Comnet RLFDX485M2-48DC, RLFDX485M2-HV, RLFDX485S2-24DC, RLFDX485S2-48DC, RLFDX485S2-HV User Manual
...
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
RLFDX485 Series
SUBSTATION-RATED RS-422 & RS-485 DATA
LINK/REPEATER FOR REPLACEMENT OF
GARRETTCOM/DYMEC 5845 & 5846 SERIES
This manual serves the following
ComNet Model Numbers:
RLFDX485M2/24DC
RLFDX485M2/HV
RLFDX485M2/48DC
RLFDX485S2/24DC
RLFDX485S2/HV
RLFDX485S2/48DC
The ComNet™ RLFDX series of serial data link/repeaters are substation-rated and
industrially hardened form, fit, function and completely backwards-compatible
replacements for the popular Garrettcom/Dymec 5845 & 5846 series of RS-422 and
RS-485 serial data link/repeaters. They are designed for deployment in environments
where high levels of electromagnetic noise and interference (EMI) and severe voltage
transients and surges are routinely encountered, such as electrical utility substations
and switchyards, heavy manufacturing facilities, trackside and roadside electronic
equipment, and other difficult out-of-plant applications. Optical connectivity provides
significantly extended transmission distances compared to copper media; high levels
of electrical isolation; enhanced reliability and protection for peripheral IEDs, RTUs,
and other equipment; and operational safety.
The RLFDX series of serial data link/repeaters are easily field-configurable for pointto-point, point-to-multipoint/Local-Remote, loop, or bus topologies. They may be also
used for electrical data protocol translation: an RLFDX232-series RS-232 modem and
IED/RTU can communicate directly with an RLFDX485-series RS-422/RS-485 modem
and IED/RTU.
The extremely versatile and simple-to-install RLFDX series is ideal for any missioncritical application where very high levels of reliability and network availability are of
the utmost importance.
Rev. 4.7.15
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL RLFDX485 SERIES
Contents
FCC/CE Regulation 4
Warranty 4
Disclaimer 4
Safety Information 4
ComNet / Garretcom Interoperability / Compatibility Listing 5
Warnings, Cautions, and Notes Used in this Publication 6
1. Introduction 7
1.1 Definitions 8
1.2 RLFDX485(M,S)2/24DC Link/Repeaters 11
1.2.1 9 Pin Data Port D-connector 13
1.2.2 Switch Settings 13
1.2.3 HD / FD Switch 14
1.2.4 Repeat Switch 14
1.2.5 Logic Inversion Switch 14
1.2.6 Input Bias Switch 14
1.2.7 Input Data Coupling Switch 15
1.2.8 Enable Holdover Switch 15
1.2.9 Test Mode Option Switch 16
1.2.10 Optical Ports 16
1.2.11 Diagnostic LEDs 17
1.2.12 Power Connections 17
1.2.12.1 Powering Models RLFDX485(M,S)2/24DC 17
1.2.12.2 Powering Models RLFDX485(M,S)2/48DC 18
1.2.12.3 Powering Models RLFDX485(M,S)2/HV 18
1.2.13 Peripheral Equipment 19
1. 2.13 .1 IE D 19
1.2.13.2 Fiber Optic Cable (FOC) 19
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2. Configurations, Operation, and Installation 20
2.1 Point-To-Point Configuration 21
2.1.1 Installation 22
2.2 LOOP OPERATION - Local/Remote CONFIGURATION 25
2.2.1 Installation 27
2.3 Loop Operation - Peer-To-Peer Configuration 28
2.3.1 Installation 30
3. Applications 31
3.1 Data Rate 31
3.2 Optical Budget 31
3.2.1 Cable Attenuation Factors 32
3.2.1.1 Diameter 32
3.2.1.2 Fittings 32
3.2.1.3 Aging 32
3.2.2 Extending the Distance 33
3.3 Number Of Repeats 33
3.3.1 Effects of Data Rate 34
3.3.2 Pulse Width Distortion 34
3.3.3 Temperature Effect 34
3.4 Types Of Communication 35
3.5 Logic Inversion Switch 35
3.6 Echo Control For 2-Wire RS-485 Local Units In Loop
Configurations 36
3.7 Types Of Communication 36
3.9 Selection of Fiber Optic Cables (FOC) 37
4. Testing And Troubleshooting 38
4.1 Testing 38
4.2 Troubleshooting 39
5. Specifications 40
5.1 Electrical and Optical Specifications 40
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5.2 Outline Configuration & Mechanical Dimensions for
Models RLFDX485(M,S) 43
5.3 Outline Configuration & Mechanical Dimensions for
Models RLFDX485(M,S)2/(48DC,HV) 44
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FCC/CE Regulation
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital
device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable
protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment.
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used
in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case
the users will be required to correct the interference at their own expense.
Warranty
ComNet warrants that all ComNet products are free from defects in material and workmanship
for a specified warranty period from the invoice date for the life of the installation. ComNet will
repair or replace products found by ComNet to be defective within this warranty period, with
shipment expenses apportioned by ComNet and the distributor. This warranty does not cover
product modifications or repairs done by persons other than ComNet-approved personnel, and
this warranty does not apply to ComNet products that are misused, abused, improperly installed,
or damaged by accidents.
Please refer to the product’s data sheet for the actual warranty period(s) of the product(s) associated
with this publication. Data sheets can be found at http://www.comnet.net/comnet-products/
Disclaimer
Information in this publication is intended to be accurate. ComNet shall not be responsible for its
use or infringements on third-parties as a result of its use. There may occasionally be unintentional
errors on this publication. ComNet reserves the right to revise the contents of this publication
without notice.
Safety Information
» Only ComNet service personnel can service the equipment. Please contact ComNet Technical
Support.
» Do not attempt to disasemble the link/repeaters as there are no serviceable parts within. This
action will void the warranty.
» The equipment should be installed in locations with controlled access, or other means of
security, and controlled by persons of authority.
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ComNet / Garretcom Interoperability / Compatibility Listing
Equivalent
Model Data Format Fiber Type Input Power
RLFDX485M2/24DC RS-422/RS-485 Multimode 9 to 36 VDC 5845HRT
RLFDX485M2/HV RS-422/RS-485 Multimode 88 to 300 VDC / 85 to 264 VAC 5846HRT- H
RLFDX485M2/48DC RS-422/RS-485 Multimode 36 to 59 VDC 5846HRT-L
RLFDX485S2/24DC RS-422/RS-485 Single Mode 9 to 36 VDC 5845SHRT
RLFDX485S2/HV RS-422/RS-485 Single Mode 88 to 300 VDC / 85 to 264 VAC 5846SHRT-H
RLFDX485S2/48DC RS-422/RS-485 Single Mode 36 to 59 VDC 5846SHRT-L
Dymec Model
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Warnings, Cautions, and Notes Used in this Publication
WARNING
Warning notices are used in this publication to emphasize that hazardous voltages, currents, or
other conditions that could cause personal injury exist in this equipment or may be associated
with its use.
In situations where inattention could cause either injury or damage to equipment, a Warning
notice is used.
CAUTION
Caution notices are used where equipment malfunction is possible if care is not taken.
NOTE / APPLICATION NOTE
Notes and Application Notes call attention to information that is especially significant to
understanding and operating the equipment.
This document is based on information available at the time of its publication. While efforts
have been made to be accurate, the information contained herein does not purport to cover all
details or variations, or to provide for every possible contingency in connection with installation,
operation, or maintenance.
ComNet assumes no obligation of notice to holders of this document with respect to changes
subsequently made.
ComNet makes no representation or warranty, expressed, implied, or statutory with respect to,
and assumes no responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, sufficiency, or usefulness of the
information contained herein. No warranties of merchantability or fitness for purpose shall apply.
Permission is granted to make a reasonable number of copies of this document for the use within
the organization that has purchased the equipment.
“Link/Repeater” is used exclusively to describe this family of Fiber Optic Data Links.
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1. Introduction
ComNet Models RLFDX485M2/24DC, RLFDX485S2/24DC, RLFDX485M2/48DC,
RLFDX485S2/48DC, RLFDX485M2/HV and RLFDX485S2/HV are data communications Link/
Repeaters, which allow the replacement of copper wire media with fiber optic cable. Link/
Repeaters simply convert electrical signals to light for transmission, and when received, convert
the light signals back to an electrical format. This is done for RS-422 or RS-485 protocols.
These Link/Repeaters are passive to software protocols. They are not addressable in
communication protocols, and do not provide any control logic capability to support
communication protocols. Link/Repeaters are designed with several features that allow for easy
installation and flexibility in configuring for various communication systems.
The multimode RLFDX485M2/XX and singlemode RLFDX485S2/XX series are functionally
identical, with the exception of the operating voltage requirements.
NOTE
This manual makes reference to the multimode Model RLFDX485M2/24DC, RLFDX485M2/48DC,
and Model RLFDX485M2/HV when describing features and functionality of the Link/
Repeaters. These descriptions generally apply to the singlemode Model RLFDX485S2/24DC,
RLFDX485S2/48DC, and Model RLFDX485S2/HV as well. When different, a specific reference
is made identifying the particular model(s) and their variation(s). The User should read this
manual to fully understand how to use the many features of the Link/Repeaters in an effective
communication system.
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1.1 Definitions
The following terms are used in this manual:
IED An IED is any intelligent electrical device capable of RS-422 or RS-485 data
communications, such as; a computer, RTU, PLC, “smart” meter, relay, etc. The IED
must have resident software or firmware that manages the data communication
logic, including protocol (formatting and timing), addressing capability (if required),
control logic software “handshaking”, and scheduling.
Point-to-Point
Two Link/Repeaters directly connected to each other.
Configuration
Local/Remote Loop
Configuration
More than two Link/Repeaters connected together where the fiber optic cable
connects the T optical port of one device to the R optical port of the next unit in
the loop. One IED is designated as the Local and controls all the communication
and the other IEDs act as Remotes and respond only when specifically polled by
the Local.
Peer-to-Peer Loop
Configuration
More than two Link/Repeaters connected together where the fiber optic cable
connects the T optical port of one device to the R optical port of the next unit in
the loop. Each IED has the capability of becoming loop Local as allowed by the
controlling software.
Echo The return of the Local’s transmission back to the Local after traveling around the
optical loop.
Optical Bus
Configuration
More than two Link/Repeaters connected together in a manner where the Local’s
transmission is heard by all IEDs and there is no returning echo of this transmission.
Local The Local is the IED that controls the loop in a Local/Remote loop. This IED is
responsible for the control of the loop, the polling of the Remotes for information,
and the prevention of data collisions. All loop communication is echoed back to
and stops at the Local. The Local’s Repeat Switch is always in the “OFF” position.
Remote A Remote is an IED that is passive in a Local/Remote loop. A Remote’s communication
is under the control of the Local, and should be controlled to prevent data collision in
the loop. All communication generated by the Local will be repeated through each
Remote and back to the Local. A Remote’s Repeat Switch is always in the “ON” position.
Peer Peers are IEDs that have equal status and each may Local the loop when allowed by
the software. A Peer’s Repeat Switch is always in the “OFF” position and a Peer IED
controls pin 8 of its Link/Repeater in order to obtain status as loop Local.
FOC Fiber Optic Cable.
Single-mode Single-mode fibers generally have diameters of 5μm to 13μm. Because of this
small core, only one axial path for light propagation is available through the fiber.
The optics required to drive single-mode fiber have to be highly focused so that
minimum dispersion occurs. Although more costly optical emitters are required,
the major benefit is that longer transmission distances (< 35 km) can be achieved.
Multi-mode Multi-mode fibers have core diameters of 50μm and larger. This larger core allows the
light rays to be propagated along several different paths down the fiber. The different
paths include an axial component as well as reflected components. Multi-mode units
are economical and effective for optical transmission over distances up to 6 km.
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Repeat Switch The Repeat Switch enables (REP) or disables (OFF) the repeater function of the
Link/Repeater.
HD / FD Switch This switch adapts the Link/Repeater to accept independent transmit and receive
channels (4 wire normally associated with RS-422) or a shared transmit/receive
channel (2 wire, generally RS-485)
Data Coupling Switch Each Link/Repeater is provided with this switch to easily adapt the device for either
DC or AC electrical Input data coupling. With AC data coupling the minimum input
data rate is 1200 baud with DC data coupling there is no minimum input data rate
but a signal stuck on the input will lock up a loop, bussed or star network.
Test Mode Switch RS-422 and RS-485 Link/Repeaters are provided with this switch to allow users
who wish to test the fiber connections of the link with a built in diagnostic mode.
This mode sends a 1000Hz signal out the transmit port as well as looping back
the copper port (pins 1 to 3 and 2 & 4) for diagnostic purposes. For the electrical
connections, this only functions in the full-duplex mode.
Enable Holover Switch
0 and 1
RLFDX485 models provide two switch positions for the user to select one of four
enable holdover times: 4μs (8 bit times at 2Mbps), 71μs (8 bit times at 112Kbps),
833μs (8 bit times at 9.6Kbos), and 8ms (8 bit times at 1Kbps) for the user. The
factory default setting is 4μs.
Biasing Resistor Switch This switch allows the Link/Repeater to easily add or remove the device input bias
resistors to reduce the loading on a copper bus network. The Bias resistors are 330 Ω.
Simplex
Transmit only or receive only communications.
Communication
Half Duplex
Sequential transmit and receive communications.
Communication
Full Duplex
Simultaneous transmit and receive communications.
Communication
T Transmit optical port.
TE Diagnostic LED that illuminates when the Link/Repeater is receiving an electrical
transmit from its IED.
TO Diagnostic LED that illuminates when the Link/Repeater is transmitting a signal optically.
R Receive optical port.
RE Diagnostic LED that illuminates when the Link/Repeater is delivering a received
optical signal electrically to the IED.
RO Diagnostic LED that illuminates when the Link/Repeater is receiving a signal optically.
Optical Budget The optical budget is expressed in dB, and is the maximum amount of light loss that
can be tolerated for reliable communications. The maximum usable optical distance
between two devices that a signal can be transmitted is determined by subtracting
all of the losses within the optical path from the optical budget. Various factors in the
optical path attenuate the light transmission and must be accounted for, to ensure a
reliable optical path. Key factors include fiber optic cable attenuation (expressed as
dB per unit length), cable aging, and cable fittings (terminations, splitters, etc.).
Non Return to Zero
(NRZ)
This type of encoding scheme does not require the voltage potential of each data bit
to return to the zero potential. No clock or timing recovery is provided with this type
of communication except in the start and stop bits usually found on each data word.
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Return to Zero (RZ) This type of encoding scheme requires the voltage potential of each data bit to
return to the zero potential. This allows timing recovery with each bit instead of just
the start and stop bits of the data word.
Number of Repeats The Number of Repeats is the maximum number of Link/Repeaters that may be
connected in a loop configuration. The sum of the Remote units in a Local/Remote
loop is the number of repeats for that type of loop. The number of Peers minus one
is the number of repeats in a Peer-to-Peer loop.
Asynchronous
Communication
This type of communication does not transmit a separate clock signal in
conjunction with the data signal. Link/Repeaters only support asynchronous
communication. A communication scheme where the clock needs to be transmitted
(Synchronous Communication) is not supported unless the data and clock signals
are transmitted together on the same pin.
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E
C
1.2 Model RLFDX485M2/24DC and RLFDX485S2/24DC Link/Repeaters
NOTE: Link/Repeaters contain no serviceable parts. Opening the unit will void the warranty.
Each RLFDX485M2/24DC or RLFDX485S2/24DC Link/Repeater consists of the following elements.
+9 TO +36 VDC INPUT
#6-32 THREAD SST REMOVABLE
SWITCH ACCESS PLAT
TYPE ST
FIBER OPTIC
ONNECTOR
9 PIN D-CONNECTOR WITH
#4-40 STANDOFFS
Figure 1 Elements of the Link/Repeater
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+/– 88 to 300
WITH
5.13 in
Each RLFDX485(M,S)/(48DC,HV) Link/Repeater consists of the following elements.
13.03 cm
#6-32 THREAD SST
INPUT:
VDC
85 to 264 VAC
OR
+/– 36 to 59 VDC
4.63 in
11.76 cm
4.13 in
10.41 cm
4.15 in
10.54 cm
0.51 in
1.29 cm
2.0 in
5.08 cm
0.46 in
1.16 cm
TYPE ST
FIBER OPTIC
CONNECTOR
REMOVABLE
SWITCH ACCESS PLATE
9 PIN D-CONNECTOR
#4-40 STANDOFFS
1.28 in
3.25 cm
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Figure 1 Elements of the Link/Repeater
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1.2.1 9 Pin Data Port D-connector
The Link/Repeater connects directly to an IED’s RS-422 or RS-485 communication port. The
pin-out configuration of the Link/Repeater is shown in Figure 2. If the IEDs port is not a 9-Pin
Dconnector, or if the IEDs pin-out configuration differs, a suitable adapter is required. Note:
The operating voltages specified in the table below for Pin 9 are applicable only to models
RLFDX485M2/24DC & RLFDX485S2/24DC
HD MODE FD MODE
• 1 Trans/Rec Data – [B/B’](I/O) • 1 Transmitted Data – [B] (Link input)
• 2 Trans/Rec Data + [A/A’](I/O) • 2 Transmitted Data – [B] (Link input)
• 3 No Connection • 3 Received Data – [B’] (Link output)
• 4 No Connection • 4 Received Data + [A’] (Link output)
• 5 Signal Ground • 5 Signal Ground
• 6 Earth Ground • 6 Earth Ground
• 7 Repeat Enable / Disable • 7 Repeat Enable / Disable
• 8 Optical Enable / Disable • 8 Optical Enable / Disable
• 9 +9 to +15 VDC Power (Pin 5 GND) • 9 +9 to +15 VDC Power (Pin 5 GND)
1.2.2 Switch Settings
Figure 2 Data Port Pin Assignments
HLD OVR 0
HLD OVR 1
Invert / Norm
HD / FD
Data Coupling DC/AC
Repeat Mode ON/OFF
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Test Mode ON/OFF
Bias / Out
Bias / Out
Figure 3. Switch Settings (Factory Defaults)
16 27 38 49 510
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1.2.3 HD / FD Switch
The HD/FD Switch adapts the Link/Repeater to accept independent transmit and receive channels
or a single shared transmit/receive channel.
HD: In this position, the Link/Repeater accepts a shared transmit/receive communication
channel such as normally associated with RS-485 2-wire standards. When in the HD
position, the Link/Repeater is “listening” for data signals both optically and electrically
and automatically switches to the correct state. This position is normally used for RS-485
2-wire connections and only half-duplex or simplex communication is available. Multi-drop
networks may be either Peer-to- Peer or Local / Remote.
FD: When independent transmit and receive electrical channels are available, select the FD
position. This will normally be used for RS-422 or RS-485 4-wire standards. The Link/
Repeater can support full duplex, half duplex or simplex communication in this position.
Multi-drop networks may only be Local / Remote.
1.2.4 Repeat Switch
The Repeat switch enables the repeater function in the “ON” position and disables it in the “OFF”
position.
REP: The repeater function available in the Link/Repeater is enabled. This function converts the
optical signal received on the R optical port to an electrical signal and delivers this signal to
the appropriate pins of the 9-Pin connector, as well as, re-transmits the signal optically out
the Link/Repeater’s T optical port.
OFF: The repeater function available in the Link/Repeater is disabled. The Link/Repeater converts
the optical signal received on the R optical port to an electrical signal and delivers this
signal to the appropriate pin of the 9-Pin connector, and does not re-transmit the signal
optically out the Link/Repeater’s T optical port.
1.2.5 Logic Inversion Switch
Use of this feature is required when optically interconnecting IEDs using RS-232 to IEDs using
RS-422 or RS-485, or IEDs that have biasing that pulls the “A” (+) line high and the “B” (-) line low
during the quiescent state. (Refer to Section 3.5)
1.2.6 Input Bias Switch
The Biasing resistor switch selects electrical input biasing. Biasing on RS422/485 inputs provides
the ability for the inputs to a device (the Link/Repeater) to be in a known electrical state if the
outputs that are connected to it go into a Tri-State (non driving) condition. Pins marked B or - are
pulled to +5 volts and pins marked A or + are pulled to Signal Ground. The default for the biasing
resistors is 330 Ohms, optionally no biasing can be selected.
Bias: 330 Ohm Biasing resistors. This is equivalent to 9 loads when configuring a bus network
configuration.
Out: No biasing resistors. This is the equivalent to 1 load when configuring a bus network. This
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setting should be used on at least one Link/Repeater if there are 2 or more electrically
connected IED’s in a copper bus network segment.
1.2.7 Input Data Coupling Switch
The Data Coupling switch selects the electrical input conditioning, the AC position selects
capacitively coupled, the DC position is directly coupled.
AC: AC coupling has a minimum incoming data requirement of 1200 baud due to the capacitive
coupling. This option blocks DC electrical levels should the device connected fail and ‘stuck
in a high level’. There is a 35 ms timeout for “stuck” output pins, after this time out the link
returns to LED off state.
DC: DC coupling allows DC logic levels to be transmitted over the fiber network, care must be
taken to guarantee that when any device stops transmitting packets that the input level
returns to a state that allows the T receptacle (emitter) to turn off. If it does not and the IED
is part of a loop, bussed or star network, the first device to transmit blocks all other devices
on the network from transmitting. *Single-Mode units cannot be DC coupled.
1.2.8 Enable Holdover Switch
Since the RLFDX485 Series Link/Repeaters are protocol and baud rate independent, we have no way
of determining the end of a word or packet, and therefore, when to tri-state the RS-422/485 driver. To
overcome this obstacle, we drive ‘1’ data bits for the full length of the bit and we drive ‘0’ data bits for a
pre-determined time. After that, the bias resistors hold the line in the ‘0’ state. In most installations, the
bias resistor circuit provides enough current for reliable communications, but in some cases (e.g. when
our Link is electrically connected to many receivers) data errors can occur. We provide two dipswitch
positions for the user to select one of four enable holdover times: 4μs (8 bit times at 2Mbps, the same
as the previous generation Dymec/Garretcomm 5845/46 links), 71μs (8 bit times at 112Kbps), 833μs (8
bit times at 9.6Kpbs), and 8mS (8 bit times at 1Kbps) for the user to rectify this situation (See Figure 4).
Extending the enable holdover time can improve the reliability of communications, but care must be
taken to ensure that the enable holdover time does not exceed the minimum interpacket gap in that
particular installation The factory default setting is 4μs.
4μs
HLD OVR 0
HLD OVR 1
71μs
HLD OVR 0
833μs
HLD OVR 1
HLD OVR 0
HLD OVR 1
8ms
HLD OVR 0
HLD OVR 1
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89
Figure 4. Enable Holdover Switch Settings
89
89
89
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R
T
9 Pin D Sub
Pin 1
1.2.9 Test Mode Option Switch
ComNet™ RLFDX485 Series Link/Repeaters are provided with this switch to allow users who wish
to test the fiber connections of the link with a built in diagnostic mode. This mode sends a 1KHz
signal out the transmit port as well as looping back the copper port (pins 2 to 4 and pins 1 to 3)
for diagnostic purposes. The loop back option for the copper/electrical port of the Link/Repeater
is only available for Full Duplex mode.
1.2.10 Optical Ports
There are two optical ports: T and R. The T optical port transmits data signals optically to the next
Link/Repeater. The R port receives the optical data signal from another Link/Repeater’s T optical
port. Each optical port is fitted with a type-ST connector for connecting to the fiber optic cable.
Fiber Connector
Figure 5 Optical Ports and Electrical Port
Fiber Connector
Connector
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1.2.11 Diagnostic LEDs
Each Link/Repeater is equipped with four diagnostic/status indicating LEDs. They represent the
electrical transmit (TE), optical transmit (TO), electrical receive (RE), and optical receive (RO)
paths. These LEDs, when illuminated, indicate that the appropriate path is active. When the Link/
Repeater is transmitting, both TE and TO LEDs will illuminate to indicate the transmit path is
active. When the Link/Repeater is receiving light signals, both RO and RE LEDs will illuminate. If
the unit is in the repeat mode and receiving light, the RO, RE and TO LEDs will illuminate, as the
signal is being retransmitted out of the optical port, as well as being outputted to the electrical
data D-connector. LEDs only illuminate when the path is active; powering on the unit does not
illuminate the LEDs unless their path is active. When data is present on the paths, the LEDs may
flicker; this is a normal condition. The diagnostic LEDs may also be used for troubleshooting, by
observing that the illumination of the LEDs corresponds with activity in the unit. See Figure 6 for
LED patterns and signal paths.
2 2 23
PWR
RO
RE
TO
TE
Normal Transmission Normal Receive Normal Repeat
Figure 6. Diagnostic LED patterns and signal paths
3 3
PWR
RO
RE
TO
TE
PWR
RO
RE
TO
TE
NOTE: The LEDs only illuminate when there is data traffic, and are not illuminated during signal
quiet times. The LEDs may flicker; this is normal operation.
1.2.12 Power Connections
1.2.12.1 Powering Models RLFDX485M2/24DC & RLFDX485S2/24DC
Model RLFDX485M2/24DC may be powered either through pin 9(+) and pin 5 (Ground) of the
9-Pin D connector, or the external power connector located on the rear of the unit:
1. When powering the RLFDX485M2/24DC via pin 9 of the D-connector, the IED must supply at
least 250 mA, or 340mA for the RLFDX485S2/24DC. This voltage should be regulated, and
within a range of +9 to +36 Vdc.
2. When powered from the external power connector located on the rear of the unit, the
operating voltage may be unregulated.
CAUTION: Regardless of the power connection used, Model RLFDX485M2/24DC requires 250
mA, and 340 mA for the RLFDX485S2/24DC, within a range of +9 to +36 VDC. A power supply
not capable of supplying 250 mA over the entire operating temperature range may cause the
Link/Repeater to malfunction.
Note: Connection of the no. 6-32 ground stud located on the rear of the unit to station ground is
optional for models RLFDX485M2/24DC and RLFDX485S2/24DC.
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1.2.12.2 Powering Models RLFDX485M2/48DC & RLFDX485S2/48DC
48 Volt DC Models RLFDX485M2/48DC and RLFDX485S2/48DC operate from any source of
36 to 59 VDC. These units include an internal regulated power supply. The supply voltage may
be unregulated, but the circuit must be capable of providing a minimum of 250 mA for the
RLFDX485M2/48DC, and 340 mA for the RLFDX485S2/48DC .
WARNING: Both models provide a no. 6-32 screw ground stud and a power connector on the
side of the housing. Be certain to connect a suitable earth ground to the grounding stud on
the side of the Link/Repeater. Remove the power plug from the power connector of the Link/
Repeater. Connect the power lines to the power plug, being careful not to leave any wire strands
exposed, and replace the power plug.
As the DC input is isolated from ground, these units may be operated from either positive or
negative DC sources.
1.2.12.3 Powering Models RLFDX485M2/HV and RLFDX485S2/HV
Models RLFDX485M2/HV and RLFDX485S2/HV operate from any source of 85 to 264 VAC (50/60
Hz), or 88 to 300 VDC. They include an internal voltage regulated power supply, and may be
connected directly to the AC line, or station battery bus power. The station battery bus voltage
may be unregulated, but the circuit must be capable of providing a minimum of 35mA for model
RLFDX485M2/HV, or 50mA for the RLFDX485S2/HV.
Both models provide a no. 6-32 ground stud and a power connector on the side of the housing.
Be certain to connect a suitable earth ground to the grounding stud on the side of the Link/
Repeater. Remove the power plug from the power connector of the Link/Repeater. Connect the
power lines to the power plug, being careful not to leave any wire strands exposed, and replace
the power plug.
As the high-voltage DC input is isolated from ground, these units may be operated from either
positive or negative DC sources.
This power input to the RLFDX485-series is Surge Withstand Protected to IEC 61000-4-4,
EN61000-4-5 Standard and ANSI/IEEE C37.90.1-1989.
WARNING: When installing a Model RLFDX485M2/48DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC, RLFDX485M2/HV
or a RLFDX485S2/HV Link/Repeater, an earth ground must be attached to the ground stud on
the side of the case before connecting to operating power. Failure to follow this procedure may
result in an electrical shock hazard to personnel.
Note: Connection of the no. 6-32 ground stud located on the rear of the unit to station ground is
optional for models RLFDX485M2/24DC and RLFDX485S2/24DC.
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1.2.13 Peripheral Equipment
1. 2.13.1 IE D
An IED is any intelligent electrical device such as a computer, RTU, PLC, “smart” meter,
protective relay, etc., that has the ability to communicate data via an RS-422 or RS-485 format.
The IED should have a communication port for the connection of the Link/Repeater. If the IEDs
communication port connector will not permit the Link/Repeater to be plugged in directly, a
suitable adapter must be made to accommodate the connection. Care should be taken to ensure
that the correct signals are connected to each other. See Figure 2 for the Link/Repeater pin signal
assignments. Check your IEDs equipment manual for its signal assignments.
The IED must also have intelligent software to execute the data communication. This intelligence
needs to logically manage the data and signal traffic, including any addressing, token passing,
handshaking, data formatting, and scheduling.
1.2.13.2 Fiber Optic Cable (FOC)
The selection of the fiber optic cable is important. High quality cable will ensure the maximum
performance of the Link/Repeater. Important factors to consider are the manufacturer’s
specification on optical attenuation per unit length, optical attenuation due to aging, diameter,
and tensile strength. Choosing the best quality FOC for your installation is important.
Model RLFDX485M2/24DC, RLFDX485M2/48DC, and RLFDX485M2/HV Link/Repeater units are
designed for use with type-ST cable terminations, and are compatible with multimode FOC
ranging from 50 μm to 200 μm.
Model RLFDX485S2/24DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC, and RLFDX485S2/HV Link/Repeater units are
designed for type-ST cable terminations, and are compatible with single-mode FOC ranging from
5 μm to 13 μm.
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2. Configurations, Operation, and Installation
The RLFDX485 series of Link/Repeaters may be connected in a Point-to-Point configuration, in
a Local/Remote Loop, in a Peer-to-Peer Loop, depending upon the requirements of the overall
communication system.
These models are designed to accept electrical inputs per RS-422 and RS-485 standards.
The RLFDX485 Series is designed to accept differential electrical inputs per RS-422 and RS-485
standards. Various implementations of these electrical standards can result in different types of
electrical circuits. The RS-422 standard and the RS-485 4-wire standard are normally associated
with independent and separate transmit and receive channels. In Multi-drop networks, these
standards allow Local / Remote operation only.
The RS-485 2-wire standard generally uses a bi-directional, shared transmit/receive channel. In
multi-drop networks, either Peer-to-Peer or Local / Remote operation is possible. The HD/FD
switch on each unit configures the Link/Repeater to accept either condition.
When the HD/FD switch is in the HD position, the Link/Repeater operates in half duplex mode
only and both transmit and receive signals share pins 2 (A) and 1 (B).
In the FD position, Link/Repeater pins 2 (A) and 1 (B) connect to the IED’s transmit channel. Link/
Repeater pins 4 (A’) and 3 (B’) connect to the IED’s receive channel.
NOTE: Some IEDs use “+” and “–” labels for their signals. A and A’ are “+”, and B and B’ are “–”.
It is also possible to optically connect the Link/Repeaters together within the same optical network
when IEDs with different electrical data formats are utilized. For example, where one IED is
communicating via RS-232, another IED is communicating with RS-422 or RS-485, etc., the data
format translation between the IEDs is performed automatically in this application.
APPLICATION NOTE:
Fully electrically, mechanically, and optically identical to and backward-compatible with the
Garrettcom/Dymec 5843, 5844, 5845, and 5846 Series, products in the ComNet RLFDX Series
may directly replace a Dymec unit anywhere within the network, and can optically communicate
to each other, eliminating the need for external format translation interface devices, provided all
connected devices are operating at the same data rate.
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2.1 Point-To-Point Configuration
For Point-to-Point operation, two Link/Repeaters are optically connected to each other.
This configuration permits full-duplex communication (simultaneous transmitting and receiving),
half-duplex communication (sequential transmitting and receiving), and simplex (one device
transmitting or receiving only).
APPLICATION NOTE:
In Point-to-Point operation, the communication logic (control software) of the IEDs must manage:
1. The transmission of data signals.
2. The reception of data signals.
3. Any “handshaking” required must be accomplished through software.
IED IED
TT RR
+ -+ - + -+ -
2 12 1
ON
OFF
Repeat Switch Repeat Switch
Figure 7. Point-to-Point Configuration
4 34 3
ON
OFF
The HD/FD switch is set to the position that satisfies the IED that is connected to the Link/Repeater.
This configuration permits half duplex communication (sequential transmitting and receiving) and
simplex (transmitting or receiving only) when the HD/FD switch is in either position. Full duplex is
only available for circuits with independent transmit and receive channels where the HD/FD switch
is placed in the FD position.
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2.1.1 Installation
1. Set the HD/FD Switch to the appropriate position for each Link/Repeater and its respective IED.
2. Set the Repeat Switch on all of the units to the “OFF” position.
3. Connect the Link/Repeater to the IEDs RS-422 or RS-485 communication port (including any
adapter that may be needed).
4. Connect the Fiber Optic Cables (T of one device to R of the second device).
5. Connect power to the Link/Repeater as follows:
A) If models RLFDX485M2/24DC or RLFDX485S2/24DC are to be powered through the
D-connector (+9 to +36 VDC on pin 9 referenced to Pin 5, signal ground) then the unit is
energized when it is connected to the D-connector (the power LED will illuminate).
B) Connect the power leads to the power connector, and then energize the power source. The
unit is now powered (the power LED will illuminate).
WARNING: When installing a Model RLFDX485M2/48DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC, RLFDX485M2/
HV, or RLFDX485S2/HV Link/Repeater, an earth ground must be attached to the no. 6-32
ground stud on the side of the housing before connecting to operating power. Failure to
follow this procedure may result in an electrical shock hazard to personnel.
6. Verify operation using the diagnostic/status indicating LEDs. (See Figure 5).
NOTE: Connection of the no. 6-32 ground stud located on the rear of the unit to station ground is
optional for models RLFDX485M2/24DC and RLFDX485S2/24DC
NOTE: The LEDs only illuminate when there is signal traffic and are not illuminated during signal
quiet times. The LEDs may flicker; this is normal operation..
NOTE: If during signal quiet time, TE and TO are illuminated, it suggests either a polarity reversal
(pins 1 & 2) or that the IED is biased pulling the “A” (+) line with respect to the “B” (–) line.
After checking the polarity on the connections, refer to section 3.5.
APPLICATION NOTE
The Point-to-Point concept can also be used to create an optical bus network. This can be useful
in those applications where the software in the Local has not been written in such a way that it
can support the return of the transmitted echo that normally occurs in loop networks.
Note that all Remotes receive the Local’s transmission, but only the polled Local hears the
response from the addressed Remote. The Local must always be the first IED within the network.
Figure 8 shows the connections for a Local/Remote RS-422 “optical bus”. Note that RS-422
Standards do not permit multiple transmitters to be connected together as they are not tri-stated.
In this configuration, all Remote units hear the Local unit’s transmission, but only the Local hears
the response from the addressed remote. The Local must always be the first IED in the network.
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LOCAL LAST REMOTETYP. REMOTE
T+ T+T+T– T–T–R– R–R–R+ R+R+
2 221 11
3 334 44
REP
OFF
REP
OFF
Figure 8. RS-422 Bus Configuration
FD is selected on all Link/Repeaters
All Remotes hear the Local’s Poll. Only the Local hears the response.
REP
OFF
REP
OFF
Figure 9 depicts an RS-485 multiple drop “optical bus” for both 4-wire and 2-wire systems. The
4-wire system is a Local/Remote configuration. All the Remotes hear the Local’s poll, but only
the Local can hear the addressed Remote’s response and the Local must be the first IED in the
network. However, in the 2-wire configuration, the system is capable of operating as Peer-to-Peer
or Local/Remote. All IEDs hear all communications, and the Local may be located at any point in
the network.
LOCAL LAST REMOTETYP. REMOTE
T TTR RR
+ - + -+ -+ - + -+ -
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
REP
OFF
REP
OFF
Figure 9. 4-Wire RS-485 Local/Remote Configuration
FD is selected on all Link/Repeaters
All Remotes hear the Local’s Poll. Only the Local hears the response.
REP
OFF
REP
OFF
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LOCAL LAST REMOTETYP. REMOTE
+ ++- --
2 22 2
1 11 1
REP
OFF
REP
OFF
REP
OFF
Figure 10. 2-Wire RS-485 Local/Remote Configuration
HD is selected on all Link/Repeaters
All IEDs have the ability to hear and respond to each other.
REP
OFF
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2.2 LOOP OPERATION - LOCAL/REMOTE CONFIGURATION
NOTE Before constructing a loop network, be sure that the software protocol of the Local is
capable of managing the receipt of its own echoed transmission. If it cannot, then use a
Point-to-Point configuration only between devices in an optical bus network topology.
This configuration supports a network that requires more than two IEDs to be communicating. In
a Local/Remote loop system, one IED acts as a Local at all times and addresses or “polls” each of
the other connected IEDs individually. Each Remote receives the same transmission from the Local
IED but only responds when it recognizes its address in the polling message.
Local
T
+ –
R
+ –
4 3
Repeat Switch Repeat Switch
ON
OFF
4 3 4 3 4 3
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
Repeat Switch
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Repeat Switch
ON
OFF
+ – + – + –
T T T
+ – + – + –
R R R
Remote Remote Remote
Figure 11. Local/Remote Loop Configuration
The Local must have its Repeat Switch in the “OFF” position. When it transmits a request from its
T optical port, it will receive the echo of its request at its R optical port. This request has gone
around the loop, and has been repeated by each Remote in the loop. In this mode, the Local does
not repeat (re-transmit) any of these received signals optically around the loop, because its Repeat
Switch is in the “OFF” position.
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Note: The communication logic and control software of the the Local IED must be able to
manage the receipt of its echoed request. The receipt of the echo can be used in conjunction
with a watchdog timer to continuously verify loop integrity.
When addressed, the Remote will transmit an appropriate response. Each Link/Repeater
connected to a Remote IED must have its Repeat Switch set in the “ON” position. In this mode, all
signals received on a Remote’s R optical port are delivered to the IEDs communication port, and at
the same time repeated out the T optical port to the next device in the loop. If an IED determines
that this request requires a response, then the Link/Epeater transmits the IEDs response out the T
optical port. The response is repeated at each Remote device, until it arrives at the Local.
When an IED is a Remote, it should not attempt to initiate a transmission while it is receiving a
signal. Since signals being received are also being repeated at the same time, any attempts to
transmit its response while receiving can corrupt both transmissions due to a data collision.
CAUTION: If a Remote IED attempts to transmit while receiving a message, a data collision will
occur.
In Local/Remote Loop Operation, half duplex communication (sequential transmit and receive
functions) is available. Only the Local can communicate full duplex (simultaneous transmit and
receive) in a Local/Remote loop, provided its IED has independent Transmit and Receive channels,
and the Link/Repeater HD/FD Switch is placed in the FD position.
APPLICATION NOTE
In a Local/Remote Loop Operation, the communication logic (control software) and the Local IED
must manage:
1) The transmission to Remotes (including addressing).
2) The receipt of the echo of its transmissions.
3) The receipt of the Remote’s response to its transmission.
4) The control of the Remotes to prevent the initiation of a transmission while receiving a signal.
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2.2.1 Installation
1. Set the HD/FD Switch to the appropriate position for each Link/Repeater and its respective IED.
2. Set the Repeat Switch to the “OFF” position on the Local. Set the Repeat Switch to the “ON”
position on each Remote.
3. Connect the Link/Repeater to the IEDs RS-422 or RS-485 communication port (Including any
adapter that may be needed).
4. Connect the Fiber Optic Cables (T of one device, to R of the next device in the loop). Continue
around the loop back to the Local, to close the loop.
5. Connect power to the Link/Repeater as follows:
A) If the unit is to be powered through the D-connector (+9 to +36 VDC on pin 9 referenced to
pin 5, signal ground), the unit will energize when it is connected to the D-connector (the power
LED will illuminate).
B) If the unit is to be powered through the power connector: Connect the power leads and the
power connector and then energize the power source. The unit is now powered (the power
LED will illuminate).
WARNING
When installing a Model RLFDX485M2/48DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC, RLFDX485M2/HV, or
RLFDX485S2/HV Link/Repeater, an earth ground must be attached to the no. 6-32 ground
stud on the side of the housing before connecting to power. Failure to follow this procedure
may result in an electrical shock hazard to personnel.
6. The units are now installed and operating.
7. Verify operation using the diagnostic/status indicating LEDs. (See Figure 5).
NOTE The LEDs only illuminate when there is signal traffic and are not illuminated during signal
quiet times. The LEDs may flicker: This is normal operation.
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2.3 Loop Operation - Peer-To-Peer Configuration
NOTE Before constructing a loop network, be sure that the software protocol is capable of
managing the receipt of the echo of its own transmission. If it cannot, then use a Point-toPoint configurations only between devices in an optical bus network approach.
A Peer-to-Peer loop configuration is similar to the Local/Remote loop configuration, except that
each IED in the loop is capable of localing the loop in a pseudo-Local/Remote loop. To achieve
this, all models within the RLFDX series provide an electrical means of controlling the “Off/Repeat”
function.
In this application, all Link/Repeaters are connected in a loop with their Repeat Switch in the
“OFF” position. Each IED must be able to control pin 7 of the D-connector, to enable and disable
the “ON” function. When an IED applies a low potential (less than 0.6 Vdc to pin 7), it enables the
repeat function of the Link/Repeaters. This is equivalent to the Repeat Switch being in the “ON”
position. When an IED wishes to become the loop Local, it raises the potential on pin 7 to a high
potential (greater than 2.0 Vdc). This disables the Link/Repeaters’ repeat function as if the Repeat
Switch were in the “OFF” position.
NOTE: The communication logic and control software of the Local IED must be able to manage
the receipt of its echoed request. The receipt of the echo can be used in conjunction with
a watchdog timer to continuously verify loop integrity.
Repeat Switch Repeat SwitchRepeat Switch
ON
OFF
4 3 4 3 4 3
+ – + – + –+ – + – + –
2 1 2 1 2 1
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
T T TR R R
IED IED IED
FIGURE 12. Peer-to-Peer Loop Configuration
When the potential on pin 7 is low, signals received on the R optical port are delivered to the IED,
and are repeated out the T optical port to the next device in the loop. A high potential on pin 7
causes signals received on the R optical port to be delivered to the IED only, and are not repeated
out the T port. It is not necessary for a Remote unit to raise the potential of its pin 7 to transmit.
After an IED has completed its tasks Localing the loop, it must return its pin 7 to a low potential, enabling
its repeater function, and re-establishing loop continuity for the next IED that becomes loop Local.
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NOTE Powering and controlling pin 7 is ignored in all configurations except Peer-to-Peer loop
operation.
Half-duplex communication is available with this configuration.
When an IED is in the Remote state, it should not attempt to initiate a transmission while it is
receiving a signal.
Since signals being received are also being repeated at the same time, any attempt to transmit its
response while still receiving, can corrupt both transmissions due to a data collision.
NOTE Any Link/Repeater that has its Repeat Switch in the “OFF” position and has a high
potential on pin 7 will not repeat those signals received on its R optical port through its T
port. Only transmissions initiated by its IED are transmitted through its T optical port.
APPLICATION NOTE
In Peer-to-Peer loop operation, the communication logic (control software) and the Local IED
must manage:
1. The transmission to Remotes.
2. The receipt of the echo of its transmissions.
3. The receipt of the Remote’s response to its transmission.
4. The control of pin 7 located on the D-connector.
5. The control of the Remotes to prevent the initiation of a transmission while receiving a signal.
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2.3.1 Installation
1. Set the HD/FD Switch to the appropriate position for each Link/Repeater and its respective IED.
2. Set the Repeat Switch on all the units to the “OFF” position.
3. Connect the Link/Repeater to the IEDs RS-422 or RS-485 communication port (Including any
adapter that may be needed).
4. Connect the Fiber Optic Cables (T of one device to R of the second device). Continue around
the loop to complete the loop.
5. Connect power to the Link/Repeater as follows:
A) If the unit is to be powered through the D-connector (+9 to +36 VDC on pin 9, referenced to
pin 5, signal ground), the unit is energized when it is connected to the D-connector (the power
LED will illuminate).
B) If the unit is to be powered through its power connector: Connect the power leads and the
power connector, and then energize the power source. The unit is now powered (the power
LED will illuminate).
WARNING: When installing a Model RLFDX485M2/48DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC,
RLFDX485M2/HV or RLFDX485S2HV Link/Repeater, an earth Ground must be
attached to the no. 6-32 ground stud on the side of the case before connecting
to power. Failure to follow this procedure may result in an electrical shock hazard
to personnel.
Note: Connection of the no. 6-32 ground stud located on the rear of the unit to station ground is
optional for models RLFDX485M2/24DC and RLFDX485S2/24DC.
6. The units are now installed and operating.
7. Verify operation using the diagnostic LEDs. (See Figure 5).
NOTE The LEDs only illuminate when there is signal traffic and are not illuminated during signal
quiet times. The LEDs may flicker. This is normal operation.
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3. Applications
When planning a system using any RLFDX485-series Link/Repeaters, the following system
parameters should be considered:
» Data Rate
» Optical Budget, and the distance between connected units
» Number of units in a loop configuration
» Powering the Link/Repeaters
» Type of communication, including format
» Selection of Fiber Optic Cable (FOC)
3.1 Data Rate
All RLFDX485-series Link/Repeaters automatically support data rates from 1200 bits per second
(AC-coupled is the factory default setting) to 2 Mb per second. No internal baud selection or
setting is required. However, it is necessary that all connected IEDs within the network be set at
the same data rate.
3.2 Optical Budget
The optical budget is a ratio of the receiver sensitivity to transmitter launched optical power;
i.e., the amount of light loss available from the transmitter to the receiver. It is calculated on a
log scale, so that a 3 dB loss is equal to one-half of the original power; 10 dB is one tenth of the
original power; 20 dB is one hundredth, etc. Many different elements in the optical path or circuit
can induce losses to the power of the signal. This attenuation must be taken into account when
determining the maximum distance that the signal can be reliably transmitted. The major factor
is the attenuation of the fiber optic cable. Cable attenuation is expressed as “X” dB per kilometer.
Other factors of attenuation include FOC fittings (connectors/terminations, splitters, etc.) FOC
diameter, and FOC aging over time.
Optical budget is the result of the expression:
Optical Budget [dB] = 10 x log10 Receiver sensitivity [μw]
Launch Power [μw]
Each RLFDX485M2/XX Multimode Link/Repeater has a typical optical budget of 19.5 dB.
Each RLFDX485S2/XX Singlemode Link/Repeater has a typical optical budget of 19 dB.
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3.2.1 Cable Attenuation Factors
The following cable factors must be applied as corrections to the optical budget.
3. 2.1.1 Diam et er
Multimode: FOC of different diameters will limit the available optical budget of a system due to
different FOC core diameters. The 19.5 dB typical optical budget is applicable to
62.5μm diameter multimode FOC. Table 1 shows the correction factors to use on
the available optical budget for different diameter cable.
Table 1
FOC Diameter Factor
50μm -3 dB
100μm +4 dB
200μm +7 dB
Single mode: 19 dB of optical budget is typically available and is essentially consistent for
standard singlemode fiber diameters.
3.2.1.2 Fittings
Adding additional splices, feed-throughs, or patch panels to the fiber optic cable plant will add
losses to the available optical budget. Optical budget loss information is available from the
manufacturer(s) of these components.
3.2.1.3 Aging
As the FOC ages, tiny cracks will form in the glass core of the fiber, resulting in an increase in
the attenuation of the cable. The optical emitters age over time, causing a very slow reduction in
their optical launch power. ComNet suggests that an optical loss margin buffer be applied to the
calculated optical budget, to ensure proper operation due to aging of the network over a 20-year
life span. A 2.5 dB to 3 dB loss factor is suggested to compensate for system aging over this 20
year period.
EXAMPLE: FOC is 62.5/125 μm multimode
100 kpsi rated 3 dB/km and 3 dB for aging
No other attenuating items in the circuit
initial: 19.5 dB Optical Budget
less: 3 dB aging
less: 0 dB for other circuit attenuation fittings
equals: 16.5 dB
divided by: 3 dB/km
equals: 5.5 km maximum distance of FOC between transmitter and receiver
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NOTE: Fiber optic transmission radically extends transmission distances beyond the normal
copper media RS-422 or RS 485 standards limits. The maximum usable optical transmission
distance between Link/Repeaters must be calculated using the factors listed above.
3.2.2 Extending the Distance
Should the optical transmission distance between two devices exceed that calculated above, it
is possible to insert a pair of Model RLFDX485 Series Link/Repeaters to function as stand-alone
repeaters, powered but not connected to an IED. Two Link/Repeaters are necessary, one for each
fiber path. The Repeat Switch of each unit is placed in the ON position. Serving as a repeater only,
the 9 Pin D connector should have a protective cover over the pins. If it is a single mode unit, pin 5
(signal common) should be tied to pin 6 (earth ground).
3.3 Number Of Repeats
In a loop configuration, the maximum number of units that can be used as repeaters must be
determined. A repeater is any unit that uses the repeat function of the Link/Repeater. All Remotes
in a Local/Remote loop are considered repeaters. Three factors must be considered in calculating
the maximum number of repeaters possible in a loop; the data rate (bits per second); the
minimum required width of the original pulse echoed back to the Local; and the maximum/peak
operating temperature.
1000
100
Repeats
10
1
Num ber of Repeats in a Loop Configuration*
0001001011
Data Rates (kbps)
FIGURE 9. Number of Repeats
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3.3.1 Effects of Data Rate
The number of repeaters is a linear inverse function to the data rate (i.e., more possible repeats at
lower data rates). The data rate, or bits per second rate, determines what the original pulse width
of each bit will be. The higher the data rate, the smaller the pulse width of each bit.
As the signal passes through a repeater, any distortion effect on the data signal is greater at
higher data rates, due to smaller pulse widths then lower data rates.
3.3.2 Pulse Width Distortion
As the data signal is passed from repeater to repeater, there is a small change to the pulse width;
this is defined as pulse width distortion. The amount of change that is tolerable corresponds to
the percentage of original pulse width required by a particular communications system design.
Typically, a communication system requires that the data word, or bit stream that each Remote
IED receives, matches the signal originally generated by the Local, within some tolerance of
pulse width distortion. High tolerance systems allow more pulse width distortion; therefore, more
repeats are tolerated. Conversely, low tolerance systems allow fewer repeats in the loop.
Figure 9 shows the maximum number of repeats possible if 70% of the original pulse width is
required by any IED within the loop. The acceptable percentage of the original pulse width is
due to the requirements of the IEDs. If more of the original pulse width is necessary or less is
allowable, then the number found in Figure 9 can be modified. Table 2 shows the factors to be
used to correct the number of repeats found in Figure 10 for such cases.
Table 2
% of Original Pulse Multiply Factor
80% .67
60% 1.33
50% 1.67
3.3.3 Temperature Effect
At peak operating temperatures above 65°C, the maximum number of repeats should be derated
by 20%. At higher temperatures, the distortion caused by each repeat increases, reducing the
maximum number of possible repeaters within the network.
EXAMPLE: Peak temperature of the system will be 70°C
Data Rate: 9600 bps
60% of original pulse width possible
initial: 100 repeats (from Figure 10)
less: 20% de-rate for 70°C
times: 1.33 for 60% pulse width
equals: 100 x 0.8 x 1.33 = 106 repeats
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3.4 Types Of Communication
The RLFDX-series of Link/Repeaters support the following types of asynchronous communications:
» Simplex - Transmission only or receive only
» Half-duplex - Sequential transmit and receive
» Full-duplex - Simultaneous transmit and receive
Half-
Simplex
Point-to-Point: (Repeat Switch “OFF”) X X X
Local/Save Loop: Local (Repeat Switch “OFF”) X X X
Local/Remote Loop: Remote (Repeat Switch “ON”) X X
Peer-to-Peer Loop: Local (Repeat Switch “OFF” and pin 7 “high”) X X X
Peer-to-Peer Loop: Remote (Repeat Switch “OFF” and pin 7 “low”) X X
Duplex
Full-
Duplex
3.5 Logic Inversion Switch
The Logic Inversion Switch is located on the top of the unit and is standard on all RLFDX485 Series
Link / Repeaters. This slide switch inverts the polarity and logic sense of all electrical transmit
and receive signal states going to and from the 9-Pin D-connector. It is set toward the 9-Pin
D-connector for the normal state (factory set default).
Every RLFDX485 Series Link/Repeater in the same optical network must have the Logic Inversion
Switch set to the same position, so that the quiescent state results in no light in the fiber. This
feature is required when optically interconnecting IEDs operating RS-232 and translating to
IEDs operating RS-422 or RS-485; connecting to some RS-422 or RS-485 IEDs that employ nonstandard logic to signal communication; or for IEDs that employ line biasing that can cause the
light to be on in the quiescent state.
The RLFDX485 Series are designed to operate with no light in the fiber during the communication
quiescent (quiet) state. Normal protocol for IEDs operating RS-422 and RS-485 formats is
implemented, such that the quiescent state is achieved with the protocol at a logic low, producing
a potential low output. Occasionally, RS-422 and RS-485 may have their output lines biased such
that the “A” (+) is pulled high and the “B” (-) line is pulled low in the quiescent state. This situation
will produce a “light on” situation in the fiber during the quiescent period. This condition is not
desirable, and the Logic Switch must be set in the INV position to compensate for this condition.
In addition, the user may connect ComNet™ RLFDX232 Series Link/Repeaters to the RLFDX485
Series and achieve RS-232 to RS-422 or RS-485 format translation without the need for external
converter devices. However, the following condition must be satisfied: In RS-232, the logic state
is inverse to the physical layer, i.e. logic high produces a physical low. When connecting RS-232
protocol, this logic to physical layer inversion must be reversed, or it will cause a “light on”
situation in the quiescent state in the RLFDX485 Series equipment. The Logic Switch can be set in
the INV position to correct this situation.
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3.6 Echo Control For 2-Wire RS-485 Local Units In Loop Configurations
The RLFDX485 Series are designed to continuously listen, both electrically and optically, for data
signals. Since the path is shared for transmit and receive, only one function may occur at any given
interval in time. The RLFDX485 is designed to give priority to data signals received optically, compared
to those being transmitted electrically, assuming that the software logic is managing data traffic.
However, in loop configurations, a special situation occurs if the Local IED is operating 2-wire
RS-485 (HD). The echo of its transmissions can be received back to the Local so fast that it arrives
before the transmission is completed, and a data collision will occur. Echo control must be
implemented for each 2 wire IED that can become a Local in any loop configuration.
A feature is provided to avoid this, and is implemented as follows. The Local must apply a high
potential (>2.4 v, but less than 30v) to pin 8 to disable the optical receiving circuitry of its Link/
Repeater while transmitting. After the Local has completed transmitting, plus a short time
interval that allows for the echo to be completely blocked, the Local relinquishes control of the
optical receive. The Local must then return pin 8 to a low potential (<0.8v) to re-enable its optical
receiving circuitry. The Local is now ready to accept the response from its poll request. Use of this
feature is not necessary for Remote units in loop configurations, or in Point-to-Point and Optical
Bus configurations. Typically, the software management sets an interval of null time before a
polled Remote initiates its response, and one-half to three quarters of this time interval can be
used for the delay time before returning the Local to the optical receive enable state.
This feature is standard in all ComNet RLFDX485 Series Link/Repeaters.
3.7 Types Of Communication
RLFDX485 Series Link/Repeaters support the following types of asynchronous communications:
» Simplex - Transmission only or receive only
» Half-duplex - Sequential transmit and receive
» Full-duplex - Simultaneous transmit and receive
HD/FD Switch in FD Position HD/FD Switch in HD Position
Simplex Half-Duplex Full Duplex Simplex Half-Duplex Full Duplex
Point-to-Point - Repeat Switch OFF • • • • • –
Local/Remote Loop – Local
Repeat Switch OFF
Local/Remote Loop – Remote
Repeat Switch ON
Peer-to-Peer Loop – Local
Repeat Switch OFF and Pin 7 LOW
Peer-to-Peer Loop – Remote
Repeat Switch OFF and Pin 7 HIGH
• • • • • –
• • – • • –
• • • • • –
• • – • • –
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3.9 Selection of Fiber Optic Cables (FOC)
Fiber optical cable is available in several construction types: Simplex, duplex, and breakout. FOC
is also available in various diameters and tensile strengths.
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4. Testing And Troubleshooting
4.1 Testing
Models RLFDX485M2/XX and RLFDX485S2/XX lend themselves to easy installation and testing.
Testing the units requires transmitting and receiving data, or setting the Test Mode switch to ON
while observing that the diagnostic/status indicating LEDs are illuminating in the proper sequence.
To test whether a unit is transmitting and receiving correctly, insert a short fiber jumper between
the T and R optical ports, and transmit a signal (or turn the Test Mode Switch ON). Note that all
four diagnostic LEDs should illuminate during communications (refer to Figure 5).
To test the units in a loop configuration, two Link/Repeaters are required. Connect a short fiber
jumper from the T optical port of one Link/Repeater, to the R optical port of the other. Set the
Repeat Switch for one of the units to ON, and the other to OFF. The unit with the Repeat Switch in
the OFF position is the Local. Using the Local, transmit and receive (or use the Test Mode Switch
in the ON position) through the other unit in the repeat mode. Observe that the diagnostic LEDs
illuminate during communications (refer to Figure 5).
When a Link/Repeater is not connected to an IED and is in the “repeat” mode, Transmit (pin 2 or
pin 3, depending on the position of the DCE/DTE switch) and Chassis Ground (pin 6) should be
connected to Signal Common Ground (pin 5). This will prevent any spurious noise from being
induced into the fiber optic loop circuit while servicing an IED.
Single-Mode Models RLFDX485S2/24DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC, and RLFDX485S2/HV Only:
When not connected to an IED, and in the repeat mode, the Link/Repeater should have Chassis
Ground (pin 6) connected to Signal Common/Ground (pin 5). If these pins are not tied together,
noise could be induced into the fiber loop. This is also necessary when servicing an IED in order
to keep the fiber loop and the Link/Repeater operational.
WARNING: The jumper connecting Chassis Ground and Signal Common/Ground should be
disconnected before reconnecting Models RLFDX485S2/24DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC,
or RLFDX485S2/HV to an IED.
If interconnecting an RS-485 Link/Repeater optically to an RS-232 Link/Repeater, the NORM / INV
switch must be in the INV position.
If the IED’s design biases A (“+”) high and B (“-“) low (a “steady” illuminated TE light, with no data
flowing, will indicate this), then the NORM / INV switch must be set to the INV position.
If a Local of a Local/Remote loop is operating in the HD mode (RS-485), refer to Section 3.6 for
special system requirements for the control of the echo.
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4.2 Troubleshooting
If the unit does not work properly, refer to the set up instructions in this guide, and use the
following check list:
» Is the unit properly powered?
› Verify the unit is receiving the correct power.
› Is the Power LED on?
› If required, make sure power from D-connector is present on Pin 9.
» Check that the indicating LEDs are responding to the optical and electrical activity.
» Is the unit mated properly to the IED? If an adapter is used, check that pin assignments are
connected correctly.
› Are the fiber cables connected properly? T to R; not R to R, or T to T.
› Are the HD/FD, the Repeat, and the NORM/INV switches set to the proper positions for the
application?
» Determine that the IED’s originating signal is within standards.
NOTE: If the Link/Repeater is not connected directly to an IED, determine that the electrical
signal received by the Link/Repeater is not corrupt. The Link/Repeater only repeats the
signal it is given, it does not re-clock or re-generate the signal.
» Review the IED’s software and protocols. Does the IED have physical handshaking
requirements, and have the appropriate settings on the IED been made to compensate for
these requirements?
» Consult factory.
NOTE: The LEDs only illuminate when there is signal traffic, and are not illuminated during signal
quiet times. The LEDs may flicker. This is normal operation.
NOTE: If during quiet time, TE and TO are illuminated, it suggests either a polarity reversal (pin 2
with pin 1) or that the IED is biased pulling the “A” (+) line with respect to the “B” (-) line.
After checking the polarity on the connections, refer to Section 3.5.
The diagnostic LEDs may flicker when data is passing. This is normal operation.
NOTE: Link/Repeaters contain no serviceable parts. Opening the unit will void the warranty.
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5. Specifications
5.1 Electrical and Optical Specifications
All Specifications over entire Operating Temperature Range. All Specifications are subject to
change without notice.
Multimode RLFDX485M2/24DC
Optical Budget Typical 19.5 dB 19.5 dB
Output power Typical -10.5 dBm peak -10.5 dBm peak
Receiver Sensitivity Typical -30 dBm peak -30 dBm peak
(62.5/125 Multimode) (62.5/125 Multimode)
Wavelength
Connector Type ST ST
Compatible Fiber Type Multimode Multimode
Configuration (Switches) HD/FD HD/FD
850nm 850nm
(50 -200μm) (50-200 μm)
AC/DC Coupled AC/DC Coupled
Link/Repeat Link/Repeat
Hold-Over (×2) Hold-Over (×2)
Invert / Norm Invert / Norm
Test Mode Test Mode
Bias (×2) Bias (×2)
RLFDX485M2/48DC &
RLFDX485M2/HV
Data Rate DC to 2Mbps DC to 2Mbps
Data Transmission Asynchronous, simplex, Half-
Duplex or Full Duplex
Transmission Distance up to 5000 meters up to 5000 meters
(62.5/125 Cable@3dB/km) (62.5/125 Cable@3dB/km)
Bit Error Rate 10-E9 Max. 10-E9 Max.
Point to Point Latency 4 μsec Max 4 μsec Max
Repeat Latency 400 nsec Max 400 nsec Max
Electrical Parameters
Inputs
I/O Data Format EIA RS-422 or RS-485 EIA RS-422 or RS-485
Data Connector 9 pin D-Type Female 9 pin D-Type Female
Input Impedance >750 Ohms >750 Oh ms
Input Voltage +12 to -7 Volts Max
+/- 6 V Differential
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Asynchronous, simplex, HalfDuplex or Full Duplex
+12 to -7 Volts Max
+/- 6 V Differential
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Outputs
Output Impedance >250 Ohms >250 O hms
Driver Output 50 mA 50 mA
Ambient Temperature
Operating Temperature -40º to +85º C -40º to +85º C
Storage Temperature -40º to +85º C -40º to +85º C
Power Required 3.0 Watts 3.0 Watts
250 mA @ 12 VDC 35 mA @ 88 to 300 V (/HV)
65 mA @ 36 to 59 VDC (/48DC)
Power Dissipation BTU/H 8.2 BTU 10.9 BTU
Weight 9 oz 17 oz
Dimensions (Inches) 2.0W × 5 .1L × 1.3H 4.1W × 5.1L × 1.3H
Indicators Power Power
Transmit Fiber Transmit Fiber
Transmit Electrical Transmit Electrical
Receive Fiber Receive Fiber
Receive Electrical Receive Electrical
Single-mode RLFDX485S2/24DC
RLFDX485S2/48DC &
RLFDX485S2/HV
Optical Budget Typical 19 dB 19 dB
Output power Typical -14.5 dBm peak -14.5 dBm peak
Receiver Sensitivity Typical -33.5 dBm peak -33.5 dBm peak
(9/125 Single-Mode) (9/125 Single-Mode)
Wavelength 1300 nm 1300 nm
Connector Type ST ST
Compatible Fiber Type Single-Mode (9-13 μm) Single-Mode (9-13 μm)
Configuration (Switches) HD/FD HD/FD
AC/DC Coupled AC/DC Coupled
Link/Repeat Link/Repeat
Hold-Over (×2) Hold-Over (×2)
Invert / Norm Invert / Norm
Test Mode Test Mode
Bias (×2) Bias (×2)
Data Rate DC to 2Mbps DC to 2Mbps
Data Transmission Asynchronous, simplex, Half-
Duplex or Full Duplex
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Asynchronous, simplex, HalfDuplex or Full Duplex
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Transmission Distance up to ~30K meters up to ~30K meters
(9/125 Cable@0.3dB/km) (9/125 Cable@0.3dB/km)
Bit Error Rate 10-E9 Max. 10- E9 Max.
Point to Point Latency 4 μsec Max 4 μsec Max
Repeat Latency 400 nsec Max 400 nsec Max
Electrical Parameters
Inputs
I/O Data Format EIA RS-422 or RS-485 EIA RS-422 or RS-485
Data Connector 9 pin D-Type Female 9 pin D-Type Female
Input Impedance >750 Ohms >75 0 O hm s
Input Voltage +12 to -7 Volts Max
+/- 6 V Differential
+12 to -7 Volts Max
+/- 6 V Differential
Outputs
Output Impedance >250 Ohms >250 Ohms
Driver Output 50 mA 50 mA
Ambient Temperature
Operating Temperature -40º to +70º C -40º to +70º C
Storage Temperature -40º to +85º C -40º to +85º C
Power Required 3.0 Watts 3.0 Wat ts
250 mA @ 12V 50 mA @ 88 to 300 V (/HV)
65 mA @ 36 to 59 VDC (/48DC)
Power Dissipation BTU/H 10.2 BTU 12.3 BTU
Weight 9 oz 17 oz
Dimensions (Inches) 2.0W X 5.1L X 1.3H 4.1W X 5.1L X 1.3H
Indicators Power Power
Transmit Fiber Transmit Fiber
Transmit Electrical Transmit Electrical
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Receive Fiber Receive Fiber
Receive Electrical Receive Electrical
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5.18 cm
2.82 cm
5.2 Outline Configuration & Mechanical Dimensions for Models
RLFDX485M2/24DC and RLFDX485S2/24DC
1.28 in
3.25 cm
9 TO 36 VDC INPUT
4.13 in
10.41 cm
5.13 in
13.03 cm
4.63 in
11.76 cm
0.46 in
1.16 cm
#6-32 THREAD SST
1.13 in
0.51 in
1.29 cm
TYPE ST
FIBER OPTIC
CONNECTOR
2.04 in
0.17 in
0.43 cm
REMOVABLE
SWITCH ACCESS PLATE
9 PIN D-CONNECTOR WITH
#4-40 STANDOFFS
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+/– 88 to 300
WITH
5.13 in
5.3 Outline Configuration & Mechanical Dimensions for Models
RLFDX485M2/48DC, RLFDX485S2/48DC, RLFDX485M2/HV, and
RLFDX485S2/HV
13.03 cm
#6-32 THREAD SST
INPUT:
VDC
85 to 264 VAC
OR
+/– 36 to 59 VDC
4.63 in
11.76 cm
4.13 in
10.41 cm
4.15 in
10.54 cm
0.51 in
1.29 cm
2.0 in
5.08 cm
0.46 in
1.16 cm
TYPE ST
FIBER OPTIC
CONNECTOR
REMOVABLE
SWITCH ACCESS PLATE
9 PIN D-CONNECTOR
#4-40 STANDOFFS
1.28 in
3.25 cm
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TECH SUPPORT: 1.888.678.9427
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