CT-520
SHDSL Router
User’s Manual
Version 3.52_5, 11-27-2002
261014-028
i
Preface
This manual is written for software version 3.52_5. It is designed to provide
information to network administrators. It covers the installation, operation and
applications of the CT-520 SHDSL router.
Copyright
Copyright© 2002 Comtrend Corporation. All rights reserved. The content of this
manual is subject to change without notice. The information and messages
contained herein are proprietary to Comtrend Corporation. No part of this
manual may be translated, transcribed, reproduced, in any form, or by any means
without prior written permission by Comtrend Corporation.
Contacting us
The reader is presumed to have a basic understanding of telecommunications. For
product updates, new product releases, manual revisions, software upgrades,
technical support, visit Comtrend Corporation at: http://www.comtrendcorp.com
Technical support
If your modem is malfunctioning or you require technical service please send
Email to: mailto:globalsp@comtrendcorp.com
Warning
Before servicing or disassembling this equipment, always disconnect all power
and telephone lines from the wall outlet.
Use an appropriate power supply and a UL Listed telephone line cord.
Specification of the power supply is clearly stated in Appendix B -
Specification.
ii
TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Application.....................................................................................1
1.2 Faceplate LED Indicators.................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2 INSTALLATION ................................................................3
2.1 Preparing for Hardware Installation ...................................................3
2.2 Rear-panel Connections ................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 3 WEB-BASED ACCESS ........................................................5
3.1 Login ............................................................................................ 5
3.2 Web Page Layout ............................................................................ 7
3.3 Password Setup .............................................................................. 8
3.4 Write System Configurations........................................................... 10
3.5 Load Factory Default Values............................................................ 11
CHAPTER 4 CONFIGURING THE LAN INTERFACE...............................12
OVERVIEW.......................................................................1
CHAPTER 5 CONFIGURING THE WAN INTERFACE .............................14
5.1.1 RFC-1483 Bridged Mode.............................................................. 15
5.1.2 RFC-1483 Routed....................................................................... 16
5.1.3 PPPoA....................................................................................... 17
5.1.4 PPPoE....................................................................................... 19
5.1.5 VC Data Flow Control.................................................................. 21
5.1.6 Setting up an ISP....................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 6 BRIDGING .....................................................................26
6.1 Spanning Tree Protocol .................................................................. 26
6.2 Static Bridging.............................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 7 ROUTING .......................................................................28
7.1 Static Route ................................................................................. 28
7.2 Set-up the RIP function.................................................................. 30
7.3 Displaying the Routing Table........................................................... 32
CHAPTER 8 SNMP.............................................................................33
8.1 Enable SNMP................................................................................ 33
8.2 Disable SNMP ............................................................................... 34
iii
CHAPTER 9
9.1 Multiple to One ............................................................................. 36
9.2 One to One NAT............................................................................ 37
9.3 Multi-NAT .................................................................................... 38
9.4 Virtual Server............................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 10 DHCP ...........................................................................41
10.1 DHCP Server ............................................................................. 41
10.2 DHCP Relay............................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 11 DNS PROXY.................................................................. 43
CHAPTER 12 IGMP ...........................................................................44
CHAPTER 13 MAINTENANCE AND DIAGNOSTICS ..............................46
13.1.1 Software Upgrade and Configuration Backup /Restoration.............. 46
13.2 OAM Loopback........................................................................... 50
13.3 Ping ......................................................................................... 51
13.4 Performance Monitoring .............................................................. 52
13.5 System statistics........................................................................ 52
13.6 TCP-IP statistics......................................................................... 53
13.7 Interface Monitor ....................................................................... 54
NAT ...............................................................................35
CHAPTER 14 APPLICATION EXAMPLE...............................................55
14.1 Adding the Static Route (Web) ..................................................... 55
CHAPTER 15 MONITORING THE DEVICE ........................................... 57
15.1 Monitoring the SHDSL Line .......................................................... 57
15.2 Performance statistics................................................................. 58
CHAPTER 16 CONSOLE ACCESS ........................................................60
16.1.1 Login ..................................................................................... 60
16.1.2 Keyboard Operations................................................................ 62
16.1.3 Motoring the SHDSL Line Status ................................................ 65
16.1.4 Password Setup....................................................................... 65
16.1.5 Retrieve the Factory Default Settings.......................................... 66
16.1.6 Disable the Web Browser.......................................................... 66
16.1.7 Save the Configurations ........................................................... 67
CHAPTER 17 TELNET ACCESS ...........................................................68
17.1 Setting a Common IP Address...................................................... 68
iv
Telnet Access............................................................................. 70
17.2
APPENDIX A: SPECIFICATIONS ..........................................................71
APPENDIX B - PIN ASSIGNMENTS ......................................................74
GLOSSARY . ............................................................................ 75
v
CHAPTER 1 Overview
The SHDSL router satisfies the needs of multiple users in small/home offices and
remote/branch offices. It provides symmetrical transmission speeds of up to 2.3
Mbps through a SHDSL connection, over one ordinary telephone line. In addition,
it supports up to 16 virtual concurrent connections to multiple destinations.
The SHDSL router can be used for variety of applications, including video
conferencing, remote training, e-commerce, and other multimedia applications.
Easy configuration and monitoring can be accomplished using the Web browser.
The SHDSL router has full routing capabilities to segment/route IP protocol and is
capable of bridging other protocols. It can be also configured in either server or
client mode enabling point-to-point connectivity between two sites.
1.1 Application
The router can be used for DSLAM and point-to-point applications.
DSLAM Application
Point to Point Application
1
1.2 Faceplate LED Indicators
LED Color Mode Function
On AC power input is supplied to this unit POWER Green
Off Power is not connected
ALERT Red
COL Yellow On Collision occurs over Ethernet
LINK Green
Off Normal status
On An alarm is occurring
Flash Software downloading or self-testing
On Transmit data or receive data over Ethernet link ACT Green
Off No data transmitted or received over the Ethernet link
On The physical link through RJ11 connection cable is
established
Flash SHDSL line is training
Off SHDSL connection not established
On Receive data over SHDSL link Data RX Green
Off No data received over the SHDSL link
On Transmit data over the SHDSL link Data TX Green
Off No data transmitted over the SHDSL link
2
CHAPTER 2 Installation
2.1 Preparing for Hardware Installation
The following equipment may be necessary to install the router:
AC power adapter
A power adapter is shipped with the router.
LAN connection cable
Use an RJ45 cable to connect the device to a PC or Hub.
RJ11 cable
An RJ11 cable is needed to connect to the LINE port to the wall outlet.
Console Port Cable –
An RS-232, DB9-to-DB9 straight-through cable is required to connect the device
to a terminal via the console port.
VT-100 Compatible Terminal –
This terminal is required to perform the management via the console port. This is
normally a terminal with a VT-100 emulation program, such as Telix and
HyperTerminal Edition5.
3
2.2 Rear-panel Connections
Step 1 DSL connection
Connect the supplied telephone cable to the port marked LINE at the back of the
SHDSL router. Connect the other end of the cable to your telephone-line wall
outlet. Ensure your computer is turned on before you connect the DSL line to the
router. A green LED on the front of the device labeled LINK will illuminate steadily.
If the SHDSL LINK LED does not illuminate steadily within one minute of it being
connected, check your cable connections to ensure they are correct and securely
installed.
Step 2 Ethernet connection
Insert one end of the RJ45 Ethernet cable into the port marked LAN on the back of
the SHDSL router. Connect the other end of the cable into your Ethernet Network
Interface Card (NIC) installed in your computer. When the Ethernet connection is
established, the correspondent green LED on the front panel labeled LAN will
illuminate steadily.
Step 3 Power connection
Connect the supplied external AC adapter into the DC power outlet on the back of
the router. Connect the power supply into your wall outlet or surge protector.
Turn on the power switch. After powering on, the router performs a self-test.
Wait for a few seconds until the test is finished, then the router will be ready to
operate. The POWER indicator on the front of the router will illuminate green to
indicate that power is being supplied to the router.
Caution 1: If the router fails to power up, or it malfunctions, first verify that the
power supply is connected correctly. Then power it on again. If the
problem persists, contact our technical support engineers.
Caution 2: Before servicing or disassembling this equipment always disconnect all
power cords and telephone lines from the wall outlet.
4
CHAPTER 3 Web-based Access
This section describes how to manage the router via the Web browser from the
remote end. The Web page is best read with a display resolution of 1024 x 768.
To change the resolution you can go to the Microsoft Windows control panel and
click on the Display icon, and change the display settings. You will find the display
settings there.
3.1 Login
STEP 1: Configure your workstation to the same network segment as the router,
if for example the router is set to its default address of 192.168.1.1, we
could set the PC to 192.168.1.133 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Start your Internet browser.
Enter the IP address of the router in the Web address field. For
example, if the IP address is 192.168.1.1, enter http:// 192.168.1.1
5
STEP 4:
STEP 5:
You will be prompted to enter your user name and password. Type your
password, or if the password was not changed, type the default
passwords. The default ADMINISTRATOR user name and password are
root.
After successfully logging in, you will reach the main configuration page.
The left hand side has a menu and the right side is blank.
6
3.2 Web Page Layout
On each Web page, there are two areas.
Menu Bar:
two parts: Basic and Advanced. The Basic menu bar sets up the device for quick
setup. The Advanced menu bar configures advance functions such as SNMP,
DHCP server, and DNS proxy. The menu also covers the maintenance function.
Main Window:
button on the menu bar. It includes the tabs on the top of the window. The tabs
lead to other sub-screens.
On the left side of the Web page is the menu bar. It is divided into
The main window in middle of the page displays after clicking a
7
3.3 Password Setup
There are two types of access privileges. A system ADMINISTRATOR is the only
person that can configure, change parameters, monitor, and read the
performance and status of the system. A USER can only monitor and read the
status of the system. The password for access through the Web is the same as for
Telnet access.
To set-up a password, complete the following steps:
STEP 1 Click Change Password on the Basic menu bar.
STEP 2 Enter the passwords for Administrator and User, and confirm the new
password by re-typing the password again.
STEP 3 Click Apply to complete the settings and save the setting by entering the
Save & Reboot screen on the basic menu bar.
8
Terminal Type: When the router is connected to the DSLAM, select CPE.
When the router is connect to a router for point to point application, one of the
devices should be set to CO with the other set to CPE. The default setting is
CPE.
Console Password: Disabled, a local user does not have to enter a password
to enter the console mode. Enabled, users who attempt to access the
device from the console will be prompted for the password.
Session Timeout: The console or telnet session will be terminated after this
idle time. It is calculated in minutes. Users need to re-log on to the device
when the session times out. The default setting is zero, which means the
function is disabled.
9
3.4 Write System Configurations
The new parameters can function immediately without being saved to the flash
memory. To use these parameters after you restart the router, you must save
them to the flash memory.
To write the configurations, click the Save & Reboot button. Click the Save
button on the main screen. If you need to reboot the device after writing the
configurations, also click the Reboot button.
10
3.5 Load Factory Default Values
Caution! If you reset your device to the factory default, any changes to
parameters will be lost and all parameters will revert to their default values.
To retrieve the factory default settings,
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
Click Erase & Reboot on the Basic menu bar.
Click Erase and Reboot respectively.
11
CHAPTER 4 Configuring the LAN Interface
To set-up the Ethernet Interface, follow the descriptions below:
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
Click LAN Setup on the Basic Menu bar.
Enter the new IP address and Subnet, and click Apply to display the
following screen. [The default IP address is 192.168.1.1, the default
subnet Mask is 255.25.255.0]
12
STEP 3:
You can click the Change & Reboot button to use the new IP address
and reset the device immediately. This doesn’t need the save action.
Alternatively, you can click the Change button to use the new IP address
but you need to save the new setting before you reset the router. After
the IP address is changed, to be able to use the Web browser or telnet,
make sure your PC’s IP address is set to the same network segment.
13
CHAPTER 5 Configuring the WAN Interface
Click WAN Setup on the Basic menu bar and configure the VC to RFC1483
Bridged, RFC1483 Routed, PPPoE or PPPoA.
14
5.1.1 RFC-1483 Bridged Mode
To configure a WAN interface for Bridged (RFC-1483 Bridged) mode, complete the
following steps:
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Click WAN Setup on the Basic menu bar.
Click RFC-1483 Bridged Mode
Enter values for the following fields:
VPI Enter a value for the vitual path identifier
VCI Enter a value for the virtual channel identifier
LLCEncapsulation: With LLC encapsulation, a link control header is added to the Ethernet
packet that identifies the protocol type (Ethernet). This allows
multiple protocols to be transmitted over the ATM Virtual Circuit.
VC Multiplexing: With VC Multiplexing, no link control header is needed as the ATM
Virtual Circuit is assumed to be carrying a single protocol.
Enable NAPT This function cannot be set for bridge mode.
STEP 4: Click the Add button. The new VC is added in the Current ATM PVC List
on the bottom screen.
15
5.1.2 RFC-1483 Routed
To configure a WAN interface for RFC-1483 Routed, complete the following steps:
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Click WAN Setup on the Basic menu bar.
Click RFC-1483 Routed
Enter values for the following fields:
VPI/VCI Enter VPI (range:0-255) and VCI
(Range:0-65535)
AAL5 Encapsulation LLC and VCMUX
Napt Disabled: to disable NAPT
Enabled: to enable NAPT
WAN IP Address Enter the WAN IP address (X.X.X.X)
Net Mask Enter the subnet mask
STEP 4:
Click the Add button. The new VC is added in the Current ATM PVC List
on the bottom screen.
16
5.1.3 PPPoA
When a VC is configured for PPPoA, the router will auto-detect the Authentication
code (pap or chap), and the NAPT function will be enabled automatically.
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Click WAN Setup on the Basic menu bar.
Click PPPoA
Enter values for the following fields:
VPI Enter a value for the virtual path identifier (range:0-255)
VCI Enter a value for the virtual channel identifier (Range:0-65535)
LLC Encapsulation: With LLC encapsulation, a link control header is added to the
Ethernet packet that identifies the protocol type (Ethernet).
This allows multiple protocols to be transmitted over the ATM
Virtual Circuit.
User Name Enter the user name for login during dialup
Password Enter the password for login during dialup
VC Multiplexing: With VC Multiplexing, no link control header is needed as the
ATM Virtual Circuit is assumed to be carrying a single protocol.
Enable NAPT Selecting Enabling NAPT will enable Network Port Address
STEP 4:
Click the Add button. The new VC is added in the Current ATM PVC List
on the bottom screen.
Translation on the WAN interface.
17
To modify the VC, click a VC from the Current ATM PVC List to display the
parameters of the VC. Change its parameters and click the Modify button.
18
5.1.4 PPPoE
When a VC is set in the PPPoA, the router will auto-detect the Authentication code
(pap or chap). The NAPT and DHCP server functions will be enabled automatically.
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Click WAN Setup on the Basic menu bar
Click PPPoE
Enter values for the following parameters:
VPI
VCI
LLC Encapsulation: With LLC encapsulation, a link control header is added to the
VC Multiplexing: With VC Multiplexing, no link control header is needed as the ATM
Enable NAPT Selecting Enabling NAPT will enable Network Port Address
Enter a value for the virtual path identifier
Enter a value for the virtual channel identifier
Ethernet packet that identifies the protocol type (Ethernet). This
allows multiple protocols to be transmitted over the ATM Virtual
Circuit.
Virtual Circuit is assumed to be carrying a single protocol.
Translation on the WAN interface.
(range:0-255)
(Range:0-65535)
User Name Enter the user name for login during dialup
Password Enter the password for login during dialup
Mode Direct and Auto. If the mode is set to Auto, the PPPoE negotiation
automatically starts when the system identifies any traffic required
to be transferred on the link. When DIRECT is selected the PPPoE
negotiation is started manually.
Idle Timeout The Idle Time field defines the period of idle time after which the
PPPoE link will be terminated. It is functional in the auto mode.
The default setting is 5 minutes. In Direct mode, this function is not
used and the field displays zero.
Enable DHCP server Check the item to enable the DHCP server or uncheck it to disable it.
19
STEP 4:
Click the Add button. The new VC is added in the Current ATM PVC List
on the bottom screen.
To modify the VC, click a VC from the Current ATM PVC List to display the
parameters of the VC. Change its parameters and click the Modify button.
20
5.1.5 VC Data Flow Control
To set-up the flow control parameters, such as AAL5 encapsulation, QOS, Peak
Cell Rate, Sustainable Cell Rate, and Burst Tolerance, follow the steps below:
1. Click WAN Configure on the Advanced menu bar, and click the VCC tab on the
main menu.
21
2. Tick a VC in the Index field and click the modify button to configure the VC’s
flow control parameters.
Parameters
VPI
VCI
AAL5
Encapsulation
The Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) is part of the cell header for ATM
cells that are transferred over this connection. The VPI value
ranges between 0 and 255.
The Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) is part of the cell header for
ATM cells that are transferred over this connection. If you are
configuring multiple VCs, enter the number of each respective
VC in this field. The VCI value ranges between 32 and 65535.
VCMUX - VC based multiplexing encapsulation LLC - LLC
encapsulation
VC QOS
UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate. No limit has been specified for the
information rate. CBR - Constant Bit Rate. This class is used
22
for emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant with
time. CBR applications are very sensitive to cell-delay variation.
Examples of applications that can use CBR are telephone traffic
(i.e., nx64 kbps), videoconferencing, and television. VBR -
Variable Bit Rate. A certain rate is specified for the flow of
information.
Peak Cell Rate
(bps):
Sustainable
Cell Rate
(bps):
Burst
Tolerance
(msec):
The Peak Cell Rate is the maximum number of bits per second
transmitted over this connection. This is determined by the
minimum intercellular space, in seconds, which is the time
interval from the first bit of one cell to the first bit of the next
cell. The PCR ranges from 30 to 2312 Kbps.
This field is for VBR only. This is the average rate at which cells
are transmitted over this connection. The rate is counted in bits
per second. Note that the SCR is less than the PCR.
This field is for VBR only. This is the maximum number of cells
that are sent at the peak rate.The number of cells is counted in
milli-seconds. The BT ranges between 10 and 200 cells per
milli-second.
Note:
MBS (Maximum Burst Size) formula: 〔1+
〔x〕stands for the integer part of x. In the formula, BT is
counted in seconds and SCR/ PCR in cells per second.
23
BT
−
11
PCRSCR
〕 where
5.1.6 Setting up an ISP
The router supports connection to up to 16 ISPs. Each ATM Interface can
connect to an ISP. To set-up or configure the connection parameters to ISP,
complete the following steps:
1. Click WAN Configure on the Advanced menu bar. Click the ISP tab on the
main screen.
2. Check an ISP and click the Modify button on the bottom screen.
3. Enter values for the following parameters:
ISP name Name of the service provider
User Name Username for login
Password Password for login
PPPoE Idle Time Time in minutes after which an idle
session is terminated
24
4.click OK to complete the settings.
25
CHAPTER 6 Bridging
Click Bridging on the Advanced menu bar to set-up the static bridging and
Spanning Tree protocol (STP) functions.
6.1 Spanning Tree Protocol
The STP function is disabled by factory default. To enable it, click Enable in the
Spanning Tree field and configure the interfaces on the screen. When the
parameters are set-up, click Apply to submit the settings.
26
6.2 Static Bridging
To access the Static Bridging screen go to the ADVANCED menu and click on
Bridging. Click the Static tab to configure, modify, and delete the static bridging
functions. The parameters are as follows:
MAC Address: This is the Mac address of the PC. Each PC has a different Mac
Address such as 0a:01:1a:11:00:0b.
Port Map: There are three modes to set-up the data processing method for the
LAN and ATM interfaces: filter, forward, and dynamic (In dynamic mode,
the operating mode of the MAC address in the interface follows the learning
result of the bridging function). For example, the Port Map is set to: LAN –
Forward, and others- Filter, it means the packets will be forwarded to the LAN
interface and won’t reach the ATM interfaces.
Add Add a static bridging entry
Delete Delete a static bridging static entry
List Displays all the static bridging entries
Flush Delete all the static bridging entries
27
CHAPTER 7 Routing
This chapter describes how to set-up the static routes and RIP. Click Routing
Setup from the Basic menu bar to configure the routing functions.
7.1 Static Route
The router has no default static route. After an RFC1483-routed VC is created, a
static route as follows will be created.
Network ID Subnet Mask Next Hop IP
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
Click Routing Setup on the Basic menu bar to access the Routing Setup window.
It allows adding, modifying, and deleting the static routes.
28
Add:
To add a static route complete the following steps:
STEP 1: To add a static type the Destination Network ID, subnet mask, and if
appropriate enter values for the Next Hop IP and metric. The next hop IP
address is also called the default gateway. The metric represents the
cost of the routing path. Higher values of the metric will enable the
router to choose amongst more pathways, however it may select
pathways that are more “costly” in term of the number of intermediary
routers that may be passed through. Typically it is best to keep this
value low.
STEP 2: Click the ADD button
Modify:
To modify a static route complete the following steps:
STEP 1: Select the entry you wish to modify from the List of Static Routes
STEP 2: Change the parameters
STEP 3: Click the Modify button
Delete:
STEP 1: Select the entry you wish to delete from the List of Static Routes
STEP 2: Change the parameters
STEP 3: Click the Delete button
29
7.2 Set-up the RIP function
To enable the RIP function (Routing Information Protocol. The protocol governing the
exchange of routing information), complete the following steps:
STEP 1: Click Routing Setup from the Basic menu bar
STEP 2: Select On in the Rip Status field.
STEP 3: Select a RIP Version (Version 1 or Version 2) from the Version field.
STEP 4: Click Apply to submit the settings.
To configure the advance functions of the RIP, click the RIP tab on the main screen,
and configure the requested parameters.
Mode: Select Enabled
Version: RIP version 2 or version 1
Authentication: none: no authentication code is required.
PlainText: an authentication code is required. You should
also fill in the Authentication Code field to assign a password.
MD5: an authentication code is required. You should also fill in
30
the Authentication Code field to assign a password.
Poison Reverse: Enabled: to enable the Poison Reverse
Disabled: to enable the Splitting Horizon
The default setting of poison reverse parameter is Enabled.
It means the router adopts the split horizon with poison
reverse scheme to avoid routing loop problems. If the
parameter is disabled, the router will use the simple split
horizon scheme to solve the problem.
Authentication
Enter the password for authentication.
Code:
Mode: Enabled
Auto Summary: Enabled, Disabled
The RIP function is now enabled. The default RIP parameter for each interface is
RIPv2. In this default mode, this router can operate normally without other
adjustments. If you want to configure advanced RIP functions, perform the
procedures that follow.
Enter BASIC/ROUTING/RIP/INTERFACE/LAN to configure the parameters.
31
7.3 Displaying the Routing Table
To display the routing table, you can enter either of the following screens:
BASIC/ROUTING SETUP/ROTUING TABLE screen
Advance/Utilities/Routing Table
The following routing table appears after clicking Basic>Routing Setup>Routing
Ta b l e .
32
CHAPTER 8 SNMP
The default setting of the SNMP function is disabled. SNMP is a software entity
that responds to information and action request messages sent by a network
management station. The messages exchanged enable you to access and manage
objects in an active or inactive (stored) MIB on a particular router.
8.1 Enable SNMP
To configure the SNMP parameters, click the SNMP button on the Advanced menu
bar. The window displays the SNMP parameters.
33
8.2 Disable SNMP
Click SNMP on the Advanced menu bar and click the Modify button at the
bottom of the screen. Choose Disable in the SNMP Service field and click Apply
to submit the setting.
34
CHAPTER 9 NAT
Network Address Translation (NAT or NAPT) is a transparent routing function that
translates a Private IP address on a LAN into a Public address that can be used in
a public network. Port Address Translation (PAT) is a form of NAT that maps
multiple Private IP addresses to a single Public IP address. Port numbers (TCP or
UDP) ensure that packets are delivered properly. Both Network Address
Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT) are supported by this router.
NAT and PAT are common solutions for: overcoming the shortage of public IP
addresses, security needs (private IP addresses are not transparent), and
assisting network administration.
The router supports many types of NAT functions, including
Fixed-NAT: this maps a private IP address to a public IP address.
Multi-NAT: this maps multiple private IP addresses to multiple public IP
address.
PAT: When private IP addresses are more than public IP addresses, port
address translation is supported to translate the public IP addresses.
Note the usage of synonyms below:
Local: private, illegal, unregistered
Public: legal, registered
35
In PPPoE or PPPoA mode, the NAT function is automatically enabled. In RFC1483
Routed mode, to enable the NAT, you must tick the Enable NAPT item on the WAN
Setup screen.
The following pages describe how to set-up a virtual server (Redirect port) and
different types of NAT.
9.1 Multiple to One
This application requires a series of private IP addresses (such as 192.168.1.140-
192.168.1.150). These private IP address share a public IP address, such as
10.1.1.1. The following gives the example.
STEP 1: Click NAPT on the Advanced men bar
STEP 2:
Start Private IP Address: Ty pe the first IP address, e.g., 192.168.1.140
End Private IP Address: Type the last IP address, e.g., 192.168.1.150
Global IP Address: Type the public IP address, e.g., 10.1.1.1.
STEP 2:
Click PAT and enter the following parameters:
Click the Add button to submit the settings.
36
9.2 One to One NAT
One-to-one NAT maps a private IP address to a public IP address, such as
192.168.1.10 to 10.1.1.34.
Click NAPT on the Advanced menu bar and click the NAT/PAT tab to access the
NAT/PAT Configuration screen.
Follow the steps below:
STEP 1:
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
Tick Fixed-NAT.
Type the private IP address in the Private IP Address field, e.g.,
192.168.1.233, and type the public IP address in the Public IP Address
field.
Click the Add button
37
9.3 Multi-NAT
Multi-NAT requires a set of continuous private IP addresses to a set of continuous
public IP addresses. There are two types of Multi-NAT to translate the private IP
addresses to public IP addresses. One condition is that each public IP address
can map an individual private IP address. The second condition is that the public
IP addresses is less than the private IP addresses, and some of the private IP
addresses may be to share a same public IP address.
When the private IP address is less than or equal to public IP addresses,
In this application, each private IP address can map a public IP address.
The following parameters are used,
Start Private IP address- End Private IP Address: 192.168.1.3-
192.168.1.22
Start Global IP Address- End Global IP Address: 10.1.1.3-10.1.1.22
STEP 1: Enter the above parameters
Start Private IP address: 192.168.1.3
End Private IP Address: 192.168.1.22
Start Global IP Address: 10.1.1.3
End Global IP Address: 10.1.1.22。
38
STEP 2: Click the Add button.
When the private IP addresses are more than the public IP addresses
This application can be used when the public IP addresses are not enough that
each private IP address can be mapped to each public IP address.
The following parameters are used:
Start Private IP address- End Private IP Address: 192.168.1.3-
192.168.1.22
Start Global IP Address- End Global IP Address: 10.1.1.3-10.1.1.10
STEP 1: Fill out the above parameters in the relevant fields.
Start Private IP address: 192.168.1.3
Start Global IP Address: 10.1.1.3
End Global IP Address: 10.1.1.10。
End Private IP Address: 192.168.1.22
STEP 2: Tick overload and click the Add button.
39
9.4 Virtual Server
If you want to set-up Internet servers, such as Email server, web server, or ftp
server on the virtual LAN when PAT is enabled, you should register the servers
with the router first to allow Internet users to access the service via the WAN
interface of router. This section describes how to configure a virtual server.
Click NAPT on the Advanced menu bar to access the NAPT Configuration screen.
Global Port: The virtual server provides service for the Internet users via
this port.
Private Address: This is the IP address of the Virtual Server
Private port: This is the port that the virtual server is connected to the
Protocol: TCP or UDP (default: TCP).
Ethernet.
After configuring the parameters, click Add to add an entry.
To modify the parameters, tick an item from the List of NAPT Entries. Modify the
parameters, and click the Modify button.
To modify the parameters, tick an item from the List of NAPT Entries. Modify the
parameters, and click the Modify button.
40
CHAPTER 10 DHCP
The router can be set as a DHCP server or a DHCP relay. The former acts like an
IP address pool. Upon power on, the PCs on the same domain will request an
available IP address from the IP address pool of DHCP server. The Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a centralized approach to allocating IP
addresses. It allows IP addresses to be dynamically assigned on an as needed
basis, from a pool of addresses. The latter acts as an immediate station. The
DHCP server is at a remote location. The PCs will be directed to the remote
location by the DHCP to obtain an available IP address.
10.1 DHCP Server
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a centralized approach
to assigning IP address. When a workstation is configured for automatic IP
address assignment, it broadcasts a request to the LAN.
When the router is configured as a DHCP server, the IP addresses in the
DHCP pool should be at the same network segment as the DHCP server.
DNS IP must be a valid parameter to activate the DHCP server to forward
the DNS IP address to the workstations. The router supports DNS Proxy
function. It can forward the name of the website to the correct DNS server to
obtain the correct IP address.
41
To configure the router as a DHCP server, click DHCP on the Advanced menu bar.
Click Enable in the DHCP Server field, and fill out the parameters. Click Apply to
submit the settings.
10.2 DHCP Relay
Click DHCP on the Advanced menu bar. On the main screen, click the
BOOTP/DHCP Relay tab and configure the following parameters:
IP Address: This defines the IP address of the remote DHCP server.
After completing the settings, click Apply] to submit the settings. Also, change
the router’s LAN IP address.
BOOTP/DHCP Relay: Enable
42
CHAPTER 11 DNS Proxy
A Domain Name Server (DNS) provides an IP address to a host computer for an
applied Domain Name. The router supports the DNS proxy feature, which receives
and attempts to find an entry in its local tables, and when one is not found, it
forwards the request to a remote server.
Click DNS Proxy on the Advance men bar and configure the following
parameters:
DNS proxy: Enabled/ Disabled (factory default:
disabled)
Primary Server IP address: Enter the primary server IP address
Secondary Server IP address: Enter the secondary server IP address that
will be used immediately when the primary
server IP address fails or is not available
43
CHAPTER 12 IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Membership Protocol) is a protocol used by IP hosts to
report their multicast group memberships to any immediately neighboring
multicast routers.
STEP 1: Add a VC and set it to RFC 1483 Routed mode.
STEP 2:
Click IGMP Proxy on the Advanced menu bar.
44
STEP 3:
STEP 4:
Click Enable and choose the interface ATM1-ATM16 that the router is
used to connect to the server. This depends on VC to which interface it
is assigned.
Click Apply to submit the settings.
45
CHAPTER 13 Maintenance and Diagnostics
This chapter describes the maintenance such as loopback, PING, software
upgrade via TFTP, configuration back and restoration, and the performance
monitoring.
13.1.1 Software Upgrade and Configuration Backup /Restoration
The router supports TFTP upgrade via Console, Telnet, and Web browser. Via a
TFTP server, these tasks can be achieved: upgrade the software, back up the
configuration, and retrieve the configurations. This section describes how to
achieve these tasks via console port and LAN port.
Your workstation should be installed with the TFTP software. If you will use
console port to perform the TFTP upgrade, connect the console port of the router
to your PC. If you will use telnet or Web browser, connect the LAN port of the
router to Ethernet.
Note 1:
After the home page is upgraded, right-click your Internet Explorer shortcut icon
on your desktop and choose Properties on the popup menu. On the Internet
Properties window, click the Clear History button and click OK. Then, you can
use the Web browser to log on to the router.
46
Note2:
If a wrong format of the file us uploaded, a failure message will display during the
upgrade. The following is an example of upgrade failure resulting from an
incorrect file format.
Before performing the TFTP upgrade, run the TFTP software. Click Utilities on
the Advanced menu bar. Fill out the TFTP Server IP address, file name, and
upgrade type.
Software upgrade: Check Download and choose Firmware in the column to
the right.
Homepage upgrade: Check Download and choose Homepage in the column to
the right.
Configuration backup: Check Upload and choose Configuration in the column
to the right
Retrieving Configurations: Check Download and choose Configuration in the
column to the right
47
After completing the settings, click Apply to perform the function and note the
following.
After software or homepage upgrades are complete, reboot the device to run
the new file.
After the configurations are retrieved, also write the configurations to the
Flash memory.
The following is an example of how to set-up the parameters for software
upgrade.
The following is an example of how to set-up the parameters for homepage
upgrade.
48
To upload the configurations, check Upload, select Configuration, and click the
Apply button to submit the settings.
49
13.2 OAM Loopback
Click Utilities on the Advanced menu bar, and click the Loopback tab on the
main screen.
After filling out the following parameters, click Start Loopback to perform the
loopback.
Flow Type Choose the F5 loopback type. Seg is the segment loopback. It
verifies the connection between the router and DSLAM. Ete is the
end-to-end loopback, verifying the connection between the router
and the ISP Broadband RAS.
VPI Specify the VPI that will perform the loopback.
VCI Specify the VCI that will perform the loopback.
Loopback
ID
Specify the ID number on the ATM network that will loop back the
signals.
50
13.3 Ping
A Ping test is used to verify the status of a network connection after the RIP or
static route function is enabled. Ping sends a request message to the host and
waits for a return message. This diagnostic function can verify if the remote host
is reachable. Ping can also measure the round-trip time to the remote host.
Click Utilities on the Advanced menu bar, and click the Ping tab on the main
screen. After typing the IP address and the ping data size, click Submit to
perform the test. The ping result will display later.
The following is an example of the ping result.
51
13.4 Performance Monitoring
Click System Statistics on the Advanced menu bar to monitor the
interface status and collect the statistics of the TCP/IP.
13.5 System statistics
To display the interface statistics, click the Interface tab, located at the top-left
of the System Statistics screen. The Interface Statistics page displays statistics
for all interfaces. The following information is displayed:
IF The name of the interface
Admin Status Indicates whether the interface is Up or Down
In Octets The number of Octets (bytes) received
InUncastPkts The number of unicast packets received
InUncastPkts The number of broadcast packets received
InDiscards The number of packets received that were discarded
InErrors The number of inward errors
OutOctets The number of Octets (bytes) transmitted
OutUcastPkts The number of unicast packets transmitted
Broadcast PktsOut The number of broadcast packets transmitted
OutDiscards The number of packets transmitted that were
discarded
OutErrors The number of outward errors
52
13.6 TCP-IP statistics
To view TCP-IP statistics click on the TCP-IP tab at the top of the System
Statistics page. The TCP-IP page displays the IP statistics, UDP statistics, TCP
statistics, and ICMP statistics.
53
13.7 Interface Monitor
Click Interface Monitor on the Advanced menu bar to monitor the transmission
status.
54
CHAPTER 14 Application Example
14.1 Adding the Static Route (Web)
Click Routing Setup on the Advanced menu bar.
The following demonstrates a school application as an example.
Location A:10.164.32.9 Netmask:255.255.255.252
Location B:10.164.32.10 Netmask:255.255.255.252
Network of the School :210.240.117.0 Netmask:255.255.255.128
In the above example, add the following static route to the router.
210.240.117.0 Netmask:255.255.255.128 Next hop: 10.164.32.9
55
Enter the parameters of the static route and click the Add button.
Click LAN Setup on the Basic men bar. After typing LAN IP 10.164.32.10 and
Netmask 255.255.255.252, click Apply to submit the settings.
56
CHAPTER 15 Monitoring the Device
Click Link Status on the Basic menu bar. The Link Status screen has two tabs:
SHDSL Status and Performance. SHDSL Status is used to monitor the SHDSL
link and Performance is used to monitor SHDSL performance.
15.1 Monitoring the SHDSL Line
Click Link Status on the Basic menu bar. The Link Status screen has two tabs:
SHDSL Status and Performance. SHDSL Status is used to monitor the SHDSL
link and the Performance is used to monitor the SHDSL performance.
Status parameters:
Terminal type: Indicates whether the device is operate as a CPE or CO
(for point-to-point operations)
Operate State: Indicates the current status of the device, E.G.
Handshake, idle, transferring data
Actual Bit Rate: Indicates the current bit rate at which the device can
currently transfer data.
Line Attenuation (dB): Current attenuation measured in dB
57
SNR Margin: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)
ES (current 15 min): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds, for
the current 15 min period
ES (current 1 day): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds, for the
current day.
CRC (since reset): The cumulative statistics of seconds, since last reset,
when there is a CRC error in the preceding superframe.
15.2 Performance statistics
The following is the screen after clicking the [Performance] button.
58
Performance parameters
Line Attenuation (dB): Current attenuation
SNR Margin: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)
CRC (since reset): The cumulative statistics of seconds, since last reset,
when there is a CRC error in the preceding superframe
ES (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds, since last
reset
SES (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Severely Errored Seconds,
since last reset
LOSWS (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Loss of Sync Word
Seconds, since last reset
UAS (since reset): The cumulative statistics of Unavailable Seconds,
since last reset
CRC (current 15 min): The cumulative statistics of CRC error seconds,
for the current 15 min period.
ES (current 15 min): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds, for
the current 15 min period.
SES (Current 15 min): The cumulative statistics of Severely Errored
Seconds, for the current 15 minutes.
LOSWS (Current 15 min): The cumulative statistics of Loss of Sync Word
Failure, when there is Loss of Signal, for the current 15 minutes.
UAS (Current 15 min): The cumulative statistics of Unavailable Seconds,
for the current 15 minutes.
CRCs (Current 1 Day): The cumulative statistics of CRC error seconds
for the current day.
ESs (Current 1 Day): The cumulative statistics of Errored Seconds for
the current day.
59
CHAPTER 16 Console Access
To access the device via the console port the following are required:
VT-100 Compatible Terminal
This terminal is essential to perform the initial configuration of the router. This is
normally a terminal with a VT-100 emulation program, such as Telix or
HyperTerminal Edition 5.
Console Port Cable
An RS-232, DB9-to-DB9 straight-through cable is only required if you need to
connect the device to a Vt-100 terminal (Hyperterminal, Telix). This s not supplied
with your device at the time of purchase
16.1.1 Login
For access by console, the console PC should be installed with a standard VT-100
emulation program, such as HyperTerminal 5 or Telix. You must connect the
router to a PC using a serial cable. The following steps describe how to establish
the console session.
STEP1:
Run a standard VT-100 program such as HyperTerminal (Ver. 5 is
recommended), or Telix in the local terminal and select an open com port.
STEP2:
Baud rate: 9600
Data bits: 8
Parity: none
Stop bit: 1
Flow control: none
Enter the following port settings:
STEP3:
After the session parameters are set up, press the Enter Key. You will be
requested to enter the user name and password. The default user name
and password are root.
60
STEP4:
After successfully logging in, the main menu will display.
61
16.1.2 Keyboard Operations
↑
↓
←
→
^S
^X
^L
^T
^R
Q
Tab
The upward arrow key moves the cursor upward in the menu
The cursor moves downward in the menu.
Returns to the previous menu. If you are in a leaf menu you may need
to push
Skips to the next menu.
Hold down the Ctrl-S keys simultaneously to perform different actions
such as Save, Add, Delete and Go.
In the leaf menu, hold down the Ctrl-X keys simultaneously to return
to the previous menu.
Hol d dow n the C trl- L keys simu ltan e ousl y to r e turn to the Home M enu.
Hold down the Ctrl-T keys simultaneously to reset the value or
statistics counted.
Hold down the Ctrl-R keys simultaneously to refresh or restore the
menu.
Press the Q key to stop certain actions, such as software downloading.
In the leaf menu, some configuration fields are marked,
means you need to press the TAB key to scroll through and select the
pre-defined options.
first (to save the information)
^S
TAB
. It
The following backup keys can be used if your software doesn’t
support arrow keys
^W
Moves the cursor upward [equal to the up arrow key]
Moves the cursor downward [equal to the down arrow key]
^Z
Return to the previous screen [equal to the left arrow key]
^A
Enter the selected item [equal to the right arrow key]
^D
62
If you are unable to use the arrow keys, you can use the backup keys to replace
them, e.g., Ctrl-W for the Up arrow key. These backup keys also display on the
bottom screen.
In addition to the arrow keys to move the cursor in the menu, you enter the
requested screen by entering the number. For example, to enter
MAIN/ADVANCE/DHCP/RELAY, follow the steps below:
STEP 1:
Press the 2 key, to enter the Advance menu, and then press the Enter
key。
63
STEP 2:
STEP 3:
From the MAIN/ADVANCE menu, press the 2 key and then press the
Enter key
Press the 2 key, and then press the Enter key in MAIN/ADVANCE/DHCP.
STEP 4: Now you have reached MAIN/ADVANCE/DHCP/RELAY.
64
16.1.3 Motoring the SHDSL Line Status
Enter MAIN/BASIC/SHDSL to monitor the SHDSL Line status.
16.1.4 Password Setup
Enter MAIN/BASIC/SYSTEM to change the passwords.
65
New Administrator Password and Retype Password: Enter the administrator
password in the New Administrator Password and confirm the password by
retyping the password in the Retype Password field.
New User Password and Retype Password: Enter the user password in the New
User Password and confirm the password by retyping the password in the
Retype Password field.
16.1.5 Retrieve the Factory Default Settings
Enter BASIC/DEFAULT and press the Y key. After the default settings are set to
the factory default, return to the main menu and enter MAIN>WRITE to save the
configurations.
16.1.6 Disable the Web Browser
The router allows access via a Web browser by factory default. To disable this
function, enter ADVANCE/HTTPD, choose Disabled, and submit the setting.
66
16.1.7 Save the Configurations
The new parameters can function immediately without being saved to the flash
memory. However, to use these parameters after you restart the router, you
must save them to the flash memory.
To write the configurations, enter MAIN/WRITE and press the Y key. After saving
the configurations, you will be prompted if you need to reboot the device. Press
the Y key to reboot the device or press the N key to keep operating the device.
67
CHAPTER 17 Telnet Access
This chapter will introduce the command line interface using Telnet. The chapter is
divided into two parts. The first part explains how to set the PC and router to the
same network segment, the second part explains how to start a Telnet session.
17.1 Setting a Common IP Address
To log on to the device using Telnet, your workstation and the router should both
be on the same network segment. You can either modify the IP address of your
workstation to the same domain of the device, or modify the IP address of the
device to the same domain as your workstation.
You can modify the IP address of the device by using console/Web mode by
complete the following steps:
STEP 1: Enter a web or console program
STEP 2: Change the IP address to the same domain as your workstation.
STEP 3: Save the settings to the flash and reboot the device.
68
You can modify the IP address of your PC by modifying its TCP/IP. Follow the
steps below:
STEP 1: Enter the TCP/IP screen and change the IP address to the same domain
as your device.
STEP 2: Click OK to submit the settings.
69
17.2 Telnet Access
To access Telnet to manage your router complete the following steps:
STEP 1 Make sure that the router and your Telnet-PC are on the same
network segment.
STEP 2 Connect the LAN port of the router to Ethernet or PC with an RJ45
cable.
STEP 3 Click Windows Start menu and type Telnet x.x.x.x
(x.x.x.x represents the IP address)
STEP 4 You will be prompted to enter a User name and Password, enter root
for User name and Root for the Password.
STEP 5 The first screen of the CLI interface will now display.
70
Appendix A: Specifications
WAN interface (one SHDSL port)
Item Specifications
Encoding scheme TC-PAM
Line rate Per ITU-T G.991.2 (G.SHDSL)
Data rate N x 64 Kbps, N= 1-36
ATM attributes
Item Specifications
PPP over AAL5 RFC2364
Multi-protocol over AAL5 RFC-1483 Bridge
RFC 1483 Router
VCs 16
AAL type AAL5
ATM service class UBR/CBR/VBR
ATM UNI support UNI 3.1
OAM F4/F5 Yes
Management
Item Specifications
Console port RS232/DB9
71
SNMP Yes
Telne t Yes
Web-based management Yes
Configuration backup and restoration Yes
LED indicators Power, LAN status, SHDSL status
Local interface (One Ethernet port)
Item Specifications
Standard IEEE 802.3 10Base-T
Transparent bridging and learning Yes
Routing functions
Item Specifications
IP static route Yes
RIP and RIPv2 Yes
Network functions
Item Specifications
ARP Yes
DNS, NAT/PAT, DHCP Yes
72
PAP, CHAP Yes
Power supply
Item Specifications
Power source 110 VAC or 220 VAC (50 or 60 Hz)
Input voltage 12 to 14 VAC
Environmental conditions
Item Specifications
Operating temperature 0 to 50 degrees Celsius
Relative humidity 5% to 90% (non-condensing)
Compliance CE
Dimensions
Item Specifications
Width x Height x Depth 200mm x 40mm x 140 mm
73
Appendix B - Pin Assignments
Pin number Definition Pin number Definition
1 NC 6 NC
2 TD 7 NC
3 RD 8 NC
4 NC 9 NC
5 GND
Note: NC means No connection.
Table C-1 Pin Assignments of Console Port
Pin number Definition Pin number Definition
1 Transmit data+ 5 NC
2 Transmit data- 6 Receive data-
3 Receive data+ 7 NC
4 NC 8 NC
Note: NC means No connection.
Table C-2 Pin Definitions of the LAN port
74
GLOSSARY .
.
100BaseT: A 100 Mbps Ethernet standard that uses twisted-pair wiring.
10BaseT: A 10 Mbps Ethernet standard that uses twisted-pair wiring.
address: The symbol (usually numeric) identifying an interface attached to a network.
ADSL: An asynchronous form of DSL in which the bandwidth available for downstream
connection is significantly larger than for upstream.
analog loop: A test in which a modem’s voice signal is looped to its
receiver.
analog signal: A continuously variable signal (compare with digital).
Annex A: The Part of the G.992.1 standard that refers to ADSL over
POTS (adopted by the US).
Annex B:
ISDN (adopted by Europe).
Annex C:
The Part of the G.992.1 standard that refers to ADSL over
The Part of the G.992.1 standard that refers to ADSL over ISDN (adopted by Japan).
ANSI:
American National Standards Institute.
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
attenuation: The loss of power of a transmitted signal as it travels over a wire.
auto-summary:
of subnet routes into network-level routes.
A RIP command to restore the default behavior of automatic summarization
backbone: The main circuit that carries data before it is split into extended circuits going to
their final destination. Often used to refer to the part of the network that joins LANs together.
bandwidth: The range of frequencies of a transmission channel. The wider the range the
higher the data rate that can be sent. Hence, bandwidth is also taken to mean the data rate.
Baud: One baud is one symbol (state-transition or level-transition) per second.
BERT: Bit Error Rate Test. A test that compares a received pattern with a known transmitted
pattern to determine the quality.
Bit: A binary digit, with the value of –0 or –1.
Start a device.
boot:
Bits per second. The speed at which bits are transmitted across a data connection.
Bps:
bridge: A device that links local or remote area networks together, forwarding packets based on
a MAC address (compare with router).
broadband: Communication channels operating at transmission rates in excess of 64 Kbps.
broadcast: The simultaneous transmission to two or more communication devices.
BT: Burst Tolerance. The limit parameter of the Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA).
buffer: A temporary storage used to compensate for a difference in the rate of flow of data.
bus: An assembly of conductors that carries signals to and from devices along its path and serves
as a common connection for a group of related devices.
75
busy: A device’s operational state, when the device is occupied with processing a call.
Byte: Eight bits arranged in sequence
channel: A bi-directional communications pathway between a host server and a client.
CHAP: Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol. A PPP protocol to ensure authentication
of the connection between two devices.
circuit: A logical connection between two devices.
CO:
Central Office, the local telephone exchange, also called PSTN.
COM port: A computer’s serial communications port.
CPE: Customer Premises Equipment. Equipment used by the end-user.
cross talk: Undesired coupling of a signal from one circuit, or channel, to another.
data rate: The speed measured in bits per second that data is transferred over the carrier line.
Default: A pre-defined original value.
demodulation: The recovery, from a modulated carrier, of a signal.
DHCP server: A server that dynamically allocates network addresses and delivers
configuration parameters to hosts.
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. A TCP/IP protocol that enables a network
connected to the Internet to automatically assign a temporary IP address to a host when the host
connects to the network.
digital signal: A discrete or discontinuous signal where the states are discrete intervals apart,
such as +10 volts and –10 volts. These states are then represented by the binary digits 0 and 1.
digital: loopback test:
transmitter input. This test will disrupt the transmission of primary data.
A test that connects the device’s receiver output back to the
DLL: Dynamic Link Library. DLLs are files that are automatically loaded into memory when
required.
DMT: Discrete MultiTone. The T1.413 standard modulation scheme for Digital Subscriber Line
technology.
DNS:
TCP/IP PAT users.
download:
Domain Name Server. A server that retains the addresses and routing information for
To receive a file over a network (compare with upload).
driver:
upper-layer protocol software running on a computer.
DSL:
line, such as ADSL, SHDSL, and VDSL.
A software module that provides an interface between a network interface card and the
Digital Subscriber Line. A family of broadband services provided over a traditional phone
DSP: Digital Signal Processor. The microprocessor that handles line signaling in a modem.
DTE: Data Terminal Equipment. Equipment that transmits or receives data in the form of digital
signals.
dynamic detection: A process of a automatic detection of a new device added or removed
from the PC.
EOC: Embedded Operations Channel. An in-band channel between DSL devices that operates at
the physical layer for administration and maintenance data.
error control: An algorithm used to detect and correct data transmission errors.
76
errored second: An item in performance measurement report, which pertains to a one second
period with one or more errored blocks.
Ethernet address: Another name for MAC address.
Ethernet: A standard protocol (IEEE 802.3) for a 10-Mb/s baseband local area network (PAT)
bus that supports high-speed communication among systems. It operates at the Physical Layer of
the OSI Model.
ETSI:
FCC:
European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
Federal Communications Commission of the United States.
filter: A configuration that stops the flow of certain types data frames.
firmware: Software that has been temporarily or permanently loaded into ROM.
flash memory: A type of RAM that retains its information, even after powering-down.
flow control: A process that uses buffers to stop and start the flow of data in a network to
avoid losing data, and allow devices with different transmission schemes to communicate with
each other.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. A TCP/IP standard protocol for transferring files.
full-duplex: transmitting in two directions simultaneously.
G.991.2: An ITU-T specification for high speed DSL known as G.SHDSL.
G. D M T: Another name for the G.992.1 ITU specification.
G. l i t e : Another name for the G.992.2 ITU specification.
gateway: A communications device that connects two different networks.
header: The beginning of a frame or cell that contains management and addressing information.
hop: One point-to-point transmission in a series required to transmit a message between two
hosts in a network.
host: An addressable computer connected to a network.
hub: A device that serves as the central location for attaching wires form workstations.
ICMP:
generation of error messages, tests packets, and information messages related to IP.
Internet Control Management Protocol. An Internet protocol that allows for the
IDSL: A form of ISDN DSL using 2B1Q line code.
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IEEE: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
ILMI:
and a client device.
IP address:
an Internet host.
Interim Local Management Interface. Provides ATM layer management between a switch
Internet Protocol address. The decimal-numeric, fixed-length address assigned to
IP multicast: A technique that allows packets to be simultaneously transmitted over the
Internet to a multiple destinations.
IPOA:
IP over ATM.
IRQ: Interrupt re-quest, a hardware interrupt on a PC.
International Standards Organization.
ISO:
ISP: Internet Service Provider. An organization that provides access to the Internet.
77
ITU: International Telecommunications Union. The telecommunications agency of the United
Nations.
kbps: Literally it means Kilobits per second, but usually it is taken to mean 1,024 bits per
second.
LAN: Local Area Network. A LAN is a A data communications system that lies within a limited
spatial area, has a specific user group, and has a specific topology.
latency:
The time it takes a signal to transmit from its source to its destination.
LED: Light Emitting Diode. A light or status indicator.
LOC: Loss of Cell delineation. A situation where receiving equipment is unable to identify the
boundaries of a cell.
local analog loopback: A test in which the modem’s VF signal is looped to its receiver.
local loop: An ordinary telephone line.
local loopback test: An analog loopback test that loops a device’s transmitter output back to
receiver input.
loopback: A diagnostic procedure where a test message is sent back to its origination point, in
order to isolate an equipment or data line problem.
LOS:
Loss of Signal. A digital line condition where there are no pulses.
MAC address: Media Access Control address. The unique fixed address of a piece of
hardware, normally set at the time of manufacture and used in PAT protocols.
MAC: Medium Access Control, a protocol for determining which device has access to the
network at any one time.
Mbps: Megabits per second. One megabit is 1,048,576 (10242) bits.
MCU: Multi-Commercial Unit. A commercial building or complex with multiple tenants.
MDU: Multi-Dwelling Unit. A residential building with multiple tenants.
MIB II: MIB Release 2. An update of the MIB standard, defined by RFC 1213.
MIB: Management Information Base. A database of managed objects used by network
management protocols to provide network management information and device control.
modem: Modulator Demodulator. A device used to convert a digital signal into an analog signal
and vice-versa so that data can be transmitted over a telephone line.
modulation:
form data transmissions.
The process of varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier wave to
multicasting: The ability of a network node to send the same data to multiple endpoints.
multiframe: An ordered, functional sequence of frames on a multiplexed digital circuit.
NAT: Network Address Translation is a transparent routing function that translates a Private IP
address on a PAT into a Public address that can be used in a public network.
network address:
The network portion of an IP address.
network protocol: Network protocols encapsulate and forward data packets from one
interface to another.
NIC: A Network Interface Card is a card installed in a device to provide network communication
capabilities to and from that device.
A connection or switching point in a network, also called a host.
node:
78
noise: Unwanted interference to a transmitted signal by an outside source.
PAP: Password Authentication Protocol. PPP protocol that ensures authentication of the
connection between two devices.
PAT: Port Address Translation is a form of NAT that maps multiple Private IP addresses to a
single Public IP address.
ping: An internet utility signal sent to check the accessibility of a device.
Plug-and-Play: The ability of a PC to configure expansion boards and other devices
automatically without requiring the user to turn off the system during installation.
point-to-point connection:
link that connects only two stations.
Any connection with only two endpoints. A dedicated data
poison reverse: A routing protocol command that tells its neighbor gateways that one of the
gateways is no longer connected.
POP: Point Of Presence.
Port: An access point where data can enter or exit.
POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service.
PPP over ATM: Point-to-Point Protocol over Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol. A protocol (RFC 1661) for transmitting packets over serial links
between devices made by the same or different manufacturers.
PPPoE: Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. A method for establishing sessions and
encapsulating PPP packets over an Ethernet, specified by RFC 2516.
PPTP: Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. An extension of Point-to-Point Protocol used to
create virtual private networks between PCs.
protocol: A set of rules that govern the transmission of data between interconnected devices to
maintain or improve communication.
proxy server: Provides a list of items available on other servers to increase the availability
and speed of retrieving that information.
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network. The standard telephone network.
PVC:
QoS:
remote access: C
Permanent Virtual Circuit. Virtual circuit that is permanently established.
Quality of Service. The expected data loss or latency.
ommunication from a remote location or facility through a data link.
remote digital loopback test: This test loops the remote digital receiver output back into
the transmitter input.
remote host: The computer receiving the network commands.
RFC: Request for Comments. Documents published by the Internet Engineering Task Force
pertaining to Internet protocols and policies.
RIP: Routing Information Protocol. The protocol governing the exchange of routing information.
RJ11: A 6-position jack used with dial networks and telephone sets.
RJ45: An 8-position jack used with programmable dial networks.
router: Protocol-dependent device that connects subnets together. Routers operate at the network
layer (layer 3) of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model.
routing table:
A table that lists routing paths to enable a node to route traffic to another node
79
in the network.
RS-232: a low-speed, 25-position, DCE/DTE interface.
server: Hardware or software that offers a specific service, such as database management, to a
client.
SHDSL: Symmetric High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Loop. A DSL technology that allows
symmetrical transmissions over longer distances. Defined by the G991.2 ITU standard.
SLA:
guarantees a minimum level or quality of service to the customer.
SMTP:
servers.
Service Level Agreement. A contract between a service provider and a customer, which
Simple Mail Transport Protocol. A protocol used to transfer e-mail between or among
SNMP agent: An application program that enables communication between a management
system and a device.
SNMP trap: A message sent to a SNMP manager to communicate information about changes
in the network, such as a device being reset.
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol. Protocol for open networking management.
static route: A route that is permanent rather than a route that is dynamically assigned by
another router.
STP: Shielded Twisted Pair. Telephone wire that is wrapped in a sheath to eliminate external
interference.
subnet address:
The subnet portion of an IP address.
subnet mask: A number that identifies the subnet portion of a network address. so that IP
addresses can be shared on a local area network.
subnet: An independent network segment, that is, it has the same network address, but its
subnet address is different.
switch: A data switch connects computing devices to host computers, enabling multiple devices
to share a limited number of ports. An electrical switch is a device for making, breaking, or
changing the connections in an electrical circuit.
synchronous transmission:
so that data is transmitted at a fixed rate.
Transmission with the transmitter and receiver synchronized
synchronous: Any operation that is controlled by a clock or timing mechanism. (Compare
with asynchronous).
TCP/IP: Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol, a set of protocols that govern
peer-to-peer connectivity functions for local and wide area networks.
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol.
Tel ne t: The TCP/IP virtual terminal protocol that allows a user at one site to access a remote
system at another site.
throughput: The number of bits, characters, or blocks that are able to pass through a data
communication system.
training: A process where two modems try to determine the correct protocols and transmission
speeds to establish a communication session.
trellis-coded modulation: Advanced error correction coding technique for forward error
correction to a modulation scheme by adding an additional bit to each baud.
User Datagram Protocol. A connectionless protocol that converts data messages generated
UDP:
by an application into packets to be sent over IP.
80
UNIX: An operating system developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories.
upload: To receive a file transmitted over a network.
Uniform Resource Locator. An Internet standard addressing protocol for describing the
URL:
location and access method of a resource on the Internet.
USB: Universal Serial Bus. A bi-directional, isochronous, serial interface for adding dynamically
connectable peripheral devices, without the need for a reboot.
Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of copper telephone wiring.
UTP:
Virtual Circuit. A logical connection or packet-switching mechanism established between
VC:
two devices at the start of transmission.
VCI: Virtual Channel Identifier. The 16-bit field in an ATM cell header that specifies the virtual
channel over which the cell is to be transmitted.
VDSL: Very-high-speed DSL. A DSL protocol running at up to 52 Mbps, that is restricted to
short distances.
virtual circuit: A logical circuit established between two devices at the start of transmission
VOD: Video On Demand. A service that provides video to subscribers upon request.
VPI: Virtual Path Identifier
VPI: Virtual Path Identifier. The 8-bit field in an ATM cell header that specifies the routing path
for a cell.
VPN: Virtual Private Network. A network implemented over a public network that is made
“private” by use of encryption.
VT100: A terminal used for asynchronous communications.
WAN: Wide area network. A communications network that connects geographically separated
areas (Compare with LAN).
xDSL: A generic term for all varieties of DSL.
XOFF: A character that notifies a device to stop transmitting data.
XON: A character that notifies a device to start or resume transmitting data.
81
Contact Information
Contact by email
North America Technical Support: NA.support@comtrendcorp.com
International Technical Support: globalsp@comtrendcorp.com
Contact by phone
North America Office: 1- 949-753-9640
European Office: 34-917080105
Shanghai Office: 86-21-6251-9161
Taipei Office: 886-2-2999-8261
82
Loading...