Page 1
Page 2
INF
OR
MATI
ON TO
USER
"WARNING : TH IS EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN CERTIFIED TO COMPLY WITH
THE LIMITS
FOR
A CLASS B COMPUTING DEVICE, PURSUANT TO
SUB·
PART J
OF
PART 15
OF
FCC
RULES. ONLY PERIPHERALS (COMPUTER
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES, TERMINALS, PRINTERS, ETC.) CERTIFIED TO
COMPLY WITH T
HE
CLASS B LIMITS
MAY
BE
ATTACHED TO TH IS
COMPUTER. OPERATION WITH NON·CERTIFIED PERIPHERALS
IS
LI KEL Y
TO RESULT IN INTERFERENCE TO RADIO AND TV RECEPTION."
"THIS
EQUIPMENT GENERATES AND
USES
RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY
AND IF NOT
INSTALLED
PROPERLY,
THAT
IS,
IN STRICT ACCORDANCE
WITH THE MANUFACTURER'S INSTRUCTI
ONS,
MAY
CAUSE INTER·
FERENCE TO RADIO AND TELEVISION RECEPTION. IT HAS
BtEN
TYPE
TESTED AND FOUND
TO
COMP
LY WITH THE LIMITS
FOR
A CLASS B
COMPUTING DEVICE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SPECIFICATIONS IN
SUBPART
J
OF
PART
15
OF
FCC
RULES,
WHICH
ARE DESIGNED TO
PROVI
DE
REASONAB LE
PROTECTION
AGA INST
SUCH
INTERFERENCE
IN A
RES
IDENTI
AL INSTALLATION.
HOWEVER, THERE IS NO GUAR·
ANTEE
THAT
INTERFERENCE WI
LL
NOT
OCCUR
IN A PARTICULAR
I
NSTALLATION
. IF TH IS EQUIPMENT
DOES
CAUSE INTERFERENCE TO
RADIO
OR
TELEVISION
RECEPTION,
WHICH CAN
BE
DETERMINED BY
TURNING THE EQUIPMENT OFF AND ON, THE
USER
IS
ENCOURAGED TO
TRY
TO
CORRECT THE INTERFERENCE BY
ONE
OR
MORE
OF
THE
FOLLOWING MEASURES:
• REORIENT THE RECEIVING
ANTENNA
• RELOCATE THE COMPUTER WITH
RESPECT
TO
THE RECEIVER
• MOVE THE COMPUTER AWAY FROM THE RECEIVER
• PLUG THE COMPUTER INTO A DIFFERENT OUTLET
SO
THAT
COMPUTER AND RECEIVER ARE
ON
DIFFERENT
BRANCH CIRCUITS
"IF NECESSARY, THE
USER
SHOULD CONSULT THE DEALER
OR
AN
EXPERIENCED RADIOITELEVISION TECHNICIAN
FOR
ADDITIONAL
SUGGESTIONS. THE
USER
MAY
FIND THE FOLLOWING BOOKLET
PRE·
PARED BY THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSI
ON
HELPFUL:
'
HOW
TO IDENTIFY
AND
RESOLVE RADIO·TV INTERFERENCE
PROBLEMS.'
TH
IS BOOKLET IS
AVAI
LABLE FROM THE U.$. GVERN·
MENT PRINT ING OFFIC, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
2402, STOCK
NO
. 004·
000-00345-4."
PART
NO
: 320970
Page 3
COMMODORE
MPS-BD2
DDT
MATRIX
PRINTER
USER'S
GUIDE
A
Friendly
Introductian
ta
Your
MPS-B02
Dot
Matrix
Printer
~
commodore
COMPUTER
Page 4
(
..::
"/:
:."
•.....
''',',j'
.
:,
••• ; •.
!
;
..
;."
.,;
...
©
1984
Commodore
Electtonlcs;
Ltd.
Page 5
Table
Of
Contents
Page No.
5ectlon1:GENERALINFORMATION
.......•.......••.................•.
1
DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
1
Printing Characteristics
..............•............................
1
Interface
..............................•..•.........•.............
1
Paper Feed Mechanisms
..•........................•...••.........
2
Internal MicroprocessorSystem
.•...................•..........•...
2
Specifications
....................•...............................
2
UNPACKING YOUR PRINTER
......•...•....•..•.......................
3
Section
2:
PREPARING TO USE YOUR PRINTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. • •.
4
CONNECTING THE PRINTER TO YOUR
COMPUTER.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 6
INSTALLINGTHEPAPER
...•......••.....••........•.....•........••.•
6
PERFORMING THE POWER·ON
TEST.
. . . • . . . . . • • . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . .
..
6
PERFORMING THE PRINT HEAD TEST
.....•.............................
7
Section 3: USING YOUR PRINTER
.......................................
8
SPECIALPRINTER·ASSOCIATEDCOMMANDS............................
9
The OPEN Command
....................................•...•....
9
The CMD Command
.....•......................................•.
9
ThePRINT#Command
...........................................•.
10
The CLOSE Command
.•..........................................
10
PRINTING IN THE DIRECT MODE
.............................•.......••
11
PRINTING
UNDEF4
PROGRAM
CONTROL.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
11
FORMAT CONTROL
.....................................•............
15
Printing Data Exactly as Received: sa = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
16
Printing Data According
toa
Previously Defined Format: sa = 1
............
16
Storing
the
Formatting Data: sa = 2
.........•........................
17
The Formatting Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
18
Numeric:
.....................................•.............
18
Alpha (String Data):
...........................................
19
Skip (Blank):
..................................................
20
Literals in Format
Strings
......•...................................
20
Setting
the
Numberof
Lines Per Page: sa
=3
.........................•.
21
Enabling
the
Printer Diagnostic Messages:
sa= 4 .....•.....
~
. . . . . . . . .
..
21
Defining a Programmable Character: sa = 5
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • .
..
23
Setting Spacing Between Lines: sa = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
25
Selecting Upper/Lowercase: sa = 7
...................................
25
Suppressing Diagnostic Message Printing: sa = 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
26
Resetting the Printer: sa = 10
....................•..................
26
SPECIAL CHARACTER FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
26
Enhanced Characters
.............................................
26
Paging
.........................................................
27
Specifying Individual Upper· and Lowercase
Characters. . ..
. . . • . . . . . . . .
..
27
Reversing a Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
27
The Carriage Return
........................................•.....
28
Quotation Marks
.................................................
28
APPENDIX
SIMPLE STRING
FORMATIING
.....................................
29
LEADING ZEROES FORCED
...............•.......................
31
SIGNED NUMBERS
......•........
~
...............................
32
DECIMAL FRACTION SPECIFICATION
...............................
33
FIXED
AND
FLOATING $ FIELDS
....................................
34
MIXED FORMAT FIELD TYPES
......................................
35
FORMATIING
WITH LITERALS
.....................................
36
Page 6
Section
1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
The FRICTION/SPROCKET
FEED
MPS-802 Printer adds a great deal
of
versitilityand
convenience to the use of your Commodore Computer. While this manual contains all
the information you need
to
check out, connect, and operate your printer, you should
also refer
to
other Commodore manuals to get the most out
of
your computer system.
DESCRIPTION
The MPS-802 printer is designed
to
operate through software control.lt prints upperand lower-case alphabetic characters, numeric characters,and all the graphic characters available on your Commodore computer, and even a custom user-defined character.
In
addition, your printer has considerable formatting capability owing
to
its
in-
ternal microprocessor system.
Printing
Characteristics
Your printer employs a
dot
matrix print head. The wire heavy-duty jeweled head has a
life expectancy
of
50
million characters. If a print head malfunction should occur,
ob-
tain authorized technical assistance. Failure
to
do this may
vO.id
warranty.
Interface
Your printer is designed
to
connect directly into your computer through the Serial Port
(6-pins). However, you can connect your printer
to
as many as"4 VIC disk drives by
daisy-chaining. Daisy-chaining means connecting 1 peripheral
to
your computer and
plugging additional peripherals into the Serial Port of the last item connected. For
more information about Serial Port specifications, please refer
to
the Serial Bus
Sec-
tion in your Programmer's Reference Guide.
Page 7
Paper
Feed
Mechanism
The MPS-802 Printer has a FRICTIONISPROCKET
·feed
mechanism that uses
sprocket holes
to
hold the paper edges. This model Is especially useful for printing
business forms.
See
Figure 1
..
Normal paper without sprocket holes can be used, too.
Internal
Microprocessor
System
Your printer contains a microprocessor system that resets and executes a diagnostic
and initialization sequence when you turn on the power.
In
addition,
it
contains a
ran-
dom access memory
(RAM)
in which you can store formatting data, Because your
printer is
an
"intelligent" peripheral,
it
uses none
of
your computer's memory.
Specifications
Table 1 shows the specifications for the MPS-802 Printer.
TABLE
1
Model
1526
Printer
Specifications
Printing Method
Print Rate
Print Direction
Column Capacity
Character Font
Line Spacing
. Character Size
Copies
Ribbon Type
Ribbon Life
Ribbon Cartridge
Paper Width
Forms
"Lines per minute
Serial Impact Dot Matrix
45
Ipm" with
80
columns printed
78
Ipm with
40
columns printed
124
Ipm with
20
columns printed
Bi-directional
80
8X8
Programmable
0.094" high, 0.08" wide
3,
including original
Cartridge
1.2 X 108 characters
Commodore
PIN
613160550
4.5" to 10" (including tractor holes)
7.5 + (0.5
X 2 sprocket margins)
Pin-tOopin
distance: .5" longitudinally
2
9.5" laterally
5132"
diameter
Page 8
UNPACKING
YOUR
PRINTER
Before you unpack your printer, inspect the shipping carton
for
signs of damage. If
it
appears
to
be damaged, be especially careful when you inspect its contents. DON'T
throw away any of the packaging material until you have located all the contents
of
the
carton! The package should contain:
1.
Commodore Printer, Model MPS-802
2.
Serial Cable
3.
User's Manual
4.
Warranty card
5.
Printer ribbon cartridge
If any
of
these is missing or damaged, notify your Commodore dealer Immediately.
3
Page 9
Section
2
PREPARING
TO
USE
YOUR
PRINTER
Before starting to use your printer, you should make sure that it is in working condition.
This proceudre includes checking for obstructions in the path
of
the print head or
paper feed and making sure that the printer ribbon is properly in place. Follow this procedure:
1.
Lift the plastic cover gently to expose print head and mechanism.
2.
Carefully remove any foreign material that may have fallen into the mechanism.
3.
Remove the ribbon cartridge from its box and turn the plastic knob
counterclockwise so the ribbon is tight.
4.
Hold the ribbon cartridge with the plastic knob at the top left side, then set it
on
the
two side frames
of
the printer mechanism with tilting the cartridge so the two front
hooks on the side frames
be
engaged with two catches on both left and right sides
of bottom
of
cartridge, then steer down while pressing the ribbon side so the two
side tabs
of
cartridge are positioned into the slots on the side frames
of
the printer
mechanism.
5.
Turn the plastic knob on cartridge in the direction of the arrow
to
take up the slack in
the ribbon. Continue to turn the knob until the ribbon slips into front of printer head
by
itself.
.
Figure
2A.
The
Ribbon
Cartridge
6.
Replace the plastic cover.
7.
Insert the wire paper holder in the two holes in the rear
of
the cabinet
as
shown in
figure
2B.
Figure
28.
Wire
Paper
Holder
4
Page 10
COMMODORE
PRINTER
SERIAL
CABLE
Figure
3.
Printer
to
Computer Hookup
Figure
4.
Multiple
Hookup
5
COMMODORE
PRINTER
Page 11
CONNECTING
THE
PRINTER
TO
YOUR
COMPUTER
To connect your printer
to
your Commodore computer, please follow the instructions
in the order listed below.
a.
Make sure that both-your computer and printer are turned OFF.
b.
Connect one end of the
S-pin
DIN_
cable
to
either of the
two
connector sockets
located in the back
of
your printer at tne lower left. This cable is "keyed" so that you
cannot plug the cable
-in
the wrong way. This means that the pins should be positIoned so that a slight pressure will insert the cable properly. You should not have to
force these pins
in,
and doing so could damage your cable.
c.
Connect the other end
of
the cable
to
your computer in the Serial Port Connector
located in the back
of
your computer. Make sure that you are
"keying"
the pins pro-
perly into the connector with Sholes.
d.
Now plug the printer's power cord into a standard AC wall outlet. However, do NOT
turn the equipment on yet.
INSTALLING
THE
PAPER
The tractor feed printer accepts standard fan-folded pin feed paper. You can purchase
this paper from your local Commodore dealer.
The paper drive in this printer may be adjusted
to
accept varying widths of paper. This
is done by sliding the pin feed mechanism
to
the desired position. Depress the paper
feed button in the upper right-hand top panel
to
advance the paper after
it
is
loaded. To
remove the paper, open the feed mechanism retainers and pull the paper out.
PLATE
..
Figure
5.
Paper
Path
CAUTION:
DO
NOT
FEED
PAPER
BACKWARDS.
6
Page 12
Figure 6. Inserting Paper Into
MPS.802
PERFORMING THE POWER·ON TEST
You
are now ready
to
proceed with the power-on part of the checkout:
1.
Turn on the
AC
power
to
your computer
and
verify that is is working correctly.
2.
To
turn on the power
to
the printer, press the rocker switch at the side of the printer
so
that the white dot is visible.
In
response
to
the application of
AC
power, the .
printer's microprocessor should move the print head all the way to the right, then to
its home position at the far left. If this does not happen
(and
that's highly unlikely),
turn
off
both machines, check all cor nections and try again. If you still get
no
response, contact your Commodore dealer.
PERFORMING THE PRINT HEAD TEST
You
can test the print
r.ead
(and
the ribbon cartridge as well) after you
have
inserted the
paper. NEVER al:ow any printing
to
occur when there is no paper in the printer.
To
do
so may result
in
damage to the print head.
To
perform this test, simply turn on the
printer wh
Ie
pressing the paper feed button. Turn power
off
to end the test.
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7
Page 13
Section
3
USING
YOUR
PRINTER
Your printer does much more than
just
give you clean, fast copy. Since
it
has its own in-
ternal microprocessor system,
it
is very versatile.
In
this section you will learn how to
use your printer to print out listings, program results, and graphic displays. You will
learn how
to
use it
to
format data and enhance character size. You will even be able
to
create your own custom characters.
Before you attemp.t
to
use your printer, make sure you know how
to
do
the following:
1.
Operate your Commodore computer.
2.
Do
elementary programming in BASIC.
3.
Write files
to
and from a peripheral device such as the DATASSETIE* recorder or
the Commodore Floppy Disk Drive.
4.
Open and close files.
You
should refer
to
your computer User Manual for this information.
This section uses these conventions
to
indicate cerain actions
or
requirements.
Example
dn
Description
Italicized lowercase letters in a syntax indicate that
you should enter something
(a
variable) in place
of
the letters.
Brackets indicate optional usage.
NOTE: The commands described in this manual apply specifically
to
use with the printer. Certain commands may follow a slightly different
general form or produce different results from those described here
when they are used for the computer or other peripheral devices. Consult the appropriate manual for the exact usage
of
these commands in
other contexts.
'OATASSETTE is a trademark
of
Commodore Electronics. Ltd.
8
Page 14
PRINTER·ASSOCIATED
COMMANDS
The
OPEN
Command
The syntax.
of
the OPEN command is:
OPEN
Ifn,
dn,
[s~J
This command sets Ii correspondence between a file number and a physical device.
The
Ifn
or
logical file may
be
any number you choose to assign to your file from 1 to
255.
It doesn't matter which number you choose as long as you remain consistent
throughout your set
of
commands. The dn or device number(also known
as
the primary
address) refers to the device to which you wish to send the file.
In
the case of the
printer, the number must
be
4 since that is the number assigned to
it
at the factory.
NOTE:
If you want to change a printer device number, you can have it
changed by
an
authorized Commodore technician.
See
your Com-
modore dealer about this.
(You
might want to
have
a printer's device
number changed if you have two printers attached to your computer.
You need
to
refer to each
of
them individually; hence, the need to
change one
of
the device numbers.)
The
sa
or secondary address is used to specify a particular printer function. Secondary
addresses are thoroughly discussed in the section entitled FORMAT CONTROL.
The
CMD
Command
The
syntax
of
this command
is:
CMD
Ifn
CMD transfers output from the screen to the printer. The
Ifn
must
be
the same
as
in the
OPEN
statement with which it is associated. Unlike a PRINT command, the line or bus
to the receiving device is left open. The line or bus to the receiving device (in this case,
the printer) is said to
be
"listening." If you follow a CMD command with a PRINT or a
LIST
command, the output is directed to the printer instead of the screen.·
9
Page 15
The
PRINT #
Command
The syntax of the PRINT # command is:
PRINT #
Ifn,
data
PRINT# works just like PRINT except that it directs output to the printer instead of the
video screen. After printing the designated data, the line or bus
to
the printer is said to
be
"unlistened." Therefore,
if
you have used the CMD command,
it
is necessary
to
follow it with a PRINT # command in order to
"unlisten"
the connection between the
printer and the computer.
NOTE:
In
standard Commodore BASIC, the PRINT command can
be
ab-
breviated as a question mark
(?).
You may not do this with PRINT
#.
It
must always be typed out as PRINT
#.
The
CLOSE
Command
The syntax
of
this command is:
CLOSE
Ifn
You should always close a file after printing
to
it. You may not exceed ten open files, so
you should make a habit of closing files when you are finished with them. This way you
will always have the maximum number of files available for use.
Remember when using the CMD command, since CMD does not "unlisten" the line to
the printer, you must always precede a CLOSE command with PRINT #
in
order to pro·
perly close the file.
Example:
Right
OPEN
5,4
PRINT
115
i "HELW
THERE"
CLOSE
5
OPEN
5,4
CMD
5,
"HELLO
THERE"
not
PRINT
115;CLOSE
5
OPEN
5,4
CMD
5,"HELLO
THERE"
not
PRINT
115,"HELLO
THERE"
CLOSE
5
OPEN
5,4
,PRINT lt5,"HELLO
THERE"
not
CMD
5,"HELLO
THERE"
PRINT lt5:CLOSE 5
Wrong
OPEN
5,4
CMD
5,
"HELLO
THERE"
CLOSE
5
OPEN
5,4
CMD
5,"HELW
THERE"
PRINT
115,
"HELLO
THERE"
PRINT
115:
CLOSE
5
OPEN
5,4
PRINT 115,"HELW
THERE"
CMD
5,"HELLO
THERE"
CLOSE
5
Armed with these thumbnail descriptions of what the printer-related commands do,
you can now proceed
to
the next part of this section. which tells you how to use these
commands to control your printer. You can find more detailed information about these
commands in your computer User Manual.
10
Page 16
PRINTING IN THE DIRECT MODE
The direct mode
of
communication allows you to enter printing commands at the
keyboard.
The following example shows the entire direct mode listing process
of
a short
program.
Example:
You type: The screen displays:
OPEN
3,4
OPEN 3,4 READY.
CMD3
CMD3
LIST LIST
PRINT # PRINT #3
READY.
CLOSE 3
CLOSE 3
READY.
The printer prints: Comments:
READY.
You open the file and
give
it
a
/In
of
3.
The 4
makes the file available
to
the printer.
The printer is ,"listening."
The program is printed
on the printer.
The printer is
"listening."
Use the PRINT #
command
to
"unlisten"
the printer.
You close the file
so
that
Ifn 3 can be used
for
something else.
PRINTING UNDER PROGRAM CONTROL
As we
have
seen, you can control the printer directly from the keyboard.
You
can also
control the printer from within a BASIC program. In the example below, this short
BASIC program is placed
in
the computer's memory. (It could
have
been placed there
from the keyboard, a cassette tape, or a floppy disk):
10
OPEN
3,4
20
PRINTt3,
"THIS
PROGRAM
ILLUSTRATES
30
CLOSE
3
WO
SlfJt, .';;
f'l_Iv
..
'.f-·pIII ,
f-ltF'E
PROGRAM CONTROL"
REMEMBER
THIS: The
LIST
command within a program terminates pro-
gram execution. Then, when you
are
finished running a program, you
must type the
PRINT
# command to close the channel. Then type the
CLOSE
command to close the file.
11
Page 17
The following example shows a BASIC program that takes advantage
of
some
of
your
printer's special features. The program directs the printer to generate the following:
•
An
enhanced heading.
You
will find more about this feature on page
33.
•
The
entire printer character set.
Two special character functions are used in the program: the OFF/RVS key and the
CRSR
Down (Cursor Down) key.
You
may find out more about these starting on page
26.
A printout of a program you place in your computer's memory looks like this:
10
OPEN
4,,4
20
FOR
I = 32
TO
95
30
FOR
I =
160
TO
223
40
C$="-8"+A$
50
0$="-8"+B$
60
E$="I'
+A$
70
F$=""
+B$
8,0
G$=""
+C$
90
H$=""
+0$
100
PRINT #4,CHR$(14)"MOOEL
110
PRINT
4:PRINT
~4:PRINT
120
PRINT
i4,
A$
130
PRINT
#4,
B$
140
PRINT
#4,
C$
150
PRINT
#4,
0$
160
PRINT
lA,
E$
170
PRINT
#4,
F$
180
PRINT
#4,
G$
190
PRIN
#4,
H$
200
CLOS
4
12
:A$=A$+CHR$(I):NEXT
:B$=B$+CHR$(I):NEXT
1526
PRINTER
CHARACT~R
SET"
#4
Page 18
Here is
an
explanation
of
each statement
in
the program.
Line No. Explanation
10
Opens the printer as a file for printing.
20
Sets
A$
equal to a string containing all the unshifted characters from the
keyboard.
30
Sets
B$
equal to a string containing all the shifted characters from the
keyboard.
40
Sets
C$
equal to the set
of
all unshifted characters in reverse field.
The
character between the quotes is entered by pressing:
..
_..
".
50
Sets
D$
equal to the set
of
all shifted characters
in
reverse field.
60·90
Each
time a PRINT statement is encountered, as.in lines
120-190, a Car-
riage Return is executed (unless a semicolon is placed at the end
of
the
preceding
PRINT
statement). Therefore, each string, as
in
lines
160-190,
must begin with a Cursor Down to reset the printer to
lowerc~e.
NOTE:
The
use
of
a Cursor Down to set to lowercase and Cursor
Up
to
reset to uppercase enables you to use upper-
and
lowercase letters
on
the same line.
60
Sets
E$
= to a Cursor Down plus
A$.
The character between the quotes
is entered
by
pressing:
..
• ".
70
Sets
F$
= to a Cursor Down plus
B$.
80
Sets
G$
= to a Cursor Down plus
C$.
90
Sets
H$
= to a Cursor Down plus
D$.
100-190
PRINT
#4
tells the computer to print to device 4 (in this case, the printer).
100
CHR$
(14)
increases the width of the printed character to twice its
original size. This line prints the title of the program
in
'enhanced
characters.'
110
Prints three Carriage Returns on the printer.
120-190
Prints each of the strings constructed
in
lines
20
through
90
on the
printer.
200
Closes the printer channel.
NOTE:
Printing a listing from within a program terminates the program.
Therefore,
LIST
should
be
placed at the end of the program.
13
Page 19
To execute this program, simply type:
RUN
This is the result:
MODEL.
1
'526
PR
I
r-
.....
TER
SET
I
"11$/:,&'
( )
*
+,
-.
/0<1123456789:
;
<
">?I!1A8COEFGH
I·JKLMNOPQRSTUVL<lXY2[
£.
]"to-
1.--1
iii..,
n.L,_.-L-r-I11
r-"_....
8,J.-.-..,~-_,
h
.....
'L·vf!8-.'
rXOIo
,.-+1
,
..
~
_!7'ZT
is
.......
'
.................
eW_
..
'Q
.,
__
"
......
,
4_
..
I
......
~IIiiIiiI!!I.£SU
__
t1!U-.aa.
...
I
IItf$"<.~;
I,
;.
..
+
J
~'.
/1)
1
i:~
34'!~S7·38:
J
<:
=
>?I~9.bcl::l1i!
f:at":
i
j
k:
1
rrrnopqr
s
1:
uvwxy
z[
~
It+-
1
....
-...]
l.\
l;$.1f
&'-,...;'":'.......-111
r-
...........
·~8COEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-+l
,~
PM!,,"
..........
4;
..........
-_"
•
Now, close the channel and the file, type:
PRINT
114
CLOSE 4
14
Page 20
FORMAT CONTROL
Through the printer's format control option, you can control the interpretation of data
sent
to
the printer. The format control option allows you to print numbers in columns,
set the number of lines per page, and perform other useful formatting tasks. To implement the format control option, you use the third parameter of the
OPEN
command.
OPEN
Ifn,
dn,
sa
As before, Ifn is the logical file number, dn is the device number (also known
as
the
primary address), and
sa
is the secondary address. It is in the secondary address posi-
tion that you enter the desired parameter.
You
can enter any of the eleven secondary addresses in your
OPEN
command. These
are:
o Print data exactly as received in Upper/Graphics case.
Print data according to a previously-defined format
2 Store the formatting data
3 Set the number of lines per page
to
be
printed
4 Enable the printer format diagnostic messages
5· Define a programmable character
6 Set spacing between lines
7 Print data exactly as received in Upper/Lower case.
9 Suppress diagnostic message printing
10
Reset printer
After the appropriate
OPEN
statement has been transmitted, a PRINT # statement is
required to transmit the secondary address information to the specified device (in this
case, your printer).
Remember that it is possible to have
as
many as ten files open simultaneously. This
allows you to perform several formatting functions at one time on the data in the com-
puter's memory. There
are
examples of the formatting capabilities described in this
section in the Appendix.
15
Page 21
Printing
Data
Exactly"
As
Received:
sa
= 0
This secondary address is the default value. Whether
or
not you include it in your
OPEN
statement, the printer prints data exactly
as
received.
Up
to
80
characters are
printed on each line and
if
the next character is not a Carriage Return, a Carriage Return
is performed automatically and the overflow characters are printed
on
the next line.
Example:
10
OPEN
5,4
20 PRINT
il5,"'fHIS
IS A TEST
I "
Results in:
THIS
IS
A TEST!
Printing
Data
According
to a Previously
Defined
Format:
sa
= 1
A secondary address of 1 invokes the formatting features of your printer.
The
data to
be
printed is arrayed according to a previously specified format using
sa
=
2.
If you should
transmit a string of data when
sa
= 1 is in effect and there is no formatting data in the
printer's memory, then the data string is printed exactly
as
it is received.
When formatting string data from the computer, a skip,
CHR$(29),
must
be
sent to
delimit the end of a string being edited to a field. Leading blanks are stripped off a
string; therefore, to print a blank alpha field you must transmit·a shifted blank,
CHR$(160).
The alpha field is then right padded with blanks
as
shown below.
Example:
Results in:
10
OPEN
2,4,2
20
OPEN
1,4,1
30 PRINT
il2,"AM
AM
AM"
40 PRINT
ill,
"ABC"CHR$
(29)
CHR$
(160)
CHR$
(29)
"DEF"
50
CLOSE
2:CLOSE 1
ABC
DEF
Note: The data to
be
printed for any formatted line must
be
sent with
only one "PRINTH" command.
16
Page 22
Storing the Formatting Data: sa = 2
Perhaps the most significant feature of your printer is its ability to format data. Picture
formatting generates a simple one-to-one correspondence between the column position of the print line and the symbol that is
to
appear there. Formatting lets you left- or
right-justify columns of data,
or
align numeric data on its decimal pOint position.
Example:
Results in:
10
OPEN
2,4,2
20
OPEN
1,4,1
30
PRINT
#2,"$$$.99"
40
PRINT
#l,.
05
50
CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
$.05
The commands in the example above transfer formatting data
to
the printer's internal
memory for future print editing use. Once completed,
READY
and the blinking cursor
appear on the screen.
The Formatting Characters
Specification of a format is accomplished by a set
of
formatting characters which,
when joined, define the rules
of
formatting data for the printer format interpreter. The
formatting characters may be grouped into three classes:
Numeric
Alpha
Skip
9,Z,$,S,.,-
A
(Blank)
Fields are specified by combining these formatting characters. Up to
79
characters are
accepted in a format string. Excess (overflow) characters are printed onto the next
print line. Table 2 contains formatting examples.
17
Page 23
Numeric
9 -Specifies a digit position in a numeric field. If there is no digit
to
print in this position,
then a blank is substituted.
Z -Also specifies a digit position in a numeric field. Unlike the
9,
this character forces a
o to
be
printed
if
there is no digit available for this position. This is desirable
if
leading
zeroes
are
required in a numeric field.
$ -
if
one $ is specified, then the field is treated as a dollar amount with a fixed-sign posi-
tion
as
follows:
$123
$1234.00
If all digit positions to the left of the decimal pOint
are
$,
then the number is printed as a
floating dollar sign right justified before the most significant digit.
S -When preceding a numeric field, the sign of the number
(+
or - ) is
to
be
printed in
this fixed column position .
. -Defines the position of the decimal point and is printed literally in this position.
- -Specifies a trailing sign. If the number is positive, a blank is printed. A numeric field
cannot
have
both
Sand
-.
When this is the csse, only the S will be honored.
Here
are
some examples of format fields:
a)
Field width
and
decimal position specified·
99
Two-digit integer with no sign
99.999 Five-digit real type with 3 positions to right
of
decimal
b)
Dollar sign insertion-
$99.99 Fixed dollar sign
$$$.99 Floating dollar sign
c)
Leading zeros forcedZZZZ
No decimal
ZZ.99 Decimal
d)
Trailing minus999
- Blank is printed
if
number is positive
e)
Signed numberss99
+ or - always printed
18
Page 24
Table
2.
Formatting Examples
Table 2 contains more examples of sample data, format fields, and the resultant editing.
FORMAT FIELD DATA
EDITED RESULT
AAAAA
ABC ABC
AAAAA ABCDEFG
ABCDE
$$$$
99
$99
$9999 99
$
99
$99.99
77
$77.00
$99.99
-77
$77.00
$99.99-
-77
$77.00-
$99.99-
77
$77.00
S$99.99
77
+$77.00
zzzz.
77
0077
ZZ.999
77
77.000
ZZZ.99
77
077.00
999.99
77
77.00
.99
77
.99
.001
.00
S.999
1.5E-
02
+.015
Z.999-
1.5E-
02
0,015
Z.999-
-1.5E-02
0.015-
The printer software handles up
to
ten significant figures, and an exponent range ±99 on
numbers passed as data
to
be formatted. Exponential numbers
must
be normalized
such that
Q<s;IXI<10.
Alpha (String Data):
The letter A represents one position
of
an alpha field. Within the field, leading blanks
are truncated, the field is left-justified, and
it
is padded
to
the right
with
blanks. Shifted
blanks CHR$(160), are
not
deleted
if
in the leading positions.
Example:
Results in:
10
OPEN
2,4,2
20
(PEN
1,4,1
30
PRINT
i2,
"A
AA
AM"
40
PRINT
#1,
"CBM"CHR$(29)"CBM"CHR$(29)"CBM"
50
CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
C
CB
CBM
19
Page 25
Skip (Blank):
Simply use blanks where spaces
are
required:
Example:
Results in:
10
OPEN
2,4,2
20
OPEN
1,4,1
30
PRINT
112,
"AAA
AAA
AAA"
40
PRINT
111,
"PET"CHR$
(29)
"PET"CPR$
(29)
"PET"
50
CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
PET
PET PET
To
right justify integers, define
an
alpha string the length of the longest integer. Then
blank fill the left of the integer data string
and
right justify the number within that
string.
literals
in
Format Strings
Literals are characters that are to
be
printed exactly
as
they exit in the printer's
memory rather than being used
to
format other data. Literals
are
flagged by preceding
each literal in the format string with a reverse-field
ON
character.
One use of literal is to create a special form at the same time you are printing data. This
is done by using the special graphics character to form vertical, horizontal, or other
lines between the fields. You can create a form while printing data, either by overprinting graphic characters or by inserting literal characters
in
a format string
as
shown below.
The
only limitation on literal characters in format strings is that they cannot
be
printed
in the reverse field mode. They
are
also restricted to the same character set in which
data is currently being printed.
Example:
Results in:
-~
10
OPEN
2,4,2
20
OPEN
1,4,1
30
PRINT
lI2,"
milA
[AAAM
milA
]
milA
?
AAAM
mII_?
"
32
A$=""
35
FOR
I=1
TO
10:A$=A$+CHR$(64+I)
40
PRINT
#1,
A$CHR$
(29)A$CHR$
(29)
A$CHR$
(29)
50
NEXT
60
CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
[A
(A
)
?A
?
[AB
(AB
)
?AB
?
[ABC
(ABC
)
?ABC
?
[ABCD]
(ABCD)
?ABCD ?
[ABCDE]
(ABCDE)
?ABCDE?
[ABCDE]
(ABCDE)
?ABCDE?
[ABCDE]
(ABCDE)
"?JlliCDE?
[ABCDE]
(ABCDE)
?ABCDE?
[ABCDE]
(MCDE)
?ABCDE?
[ABCDE]
(ABCDE)
?ABCDE?
20
milA
(AAAM
mII_)
Page 26
Setting
the
Number
of
Lines
Per
Page:
sa
= 3
This special secondary address allows you
to
vary the number
of
pr.lnted
IIn~s
per
page.
In
order
for
this
paging option
to
take effect, you must turn
pa~mQ
on with the
special paging character, CHR$(147), described on page
27.
When
pagl~g
IS on and
t~e
paging secondayaddress is not implemented, the default number
o.f
hnes per page IS
66,
including three blank lines at the top
of
the page and three blank hnes at the bottom
of
the page.
Example:
10
OP~
4,4
20
(P~
1,4,1
30
OPEN
2,4,2
40
(PEN
3,4,3
50
A$="999
9999
99.99999999 99.99999999"
55
PRINT
112,A$
60
PRINT
113,
CHR$(60)
70
PRINT
114,
CHR$(147)
80
FOR
I = 1
TO
99
90
PRINT
IIl,I;I*I;SQR(I);I
T (1/3)
100
NEXT
I
110
PRINT
114,CHR$(19)
120
CLOSE
4:CLOSE
3:CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
Enabling
_he
Printer
Diagnostic
Messages:
sa
= 4
When a secondary address of 4 is transmitted, the printer's diagnostic messages
ap-
pear-whenever
an
error occurs. When a formatting error occurs, a message is printed,
the format is dumped, and a pOinter is located at the ·offending field.
If
a secondary
ad-
dress
of
4 has NOT been transmitted, then once
an
error occurs, data characters are
dumped directly to the print line even
if
the last command was
to
format data.
Example:
Example:
*PE:C*
10
OPEN
4,4,4:PRINT
114:CLOSE
4
20
(PEN
25,4
25
.
30
PRINT
1125
40
CLOSE
25
50
OPEN
1,4:CMDl:LIST
READY.
Whether or not diagnostic messages are enabled, overflow
of
numeric fields is always
indicated by fields filled with asterisks
(* * * * *
*).
This is a nonfatal error; as in other
cases, the secondary address option is reset
to
zero and all data retrieved by the printer
is printed exactly as received.
21
Page 27
Diagnostic
Messages
*
PE:L
*. Lines per page out
of
range. An attempt was made
to
set the lines per page
to.a value outside the range 13< Iinesperpage<128 via a print·to·SA
3.
The
command is ignored and the previous length remains in force.
*PE:C*·
Bad
command.
You
gave
the printer
an
invalid
SA
outside the range. The
command is ignored.
.
'"
*PE:M*· Data·format mismatch.
You
gave the printer
non.:num~ric
data to print in a
numeric field. The first character printed after the error message is the of·
fending character.
* PE:E*· Exponent error. The numeric data given
to
the printer to print
in
a numeric
field
had
an
invalid exponent. The expected form
of
an
exponential number
is: n.nnnn
+
ee
or n.nnnn -
ee.
The expression must contain a plus or
minus sign with a two digit exponent.
*
PE:F*·Bad
format. The data that was sent to
SA
= 2 either contains illegal format·
ting characters, or unrecognizable syntax.
* PE:T*· Terminator error. The
SA
changed before a terminator was detected. A ter·
minator is defined
as
a carriage return
(chr$(13)),
a line feed
(chr$(10)),
or a
carriage return line·feed sequence. Communication with the current
SA
must
be
terminated with a terminator before attempting to
"talk"
to
another SA .
•
22
Page 28
Defining a Programmable Character: sa = 5
A secondary ad(jress
of
5 allows you
to
create a
custom
character
of
your own. This
programmable character is initialized
with
this
secondary address.
Suppose you wanted
to
program the special symbol
in
Commodore Business
Machines' logo, which is:
~
commodore
Layout
a 8x8 matrix (the same matrix as is on the print head). To the left of the matrix,
write the binary
bit
value
of
each line. Use dots, one per square
to
create your
character. Then add up the binary
bits
indicated by your
dots
in each column. These
totals are used in the DATA statement in your program.
Example:
128
;
•
•
64
32
i
•
•
•
16
•
•
8
•
4
• •
2
•
• •
•
•
28
~4
65
65
54
34 0 0
.....
TOTALS
The DATA statement in your program will read:
DATA 28,34,65,65,54,34,0,0
The program shown
in
the printout in the next example writes the Commodore logo ten
times. It creates a string
with
the CHR$ value
of
the column totals and passes the
string
to
the printer
with
sa =
5.
To achieve upper- and lowercase characters, use the
CRSR
Up (Cursor
Up)
for uppercase characters, and
CRSR
Down (Cursor Down) for
lowercase Characters.
Example:
10
DATA
28,34,65,65,54,34,0,0
20
OPEN
5,4,5
30
FOR
1=1
TO
8:READ A:A$=A$+CHR$(A):NEXT
40 PRINT 1t5,A$
50
OPEN
4,4
60
FOR
1=1
ro
10
•
70 PRINT 1t4,CHR$(14)CHR$(254) "l!IIIIIIlIc
1I0MMODORE_IIBlluSINESS
80
NEXT
90
CLOSE
5
100
CLOSE
4
_II
M
II
ACHINES"
The following is a description of the program shown above:
23
Page 29
Line No.
20 Open 5,4,5
I
LCommunicates
to the
p"nt.,
what function you want
ex-
. ecuted. A secondary address
of
5 indicates that you want
something stored in the printer's custom character buf·
fer.
The device number (the printer's)
The logical file number
30
The
FOR
NEXT loop contained in this line reads the data contained in
line
10
and constructs a string
A$.
A$ contains the necessary informa-
tion
to
print the Commodore logo.
40
Stores A$ in printer memory.
50
Opens the print file for printing.
60-aO
Prints the Commodore logo and "Commodore Business Machines" ten
times.
PRINT#4 Prints
to
the printer
CHR$(14) Prints 'enhanced characters'
CHR$(254)
Prints the programmed character (the Commodore logo)
Cursor Up Sets the printer
to
uppercase
Cursor Down Sets the printer
to
lowercase
90-100
Closes the
two
files opened by the program.
After typing
RUN,
you get this result:
a
Commodore
Bus
:l.ness
Mac:
h
:l.nes
a
Commodore
Bus
:l.ness
Mac:
h
:l.nes
0:
Commodore
Bus
:l.ness
Mac:
h
:l.nes
a
Commodore
Bus
iness
Mac:h
ines
0:
Commodore
Bus
ines.s
Mac:
h
:I.
n e s
0:
Commodore
Bus
:l.ness.
Mac:h
:l.nes
0:
Commodore
Bus
:l.ness
Mac:
h
:I.
n e s
0:
Commodore
Bus
ines.s
Mac:h
:l.nes.
a
Commodore
Bus
:l.nes.s
Mac:h
:I.
n
e:s
0:
Commodore
Bus
:l.ne:ss
Mac:
h
:l.nes.
NOTE
Multiple programmable characters in the same line can only be made by overprinting.
The programmable character cannot
be
changed when a line wraps around
to
the next
line.
24
Page 30
Setting
Spacing
Between
Lines:
sa
= 6
A secondary address assignment
of
6 controls the number
of
steps between suc-
cessive lines
of
print. There are 144 steps per inch, so a declared value
(";;127)
of
18
pro-
duces
eightlines
per inch. A declared value
of
72
produces lines spaced one inch apart.
The default value
is
24,
which produces the standard 6 lines per inch.
Example:
10
OPEN
4,4
20
OPEN
6,4,6
30
FOR
I= 1 TO
127
STEP
4
40 PRINT
#6,
CHR$(I)
50 PRINT #
4,
"HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH"
60
NEXT
Selecting Upper/Lower
Case:
sa
= 7
Secondary address 7 is used to print data exactly as received. It is similar
to
SAO
except that all unshifted characters are printed in lower case and all shifted (or capital)
characters are printed in upper case.
Example:
Results in:
30
OPEN
4,4,7
40
PRIN'r
#4,
"MODEL
1526
PRINTER"
50
CLOSE
4
model
1526
printer
25
Page 31
Suppress Diagnostic Message Printing: sa = 9
To turn
off
the diagnostic message printing, send a secondary address
of
9.
Example:
*PE:M*
COMMODORE
10
OPEN
4,4,4:PRINT
#4:CLOSE
4
20
OPEN
2,4,2
30
OPEN
1,4,1
40
PRINT
#2,"$$$$.3"
50
PRINT
U,
"COMMODORE"
60
CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
Resetting the Printer: sa = 10
COMMODORE
10
OPEN
4,4,4:PRINT
ff4:CLOSE
4
15
OPEN
9,4,9:PRINT
#9:CLOSE
9
20
OPEN
2,4,2
30
OPEtCI
1,4,1
40
PRINT
#2,"$$$$.9"
50
PRINT
U,
"COMMODORE"
60
CLOSE
2:CLOSE
1
To reset the printer, send a secondary address of
10.
Example:
10
OPEN
10,4,10
20
PRINT
lIlO
30
CLOSE
10
SPECIAL CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
Special control characters can
be
Llsed
to change the mode of printing within a single
line. Table
3 contains a summary of the special control characters. The table is follow-
ed
by a brief description
of
each function.
Enhanced Characters
You can print any character double its width. While characters are normally printed in a
8-row
by
8-column matrix. enllanced characters appear
in
a 8-row
by
16-column matrix.
The example below shows how already enhanced characters can
be
further enhanced.
Example:
10
OPEN
t1,4
20
PRINT
#4,"H"CHRS(14)"E"CHRS(14)"L"CIIRS(14)"L"CIIRS(14)"O"
30
CLOSP.
4
Results in:
26
Page 32
Paging
P!lging
must
be turned on in your program
with
the
code CHR$(147)
or
the keyboard en-
try shown in Table
3.
Otherwise, printing is continuous. The paging function provides
for
66 lines per page including three blank lines at
the
top
of
the page and three blank
lines at
the
bottom. The number
of
lines per page may be altered by using the secon-
dary address 3 option. When paging is in effect, the paging
off
character performs a
top-of-form function.
Specifying
Individual
Upper-
and
Lowercase
Characters
The printer default character set is ASCII/Graphics when power is first turned on
to
the
printer. Though
it
is
not
possible
to
display both graphics and lowercase simultaneous-
lyon
the video display screen, the printer does allow shifting between character sets
on the same line. This function is analogous
to
the letters/figures
shift
on a Teletype™.
Example:
10
OPEN
4,4
20
PRINT
1t4,"<CRSR
UP> C <CRSR
DOWN>
OMMODORE"
Results in:
COllInodore
Reversing a Field
This function inverts the
dot
matrix
to
produce the
effect
of
white on black (see Table
3).
DO
NOT use
this
mode
of
printing
for
more than five consecutive lines since extend-
ed printing in this mode will damage the print head.
Example:
10
OPF.N
5,4
20
PRINT
1t5,"
__
COMMODORE"
30
CLOSE
5
Results in:
._--
27
Page 33
TABLE
3
Special
Control
Characte~
Summary
Printer
function
Code
ASCII
Keyboard
. Enhance
CHR$(14)
SO
NA
Unenhanced
CHRS(129)
NA
Paging on
CHR$(147)
ISHIFTI&~
.
HOME
Paging
off
CHR$(19)
DC3
~
HOME
RVSON
CHR$(18)
DC2
[;]
RVS
RVS
OFF
CHR$(146)
I
SHIFT
1&
[;U
RVS
Carriage return
CHR$(13)
CR
IRETURNI
Carriage return with
no line feed
CHR$(141)
NA
Line feed
CHR$(10)
LF
NA
IC+RI
Cursor
Uppercase
CHR$(145)
Up
HSRI
Cursor
Lowercase
CHR$(17)
Down
IC~RI
Cursor
Skip space
CHR$(29)
Right
Quote
CHR$(34)
"
0
Quote
The
Carriage
Return
If you attempt to print more than
80
characters on a line, a Carriage Return with Line
Feed will be forced and the overflow characters will be printed on the next line. If you
transmit a Shift Carriage Return ($80), a Carriage Return without Line Feed is
ex-
ecuted. This allows overprinting on a line. A Carriage Return turns
off
reverse field,
character
~nhance
and the quote mode.
Quotation
Marks
If
an
odd number of quotation marks have been transmitted, control characters
are
made visible. This can be particularly useful when you
are
making a listing of a BASIC
program containing cursor control characters in quotation marks.
28
Page 34
APPENDIX
The programs in this appendix illustrate the many formatting capabilities of your
printer.
Th,e
first program is completely annotated. In the following programs, new con-
cepts are commented upon.
SIMPLE STRING FORMATTING
This program opens four·files to perform four different tasks. It prints three lines: the
format string, the unformatted data string, and the formatted data string.
Here is a
printout
from the program:
AA AA AA
AA
ABC
AB
AB
AB AB
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,1
30
OPEN
3,4,2
40
OPEN
4,4,4
50
PRINT
lI4
60
A$="AA
AA
AA
AA"
70
B$="ABC"
80
PRINT
11
,A$
90
PRINT
I1,B$
100
PRINT
lI3,A$
110
C$=CHR$(29)
:REM
ENABLE
ERROR
DIAGNOSTICS
:REM
FORMAT
STRING
:REM STRING
TO
BE
FORMATTED
120
PRINT
lI2,B$C$B$C$e$C$B$
130
CLOSE
l:CLOSE
2:CLOSE 3:CLOSE 4
29
Page 35
An
analysis of the program will help you understand how it works.
Line
No. Explanation
10-40
Four logical files are opened to the printer so that the data
in
the com-
puter's memory can
be
used in four different ways:
Logical Secondary
File No. Address Usage
o (default) Print data exactly
as
transmitted.
2 Format data before
it
is printed.
3 2
Transmit the formal string.
4
4
Enable format error diagnostic messages
to
~e
printed (if
any).
50
Enables error messages (if
any)
60
Defines the format string
70
Defines the data string
80
Prints the format string
90
Prints the unformatted data string
100
Transmits the format string to the printer's memory
110
Sets
C$
equal to the format character for "skip a space"
120
Prints the formatted data string 4 times
130
Closes the files
30
Page 36
LEADING ZEROES FORCED
This program prints ten rows of numbers, each row beginning with a number
one
higher than the preceding
row.
In
line
60,
the formatting statement (which is prepared
for in line
30,
and
transmitted in line
70)
specifies leading zeroes in all fields
and
plus
signs in the first two fields.
+0001. +0002.
+0002. +0003.
+0003. +0004.
+0004. +0005.
+0005. +0006.
+0006. +0007.
+0007. +0008.
+0008. +0009.
+0009. +0010.
+0010. +0011.
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,1
30
OPEN
3,4,2
40
OPEN
4,4,4
0003.
0004.
0005.
0006.
0007.
0008.
0009.
0010.
0011.
0012.
0004
0005
0006
0007
0008
0009
0010
0011
0012
0013
50
PRINT
14
:REM
ENABLE
ERROR
DIAGNOSTICS
60
F$="SZzzz.
SZZZZ. ZZZZ. ZZZZ"
70
PRINT
n,FS
80
FOR
I = 1
TO
10
90
PRINT
~2,I,I+1,I+2,I+3
100
NEXT
110
CLOSE
l:CLOSE
2:CLOSE
3:CLOSE
4
31
Page 37
SIGNED NUMBERS
As
shown below, a trailing sign, when specified
in
a format statement, either prints a
blank for a positive number, or a minus
(-)
for a negative number. This form is
sometimes desired
by
accountants.
A leading sign always prints a plus
(+
) or a minus
(-
) for the sign
of
the number.
If no sign is specified
in
the format, then no sign is printed. This works essentially like
an
absolute value
on
the number.
1 1
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,1
30
OPEN
3,4,2
40
OPEN
4,4,4
1-
50 PRINT »4
:REM
ENABLE
ERROR
DIAGNOSTICS
60
F$="999
5999
999-"
70
PRINT
~3,F$
80
PRINT
»2,-1,-1,-1
90
CLOSE
1:CLOSE 2:CLOSE 3:CLOSE 4
32
Page 38
DECIMAL FRACTION SPECIFICATION
When the right hand side
of
the decimal point in a format statement
has.
more
digits
of
precision specified than contained in the formatted data, the remaining
digit
positions
are fillej:l
with
zeroes.
If
the reverse is true, then the formatted number is truncated.
5.00
- 1.25000 3
10.00
- 2.50000 6
15.00
-3.75000
9
20.00 - 5.00000
12
25.00 - 6.25000 15
30.00
- 7.50000
18
35.00
- 8.75000
21
40.00
- 10.00000
24
45.00
- 11.25000
27
50.00
- 12.50000
30
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,1
30
OPEN
3,4,2
40
OPEN
4,4,4
50 PRINT
*4
:REM
ENABLE
ERROR
DIAGNOSTICS
60
F$-"999.99
S999.99999
999
n
70
PRINT PRINT
*3,F$
80
FOR
I-I
TO
10
90
PRINT
i2,-10*I/2,-5*I/4,3*I
100
NEXT
110
CLOSE
1:
CLOSE
2:
CLOSE
3:
CLOSE
4
33
Page 39
FIXED AND FLOATING $ FIELDS
In
fixed dollar fields the dollar sign
($)
is printed in the leftmost position
and
leading
unused digit positions are printed
as
blanks.
In
floating dollar fields the $ is printed immediately to the left of the most significant
figure or decimal point. Unused digit fields to the left of the $ are printed blank.
$66.29
$6.62
$45.83
$4.58
$32.86
$3.28
$53.33
$5.33
$74.91
$7.49
$
7.79
$.77
$97.51
$9.75
$27.03
$2.70
$15.28
$1.
52
$49.95
$4.99
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,1
30
OPEN
3,4,2
40
OPEN
4,4,4
50 PRINT
114
$
6629
$.66
$
4583
$.45
$
3286
$.32
$
5333
$.53
$
7491
$.74
$
779
$.07
$
9751
$.97
$
2703
$.27
$
1528
$.15
$
4995
$.49
60
F$="99.99
$$$.99
$99999
$.99"
70
PRINTII3,F$
80
FORI=l
TO
10
85
X=RND(l)
90
PRINT#2,X*100,X*10,X*10000,X
100
NEXT
110
CLOSE1:CLOSE2:CLOSE3:CLOSE4
READY.
34
Page 40
MIXED
FORMAT
FIELD
TYPES
Shown below are an integer
with
leading zeros, alpha field, floating dollar, and an in-
teger
with
zero suppressed.
In line 120,
CHRS(29),
(skip) is used
as
a terminator
for
the alpha field so
that
it
is format-
ted correctly.
00002
PET
COMPUTER
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,1
30
OPEN
3,4,2
40
OPEN
4,4,4
$795.00
50
50 PRINT
.#4
:REM
ENABLE
ERROR
DIAGNOSTICS
60
F$="ZZZZZ
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
$$$$$.99
999"
70
PRINT
#),F$
80
A=2
90 B$="PET
COMPUTER"
100
C=795
110
0=50
120
PRINT
i2,A,B$,CHR$
(29)
,C,D
130
CLOSE
1:
CLOSE
2:
CLOSE
3:
CLOSE
4
35
Page 41
FORMATTING
WITH
LITERALS
In
the example below, literal characters within a format line are created by preceding
. each literal character with the reverse on symbol.
10
OPEN
1,4
20
OPEN
2,4,2
30
OPEN
3,4,1
40
F$="_.I_.*
zz
-..
$$$$
_.,
ZZ.999
-.+"
50
PR1NTII2,F$
60
FOR
1=1
TO
10:X=10*RND(1)
:Y=lOOO*RND(l)
:Z=8*RND(1)
70
PR1NT#3,XiY;Z:NEXT
80
CLOSEl:CLOSE2:CLOSE3
READY.
1*
04
•
$S02
03.756
+
.
1*
08
•
$582
02.813
+
1*
04
•
$7
00.268
+
1*
04
•
$670
00.969
+
1-1<
03
•
$272
07.298
+
1*
03
•
$292
00.234
+
1*
04
•
$382
03.260
+
1*
06
•
$76
03.901
+
1*
07
•
$73
01.361
+
1*
07
•
$645
03.354
+
36
Page 42
I
Page 43
COMMODORE
SALES CENTERS
Commodore
Business
Machines,
Inc.
1
200
Wilson
Drive
Westchester.
PA
19380,
U.S.A.
Commodore
Business
Machines
Ltd.
3370
Pharmacy Avenue,
Agincourt,
Ontario,
M1W
2K4,
Canada
Commodore
Business
Machines
(UK)
Ltd,
675
Ajax
Avenue,
Trading
Estate,
Slough
Berks,
SL I 4BG,
England
Commodore
Bueromashinen
GmbH
Lyonerstrasse
38,
PO
BOX
710126
Frankfult
6000,
West
Germany
Commodore
Italiana
S.R.L.
Via
Consen-atoria
22
Milano 2012
2,
Italy
Commodore
Information
Center
5
Onion
Road
Lane
Cove
2066
NSW,
Australia
Commodore
Computer
B.
V.
Marksingel
2e4811
N.V. Breda
Postlrus
720,
480
3aS
Breda,
Netherlands
Commodore
AG(Schweiz)
Aeschenvorstadt
57
4010
Basel,
Switzerland
Page 44
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