945U-E unit are shown in the following table.
12Vdc 24Vdc
Quiescent 300 mA 160 mA
TX @100 mW 370 mA 190 mA
TX @ 400 mW 410 mA 210 mA
A ground terminal is provided on the back of the module. This terminal should be connected to the main ground
point of the installation in order to provide efficient surge protection for the module (refer to the Installation
diagram).
2.3 Serial Connections
RS232 Serial Port
The serial port is a 9-pin DB9 female and provides for connection to a host device as well as a PC terminal for
configuration, field testing, and factory testing. Communication is via standard RS232 signals. The 945U-E is
configured as DCE equipment with the pinouts described below.
Hardware handshaking using the CTS/RTS lines is provided. The CTS/RTS lines may be used to reflect the status
of the local unit’s input buffer. The 945U-E does not support XON/XOFF. Example cable drawings for connection to
a DTE host (a PC) or another DCE hosts (or modem) are detailed in Figure 13.
Figure 13 Serial Cable
DB9 Connector Pinouts
DB9 Connector Pinouts
Pin Name Direction Function
1 DCD Out Data Carrier Detect
2 RD Out Transmit Data – Serial Data Output (from DCE to DTE)
3 TD In Receive Data – Serial Data Input (from DTE to DCE)
4 DTR In Data Terminal Ready
5 SG Signal Ground
6 DSR Out Data Set Ready - always high when unit is powered on
7 RTS In Request to Send
8 CTS Out Clear to Send
9 RI Ring Indicator
RS485 Serial Port
The RS485 port provides for communication between the 945U-E unit and its host device using a multi-drop cable.
Up to 32 devices may be connected in each multi-drop network.
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Because the RS485 communication medium is shared, only one of the units on the RS485 cable may send data at
a time. Therefore, communication protocols based on the RS-485 standard require some type of arbitration.
RS485 is a balanced differential standard, but it is recommended that shielded twisted pair cable be used to
interconnect modules to reduce potential RFI. It is important to maintain the polarity of the two RS485 wires. An
RS485 network should be wired as indicated in the diagram below and terminated at each end of the network
with a 120-ohm resistor. On-board 120-ohm resistors are provided and may be engaged by operating the single
DIPswitch in the end plate next to the RS485 terminals. The DIP switch should be in the “1” (on) position to
connect the resistor. If the module is not at one end of the RS485 cable, the switch should be off.
NOTE Shorter runs of 485 cables may not require the termination resistors to be enabled.
Figure 14 Multidrop Serial
Figure 15 End Plate
2.4 Discrete (Digital) Input/Output
The 945U-E has one on-board discrete/digital I/O channel. This channel can act as either a discrete input or
discrete output. It can be monitored, set remotely, or alternatively used to output a communications alarm status.
If used as an input, the I/O channel is suitable for voltage-free contacts (such as mechanical switches) or
NPNtransistor devices (such as electronic proximity switches). PNP transistor devices are not suitable. Contact
wetting current of approximately 5 mA is provided to maintain reliable operation of driving relays.
The digital input is connected between the DIO terminal and common COM. The I/O circuit includes a LED indicator
which is green when the digital input is active, that is, when the input circuit is closed. Provided the resistance of
the switching device is less than 200 ohms, the device will be able to activate the digital input.
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Figure 16 DIO Input
The I/O channel may also be used as a discrete output. The digital outputs are transistor switched DC signals,
FEToutput to common rated at 30 Vdc 500 mA.
NOTE The output circuit is connected to the “DIO” terminal. The digital output circuit includes a LED
indicator which is red when the digital output is active.
Figure 17 DIO Output
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ChapTEr 3 - OpEraTION
3.0 Startup
Access Point Startup
When an access point (AP) unit starts up, it will immediately begin transmitting periodic messages (beacons) on the
configured channel. Beacons include information that a client may examine in order to identify if the access point
is suitable for link establishment. Clients will only attempt to establish a link with an access point whose beacon
indicates a matching SSID. Access points do not initiate link establishment.
Client Startup
When a client powers up, it scans for beacons from access points. While a link is not established, the client
cyclically scans all available channels for a suitable access point. The client will attempt to establish a link with an
access point only if it has matching SSID, encryption method, and other compatible capabilities as indicated by
the beacon. If more than one suitable access point is discovered, the client will attempt to establish a link with the
access point that has the strongest radio signal.
Link Establishment
Once a client identifies a suitable access point for link establishment, it attempts to establish a link using a twostep process—authentication‚ and association. During authentication, the client and access point check if their
configurations permit them to establish a link. Once the client has been authenticated, it will request an association
to establish a link.
Status of the wireless link is indicated via the TX/LINK LED. For an access point, the TX/LINK LED will be off as
long as no links have been established. Once one or more links have been established, the TX/LINK LED is on
green. For a client, the Link LED will reflect the connection status to an access point. Link status is also displayed
on the Connectivity page of the Web interface.
After the link is established, data may be transferred in both directions. The access point will act as a master unit
and will control the flow of data to the clients linked to it. Clients can only transmit data to the access point to
which they are connected. When a client transfers data to another client, it first transmits the data to the access
point, which then forwards the data to the destined client. A maximum of 127 clients may be linked to an access
point.
NOTE The presence of a link does not mean that the connected unit is authorized to communicate over
radio. If the encryption keys are incorrect between units in the same system, or a dissimilar encryption
scheme is configured, the Link LED turns on, but data cannot be passed over the wireless network.
How a Link Connection Is Lost
The access point refreshes the link status with a client every time a message is received from that client. If nothing
is received from a client for a period of 120 seconds, the access point sends a “link-check” message. If there is no
response to the link check a de-authenticate message is sent and the link is dropped.
A client monitors beacon messages from an access point to determine whether the link is still present. If the client
can no longer receive beacons from the access point it assumes the access point is out of range and the link is
dropped. Whenever a Client is not connected to an access point, it will cyclically scan all available channels for a
suitable access point.
Roaming Clients
Clients can roam within a system, but if the link to the access point fails or the radio signal level becomes too weak
it will scan for beacons and connect to an access point (provided the SSID and any encryption methods, keys are
compatible). If there are multiple access points, it selects the connection with the best signal level. This functionality
permits a client to have mobility while maintaining a link with the most suitable access point.
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LED Indication
The following table details the status of the indicating LEDs on the front panel under normal operating conditions.
LED Indicator Condition Meaning
OK Green Normal operation.
OK Flashing Red/Green Module boot sequence.
Radio RX Green flash Radio receiving data (good signal strength).
Radio RX Red flash Radio receiving data (low signal strength).
TX/LINK Green Radio connection established.
TX/LINK Red flash Radio transmitting.
RS-232 Green flash Data dent from RS-232 serial port.
RS-232 Red flash Data received yo RS-232 serial port.
LAN On Link established on Ethernet port.
LAN Flash Activity on Ethernet port.
RS-485 Green flash Data sent from RS-485 serial port.
RS-485 Red flash Data received To RS-485 serial port.
DIO Green Digital input is grounded.
DIO Red Digital output is active.
DIO Off Digital output off and input is open circuit.
The Ethernet RJ45 port incorporates two indication LEDs. The Link LED comes on when there is a connection on
the Ethernet port, and will blink off briefly when activity is detected on the Ethernet port. The 100-MB LED indicates
that the connection is at 100 MBit/sec. The 100-MB LED will be off for 10 MB/sec connection. Other conditions
indicating a fault are described in “Chapter 4 - DIAGNOSTICS.”
3.1 Selecting a Channel
802.11 (900 MHz) Channels
The 945U-E conforms to the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN specification and supports various channels depending on
regulations within the country of use.
If operating in the US, Canada, the frequency range is 902–928 MHz and the available channels are as follows:
• 9 x non overlapping 1.25-MHz channels
• 9 x partially overlapping 2.5-MHz channels
• 4 x non overlapping 5-MHz channels
• 4 x overlapping 10-MHz channels
• 2 x overlapping 20-MHz channels
If operating in Australia, the frequency range is 915–928 MHz and the available channels are as follows:
• 4 x non overlapping 1.25-MHz channels
• 4 x partially overlapping 2.5-MHz channels
• 3 x overlapping 5-MHz channels
• 1 x 10-MHz channel
If operating in Hong Kong, the frequency range is 922–925 MHz and the available channels are as follows:
• 2 x non overlapping 1.25-MHz channels
• 1 x 2.5-MHz channel
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Regions will only show the available channels for that location. Figure 18 shows the frequency ranges and channels.
Figure 18 900MHz Channels
Each country or region has a different frequency regulation with multiple band widths and numerous channels
available. The main reason for having different channels and bandwidths is to allow multiple radios to operate
in close proximity with minimal interference. As you can see from the Channels Diagram (above) and the Data
Throughput Table (in the following section), the greater the band width, the greater the overall data throughput.
If selecting the high band width, for example 20 MHz, you will be limited to one channel, which may be more
susceptible to outside interference because it spans the available 900-MHz frequency range. In some regions this
high band width option may not even be available. If selecting the lower bands, for example 1.25 MHz, you have
more channels available and each channel is non-overlapping (adjacent channels do not cross over). However, the
data throughput will be considerably lower. If you require high data throughput, the higher band width will need to
be selected and care will also need to be taken with antenna placement.
Selecting a 20-MHz channel will give the maximum TCP/IP throughput of around 22 Mbps, but if the band width is
reduced (for example, 10 MHz or 5 MHz) the maximum data throughput will also be reduced. For an indication of
the data throughput levels used with different channel bandwidths see the 945U-E Radio Data Throughput table in
the next section.
Radio Throughput
Below is a table showing the maximum TCP/IP throughput based on channel selection and receiver signal level.
There are five channel bandwidths (20, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 MHz). These throughput estimations are based on
perfect radio conditions that assume little to no outside radio interference present while data is being passed, and
they are calculated using real-life conditions and communication constraints. Higher data rates are achievable by
using an external Iperf arrangement. For details, see “4.4 Throughput Test.”
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945U-E Radio Data Throughput
900MHz Data Rate in Mbps
Signal Strength 20MHz 10MHz 5MHz 2.5MHz 1.25MHz
-72 dBm 22.0 11.0 5.5 2.8 1.4
-75 dBm 20.0 10.0 5.0 2.5 1.3
-81 dBm 17.0 8.5 4.3 2.1 1.1
-84 dBm 11.0 5.5 2.8 1.4 0.7
-88 dBm 9.0 4.5 2.3 1.1 0.6
-91 dBm 6.0 3.0 1.5 0.75 0.38
-90 dBm 5.5 2.8 1.4 0.69 0.34
-91 dBm 4.5 2.3 1.1 0.56 0.28
-92 dBm 3.0 1.5 0.75 0.38 0.19
-91 dBm 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.13
-93 dBm 1.0 0.50 0.25 0.13 0.06
-95 dBm 0.5 0.25 0.13 0.06 0.03
Throughput and Repeaters
It should also be noted that if using repeaters to extend the range there will be a reduction in throughput for each
repeater hop. The following tables show the drop in throughput for each hop and for each of the channel widths.
Data Throughput Based on Repeater Hops
1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4 Hop 1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4 Hop 1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4 Hop
Signal 20 MHz Channel 10 MHz Channel 5 MHz Channel
-72 22 11 5.5 2.8 11. 5.5 2.8 1.4 5.5 2.8 1.4 .7
-75 20 10 5. 2.5 10. 5. 2.5 1.3 5. 2.5 1.3 .6
-81 17 8.5 4.3 2.1 8.5 4.3 2.1 1.1 4.3 2.1 1.1 .5
-84 11 5.5 2.8 1.4 5.5 2.8 1.4 .7 2.8 1.4 .69 .34
-88 9 4.5 2.3 1.1 4.5 2.3 1.1 .6 2.3 1.1 .56 .28
-91 6 3 1.5 .75 3. 1.5 .75 .38 1.5 .75 .38 .19
-91 4.5 2.25 1.1 .56 2.3 1.1 .56 .28 1.1 .56 .28 .14
-92 3 1.5 .8 .38 1.5 .75 .38 .19 .8 .38 .19 .09
-93 1. .5 .25 .13 0.5 .25 .13 .06 .3 .13 .06 .03
Data Throughput Based on Repeater Hops
1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4 Hop 1 Hop 2 Hop 3 Hop 4 Hop
Signal 2.5 MHz Channel 1.25 MHz Channel
-72 2.8 1.4 .69 .34 1.4 .69 .34 .17
-75 2.5 1.3 .63 .31 1.3 .63 .31 .16
-81 2.1 1.1 .53 .27 1.1 .53 .27 .13
-84 1.4 .69 .34 .17 .69 .34 .17 .09
-88 1.1 .56 .28 .14 .56 .28 .14 .07
-91 .75 .38 .19 .09 .38 .19 .09 .05
-91 .56 .28 .14 .07 .28 .14 .07 .04
-92 .38 .19 .09 .05 .19 .09 .05 .02
-93 .13 .06 .03 .02 .06 .03 .02 .01
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3.2 Configuring the Unit for the First Time
The 945U-E has a built-in Web server, containing webpages for analyzing and modifying the module’s
configuration. The configuration can be accessed using Microsoft
program is shipped with Microsoft Windows® or may be obtained freely via the Microsoft website. If using other
browsers, they must be fully compliant with Internet Explorer 7 SSL security.
NOTE Microsoft Internet Explorer Version 6 will not load webpages due to a compatibility issue between
IE6 and SSL-security websites.
Default Configuration
The default factory configuration of the 945U-E is as follows:
• Client/Bridge.
• IP address 192.168.0.1XX, where “XX” is the last two digits of the serial number (the default IP address is
shown on the printed label on the back of the module).
• Netmask 255.255.255.0.
• Username is “user” and the default password is “user”.
The 945U-E will temporarily load some factory default settings if powered up with the factory default switch (on the
end-plate of the module) in the SETUP position. When in SETUP mode, wireless operation is disabled. The previous
configuration remains stored in non-volatile memory and will only change if a configuration parameter is modified
and the change saved.
®
Internet Explorer® version 7 or greater. This
NOTE Remember to set the switch back to the RUN position and cycle power at the conclusion of
configuration for resumption of normal operation.
Accessing Configuration for the First Time
Because the default IP address of the 945U-E is within the range 192.168.0.XXX, the module may not connect to
your network or PC. There are two methods for accessing the configuration for the first time.
METhOD 1: Change your computer settings so that the configuring PC is on the same network as the 945U-E with
the factory default settings. This is the preferred method and is much simpler than the second method. You will
need a straight-through Ethernet cable between the PC Ethernet port and the 945U-E. The factory default Ethernet
address for the 945U-E is 192.168.0.1XX, where “XX” is the last two digits of the serial number (check the label on
the back of the module).
METhOD 2: Requires temporarily changing the IP address in the 945U-E via an RS232 connection so that it is
accessible on your network without having to change your PC network settings. When connected you can change
the modem network settings to match that of your network.
Method 1 – Set PC to Same Network as 945U-E
1. Connect the Ethernet cable between module and the PC configuring the module.
2. Set the factory default switch to the SETUP position.
This will always start the 945U-E with Ethernet IP address 192.168.0.1XX, subnet mask 255.255.255.0,
gateway IP 192.168.0.1, and the radio disabled.
3. Power up the 945U-E module.
NOTE Remember to set the switch back to the RUN position and restart the module at the conclusion
of configuration for resumption of normal operation.
4. On the PC, open the Control Panel, and then open Network Settings.
The following description is for Windows XP. Earlier Windows operating systems have similar settings.
5. Open Properties of Local Area Connection.
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6. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click Properties.
Figure 19 Local Area Connection
7. On the General tab, enter IP address 192.168.0.1, subnet mask 255.255.255.0 and click OK.
Figure 20 TCP/IP Properties
8. Open Internet Explorer and ensure that settings will allow you to connect to the IP address selected.
If the PC uses a proxy server, ensure that Internet Explorer will bypass the proxy server for local addresses.
This option may be modified by opening Tools -> Internet Options -> Connections Tab -> LAN Settings->Proxy
Server -> bypass proxy for local addresses.
9. Enter the default IP address for the 945U-E.
The default address is 192.168.0.1XX, where “XX” is the last two digits of the serial number.
10. Enter the username “user” and default password “user.”
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Figure 21 Main Screen
11. To resume normal configured operation when configuration is complete, switch the factory default DIP switch
on the 945U-E to RUN and cycle power.
NOTE Security Certificates. Configuration of the 945U-E uses an encrypted link (https). The security
certificate used by the 945U-E is issued by ELPRO and matches the IP address 192.168.0.100.
When you first connect to the 945U-E, your Web browser will issue a warning that ELPRO is not a trusted
authority. Ignore this warning and proceed to the configuration webpage.
Internet Explorer 7 has an additional address check on security certificates. Unless the 945U-E has the
address 192.168.0.100, when you first connect to the 945U-E Internet Explorer 7 will issue a warning about
mismatched security certificate address. You can turn off this behavior in IE7 by selecting:
Tools > Internet Options > Advanced > Security > Warn about certificate address mismatch
Method 2 – Set 945U-E Network Address to Match the Local Network
For this method you will need to determine what IP address, Gateway address, and netmask to assign to the
945U-E so that it appears on your network. Ask your system administrator if you do not know the correct settings
for your network. The default IP address of the 945U-E modem is 192.168.0.1 and the network you wish to connect
to is on 10.10.0.X (the PC is on 10.10.0.5).
Once you have determined the correct settings for your network, you need to connect to the modem’s RS-232
serial port using a straight-through serial cable and a terminal package (such as HyperTerminal) set to 115,200
baud. 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
1. Open HyperTerminal and monitor communications.
2. Set the SETUP/RUN switch to the SETUP position, and connect power to the modem.
3. Observe HyperTerminal and when you see the ELPRO Dragon screen (see Figure 22) press Enter to get the
prompt “#.”
4. Type the following “ifconfig” command to show the configuration of the Ethernet port. From this you will be
able to see the IP address.
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Figure 22 Dragon
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:12:AF:FF:FF:FF
inet addr:192.168.0.1 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU: 1500 Metric: 1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:256
5. Temporarily change the IP address to an one that will enable connection to your local network.
For example, type “ifconfig eth0 10.10.0.6 netmask 255.255.255.0”. Only add the netmask if the netmask is
anything other than the standard 255.255.255.0.
IP address should now be changed.
6. Verify that the IP address is changed by typing “ifconfig” again.
Note that these changes are only temporary, and if the module is reset they will go back to the normal default
(192.168.0.XXX).
7. Open Internet Explorer and ensure that settings will allow you to connect to the IP address selected. If the PC
uses a proxy server, ensure that Internet Explorer will bypass the proxy server for local addresses.
This option may be modified by opening Tools -> Internet Options -> Connections Tab -> LAN Settings->Proxy
Server -> bypass proxy for local addresses.
8. Enter the IP address for the 945U-E into the Internet Explorer address bar.
For example, if you changed the temporary address in step 5 to “10.10.0.6,” you would enter http://10.10.0.6.
9. Enter the username “user” and default password “user.”
You should now be connected to the main index page on the modem.
10. Connect to the Network page and change the Ethernet Interface and Wireless Interface IP addresses to
10.10.0.6.
11. Switch the RUN/SETUP switch back to RUN and click Save Changes and Reset.
NOTE Because the modem can be setup numerous ways (such as a bridge or router), this setup will
allow the modem to appear on the 10.10.0.X network. Any other configuration changes can be made
after this initial connection (see the following sections on configuration).
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3.3 Quick Start
The 945U-E has a Quick Start Configuration option that covers the most important parameters needed to get an
initial connection. This is the first stage of the module configuration. For most applications, no further configuration
is required. For more advanced applications, additional parameters can be changed via the normal configuration
pages after the Quick Start configuration has been saved.
Figure 23 Quick Start
Quick Start Configuration:
1. Select Quick Start from the Main Menu, and then set the following parameters:
• Operating Mode—Access Point or Client. Bridge operation is assumed. For router selection, go to the
Network page after Quick Start.
• Default Gateway—This is the address that the device will use to forward messages to remote hosts that are
not connected to any of the local bridged networks (Ethernet or Wireless).
• IP Address / Subnet Mask IP—IP address and subnet mask for your application.
• System Address (ESSID)—The system address is a text string 1 to 31 characters long used to identify your
system.
• Radio Encryption—Radio encryption selection (None, WPA-PSK (TKIP), WPA-PSK (AES) or WPA2). Refer to
“3.7 Security Menu” if WEP or enterprise encryption is required.
• WPA Passphrase—128-bit encryption keys are internally generated based on the passphrase and system
address (ESSID). The passphrase must be between 8 and 63 characters long, and must be the same for all
945U-E units in the same system.
The default settings will be shown. If your system is connecting individual devices that are not connected to an
existing Ethernet LAN, you can use the factory default IP values. If you are connecting to an existing LAN, you
need to change the IP addresses to match your LAN addresses.
2. After configuring, click Save to Flash and Reset.
Radio Data Rate and Channel will be set to “Auto,” Radio Transmit Power will be set to maximum, and any
previous configuration of unrelated parameters will not be modified and will still apply.
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3.4 Network Configuration
You can view or modify Ethernet network parameters by selecting the Network menu. When prompted for the
username and password, enter “user” as the username, and “user” as the password. This is the factory default
setting. To change the default username and password, see “3.23 Module Information Configuration.” If you have
forgotten the IP address or password, the factory default switch may be used to access the existing configuration.
Refer to the previous section for more information.
Figure 24 Network
The Network Configuration page allows configuration of parameters related to the wired and wireless Ethernet
interfaces. In general, IP address selection will be dependent upon the connected wired Ethernet device(s). Before
connecting to an existing LAN consult the network administrator.
Default configuration of the module will be “Client” and “Bridge.” When in Bridged mode the module’s wired and
wireless IP address will be the same, meaning only one IP address is required. If the device mode is changed to
“Router” the page will display two IP addresses, one for Ethernet and one for wireless. For more information on
bridging networks, see “3.18 Routing.”
If the module has been configured for VLAN, the page will show device mode as “VLAN Bridge,” and the Ethernet
IP and netmask will no longer be editable. See “3.22 VLAN” for details on VLAN configuration.
A system of 945U-Es must have at least one access point, configured as a master, and have one or more
clients. All 945U-Es should be given the same system address (ESSID) and radio encryption settings. For further
information and examples on wireless network topologies refer to “1.0 Network Topology.”
The 945U-E supports several different radio encryption schemes. If utilizing any form of encryption, all modules in
the system that communicate with each other will need the same encryption method and encryption keys.
The available encryption methods are as follows:
• WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption is the weakest encryption method defined by the original
IEEE802.11 standard and uses a 40-bit or 104-bit key with a 24-bit initialization vector to give a 64-bit and
128-bit WEP encryption level. WEP is not considered an effective security scheme, and should only be used
if it is necessary to inter-operate with other equipment which does not support more modern encryption
methods.
• WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is a subset of the IEEE802.11i Security Enhancements specification.
• WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) replaced WPA and provides significant security improvements over this
method. In particular, it introduces CCMP, a new AES-based encryption mode with strong security.
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• WPA/WPA2-PSK (Legacy Support) enables the modem to communicate to all WPA methods including TKIP,
AES, and WPA2 AES. Generally only used if the network has older devices that does not support the higher
level encryption methods. Enabling this option will lower the security level of the network down to the weakest
configured encryption level (WPA TKIP).
• WPA-Enterprise (802.1x) removes the need to manage the pre-shared key (PSK) by using an external server
to provide client authentication. Clients that are not authorized will be prevented from accessing the network.
Once a client has provided the correct authentication credentials, access is permitted and data encryption
keys are established, similar to WPA-PSK. Fine grain (user level) access control can be achieved using this
method.
An 802.1x capable RADIUS server may already be deployed in a large scale network environment. The 945U-E
can make use of this server reducing replication of user authentication information.
In a typical WPA-enterprise setup, the 945U-E access point acts as Authenticator, controlling access to the
network. Wireless clients (945U-Es, laptops or other devices) act as Supplicants, requesting access to the
network. The Authenticator communicates with an authentication (RADIUS) server on the Ethernet network to
verify Supplicant identity. When a Supplicant requests access, it sends an access request to the Authenticator,
which passes an authentication request to the external authentication server. When the user credentials of the
Supplicant are verified, the Authenticator enables network access for the Supplicant, data encryption keys are
established and network traffic can pass.
Configuration of WPA-enterprise differs when the unit is configured as an access point (Authenticator) or client
(Supplicant). If WDS interfaces are used, it is possible for one 945U-E to act as both an Authenticator and a
Supplicant, but in this situation only one set of user credentials can be entered for all Supplicants.
The 945U-E supports WPA-1 TKIP, WPA-1 AES and WPA-2 AES using a pre-shared key (PSK).
• WPA PSK TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) enhances WEP by using 128-bit encryption plus separate
64-bit TX and RX MIC (message integrity check) keys.
• WPA PSK AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) uses the more advanced CCMP encryption protocol and is
essentially a draft of the IEEE 802.11i wireless network standard. This is the recommended encryption method
for most applications.
• WPA2 AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is the most secure encryption method and is also based on
128-bit encryption key.
After changes are made to Network Configuration, it is important to save the configuration by clicking Save
Changes or by clicking Save Changes and Reset.
NOTE If making changes to a remote module via the radio link, make sure all changes are compliant
and accurate before clicking Save to Flash and Reset. Some field changes may stop the radio link from
working and will require a hard wire connection to restore.
Network Settings Webpage Fields
Operating Mode Used to select Access Point (Infrastructure), Client (Infrastructure). By default this is
set to Client.
System Address
(ESSID)
A 945U-E wireless network comprises modules with the same system address.
Only modules with the same system address will communicate with each other.
The system address is a text string 1–31 characters long. Select a text string that
identifies your system.
Desired BSSID To force a client/station to always connect to the same access point, enter the MAC
address of that access point in the Desired BSSID field. Note that the ESSID of the
access point must also match the configured ESSID of the client.
Radio Encryption Select the desired radio encryption level. The encryption key, passphrase, and other
security information is entered on the Security Menu. See “3.6 Security Menu.”
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Device Mode Used to select Bridge or Router mode. By default, this is set to Bridge. If VLAN is
enabled the Device Mode will indicate “VLAN” and the IP Address and Netmask will
only be editable from the VLAN page.
Bridge STP Selecting this checkbox enables Spanning Tree Protocol in bridged networks. See
“3.5 Spanning Tree Algorithm” for details.
Obtain IP Address
Automatically
IP Address Bridge Mode—The IP address of the 945U-E module. Both wired (Ethernet Interface)
IP Subnet Mask The IP network mask of the 945U-E module. This should be set to the appropriate
Default Gateway This is the address that the device will use to forward messages to remote hosts that
Save Changes Save changes to non-volatile memory. The module will need to be restarted before
Save Changes and
Reset
Selecting this checkbox enables DHCP client on the 945U-E. A DHCP client requests
its IP address from a DHCP server which assigns the IP address automatically. For
more information, refer to “3.20 DHCP Server Configuration.” By default, this option is
not selected.
port and wireless (Wireless Interface) ports will take on this address.
Router Mode—Separate IP addresses are required for each interface. IP addresses
must be different.
subnet mask for your system (typically, 255.255.255.0). In Router mode, each
interface will have its own netmask.
are not connected to any of the local bridged networks (Ethernet or Wireless). This is
only required if the wired LAN has a gateway unit that connects to devices beyond
the LAN (for example, Internet access). If there is no gateway on the LAN, set this to
the same address as the access point (the Ethernet IP Address below). Refer to “3.17
Routing Rules” for more information.
the changes take effect.
Save settings to non-volatile memory and reboot the 945U-E. Once the module has
completed the reboot sequence, all changes are in effect.
3.5 Spanning Tree Algorithm
The bridge Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) function was introduced to handle network loops and provide redundant
paths in networks. To enable this function, select the STP checkbox on any WDS connections that you have
configured on the Repeaters configuration page.
For example, consider the following network (Figure 25) with a redundant wireless link. If the bridge STP is enabled,
one of the two wireless links will be disabled and all wireless data will be transferred by one link only. If the active
link fails, the other link will automatically start transferring the wireless data.
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