Commodore C64 Manual: Commodore 64 Macro Assembler Development System, The (1982)(Commodore) Commodore 64 Macro Assembler Development System, The (1982)(Commodore) User guide

THE

COMMODORE

64

MACRO

DEVELOPMENT

t

commodore

ASSEMBLER

SYSTEM

COMPUTER

THE

COMMODORE

64

MACRO

DEVELOPMENT

Copyright

ASSEMBLER

SYSTEM

1982.

Commodore

Business

Machines

Professional

1200

West

Computer

Wilson

Chester,PA19380

Division

Drive

COPYRIGHT

This

software

Commodore

saleofthis

purchaser

onlytoread

computer,

Duplicating,

a

violationofthe

This

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Machines

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product

only.

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THE

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6502

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Commodore64Programmer's

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TABLE

64

1.0

OF

MACRO

INSTRUCTION

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

2.0

ASSEMBLER

3.0

MACRO

4.0

OUTPUT

CONTENTS

ASSEMBLER

FORMAT

Symbolic

Constants

Relative

Implied

Indexed

Indirect

Indexed

DIRECTIVES

CAPABILITIES

FILES

GENERATEDBYTHE

CAPABILITIES

CONVENTIONS..

AND

ASSEMBLER

CONVENTIONS

3

5

6

7

8

9

10

14

17

CREATING

5.0

5.1

5.2

5.3

6.0

6.1

6.2

6.3

ASSEMBLING

7.0

ASSEMBLINGASOURCE

7.1

7.2

8,0

8.1

8.2

AND

EDITING

ADDITIONAL

Loading

Using

DOS

CREATING

Loading

Using

Editor64

BASIC

the

WEDGE64

AND

the Editor64

the

Program

AND

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Using

LOADINGANOBJECT

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ASSEMBLY

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DOS

WEDGE64

DOS

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EDITING

Editor64

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COMMANDS

ASOURCE

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SOURCE

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TESTINGAPROGRAM

FILE 27

Assembler64

FILE

Loader

Programs

Program

Programs

FILE

FILES

19

20

22

23

24

27

28

30

31

9.0

TESTING

AND

DEBUGGING

WITH

THE

PROGRAMS

9.1

Loading

9.2

Using

9.3

MONITOR

APPENDICES

Appendix1OPERATING

AppendixIIINPUT/OUTPUT

Appendix

III

AppendixIV6500

AppendixVA

the

MONITOR

the

MONITOR

Program

DESCRIPTIONOFFILESONTHE

SERIES

SET

OPCODES

SAMPLE

Programs

Commands

SYSTEM

MEMORY

REGISTER

MICROPROCESSOR

OUTPUT

LISTINGOFTHE

COMMODORE64ASSEMBLER

AppendixVIEXPLANATIONOFERROR

Appendix

AppendixIXDOS

VII

ED1TOR64

VIM

MONITOR

COMMAND

WEDGE64

SUMMARY

COMMAND

MONITOR

MAP

RELEASE

INSTRUCTION

MESSAGES

SUMMARY

32

33

40

44

DISK....51

53

55

57

64

65

66

INTRODUCTION

This

manual

process

series

use.

yef

include

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processoftranslating

computer

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machine

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development.

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representation

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CONVENTIONS

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127

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the

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for

bits

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through

record.

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characters

the

record.

12,

etc.

byte

anddO-

per recordispermitted.

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(represented

digits)

ASCII

hexadecmial

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binary

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characters

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by

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represented

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total

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file.

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including

record.

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zeros

file.

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(in

last

be

for

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of

5.0

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the

release

disk

housekeeping

the

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loading

program

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the

checks

passing

linking

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and

wedge

RETURN

loaded,acopyright

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(and

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this

programisloaded

operating

all

keyboard

the

into

load

the

LOAD

press

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RETURN.

program

before

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the

wedge

program

includedinBASIC

to

read

the

directory

screen.Iffilenameisspecified,

specifiedbyfilename

(where

those

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files

containedonthat

formatadisk

rename

copy

beginning

volume

reset

initialize

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the

file

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disk

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only

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names

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/filename

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memory.

command:

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programs,ormachine

note

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where

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please note

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thingasthe

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into

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by filenameatits

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program

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can

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programs

that

are

booted

by filenametodisk.

example:

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address

area.

own

and

6.0

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The

editorisusedtoenter

assembler.

editor

and

DELETE

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withinarange,

PUT,

detailedinthe

The

editor

already

that

commands.

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CBM

return.

methodinwhich

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you

trytocreate

data

ASCII

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filenames.

byte

$00.

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file's

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filesonwhich

characters

only

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the

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files

When

listingadirectory,

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EDITINGASOURCE

and

modify source

retains

KILL,

allofthe

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and

reNUMBER.

and

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numbering,

endofthis

operateina

computers

short

example

the

assembler

with

each

assembler

are

sequential

similar

BASIC.

files

line

files

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files

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commands

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BASIC

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commands

section.

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For

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using

the

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is in

naming.

spaces

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mustbeterminated

files

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editor

madeupof

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by a

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screen

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in

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type

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22

6.1

Loading

The

editor

LOAD

or

%0;EDITOR64

To

initiate

command,

the64editor

to

clear

assembler

6.2

Using

When

typed

such

10

will

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you cannot

this

problem,

the

computertoreturntoBasic.

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loaded,

at

1000.

.FILEora

with

the

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mustbeloaded

"EDITOR64'\8.1

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the

editor,

the

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the

text

source

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as:

FOR1=1TO

type

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been

pointers.

files.

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(converted

typeaBASIC

disable

files

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the

editor

After

editing

.END

'PUT'

command.

the

loaded

generates

the

assembler

Program

with

wedgeisenabled)

•SYS49152".

respond

loaded.Atthis

You

are

Program

10

line

with

editor

with

the

file,

insure

directive.

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command

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BEFORE

loading

V!l

the

foranEditor64

the

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LOAD

After

withamessage

potnt,

now

readytoeditorenter

operation,

into

BASIC

the

editor

with

the

'KILL'

"GET"

command.Asthe

line

numbers

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the

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assembleroryour

Command

command:

typing

typeaNEW

any

BASIC

keyword

turned

commandorreset

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last,

lineinthe

save

the

file

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SYS

indicating

that

command

statement

tokens).

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on.Toavoid

file

is

starting

fileisa

fileonthe disk

the

PUT

file

willbelast.

23

6.3

Editor64

AUTO

The

AUTO

new

source

following:

AUTO

wheren1is

To

disable

increment.

CHANGE

The

CHANGE

string

in

the

CHANGE/stM/str2/

Program

Line

Numbering

command

code

file.Toenable

n1

the

optional

the

AUTO

string

command

with

another

following

format:

\

siri

str2

tn1-n2

Delimits

either

Search

Replacement

Range

LIST

is

CPUT

Command

The

CPUT command

spacestothe

is

the

sameasthe

DELETE

The

DELETE

time.

Simply

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formatisthe

DELETE

To

deleteasingle

and

press

disk

function

input

the

sameasthe

n1-n2

line,

RETURN.

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generates

increment

function,

automatically

(multiple

,n1-n2

string)

parameters.

new

line

numbers

the

AUTO

between

type

the

AUTO

locates

occurrences).

the

str1

and

str2

string

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formatisthe

while

command]

line

numbers

command

and

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commandisentered

(use

any

commandinBASIC.Ifomitted,

searched.

outputs

for

later

PUT

command.

allows

rangeoflinestobe

enter

(Optional)

source

assembly.

the

files

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usertodelete

LIST

commandinBASIC).

line

number

withnounnecessary

syntax

deleted

for

several

aloneona blank

entering

type

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printed.

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replaces

character

one

sameasthe

the

whole

this

command

linesata

(n1

through

a

an

not

in

file

n2).

line

24

FIND

String

The

FIND

commandisusedtosearch

character

the

can

RUN/STOP

FORMATted

The

format

must

Note:

press

printing.

GET

This

editor

memory.

Note:

numbersby10.Ifn1isgreater

file

stringsintext.

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can

pause

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key.

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FIND/str1/

,(n1

/

stn

,n1-n2

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Search

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BASIC

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FORMAT

like

type

FORMAT

ThJs

space

Files

commandisusedtoprint

the

assembler.

mnemonicsincolumn

(n1-n2)

n1-n2

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(Optional).

command

bar

to halt

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the

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printing

with

the

formatofthe

n2)

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has

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printing

RUN/STOP

commandisusedtoload

from

disk.Itcan

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-filename"

n1

n2

n3

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starts

being

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currentlyinmemory

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numbering

inputting

number,

address

linesat1000

occurrenceofthe

space

this

same

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than

lor

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with

the

space

bar.

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command

Sameasthe

the

functiontowork

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same

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another

source

is;

notinthe

text

space

string)

LIST

command

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correctly,

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space

bartorestart

the

program.

text

files

already

sourceatthis lineinthe

(Optional)

defaultis8

any

endofthe

(Optional)

and

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line

numberinmemory,

current

file.

on

Printing

with

the

in

you

labels.

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the

in

file

the

line

the

25

KILL

Command

This

type

LIST

The

editor

command

the

same

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causes

command

LIST

command

commandjnBASIC,

LIST(n1}-(n2)

where

'n1-'

list

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the

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assembly.

resident

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ni-n2

specifiesarangeoflines.

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all

NUMBER

fileinmemory.

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PUT

will

lines

from

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function

(n1).(n2),{n3)

n1

n2

n3 Step

command

PUT

list

the

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New

has

file.

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"filename"

n1

n2

n3

n4

n1-n2,n3,n4

Starting

Ending

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are

left

all

outputs

the

.(n1-n2),{n3Mn4)

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editortodisengage.Torestart

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worksinthe

lines

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beginningupto

alllows

start

size

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source

abilitytooutput

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number

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number,

address,

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whole

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same

mannerasthe

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the

end)

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including

usertorenumber

(Optional)

number

{Optional)

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filestothe

disk

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fileisoutputtothe

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(SYS49152).

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also

include

"-n2'

(which

n2).

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allorpart of

for

later

memory

(Optional)

disk.

26

7.0

ASSEMBLINGASOURCE

Onceasource

disk

(by

using

loading

load

programs

7.1

To

the

assembler

Loading

load

the

LOAD

Wedgeisloaded)

After

loadingiscomplete,

assembler

when

execution

fileisreadytoassemble,

the

PUT

assembler

which

do.

the

Assembler64

assembler,

"ASSEMBLER64",8

will

printacopyright

begins.

FILE

command).

program.

will

Pleasebesuretodo

Once

resideinthe

Program

type:

(or

/ASSEMBLER64ifthe

type

RUN

notice

you

must

first

saveiton

this

thisiscompleted,

same

area

and

press

RETURN.

and

the

first

that

user

you

The

prompt

before

will

BASIC

DOS

27

7.2

Using

the

Assembler64

Whenaprogramisbeing creating

contains

the assembly

names

and

It

shouldbenoted

overwrite filename the

cross

wanttocreate

Although

and

options

time).Ifyou

file

When

If

and

cause

Next,

If

RETURN.Ifnot,

Finally,

Enter

After

execute.Ifduring

assembly

two

typesoffiles.

the

data

necessarytocreateamachine

loader).

areinthe

The

starts.

for

these

format

nameofthis

The

files

anyofthese

each

time

old

object

reference

cross

option,

the

OBJECT

you

want

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you

HARD

you

wantahardcopy

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you

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you

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file

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and

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RETURN.Ifnot,

willbeprompted

COPY

(CR/YORN)?

RETURN.Ifnot,

outputtobe

willbeprompted

REFERENCE

a cross

simply

you

willbeprompted

FILE

nameofthe

this

process

however,

(CRORD:NAME):

assembly,

will

assembled,

remaining

are

automatically

ilXXLLOOO0"

files.Ifyou

you

assembleaprogram,

you

the

same

cross

reference

files

before

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files,

with

the

starts,

printout,

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reference

press

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source

last

prompt,

stop.

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the

user

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first

typeisan

object

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files

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reference

generatedbythe

and "XXFF0000".

that

the

assembler

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the

you

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assembler.

procedure

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optionofcreating

assembly

run the

cross

the

first

press

RETURN.

with:

enter

with:

(CR/NOORY)?

file

created,

RETURN.

with:

file

that

the

symbol

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files.

starts,

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assembly

reference

prompt

Y and

N and

screen.

you

assembler

once

option.

will

file

press

enter

wishtoassemble.

program

table

overflows,

the

option

file

code

user

program

of

which

(by

before

files.

The

assembler

program

must

In

be followed

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object

-scratch"

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of

not

if

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with

the

object

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enter

the

filename

RETURN

RETURN.

Y and

or

This

press

begins

will

to

the

you

file

28

HALTING

When

pressing willbestopped

continue

to

terminate

key

users without

assembly.

THE

ASSEMBLER

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the

assemblyorto

the

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will

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the

program

the

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will

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process.

screen

maybehalted

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for

the

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This

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If

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Press

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you

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programisloaded,

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COPY

RETURNifyou

press

RETURN.

FILES

reference,

you

must

first

this

program,

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program

(CR/YORN)?

type:

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wantahardcopy

two

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willbecreated

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load

the

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RUN

and

press

RETURN

prompt

with:

printout;

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as

printout

of

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and

the

enter

N

29

8.0

LOADINGANOBJECT

The

Commodore64Assembler

format

LOADEDsothe

Loader.

8.1

There

disk.

This

loader.Toload

where

shows

that

can

notbedirectly

program

Loading

Each

allows

LOAD"filename",8r1

Name

LO-LOAD.C64

HI-LOAD.C64

the

Loader

are

two

versionsofthe loader

versionispositionedina

the

usertoload

oneofthe

filenameisthe

the

names,

canbeexecuted.

Program

programtobe

load

points

Load Address

$0800

SC800

FILE

produces

executed-

includedonthe

different

anywhereinRAM

Loader

programs,

loaded.

and

run

commands

Run

RUN

SYS

portable

This

outputinan

output

Thisisthe

development

areaofRAM

by using

type:

The

following

for

Command

51200

ASCII

must

be

functionofa

memory.

the

correct

table

each

loader.

30

8.2

Using

Both

and

copyright

usedtoplace

thatitwas

area

can

The

program

than

examples

After

object

search

program

feedback

message

There

documenting):

Errors

is

closed,

the

Loader

the

HI-LOAD

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notice

where

thenbeprogrammed

offsetisa

and prompt

object

assembled

thereisno

two

addresses.Ifthe

SFFFF,

Program

S0400

S3000

$0400

$9000

SE000

the

address

show

how

Address

offsetisentered,

filenametobe

for

the

file,

will

print

only.

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bENDOFLOAD1

are

three

errors

BAD

RECORD

NON-RAM

CHECKSUM

are

LOAD

considered

and

controlisreturnedtoBASIC.

Programs

and

LO-LOAD

same

manner.

code

into.

RAM

byte

hexadecimal

offset

loaded.

and

start

the

input

the

that

COUNT

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fatal;

loaders

When

the

user

intoanaddress

This

allows

and

load

into

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program

wraps

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soooo

$2000

S9000

$4000

around

works.

the

loader

The

loader

the

load.Asthe

datatothe

loadiscompleted,

and

returnstoBASIC.

can

occur

are

about

activated,

fora

load

offset.

range

the

usertoassemble

intoaRAM

etc..

address

through

Addre

AddressofObject

S0400

$3000

52400

$2000

will

CRT.

thatisaddedtothe

plus

$0000.

prompt

will

then

dataisloaded,

Thisisfor

the

duringaload

the loadisterminated,

512

bytes

long

the

loaders

The

other

than

area.

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the

offsetisgreater

The

print

offset

the

for

object

following

Code

the

user

for

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initialize

loader

the

user

prints

the

{eachisself

the

object

a

is

one

an

drive,

file

31

9.0

TESTING

The

MONITORisthe

64.

This

youtocreate,

subroutines.

examine

9.1

Loading

There

are

Assembler

The

only

resides.

MONITORSC000

MONITOR

the

intended

To

load

LOAD

SYS

LOAD

SYS

9.2

Using

The

MONITOR

registers,

prompt

command. Appendix

To

exit

the

AND

programming

modify

The

MONITOR'S

and

change

the

MONITOR

two

machine

Development

differenceisthe

MONITORS8000

residesatmemory

programs

location

and

activate

"MONITOR$8000",8,1

32768

■■MONITOR$C000",8,1

49152

the

MONITOR

programs

typingaperiod,

that

lets

you

The

commands

VIII

providesasummaryofMONITOR

MONITOR

DEBUGGING

machine

aid

contains

and

test

memory

language

disk:

areaofmemoryinwhich

residesatmemory

WITH

language

many

machine

purposeisto

while

debugging

Programs

monitorsonthe

MONITOR$8000

location

are

both includedincase

lor

the

machine

the

appropriate

monitor,

(monitorat$8000)

or

(monitoratSC000)

Programs

will

respondbydisplaying

and

flashing

know

the

MONITOR

are

describedonthe

program,

reset

THE

MONITOR

monitor

features

language

for

the

that

programs and

makeiteasy

your program.

Commodore

and

MONITOR$C000.

the

location

SC000.

code

programtoreside.

$8000

The

one

interferes

enter:

the

cursor.

The

programiswaiting

following

commands.

the

machine.

PROGRAMS

Commodore

will

enable

for

you

to

64

program

and

two

with

CPU

periodisa

for

your

pages.

9.3

MONITOR

COMMAND:

Purpose:

Syntax:

A(address)(opcode

(address):Afour-digit

memorytoplace

{opcode

mnemonic,

(operand):

addressing

required

addresses,afour

equaltoSFFFFisrequired.)

A

RETURNisusedtoindicate

are

any

errorsonthe

an

error,

canbeusedtocorrect

Afteralineofcodeissuccessfully

printaprompt

instruction,

than

once

Commodore

prompt.

Example:

COMMAND:C(COMPARE)

Purpose:

Syntax:

(Start

of

(End

of

C(start

Address):Afour

the

areaofmemorytocompare

Address):Afour

the

areaofmemorytocompare

Program

A

Enteralineofassembly

the

mnemonic):Astandard

i.e.

LDA,

The

operand,

modes.

whose

valueisless

Commands

mnemonic)(operand)

hexadecimal

opcode.

STX,

ROR,

when

(For

zero-page

thanorequalto$FF.

digit

hex

number

code.

number

MOS

etc.

as definedinAppendix

required,

modes,atwo

whose

the

endofthe

line,aquestion

andaperiodistypedonthe

any

errorsonthe

assembled,

containing

so

'A'

and

when

typing

64.Toexit

.A1200

.A

Compare

LDX

1202

two

address)(end

the

line

numberdonot

assembly

this

#$00

language

mode,

press

areasofmemory

address)(with

digit

hex

number

against.

digit

hex

number

against.

assembly

canbeof

markisdisplayedtoindicate

indicating

language

anyofthe

digit

For

valueisless

assembly

line.

The

screen

original

line.

the

assembler

location

havetobe

programs

RETURN

address)

after

the

location

IV.

legal

hex

number

non-zero

than

page

or

line.Ifthere

editor

will

for

an

typed

more

into

the

'A'

start

address

end

address

in

is

(With

Address):Afour

addresssofthe

The

address

a

spaceorcomma.Ifthe

64MON

memoryisthe

two

descending

will

areas

other

fields

shouldbeseparated

printaperiod,

sameasthe

which

are

order.

different,

digit

hex

number

areaofmemorytocompare

two

areasofmemory

indicating

first.

The

are

indicating

by a

valid

are

that

the

second

addresses,ofany

printed

outonthe

with.

delimiter,

33

the

start

the

same,

area

bytesinthe

screen

such

then

of

in

as

COMMAND:D(DISASSEMBLE)

Purpose:

mnemonics

Syntax;

(address

be

disassembled.

(address

the

The

spaceorcomma.

different

the

(for

A

disassembly

any

RETURN.

Disassemble

and

D(address

1):Afour-digit

machine

operands.

1}(address

hexadecimal

2):Anoptional

codetobe

address

first

characterofa

disassembled.

fields

shouldbeseparated

The

than

the

input

formatofthe

formatofan

disassemblyisa

readability).

listing

changestothe

This

will

canbemodified

mnemonicoroperandonthe

enter

code

2)

four-digit

the

hexadecimal

line

and

modifications.

A

disassembly

control.

a

cursor

another

backwards

screen

Example:D1000 1400

COMMAND:F(FILL)

Whenalineofdisassemblyisat

disassembled

and

Purpose:

Syntax:

Fladdress

(address

(byte):Atwo

consecutive

This

commandisuseful

RAM

area.

Example:F0400

Fills

memory

instruction,)

canbescrolledupor

down

will

cause

throughadisassembly

hitting

.,

1000

1002

1003

cursor

LDA

???

BNE

Fillarangeoflocations

1)(address

1):

The

first

2):

The

last

digit

hexadecimal

memory

0518

locations

the

screentoscrollupone

lineofcode.

up).

#$00

Sf1030

withaspecified

2)(byte)

locationtofill

numbertobe

locations

for

initializing

EA

from

$0400to$0518

into

assembly

starting

addressofthe

language

ending address

by a

delimiter

disassemblyisonly

assembly.

comma,

using

call

downonthe

This

also

(i.e.T

goingtothe topofthe

The

rather

the

screen

screen,

the

assembler

screen

the

bottomofthe

works

differenceisthat

linetodisplay

for

byte.

with

the

value

specifiedby(byte)

with

the

value

specifiedby(byte)

written

data

structuresorany

with

into

SEA(aNOP

code

of

suchasa

slightly

thanan'A'

editor.

for

scrolling

Make

then

press

further

via

cursor

screen,

other

to

34

COMMAND:G(GO)

Purpose:

Syntax:

(address):Anoptional

program

address

currentPCcanbeviewed

TheGOcommand

command)

Cautionisrecommendedinusing

sometimesbewisetosetabreakpoint

program

system.)

Example:G040C

Execution

COMMAND:H(HUNT)

Purpose:

occurrencesofa

Syntax;

(address

(data):

ASCII

An

quote,

Multiple

Example:HC000

Begin

executionofa

programata

G(address}

counter

is left

out,

and

begin

argument

and

address

execution

will

restore

executionatthe specified

specifying

where

wili

using

executionisto

beginatthe

theRcommand.)

all

registers

theGOcommand.

executiontoprevent

beginsatlocation

Hunt

through

H(address

1):

Beginning

2):

Ending

Data

settobe

string)

memory

set

of bytes.

1)(address

addressofhunt

searched

ASCIIisspecifiedbypreceding

i.e.,

'STRING.

two-digit

Data

hex

arguments

FFFF

H

A000

A101A9FF

lossofcontrolofthe

040C.

withinaspecified

2)(data)

procedure

(data

maybehexadecimaloran

the

maybesingleormultiple

mustbeseparated

'READ;Search

4C;

Search

in

tnat

sequence

somewhereinthe

procedure

first

specified

the

new

current

(displayabie

address.

valueofthe

start.

When

PC.

(The

by

the

starting

address.

(It

may

line

operating

range

for

all

character

for

ASCII

for

data $A9,

withasingle

arguments.

by a

space

string

READ

$FF,

the

R

of

$4C.

35

COMMAND:I(INTERROGATE)

Purpose:

specified

Syntax:

(address

The

character

The

This

Whenalineofthe

down

lineofthe

goingtothe topOfthe

Note:

period

Example:1C000 C020

DispiaysinREVERSE

COMMAND:L(LOAD)

Purpose:

Syntax:L"filename".(device)

filename:

(device):Atwo-digit

to

load

The

starting

PGM

into

machine

relocatable.

marker

Example:L"SCREEN".01:readsafile

Display

address

1(address1)(address

1):

2):

ASCII

characters

with

display

allows

will

cause

listing.

Whenacharacterisnot

(.).

Loadafile

Any

01iscassette

08isdisk

LOAD

command

addressiscontainedinthe

file),inother

the

same

language

(EOF)isfound.

memoryinASCII

range.

Starting

Ending

canbemadetoscrollbyusing

continuing

addressofASCII

are

displayedinreverse

the

hexadecimal

the

search

listingisat

the

screentoscrollupone

This

also

screen

all

data

from

cassetteordisk.

legal

Commodore6^filename

byte

indicating

(or

09.

etc.)

causesafiletobe

words,

pJaceitwas

work,

The

file

L

'TANK".O8

the

saved

since

willbeloaded

:readsafile

character

2)

dump

data

displayedonthe

beyond

the

bottomofthe

works

for

and

typing

printable,itwillbedisplayed

from

SCOOOtoSC020,

the

scrolling

cursor

device

loaded

first

two

LOAD

command

from.

few

programs

into

Thisisvery

memory

from

format

the

linetodisplay

bytesofthe

within

video

(to

contrast

screen),

cursor

search

backwards

number

into

always

up/down

parameters.

screen,acursor

(i.e.,

up).

from

memory.

file

loadsafile

important

are

completely

until

the

endoffite

cassette

disk

drive

the

key.

another

as a

which

The

(in

a

in

36

COMMAND:M(MEMORY

Purpose:Todisplay

specified

Syntax;

(address

bytes

Memoryisdisplayedinthe

Memory

move

correction

an

attempttomodify

displayed.

As

with

screen

controls.

Example:M0000

address

M(address

1):

First

2):

Last

willbedisplayed.)

.:AO48

7F E7 00AAAAAE02

content

the

cursortothe

and

the

DISASSEMBLY

maybescrolled

memory

range-

i)(address

addressofhex

maybeedited

datatobe

press

RETURN.Ifthereisa bad

ROM

bothupand

.:00004C7FEFAA0002F7FF

The

first

eight

bytesofmemory

DISPLAY)

as a

hexadecimal

2)

dump

following

using

has

occurred,anerror

and

INTERROGATE

are

(Optional.Ifomitted,

format:

FF

the

modified.

down

displayed.

dump

screen

editor.Toedit,

Type

the

RAM

commands,

by using

within

desired

locationorif

flag

(?)

will

the

cursor

the

eight

be

the

37

COMMAND:N(NEW

Purpose:Torelocate

offsettothe

Syntax:

(address

(offset):

Code

moved

a

value

from

SAOOOto$0400

£A000+$6400=310400,

computer,

{ref

1):

equalto{ref1)and

value,

by

(ref

i.e.,

'operand+(offset)'.

2):

withavalue

W;

Relocate

theWis

Oftenitis

memorytoanother

code.

Thenbyusing

runinthe

operandsofthe

N{address

1):

Starting

2):

Ending

Valuetobe

fromahigh

which

Any

Upper

wraps

the

resultis$0400.

three

the

operandofthe

timitofoperandstorelocate

greater

word

included.

useful to

new

COMMAND:R(REGISTER

Purpose:

register,

registers

Syntax:

Note

bit.

is

appropriatetopoint

instructionisexecuted,

ORe'd

(the

makesnodifference.

causes

Example:

Show

program

and

R

that

the

Since

the

into

break

flag!)

problems

the

stack

eighth

the

R

LOCATOR)

absolute

i)(address

addressofcodetobe

addressofcodetobe modified

addedtooperandofinstructions

locationtoa

around.

will

requireanoffsetof$6400.

but

byte

instruction

less

than

thanorequalto(ret

tables,

address

(optional).

Relocation

moveasectionofcode

(see the

the

"N"

space.

DISPLAY}

important

counter,

stack

status

always

which

6502

the

pointer

pointerisdisplayed

bitofthe

outabuginthe

the

byte

andisstoredonthe

set.

However,

are very

PC

.;

057F

memory

target

2)(offset)(ref

For

since

(ref2}willbeoffsetbythe

three

then

"I11

command)tomake

command,

registers.

accumulator,

are

stack

For

99.9%ofatl

when

difficulttotrack

SR

01

referencesbyadding

code.

1)<ref

2)W

modified

low

locationinmemory

example,apieceofcode

thereisnotabit

whose

operandisgreater

byte

instruction

(see

2) will

Every

two

becomes

the

data

from

code

The

theXandYindex

displayed.

without

pointer

eighth

this

has

6502.

bitofthe

applications,

bug

nineinthe

willbereplaced

ref

1).

notberelocated.

bytes

willbeoffset

independent.

one

room

can be

program

its

implied

been

WhenaPHP

stack

does

turn

down.

AC

XR YR SP

02 03 04

FE

an

needs

moved

than

or

(offset)

Any

operand

if

area

in

for

more

changed

to

status

eighth

mentioned,

pointer

with

bit

this

up.

it

is

four

it

COMMAND:S(SAVE)

Purpose;

Syntax:

filename:

be

(device):

cassette,

disk

(address

dataupto,

saved.

The

bytes

mayberecalled

Example:3'GAME11.08,0400,OCOO

saves

COMMAND:T(TRANSFER)

Purpose;

another.

Syntax:

{address

(address

placed)

Data

Additional

backward

Example:T1400 1600

shifts

memory.

Save

the

contentsofmemory

SMli1ename",(device),{address1).(address2)

Any

legal

filename

enclosedindouble

Two

possible

use

device

driveisusually

1):

Starting

2):

Ending

but

file

createdbythis

contain

memory

the

Transfer

T(address

1):

Starling

2):

Ending

3}:

Starting

can be

moved

memory

any

01.

08.

addressofmemorytobe

not

including

starting

using

from

S0400toSOCOO

segmentsofmemory

1)(address

addressofdatatobe

addressofnew

from

segmentsofany

numberofbytes,

for

saving

quotes;

devices

The

single

are

device

the

commandisa

address

the

'L'

command.

2)(address

low

memorytohigh

i.e..

onto

the

quotes

cassette

numberofthe

byteofdataatthis

load

(address1)of

onto

disk.

from

3)

moved

location

length

shifted.

1401

data

from

$1400upto

and

including

tapeordisk,

data.

The

are

illegal.

and

disk.Tosave

Commodore

saved

saved,

file,

plus

i,e..

the

one

memory

(where

filename

address,

data.

the

must

on

one.

All

whl

first

two

The

area

data

will

64

be

file

to

be

memoryorvice-versa.

canbemoved

$1600,

one

forward

byte

higher

or

in

39

APPENDIXIOPERATING

Hex.

Label

D6510

R6510

ADRAY1

ADRAY2

CHARAC

ENDCHR

TRMPOS

VERCK

COUNT

DIMFLG

VALTYP

INTFLG

GARBFL

SUBFLG

INPFLG

TANSGN

LINNUM

TEMPPT

LASTPT

TEMPST

INDEX

RESHC

TXTTAB

VARTAB

ARYTAB

STREND

Addr.

0000

0001

0002

0003-0004

0005-0006

0007

0008

0009

OOOA

000

B

OOOC

000D

000E

000F

0010

0011

0012

0013

0014-0015

0016

0017-0013

0019-0021

0022-0025

0026-002A

002B-002C

OO2DO02E

002F-0030

0031-0032

Dec.

Loc.

0

1

2

3-4

5-6

7

&

g

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

ta

19

20-21

22

23-24

25-33

34-37

38-42

43-44

45-46

47-48

49-5C

SYSTEM

MEMORY

Description

6510

On-Chip

Register

6510

On-Chip

Output

Do

Not

Jump

Vector:

-

Integer

Jump

Vector:

-Floating

Search

Flag:

String

Screen

TAB

Character

Scan

Column

Fiag:0=Load1=

Input

Buffer

of

Subscripts

Flag:

Default

Data

Type;

$00=

Numeric

Data

Type:$80=Integer

$00=

Floating

Flag:

Data

quote/Garbage

Flag:

Subscript

Function

Flag:

$00=

S98=READ

Flag;

TAN

Result

Flag:

INPUT

Temp:

Pointer:

Integer

Stack

Last

Temp

Stack

for

Utility

Pointer

Floating-Point

Multiply

Pointer:

Variables

Pointer

MAP

Data-Direction

8-Bit

Input/

Register

Use

Convert

1or

QuoteatEnd

Pointer/Number

Array

$ff=String

scan/LlST

Collect

Ref/User

Call

INPUT

sign/Comparison

Prompt

Value

Temporary

String

Temporary

Area

Product

StartofBASIC

EndofBASIC

Floating

Integer

From

Last

Verify

Dimension

$40=

GET

String

Address

Strings

of

Text

Arrays

of

40

Label

FRETOP

FRESPC

MEMSIZ

CURLIN

OLDUN

OLDTXT

DATLIN

DATPTR

INPPTR

VARNAM

VARPNT

FORPNT

FACEXP

FACHO FACSGN

3GNFLG

BITS

ARGEXP

ARGHO

ARGSGN

ARISGN

FACOV

RODBS

RODBE

IRQTMP

ENABL

Hex.

Addr.

0033-0034

00350036

0037-0038

0039-003A

003B-003C

003D-003E

003F-0040

0041-0042

00430044

0045-0046

0047-0048

0049-004A

004B-0060

0061

0062-0065 0066

0067

0068

0069

006A-006D

006

E

006F

0070

029

D

029

E

029F-02A0

02

A1

02A2-02FF

02A6

02A7-02FF

Dec.

Loc.

51-52

53-54

55-56

57-58

59-60

61-62

6364

65-66

67

68

69-70

71-72

73-74

75-96

97

98-101

102

103

104

105

106-109

110

111

112

669

670

671-672

673

674-677

678

679-767

Description

Pointer;

Storage

Utility

Pointer:

BottomofString

String

Pointer

Highest

Address

UsedbyBASIC

Current

CO

Current

Pointer:

NT

BASIC

DATA

Current

Line

BASIC

Line

Statement

DATA

Number

Address

Vector:

Current

Pointer:

Variable

Pointer:

FOR/NEXT

Temp

Floating-point

#1:

Floating

Pointer:

Constant

Floating

Digit

Floating-Point

#2:

Floating

Sign

Accum.#1vs

Floating

Order

RS-232

(Page)

RS-232

Buffer

Holds

I/O

RS-232

Interrupts

Cassette

Flag:

INPUT

BASIC

Current

Routine

Variable

BASIC

Data

Index

Variable

Pointer/Data

Area

Accumulator

Exponent

Accura

Accum.

Series

Accum.

#1:

Evaluation

#1:

Accumulator

Exponent

Accum.

Accum,

Comparison

#2:

Result:

#2

Accum.

(Rounding)

StartofOutput

IndextoEndofOutput

IRQ

Current

Temp

0= NTSC

#1.

Vector

During

Enabled

Data

Video1=

Video

Not

Used

Number

for

Item

Name

for

Mantissa

Sign

Overflow

Mantissa

Sign

Low-

Buffer

Tape

Area

PAL

41

Label

I

ERROR

IMAIN

ICRNCH

IQPLOP

IGONE

IEVAL

SAREG

SXREG

SYREG

SPREG

USRPOK

USRADD

CINV

CBINV

NMINV

IOPEN

ICLOSE

ICHKIN

ICKOUT

ICLRCH

I

BASIN

IBSOUT

I

STOP

IGETIN

tCLALL

USRCMD

ILOAD

ISAVE

TBUFFR

Hex,

Addr.

0300-0301

0302-0303

0304-0305

0306-0307

0308-0309

030A-030B

030C

030

D

030

E

030

F

0310-0313

0314-0315

0316-0317

0318-0319

031A-031B

031C-031D

031E-031F

0320-0321

0322-0323

0324-0325

0326-0327

0328-0329

032A-032B

032C-032D

032E-032F

0330-0331

0332-0333

033C-03FB

Dec,

768-769

770-771

772-773

774-775

776-777

778-779

780

781

782

7S3

784787

785-786

788-789

790-791

792-793

794-795

796-797

798-799

800-801

802-803

804-805

806-807

808-809

810-811

812-813

814-815

816-817

818-819

828-1019

Loc.

Description

Vector:

Message

Vector:

Vector;

Evaluation

Storage

USR

Vector:

Interrupt

Vector:

Interrupt

OpenaLogical

CloseaSpecified

Kernal

Open

Close

Print

BASIC

Tokenize

BASIC

for

Function

Hardware

SRK

Warm

BASIC

Text

Char

Token

6502.ARegister

6502.XRegister

6502.YRegister

6502

.SP

Jump

IRQ

Instr.

Interrupt

Non-Maskable

File

Logical

CHK1N

Channel

Input

Routine

for

Output

and

Output

Error

LIST

Dispatch

Channels

Kernal

Vector

Scan

Get

Queue

CloseaSpecified

User-Defined

Load

Save

Tape

CHRIN

CHROUT

Stop

Character

(Keyboard

RAM

RAMtoa

I/O

Routine

Key

from

Vector

fromaDevice

Device

Buffer

Keyboard

Buffer)

Logical

Start

Text

Register

Instr

($4c}

Address

File

Vector

File

42

Label

ViCSCN

Hex.

Addr.

0400-07FF

0400-07E7

07F8-07FF

0800-9FFF

S000-9FFF

Dec.

AO0O-BFFF

COOO-CFFF

DOOO-DFFF

EOOO-FFFF

Loc.

1024-2047

1024-2023

2040-2047

2048-40959

32768-40959

40960-49151

49152-53247

53248-57343

Description

1024

Area

Video

Columns

Sprite

Normal

Optional

Bytes

BASIC

8K

RAM-4096

Input/Output

Color

Generator

Bytes

57344-65535

Kernal

8K

Byte

Screen

Memory

Matrix:25Linesx40

Data

Pointers

SAStC

ROM-8192

RAM)

RAMorCharacter

Program

Cartridge

Bytes

ROM-8192

Bytes

Devices

ROMorRAM-4096

ROM-8192

RAM)

Bytes

Space

(or

and

(or

43

APPENDIXIIINPUT/OUTPUT

Hex.

0000

Decimal

0

Bits

Description

0-7

MOS

6510

REGISTER

Data

MAP

Direction

Register

0001

d000-

dO2e

dooo

dooi

d002

d003

d004

d005

d006

d007

d008

d009

dOOa

dOOb

dOOc

dOOd

dOOe

dOOf

d010

dO11

dO12

dO13

d0i4

dO15

dO16

1

0

5324B-54271

53248

53249

53250

53251

53252

53253

53254

53255

53256

53257

53258

53259

53260

53261

53262

53263

53264

53265

6

2-0

53266

53267

53268

53269

53270

7-6

5

Bita1:0utput

MOS

/LORAM

i

/HIRAM

/CHAREN

2

Cassette

3

4

Cassette

5

6-7

Undefined

Sprite0X

Sprite0Y Pos

Sprite1X Pos

Sprite1Y

Sprite 2XPos

Sprite2Y Pos

Sprite

Sprite3Y

Sprite4X

Sprite4Y

Sprite5X Pos

Sprite 5

Sprite6X

Sprite6Y Pos

Sprite 7XPos

Sprite 7

Sprites

VIC

Raster

7

Extended

Bit-Map

5

Blank

A

Select

3

Smooth

Read

IRQ

Light-Pen

Sprite

VIC

Unused

Reset

6510

MOS

Bit=0:

Micro-Processor

Signal(0=

Signal

Data

Output

Switch

Motor

6567

Control1=

Video

Inputx=

Switch

(0=

Switch

Line

Sense1=

Interface

On-Chip

BASIC

Kernal

Switch

OFF0=

Pos

3 X

POS

Pos

Y Pos

Pos

Y Pos

0-7XPos

Control

Compare:

Color

(msbofX

Register

(Bit8)See

Text

Mode:l=Enable

coord.)

53266

ModeH=Enable

ScreentoBorder

24/25

Row

ScrolltoY

Raster/Write

Color:0=Blank

Text

Display:1=25Rows

Dot-Position

Raster

Value

LatchXPos

LatchYPos

Display Enable:1=Enable

Control

VIC

Register

Chip:1=

Reset0=Normal

Don't

Care

I/O

Port

ROM

Out)

ROM

Out}

Char.

ROM

In)

Closed

ON

Controller

(0-7)

for

(VIC)

Compare

44

Hex.

Decimal

d0i7

d0i8

3019

dOia

dO1b

53271

53272

53273

53274

53275

53276

dOic

53277

dO1d

dO1e

53278

53279

dOif

53280

d020

d02i

53281

dO22

53282

dO23

53283

53284

dO24

dO25

53285

53286

dO26

dO27

53287

53288

6028

53289

dO29

d02a

53290

dO2b

53291

d02c

53292

dO2d

53293

53294

d02e

d400-d7ff

cf400

d401

d402

d403

54272-55295

54272

54273

54274

54275

Bits

Description

Multi-Color

4

Select

3

Smooth

20

Sprites

VIC

Memory

Video

7-4

space)

Character

3-1

space)

VIC

Interrupt

Occurred)

SetonAny

7

Light-Pen

3

SpritevsSprite

2

*

SpritevsBackground

Raster

0

IRQ

Mask

SpritevsBackground

1=Sprite

Sprites

I=M.C.M.

Sprites

1=Expand

SpritevsSprite

Mode:I-Enable

38/40

ScrolltoX

0-7

Expand2xVertical

Matrix

Dot-Data

Enabled

Triggered

Compare

Register:

0-7

Multi-Color

0-7

Expand2xHorizontal

SpritevsBackground

Border

Background

Sprite

Color

Multi-Color

Sprite0Color

Sprite1Color

Sprite2Color

Sprite3Color

Sprite4Color

Sprite5Color

Sprite6Color

Sprite7Color

MOS

6581

VoiceI:Frequency

Voice!:Pulse

Unused

7-4

Voice1:Pulse

3-0

Column

Control

(Screen)

Text

Pos

(0-7)

Register

Base

Flag

Register

VIC

IRQ

Collision

IRQ

Flag

1—IRQ

Display

Mode

Collision

Color

0

Color

1

Color

2

Color

3

Register

Sound

Interface

Control,

Control.

Waveform

(TextorBit-Map)

Display;I=

(Y):I-

Address

(Bit=1:

IRQ

Condition

Flag

IRQ

Flag

(in

IRQ

40 Cols

Expand

(in

VIC

IRQ

Flag

Enabled

Priority:

Select:

(X):

Detect

0

1

Device

(SID)

Low-Byte

High-Byte

Width,

Low-Byte

High-Nybble

45

Hex.

Decimal

d404

54276

d405

54277

d406

54278

d407

54279

d408

54280

d409

54281

d40a 54282

d40b

54283

d40c

54284

d40d

54285

d40e

54286

d40f

54287

d4iO

54288

Bits

Description

Voicei:Control

7

6

5

4

:

2

Select

Tesl

Ring

Random

Pulse

Sawtooth

Triangle

Bit:I=

Modulate

l=On

1

Synchronize

l=On

0

Gate

Bit:I=

Release

Envelope

Control

7-4

3-0

Select

Attack

Decay

Envelope

Control

7-4

Select

Voice2:Frequency

Release

Voice2:Pulse

7-4

Unused

3-0

Voice2:Pulse

Voice2:Control

7

Select

6

Select

5

Select

4

Select

Test

2

Ring

I^On

1

Synchronize

I-On

0

Gate

Release

Random

Pulse

Sawtooth

Triangle

Bit:I=

Modulate

Bit:i=

Envelope

Control

7-4

3-0

Select

Attack

Decay

Envelope

Control

7-4

Select

3-0

Select

Voice3:Frequency

Sustain

Release

Voice3:Frequency

Voice3:Pulse

Register

Noise

Waveforml=

WaveformI= On

WaveformI=

Disabe

Oscillator

Osc.1with

Start

AtUDec/Sus0=Start

GeneratorI:Attack/Decay

Cycle

Duration:

On

Osc.3Output

Osc.3Frequency

Duration:

GeneratorI:Sustain/Release

Cycle

Duration:

Control,

Waveform

Register

Noise

Low-Byte

High-Byte

Width.

Waveforml=

On

1

Cycle

0-15

Cycle

0-15

Low-Byte

High-Nybble

On

Waveforml= On

Waveforml=

WaveformI=

Disable

Oscillator

Osc2with

Osc.2with

Start

Att/Dec/Sus0=

Generator2:Attack/Decay

Cycle

Duration:

Cycle

Duration;

Generator2:Sustain/Release

Cycle

Amplitude

Cycle

Duration:

Control,

Control.

Waveform

On

2

Osc.1Output

Osc.1Frequency

Start

Cycle

0-15

Cycle

Level;015

0-15

Low-Byte

High-Byte

Width,

Low-Byte

Hex.

Decimal

d411

54289

d4i2

54290

d413

54291

d414

54292

d415

54293

d416

54294

d417

54295

d418

54296

d4i9

d41A

d41B

d4iC

d500-d7fl

d800-dbff

dcOO-dcff

54297

54298

54299

54300

54528-55295

55296-56319

56320-56335

Bits

Description

7-4

3-0

7

5

4

3

2

Unused

Voice3:Pulse

Voice3:Control

Select

Test

Ring

Random

Pulse

Sawtooth

Triangle

Bit:I=

Modulate

l=On

Synchronize

l=On

0

Gate

Bit:I=

Release

Envelope

Control

7-4

3-0

7-4

3-0

7-4

3

2

1

0

7

6

5

4

3-0

Select

Envelope

Control

Select

Filter

Select

Filter

Select

Cut-Off

Select

Analog/Digital

(0-255)

Analoc^Digital

(0-255)

Oscillator3Random

Envelope

Sustain

Release

Sustain

Release

Cutoff

Resonance

Filter

External

Voice

Voice2Output:I=

Voice1Output:I=

Filter

Output

SID

Register

Color

MOS

CIA)#1

Waveform

Register

Noise

Waveforml=

WaveformI=

Waveforml=

Disable

Osa3with

Osc.3with

Stan

Att/Dec/Sus0=

Generator3:AttackyDecay

Cycte

Cycle

Generator

Cycle

Frequency:

Control/Voice

Resonance:

Input:I=

3 Output:I=

Mode

and

Voice3Output;I=

High-Pass

Band-Pass

Low-Pass

Volume:

Converter

Converter:

Generator3Output

Width,

Waveforml=

Oscillator

High-Nybble

On

3

Osc.2Output

Osc.2Frequency

Start

Duration: 0-15

Sustain/Release

Amplitude

Duration:

Low-Nybbie

Level:

0-15

High-Byte

Input

Min=0

Yes

Yes0=

Max=15

0=No

No

Volume

Off0=

Mode:

Mode:l=

OFF=0

Game

Number

On

I-On

On

Max

Paddle

Generator

Images

Cntrl

RAM

(Only

Bits

3-0

Present)

6526

Complex

Interlace

Adapter

On

Cycle

0-15

(Bits

2-0)

Control

=15

1

2

4?

Hex.

dcOO

dcO1

dcO2

dcO3

dcO4

dcO5

dcO6

dcO7

dcOB

dcO9

dcOa

dcOb

dcOc

dcOd

Decimal

56320

54321

56322

56323

56324

56325

56326

56327

56328

56329

56330

56331

56332

56333

Description

Bits

Data

Game

Write

70

Scan

Select

7-6

10=

Joystick-2

4

3-2

3-0

Paddle

Joystick-2

Closed

Data

Lightpen)

Read

7-0

4

Joystick-1

(O=

Paddle

3-2

Joystick-1

3-0

Closed

Data

TinnerA:Low-Byte

TimerA:High

TimerB:Low-Byte

TimerB:High-Byte

Time-of-Day

(Bit

Synchronous CIA

Mask)

IRQ

Clear

FLAG1

Input)

Serial

3

Time-of-Day

2

TinnerBUnderflow

1

TimerAUnderflow

0

PortA(Keyboard

Port

2

Keyboard

Paddle

Port 2

Fire

Column

Input

Fire

Button:0=Fire

Buttons:0=Fire

Direction:

Joystick

Port:01=

Bit=1

PortB(Keyboard

Keyboard

Fire)

Fire

Direction

7)

Interrupt

Flag(I=

Flag

IRQ

Port

Row

Values

Fire

Button/Ughtpen

Buttons:0-Fire

Direction:

Bit=1Open

Register

Register-Port

Byte

Clock:

{Cassette

Interrupt

Alarm

1/10

Seconds

Minutes

Hours+AM/PM

Serial Control

IRQ

I/O

Reg.

OccurredyMasK

Read/Serial

Interrupt

interrupt

Interrupt

Paddles):

Values

Joystick

-PodA(56320)

Seconds

for

Port

Open

Paddles

for

Kybrd

Trigger

B

(56321)

Keyboard

1

Sw,

Bit=0

Scan

Sw.

Bit=0

Flag

Data

Buffer

{Read

Flags/Write

Set

Minus

IEEE

SRQ

48

Hex.

Decimal

dcOe

56334

dcOf

56335

ddOO-ddff

ddOO

ddO1

56576-56591

56576

56577

Bits

6

5

4

3

Description

CIA

7

Time-of-Day

0=60

Serial

TimeACounts:I=

02

Force-Load

TimeARun

2

TimerAOutput

0=

1

TimeAOutputtoPB6:1=

0

Start/Stop

CIA

7

Set

6-5

TimeB-

00=Count

01=Count

10=Count

11=Count

4-0

SameasControl

(CIA)

Data

Ctl)

7 Serial

6

Serial

5 Seriai

4 Serial

3 Serial

2

RS-232

1-0

VIC

(Default

Data

7

User/RS-232

6

5

4

3

2

0

/FLAG

User/RS-232

User-Undefined

User/RS-232

User/RS

1

User/RS-232

Userf

Flag)

Control

Clock

Hz

Port

Register

Clock

Mode;I=

TimerA:I

Mode:I=

ModetoPB6:I=

Pulse

TimeA:1=

Control

TOD

Register

Alarm/Clock:1=

Mode

Select:

System02Clock

Positive

TimerAUnderflow

TimerAUnderflows

Positive

MOS

6526

Complex

#2

PortA(Serial

IEEE

Data

IEEE

Clock

IEEE

Data

IEEE

Clock

IEEE

ATN

Signal

Data

Output

Chip

System

=11)

PortB(User

Data

CleartoSend

Carrier

Ring

232

Data

RequesttoSend

Received

RS-232

Receive:

A

Frequency:1=50Hz

Output0=Input

CNT

Signals0=System

= YES

Once0=

Continuous

Toggle

Yes0=No

Start 0=Stop

B

Alarm0=Clock

Pulses

CNT

Transitions

Pulses

RegisterA:for

tnterface

IEEE,

RS-232,

Input

Pulse

Input

Output

Pulse

Output

Timer

Adapter

VIC

Output

(User

Port)

Memory

Port/RS-232

Set

Bank

Ready

Select

Signals)

Detect

Indicator

Terminal

Ready

Data

Detect

Start-Bit

While

B

Memory

(IRQ

CNT

49

Hex.

Decimal

dcO2

56578

dcO3

56579

dcO4

56580

dcO5

56581

dcO6

56582

dcO7

56583

dcO8

56584

dcO9

56585

dcOa

56586

dcOb

56587

dcOc

56588

dcOd

56539

dcOe

dcOf

56590

56591

deOQ-defi

dfOQ-dffi

56832-57087

57088-57343

Description

Bits

Data

TimerA:Low-Byte

TimerA:High-Byte

TimerB:Low-Byte

TimerB:High-Byte

Time-of-Day

(Bit 7)

Synchronous CIA

Mask)

NMI

Flag

A

3

2

0

FLAG2

Synchronous

Trme

TimerBInterrupt

1

TimerAInterrupt

CIA

56334}

CIA

56335)

Direction

Register

Clock:

Clock;

Serial

Interrupt

Control

Flag0=NM1

NMI:

Detects

Serial

of-Day

Control

Reserved

Alarm

RegisterA(Same

RegisterB(Same

for

-PortA(56320)

-PortB456321)

1/10

Seconds

Minutes

Hours+AM/PM

I/O

Data

Buffer

Reg.

(Read

OccurredVMask

Start-BitonRecv

Port

Interrupt

Format

Future

t/O

Expansion

I/O

Expansion

Flag

Flags/Write

Set-Clear

at

50

APPENDIX

RELEASE

DISK

III

DESCRIPTIONOFFILESONTHE

ASSEMBLER64

BOOT

CROSSREF64

DOS

ALL

5.1

WEDGE64

See

Section7.Thisisthe

program

assembles

EDITOR

LOAD

command;

not

assembler

This

the

time.

areasinmemory,

havingtoreload

This

reference

that

program

LOAD

by

This

wedge

running

See

for

programonthe

command

loaded,

and

which

program.Toload

the

loads

files

+1ASSEMBLER64",8oruse

then

type

previousJy

program

HI-LOADER,

These

programisusedtoprint

optionisspecifiedatassembly

saved

toads

into

loads

and

three

before

listing

loads

created by

into

and

programs

allowing

low

L'CROSSREFB4",8

typing

the

RUN.

file

contains

program.Itis

the

DOS

the

WEDGE64

Section5.This

DOS

5.1

wedge

disksothat

can be

type

activated.

RUN

used.

and

programisthe

actual

into

low

which

were

the

RUN.

Any

willbelost

the

same

starts

the

EDITOR

their

switching

the

memorybyusing

command

machine

loaded

program.Itis

After

the

wedge

assembler

memory

createdbythe

assembler,

source

area

the

resideindifferent

use

out

assembler

and

type

the

wedge

text

files

since

the

used.

DOS

WEDGE,

allatthe

without

programs.

the

time.

same

cross

when

The

the

load

andisstarted

code

for

the

automatically

program.

"boot

the

LOAD

the

program

by

loader"

the

first

"*'\B

is

willbeloaded

EDITOR64

See

Section6.This

and

modify

the

programisusedtocreate

source

code

be assembled.Toload the

"EOITOR64",8,1.

type

SYS

49152toactivate.

clear

the

pointers

edit

any

files.Besuretosave

file

using

the

assembler.

After

before

PUT

command

51

the

proceedingtocreate

files

which

editor,

type

LOAD

will

later

programisloaded,

Then

type

NEW

to

or

the

source

before

code

loading

the

LOLOADER64

and

HILOADER64

MONITORS8000

and

MON1TOR$COOO

See

Section8.These

load

the

sequential

the

assemblerasits

oneofthese

file

into

machine

difference

LOLOADER

64

loadsa!hex

case

oneofthem

location

To

load

programsisrun,itloads

memoryinthe

code

which canbeexecuted.

between

loadsathex

for

the

S0800 "LOLOADER641'.8 the

SC800

and

See

identical

load

executable

They

commands

version,

then

type

SYS51200.

Section9.These

in

function

and

save

binary

form.

also

allow

for

two

records

outputorobject

specified

the

two

SC800.

They

interferes

machine

version,

and

then

type

LOAD

two

and

machine

the

programmer

examining

without havingtorun the

process.

LOAD

typing

by

startedbytyping

The

first

loadsathex

"MONITOR$8000",8,1

SYS32768.

typing

LOAD

The

second

■■MONITOR$C000",8,1

SYS49152.

programs

which

programsisthat

$0800

are

with

are

used

to

are

created

file.

When

the

object

locationastrue

The

only

and

HILOADER

both

included

the

intended

codetoreside.

type

LOAD

type

RUN. To

load

"HILOADER64",8,1

monitor

are

and

whole

porgrams

used

primarily

code

filesintheir

many

changing

assembly

are

for

useful

programs

$8000bytyping

andisstarted

loadsathex

and

by

$C000

is

by

in

52

APPENDIX

IV

INSTRUCTION

ADC

Add

with

Carry

Accumulator

AND

"AND11toAccumulator

ASL

Shi1t

Left

One

{MemoryorAccumulator)

BCC

BranchonCarry

BCS

BranchonCarry

BEQ

BranchonZero

BIT

Test

BitsinMemory

Accumulator

BMI

BranchonResult

BNE

Branch on

BPL

BranchonResult Plus

BRK

ForceanInterruptorBreak

BVC

BranchonOverflow

BVS

BranchonOverflow

CLC

Clear Carry

CLD

Clear

CLJ

Clear

CLV

Clear

CMP

Compare

Accumulator

CPX

Compare

Index

CPY

Compare

Index

DEC

Decrement

DEX

Decrement

DEY

Decrement

EOR

Exclusive-QR

Accumulator

INC

Increment

INX

IncrementXby

INY

IncrementYby

JMP

JumptoNew

JSR

JumptoNew

Saving

LDA

Transfer

Accumulator

LDX

Transfer

LDY

Transfer

LSR

Shift

or

Accumulator)

One

Result

Decimal

Interrupt

Overflow

Memory

Y

Memory

Y

MemorybyOne IndexXby

IndexYby

MemroybyOne

Return

Memory

MemorytoIndex

Bit

6500

SERIES

SET

OPCODES

to

Bit

Dear

Set

Result

with

Minus

not

Zero

Clear

Set

Flag

Mode

Disable

Flag

and

Memory

One

Location

with

Location

Address

to

Right

(Memory

MICROPROCESSOR

Bit

One

X

Y

53

NOP

Do

Nothing-No

ORA

"OR"

Accumulator

PHA

Push

PHP

Push

Memory

AccumulatoronStack

Processor

with

Status

Stack

PLA

Pull

Accumulator

PLP

Pull

ROL

ROR

Processor

Rotate

or

Rotate

One

Accumulator)

One

Bit

From

Left

Right

(MemoryorAccumulator)

RTI

Return

RTS

Return

SBC

Subtract

From

SEC

Set

SED

Set

SEI

Set

STA

Store

Memory

STX

Store IndexXin

STY

Store

TAX

Transfer

Index

TAY

Transfer

Index

TSX

Transfer

TXA

Transfer

Accumulator

TXS

Transfer

From

Interrupt

From

Subroutine

Memory

Accumulator

Carry

Flag

Decimal

Interrupt

Mode

Disable

Accumulator

IndexYin

Accumulator

X

Accumulator

Y

StacktoIndex

IndexXto

Register

TYA

Transfer

IndexYto

Accumulator

Operation

on

From

Stack

(Memory

and

Carry

Status

in

Memory

to

X

Stack

54

APPENDIXVA

COMMODORE

LINE**

LOG

CODE

00161

00162

00163

00164

00165

00166

00167

00163

00169

00170

00171

00172

00173

00174

00175

00176

00177

00173

00179

00180

00181

00162

00183

001S4

00185

00186

00187

ooisa

00189

00190

00191

00192

00193

00194

00195

00196

00197

00198

00199

00200

00201

00202

00203

00204

00205

00206

00207

0020a

00209

CCE1

CCE3

CCE6

CCE8

CCE9

CCEB

CCED

CCF0

CCFO

CCF3

CCF5

CCF7

CCF8

CCFB

CCFD

CCFF

CD01

CDO3

CD06

CDO8

CDOA

CD0C

COOE

CD10

CD12

CD15

CD17

CD18

CD1A

CD1C

CD1E

CD20

CD22

CD25

CD28

A2

02

BD OE

95

7C

CA

10

F8

A5BA

8D77CC

4C 4B

85

A6

86

A/

BA

BO0101

C9E6

FO

04

C9 8C

DO

17

BO0201

C9A7

FOOd

C9A4

D0

0C

A5

A6

A2O8

DO19CC

FO

11

CA

10

F8

A5 A6

A6 A7

C9 3A

BO

03

4C80

4C8A

SAMPLE

64

ASSEMBLER

LINE

INIT

THE

GOOO

CC

WEDGE

SAY

HELLC

CF

THISISWH

START

FRYTWO

FINDIT

FINDC

NOTCMD

00

STRTS

OUTPUT

MEMORY

LOX

ff$02

LDA

JUMP,X

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00210

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CALL

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20A3CE

10

STC

CNTDN

STA

FLAG

LSR

RDFiLE

LDX

CNTDN

LDA

#,FILE

;SAVE

INDEX

;SAVE

THE

FOR

;GET

LENGTH

;HESTOBE ;SET

COMMAND

LATER

THE

FILENAME

INDEX

FILENAME

AND

ADDRESS

56

APPENDIXVIEXPLANATIONOFERROR

Error

messages

statementsinerror.

which

mightbeproduced

*"AMODE

Following

followedbyoneormore

accumulator(A-

opcodeinthe the

accumulator.

statement),

reference

opcode

A

labelona

and

the

used.

**A,X,Y,S,P

P).

They

cannotbeusedaslabels.

error

messagetobe

statement.

symbol

tableasan elsewhereinthe if

the

label

■'BRANCH

Allofthe

assembled

the

other

to

the

of

the

branch

for

addressofthe byteis0-127,

branchisbackward.(Anegative

form).

Therefore,

backward

128

Ifanattemptismadetobranch

message

In

evaluatinganexpression,

couldn't

willbeprinted.Tocorrect,

"CAN'T

interpret

happenifthe

not

valid

within

field

and

make

{between

commas).

are

giveninthe

The

followingisa

program

during

NOT

ALLOWED

the

legal

opcode,

and

spaces.

accumulator

statementisone

Check

which

forastatement

this

statementisreferencing.

accumulator,

RESERVED

mode)asthe

which

lookupthe

statementisoneofthe

have

special

meaningtothe

Useofoneofthese

printed.Nocode

The

label

does

not

get

undefined

program

were

never

declared.

OUTOFRANGE

instructions

into

type

bytesofcode.

the

addresstobranch

variable.

will

cause

{excluding

beginningofthe

the

branchisforward;ifthe

branchisin

a

branch

bytes

instruction

relativetothe

further

EVAL

EXPRESSION

the

assembler

as being

field

followinganopcode

expressions

sure only

par! ofavalid

{i.e.

parentheses).

valid

special

listing

listofall

assembly.

oneormore

The

assembleristryingtouse

does

spaces,isthe

operand.

not

labelledA(an

valid

operands

five

reserved

assembler

names

willbegenerated

defined

and

will

Referencetosuchalabel

error

messagestobe

the

two

One

byteisfor

to.

The

branchistaken

two's

can

only

branch

beginningo(the

than

these

restructure

the

foundacharacter

expression.

contains

Check

characters

MESSAGES

accompanying

error

messages

However,

allow

reference

illegal

If

you

were

for

names

and

therefore

will

for

appearinthe

jumps),

the

opcode

are

If

valueis128-255,

complement

forward

limites, this

program.

This

special

characters

the

operand

are withinafield

the

letter

A

the

to

trying to

the

(A,X,Y,

cause

printed

S

this

the

as

and

relative

the

value

the

127

or

error

it

can

57

"DUPLICATE

The

first

fieldonthe

label.If1he

as a

label

symbol

the

current

table.

will,inthis

"FILE

The

FILE

already

scratching

"FILE

The

FILE

following

•

The

•A.LIB

•A.FIL

The

user

that

the

"FORWARD

The

expressiononthe

symbol

the

assembleristo

addressesorvaluestothem.

Source

are

encountered

and

not-previously-encountered

defined

previously

table.

second

A

labelorexpression

consideredtobe

To

aliow

allows

is

allowed.

Card

current

(oronthe

table

has

appearedssa

line,

The

assembler

case,

EXISTS

existsonthe

the

NOT

occurs:

source

specifiesanonexistent

specifies

should

wrong

that

hasn't

Code

values

used

The

assembler

time

ior

conformityofevaluating

for

one

Sequence

100

200

SYMBOL

cardisnotanopcodesoitisinterpreted

lineisthe

left

and

tagged

the

assembler

does

print

this

error

message

diskette.

old

fileorchanging

FOUND

file

was

error

not

a nonexistent

make

sure

diskette

REFERENCE

right

been

evaluate

sequentially,

fall

into

and

builds a

symbolisdiscovered,itis

then

using

currently

which

referenced

levelofforward

label

'

BNE

NEWONE

first

sideofan

as definedinthat

label,oron

finds

not

allow

error

message.

occurs

This

messageisdisplayed

found

file

that

the

was

placedinthe

sideofan

defined

oreviously.

expressionsorlabels,

The

assembler

which

two

means

classes,

symbols,

tableofundefined

processes

defined

usesayet

forwardtothe

referencesothat

opcode

NEWONE

LDA

lineinwhich

equals

the

label

redefinitions

when

error

canbecorrected

the

diskette.

that

sign),itis

line.

However,ifthe

leftofan

alreadyinthe

of

the object

when

filenameisnot

disk

equals

misspelled,

drive.

sign

contains

Oneofthe

and

processes

that

allofthe

i.e.,

already-defined

The

assembler

symbols.

substituted

allofthe

values.

undefined

expressions,

input

value

to-be-defined

this

the

operand

#5

as a

symbol

put

equate

symbols

appears

into

the

prior

symbol

and

file

named

to

by

oneofthe

or

a

operations

assign

the

input

symbols

assigns

When

into

statements

is

value.

that

symbols

a

the

a

assembler

following

code

of

58

The

followingisnot

Card

Sequence

100

200

300

This

feature

correction

Card

100

should

for

this

Sequence

'

300

301

This

error

may

is

not

definedatallinthe

sameasfor

The

assembler forward

right

sideofany

symbols

undefined

reference.AMexpressions

for

the

allowed:

label

BNE

NEWONE

disturb

probleminthis

label

BNE

also

mean

that

program,inwhich

values.

cannot

process

equal

sign

equatetobe

opcode

NEWONE

INC

LDA

the

normal useoflabels.

example

opcode

NEWONE

LDA

INC

the

valueonthe

more

than

with

symbols

must

refer

onlytopreviously

processed.

operand

NEXT+5

#5

The

is:

operand

#5

NEXT+5

right

sideofthe'=

case,

the

cureisthe

one

levelofcomputed

that

appear on

defined

'

the

"ILLEGAL

After

findinganopcode

assembler

following

(indexed, absolute,

the

opcode,

Checktosee

and

make

section

Check

supposedtobeanindirect

the

parenthesisorindex

for

expression,

The

character

assumesitisalabel

continues

are

continue.

opcode

stringisnotavalid

1.1.onaddressing

for

two

types

missingorwrong

"IMPROPER

assembler

string.Ifthis

found,

However,ifa

(since

OPERAND

passes

the

opcode)

etc.).Ifthe

this

error

what

typesofoperands

sure

the

formofthe

the

operand

available.

register),

index

register).

OPCODE

searchesatine

and

parsing

the

for

the

line

one

opcode,

TYPE

that

does

operand

and

determines

message

modes).

field

starting

operand,

If

the

registersinan

stringisnot

placesitin

second

labelisallowed

the

not

haveanimplied

field

(the

what

typeofoperanditis

typeofoperand

foundisnot

wiflbeprinted.

are

allowed

operand

format

this

typeiscorrect

withaleft

recheck

was

error

the

wrong

willbeprinted.

parenthesis.

indexed

untilitfinds

oneofthe56valid

the

non-blank

the

symbol

character

the

assembly

fieldisfound,itis

per

line).Ifthis

error

messageisdisplayed.

operand,

field

for

the

opcode

(see

correct

(missing

format

right

Also

operand

first

non-blank

opcodes,

table.Itthen

string.Ifnone

will

assumedtobe

character

the

valid

for

the

If it

is

for

check

{form:

it

an

59

This

error

can

occuritopcodes

assembler the

card),Itwill

thereisanother

Check

After

this

parenthesis.

address

indexedbyoneofthe

the

character

will

interpret

then

field,

for

a misspelled

"INDEXED

MUSTBEX

findingavalid

case,

the

first

characterinthe

The

assembler

which,

with the

that

the

trytoassemble

this

opcodeorfor

opcode,

index

assembler

registerisnotXorYand

Check

supposedtobe an

the

parenthesisorindex

for

expression,

The

that

around

address.Ifthe

than

error

This

a

of

zero

An

assembler

ofaninstruction,

mustbegreater

SFFFF(2bytes

limitedto+

generates

error

is

or

This

valuesofsymbols

for

the

operand

two

types

available.

missingorwrong

index

registers).

'"

INDIRECT

assembler

surround

it,

the

255,

(two

message

error

will

index

register

page

zero.Tocorrect

memory.

''INVALID

address

directives

more

message

limitedtoone

equattozero.

OUTOFRANGE

recognizesanindirect

it.Ifthe

assembler

operand

bytes

willbeprinted.

only

following

(The

implied

ADDRESS

referencedinan

the

than or

long).

127or-

than

willbeprinted.

byte.

validityischecked

usedinthe

this

information).

field

indirect

registers),

index

field

wouldberequiredtospecify

occurifthe

(.BYTE,

operand

(This

128

two

All

are

misspelled,

the

opcode

error

as a

label

the

more

OR

Y

the

assembler

operand

interprets

exceptionofthe

registers,

this

error

starting

operand,

If

the

formatiswrong

this

the

jump

XorY.Inthe

was

tryingtointerpretasan

messageisprinted.

withaleft

recheck

error

willbeprinted,

registersinan

addressbythe

followinganopcode

will

trytoassembleitasanindirect

extends

the

address),

this,

the

high

instruction,

.DBYTE.,

thatisgeneratedbythe

equaltozero,

excludes

from

bytesofcodeoris

For

address

after

the

operand

into

operand

address

order

fieldisin

and

byteis00).

or

.WORD),isinvalid.Inthe

and

relative

the

.BYTE

references

operandisevaluated.

field

in

which

(ifnolabel fieldasthe

than

one

labelona

looks

lor

the

fieldisa

-iext field

left

as an

statement,

erroneous

parenthesis.

the

correct

(missing

indexed

absolute

the

field

the

less

(see

operand

parentheses

has

parentheses

modet

the

address),

correct

address

must

refertopage

addressinoneofthe

thanorequal

branches

If

less

than

directive,

mustbegreater

the

symbol

case

the

appears

opcode.

on

It

line.

operand.

indirect

must

In

be

case,

index

If it

is

format

for

right

Also,

check

(form:

I.e.,

larger

this

form

(i.e.,

fieldisout

case

assembler

to

which

the

operand

zero,

this

each

operand

Check

table

are

than

for

60

"

LABEL

The

first

assembler

of

the

field

error

messageisprinted.

Check does

the

All

the

blank)

foranunlabelled

start

instruction.

"LABEL

symbols

assembler

to find

separatorsisused,

the

illegal

charactersinlength.

opcodes.

doesn't

to

interpret

**NON-ALPHANUMERIC

Labels

mustbeseparated

special

opcode,

Eachofthe56valid

are

characterorother

characters.

necessary)byoneormore

character

In

the

caseofa

canbefollowed

card as a

the

An

assembled

to

64K

(65535).

bytes

canbeusedtodefineanaddress.

thingasnegative

position

the

current

When

this

code

with

multiple

care

shouldbetakentokeep

limits.

START

non-blank

triedtointerpret

does

NEED

fieldisnotavalid

it

not

begin

withanalphabetic

statement

withaspecial

TOO

are

limitedtosix

looks

the

endofa

separator

character.

LONG

for

oneofthe

labelorstring.Ifother

the

error

causes

Check

Also,

check

begin

withasemicolon.Inthis

partofthe

madeupof

this

error

They

toracomment

commentasa

onetosix

from

the

separatorisbetween

message

opcodes

mustbeseparated

blanks.Ifthe

{suchasa

comment

tab

position).

NEGATIVE-RESET

comma),

lone

labeloran

directly

by a

(useofa

programisloaded

Thisisthe

memory,anattempttoreferenceanegative

will

cause

memory

error

occurs,

the

new

valueofthe

bytestobe

this

extentofthe

error

location)tobe

the

assembler

assembled

A-Z

as a

charactersinlength.

message

"the

fornospacing

opcode

mightbeprinted.

are

this

semicolontodenote

semicolon

and

the

opcode.

label.

Therefore,

However,

character

with

onlyanoperand

Also

check

separating

foranillegal

characters

than

willbeprinted

symboltoextend

beyond

between

card

withalong

case

the

assembleristrying

label.

alphanumeric

fieldbyoneormore

madeupof

1rom

opcode

error

message

opcode

0

into

that

tabs

coreinthe

digits.

the

three

the

operand

ends

willbeprinted.

needsnooperand,

the

comment

rangeofposition

machine.Amaximumoftwo

Because

the

program

resettozero.

continues

program

into

program

counter.

the

same

counter

thereisno

counter

assembling

This

locations.

the

first

character

and

the

field

that

tabel

When

parsing,

(usually

oneofthese

providing

that

six

labels

label

alphabetic

and

first

word

The

label

blanks.Ifa

and

the

field

(if

one

withaspecial

the

restofthe

out

to

such

(or

pointer

the

could

cause

Therefore,

within

the

proper

in

a

that

field

is

they

0

to

61

"RAN

This

error

needed

the

fieldisfound.

opcode

that

was

an

operand:anASCII

sure

any

of

the

quote

operand

aren't

looking

"READ

This

message

drive

manual

•-UNDEFINED

All

assembler

characterina

character

notavalid

Check

field

thatisnotadirective.

''UNDEFINED

This

errorisgeneratedbythe

assembler

the

opcodeoran

assembler

interpretation

the

leftofan

pass

one

symboJinan

defined

assembly

levelofforward

However,ifpass

leftofan

as a

defined

field

the

symbol

messageisprinted

OFF

END

message

field

and

field

withoutanoperand

will

runs

The

thoughttotakeanimplied

embedded

string,

and

other

there

onetoclose

field

indicates

operands,

for

them.

ERROR

quotes

mustbethree

referstoa

foradescriptionofthese

DIRECTIVE

directives

non-blank

stringasa

assembler

foramisspelled

findsasymbolinthe

puts

by

equateoras

will

defineitand

operand

withavalue

process

directive.Ifthe

SYMBOL

equals

the

symbol

pass

when

can

reference.

one

equate,

symbolisin,

and

the

symbol.

the

field

withnovalue

assembler

When

cannotbeinterpreted.

OF

CARD

occurifthe

off

the

endofthe

following

assemblerislooking

should be

fieldonthe

operand!

string

thatismissing

are

doubled;tohaveaquoteatthe

quotes,

off

the

string):acommaatthe

there

are

more

the

assembler

disk

drive

read

begin

withaperiod.Ifa periodisthe

field,

the

asembler

character

directive,

directiveora

sign),

two.ifthe

fieldh

be completed.

doesn't

theretsno

this

second

operand

that

into

the

symbolisdefined

the

first

non-blank

enteritin

found

before

pass

two

(See

Forward

find

the

never

pass

two

corresponding

for

error

has

table

assembles

the

for

a

card

(or line

checked

same

whichinfact

the

image)

for:avalid

card:anopcode

needed

closing

quote

before

(make

end

two

for

the

embedded

endofthe

operandstocome:ifthere

will

run

off

the

error

Refertoyour

errors

and

current

their

line

disk

causes.

first

interprets

string

message

periodatthe

pass.Ifin

field

(the

not

been

and

flagsitfor

fiefdina

the

symbol

the

definition,

Thisiswhatismeantbyone

Reference

symbol

entersitin

triestointerpret

as a

Therefore, the

operand.

the

following

that

follows

willbeprinted.

beginningofa

the

first

pass

the

field

following

defined

table.

it.Inthis

yet,

the

(shows

up on

statement),

Therefore,

will

be

case,

Error).

labeioron

the

symbol

the

value

for

the

table

operand

the

error

the

is

a

This

error

will

also usedasa

statement it

as a

symbols,

Note:

OPERAND

the

expression.

been

and

the

error

OPERAND

bytes

reference.

and

instruction

forward

(the

didn't

value

label

and

that

references

symbol

When

that

misspelled

the

assembler

fieldoron

If

defined

waittoevaluateitin

right

and

(or

the

yet,

sideofan

willbeflaggedassuch.

fieldofa

the

valueofthe

When

valueofthe

is

one

referencetopage

extra

one

that

know

how

which

was

occurifa

reserved

symbol

referredtoelsewhereinthe

the

reserved

has

not

been

labelsormissing

symbol,

defined.

Check

labelstocorrect

findsanexpression

the

rightofan

thereisa

the

equal

valid

symbol

assembler

the

second

sign,

OPCODE,

expression

the

second

expressionisone

byte

pass

longer

than

zero

was

saved).

large

the

value

two

bytes.

equals

within

will

flagitas a forward

pass.Ifthe

the

forward

However,ifthe

the

first

and

flagitas a forward

fillsinthe

byte long

required.

memory

During

was,soit

wastes

the

A, X, Y, S,orP,

is

program.Onthe

the

assembler

for

useofreserved

this

sees

error.

(whetheritisinan

sign)ittriestoevaluate

the

expression

that

hasn't

reference

expressionison

referenceisa severe

expressionisin

pass

will

set

valueofthe

i.e.,

expression,

256,

the

Thisisbecause

one

byteofmemory

first

pass,

the

assembler

saved

for

the

largest

aside

an

two

the

63

APPENDIX

VII

EDITOR64

COMMAND

SUMMARY

Command

AUTO

n1

CHANGE/s1/s2/,n1-n2

CHANG

E/s1/s2/

CPUr'FILE"

DELETE

n1-n2

FIND/s1/,n1-n2

FlND/si/

FORMAT

n1-n2

GET"FILE",n1-n2,n3

GET"FILE"

KILL

LIST

NUMBER

PUTllFILE"ln1-n2)n3]n4

PUT"

nltn2tn3

FILE"

Description

Starts

Shuts

Change

automatic

off

stringinline

stringnorange

Compacted

removed

Delete

Find

Print

Bringintext

Short

Disable

List

Renumber

Save

range

stringinline

stringnorange

formatted

form

the

linesoftext

textondisk

text

auto

PUT,

from

GET

editor

text

short

form

line

numbering

range

unnecessary

range

disk

file

spaces

file

are

APPENDIX

VIII

MONITOR

COMMAND

SUMMARY

ASSEMBLE

COMPARE

DISASSEMBLE

FILL

GO

HUNT

INTERROGATE

LOAD

MEMORY

NEW

LOCATOR

REGISTERS

SAVE

TRANSFER

EXIT

A

c

D

F

G

H

1

L

M

N

R

S

T

Assemblealineofmachine

Compare

report

Disassemblealineof6502

Fill

Start

Hunt

occurrencesofcertain

interrrogate

valuesofthe

Loadafile

Display

memory

Adjust

moving

Display

Savetotapeordisk

Transier

memorytoanother

Exit

reset)

two

sectionsofmemory

differences

memory

with

the

executionatthe

through

memory

memory,

memory

from

tapeordisk

the

hexadecimal

locations

machine

it

the

code

64MON

language

CPU

registers

from

(BASIC

specified

showing

one

wil!

code

and

code

address

specified

for

bytes

locations

values

section

needtobe

address

all

the

ASCII

of

program

after

of

65

COMMAND

@C(dr):newfile([vol])

@f(dr)

@N(dr);diskname,id

@R{dr):newfile([vol])

@UJ

@$(dr):{filename)(*)([vol])

=

oldfile([volJ)

=

oldfiie([voi])

DESCRIPTION

Current

Copyafile

Initialize

Formatadisk

Kill

Renameafile

Scratch a

Reset

Read

All

n

disk

status

a

drive

the

wedge

the

DOS

wherenis8to15inclusive

program

file

DOS

Commodore C64 Manual: Commodore 64 Macro Assembler Development System, The (1982)(Commodore) Commodore 64 Macro Assembler Development System, The (1982)(Commodore) User guide

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual