Commodore CBM 2040, CBM 4040, CBM 3040, CBM 8050 User Manual

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User's

Manual

for

GBM

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Dual

Floppy

Disk

Drives

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User's

Manua

for

CBM

Dual

Drive

Floppys

Model

2040-Model

4040

Model

3040-Model

8050

Appropriate

for

use

with:

Commodore

Computers

•

Series

2001 (CBM-PET)

•

Series

3000

(CBM)

•

Series

4000

(PET)

• Series

8000

(CBIVI)

Part

Number

320899

October

1980

commodore

©

1980

Commodore

Business

Machines,

Inc.

^ Table of Contents

Page

Chapter

1

Introduction

1

General

Information

2

Description

3

Front

Panel

3

Back

Panel

3

Interior

Configuration

4

The

Diskette

5

Specifications

5

Care Of

The

2040,3040,4040

and

8050

9

CareOfThe

Diskettes

9

Unpacking

The

Disk Drive 9

Chapter

2

PreparingToUse

Your

Disk Drive 11

Connecting

The

Disk DriveToThe

Computer

11

Performing

The

Power-On

Test

12

Inserting

The

Diskette

Into

The

8050

13

liisi!fliii|j

Till!

IJiiiktiUe

liilu

Tlie

HO-IO,

ijO-lO

uml

<10'1()..Iit

The

4040

and

8050

Performance

Test

14

The

2040

and

3040

Performance

Test

17

Chapter

3

Learning

HowToUse

Your

Floppy

Disk

Drive

21

The

Block Availability Map (BAM)

22

The

Disk Operating

System

(DOS) 22

Disk

Maintenance

Commands

23

NEW

24

HEADER (BASIC

4.0

Direct Command) 25

Initialization

(2040

and

3040)

25

Initialization

(4040)

26

Initialization

(8050)

26

The

Directory

26

LOAD$

26

DIRECTORY (BASIC

4.0

Dkect

Command) . 27

Printing

The

Dhrectory

27

in

IV

VALIDATE

28

'

COLLECT

(BASIC

4.0

Direct

Command)....

28

DUPLICATE

28

BACKUP (BASIC

4.0

Direct Command) 29

COPY

29

COPY (BASIC

4.0

Direct

Command)

31

CONCAT (BASIC

4.0

Direct Command) 31

RENAME

31

RENAME (BASIC

4.0

Direct

Command)

32

SCRATCH

32

SCRATCH (BASIC

4.0

Direct

Command)....

33

Chapter

4 BASIC

Commands

For

Data

Handling 35

BASIC

Commands

Associated

with

Floppy

Disk Drives

35

SAVE and DSAVE (Writing a Program to a

Diskette)...

36

LOAD and DLOAD (Reading a Program

from

a

Diskette)

36

VERIFY

37

OPEN

38

DOPEN

39

CLOSE

39

DCLOSE

40

Closing

The

Command

Channel

40

Closing

The

Data

Channel

41

PRINT#

41

INPUT#

42

GET#

43

RECORD#

43

Quickload Feature (BASIC 4.0) 44

Moving a Tape ProgramtoDisk 45

Chapter5

Advanced

Disk

Programming

47

Commodore DiskOperating System (DOS) 47

Disk Utility Command Set 48

BLOCK-READ

[ *

49

BLOCK-WRITE

50

BLOCK-EXECUTE 50

BUFFER-POINTER 50 ^

BLOCK-ALLOCATE

51

~

MEMORY 51

MEMORY-WRITE 51

MEMORY-READ

52

MEMORY-EXECUTE

52

USER 52

8050

Disk Zones 59

Chapter

6

Advanced

File

Handling

65

Special Open and Close Statements For Direct Access' 65

Random

Access

Example

66

To

Create

A File

66

To

AddARecord

67

To

See A

Record

68

To

Change A

Record

68

Getting The Directory of Listings 69

VI

13

14
15

16

17

Directory

Format

0q

Sequential

Format

* ]]

Program

File

Format

61

Relative

File

Format

.!!!!!!...!!!!!!.

70

User's

Quick

Reference—Disk

Commands

87

Ending The Program 69

Relative Files

4040,8050

69

CreatingA RelativeFile 72

ExpandingA RelativeFile 72
Accessing

A RelativeFile 73

Chapter

7

Simplifying

The

UseofCommodore

Disk-Related

Commands

77

Loading

The

DOS

Support

Program

77

Using

The

DOS

Support Symbols:> and @ 78

Loading A

Program

With

The / 78

LoadingAnd Running A ProgramWithUp Arrow 79
SpecialDOSSupport Information 79

Chapter8 Error

Messages

—Pattern

Matching

File

Names

—DiskCommands 81

Requesting Error

Messages:

Commodore Disk Drives 81

Summary Of CBMFloppy Error Messages 82

Description of DOS Error Messages 82

Pattern

Matching

85

User's Quick Reference: Disk

Commands

86

Chapter 9 Random 1.00 Program Listing 89

Chapter

10

Index

95

Figure

1

2
3

4
5

Table

1
2
3

4
5
6

7

8

9

10

11

12

List

of

Illustrations

Title

Page

Models 2040,

3040,4040,8050:

Rear View 5

Floppy

Disk

Hookup

12

Position

For

Diskette

Insertion

13

2040,3040,4040 Format: Expanded

View

of A

Single

Sector 62

8050

Format:

Expanded View of A Single Sector 63

List

of

Tables

Title

Page

Suggested Reading List 4

Specifications: Model8050 DualDriveFloppy Disk 6

Specifications: Models 2040/3040 Dual Drive Floppy Disk 7

Specifications: Model4040 Dual DriveFloppy Disk 8

Standard Jump Table 53

Block

DistributionByTrack

I 54

2040,3040

BAM

Format 55

2040,3040 Directory

Header

55

4040

BAM

Format

56

4040

Directory Header 56

8050 Directory Header Block 57

8050

BAM

Format

58

Chapter

1

INTRODUCTION

The disk-oriented Commodore Computer System was designed around the central concept

of providingyou, the user, with largefile-handling capabilitiessupported by

BASIC

pro

gramming commandsand further simplified by DOSSupport command abbreviations.

Read the Tableof Contentsand becomeacquaintedwith the broad scopeof material

covered

in thismanual. It hasbeen

designedtoassist

you in

pursuing

an educational pro

grambyutilizing

the

computer

asan

adjunct

to the

learning

process.

That

is,

once

the

disk

driveis properlyinterfaced to a Commodore Computer,

YOU

become asimportant an ele

mentof the

system

asthe

hardware.

Your

importance,

however,ismeasured

in directrela

tionship to how

well

you understand how to effectively utilizethe hardware

arid

software.

That's why it is best to think of your computer and disk drive as only part of a system.

Grasping

andunderstanding the concept that each

individual

component actsand reactsto

signals

and

commands

from

other

devices

inthe

system

will

greatly

accelerate

your

funda

mental

grasp

of how to operate, control, and master the system.This basicconcept forms

the

basis

of this manual: teachingyou how to gainmastery of the system so that it

will

performasdesired.

Thatisthe

primary

reason

this

manualislaid

out in a

building

block

fashion: it permits you to advance as fast as

you

desire.

The first chapters discuss basichardwarefeatures and permit you, right from the start, to

become familiar with

the

disk drive by doing the performance tests which comprise the first

essential"hands

on"

experience. Then, by actually usingyour particular disk drive and

learning to carefullyfollow instructions,you can

gain

confidencein order to proceedto

more

comprehensive

subjects.

Bythe timeyou

begin

Chapter

3—Learning

HowTo

Use

Your Floppy DiskDrive-you

will

havealready used some portions of the DOSSupport system which isnot fully described

until Chapter 7. The reason for this procedure lies within the purpose of DOSSupport:

simplifying commands. It is actually easierto instruct a new user by

using

the simplified

command structure of DOS Support than attempting to explain the entire command hier

archy at an early stage.This concept of providingyou with enough essentialinformation to
complete a task, a step-by-stepdescription of the task, and meaningfulexamples is a feature

of this manual which will provide

you

with sufficient incentivetoactually complete

the

task.

The

mannerinwhich

this

manualislaid

out

encourages

the

conceptoflearningbydoing.

Difficult

concepts

and

procedures have

been

broken

down

into

steps

that

walk

the

user

through

examples

which

provide

ample

opportunitytoexperiment

laterbyreturning

to

each

command

description. When possible,

the

command

format

has been included with

the

command description

and,

as an additional aid, a

User*s

Quick Reference has been placed in

Chapter8for

easy

access if

problems

persist.

Error

messages

are

also

presentedinChapter8where

they

canbequickly

referenced,

if

needed.

The

Error

Message discussions have

been

expandedtoinclude:

•

Howtorequest

error

messages.

•

Error

message

summary.

•

Detailed

error

message

descriptions.

For

those

users

who

have

been

reluctanttoattempt

disk programming becauseofthe

pre

sumed

degreeofdifficulty,

note

that

the

entire

disk

command

hierarchyisstructuredinthis

manual

from

least

difficulttomore

complex:

•

Commands

for

file

manipulation

and

maintenance

•

Commands

for

data

handling

• Advanced

programming

•

Advanced

hie

handling

•

Simplified

commands

Users who have attained some degree of programming skills

may

desiretobegin with

the

advanced subjects such as random access or relative files while others

maybecontent

with

just following the manual's format. In either case, this manual has been laid out to provide

the user with essentialinformation in a logicalsequence. Follow the examples,attempt the

step-by-step procedures,

and

learnbydoing.

GENERAL

INFORMATION

With

the

purchaseofyour

Commodore Dual Drive

Floppy

Disk

you

have greatly enhanced

the

computing power of

your

Commodore system.Toget

the

most

outofyour

system

you

should

study

your

computer's

user guide, and if necessary

the

BASIC manuals listed in

Table 1. You will benefit most if you first read through this entire manual, taking

note

of

those

features

that

relatetoyour

particular

floppy

as well as

those

which are

commontoall

CBM

Floppys.

The information presented in this manual is extensive and may, in some cases, present in
formation that is currently beyond your particular levelof expertise. However, by carefully

and thoughtfully studying its contents you will gain the confidence necessary to progres

sively upgrade

your

programming skills and expertise.

This manual presents discussions, descriptions, practices and procedures relating

to

the

use

and

operationofall

Commodore

5-1/4-inch Dual

Floppy

Disk Drives.

Four

models

are

discussed:

Model

2040

(DOS

1)

Model

3040

(DOS

1)

Model

4040

(D0S2)

Model

8050

(DOS

2.5)

The

floppys

are

operationally

compatible

with

the

following

Commodore

Computers.

1.

Series

2001—16K

and

32K

—Operating With BASIC Version

3.0

2. Series

2001—PET8K—UpgradedtoBASIC Version

3.0

3. Series

3000—16K

and

32K

—Operating With BASIC Version

3.0

4. Series

4000

- PET

8K,

16K,

and

32K

- Operating With BASIC Version

4.0

5. Series

8000—32K

—Operating With BASIC Version

4.0

For

ease of reference,

the

Models

2040,

3040,4040,

and

8050

Dual Drive

Floppy

Disks will be referred to in this manual as

"the

2040",

"the

3040",

"the

4040",

and

"the

8050",

respectively. All descriptions

and

discussions are

common

unless

noted

otherwise.

DESCRIPTION

All CBM

Floppys

described in

this

manual

are

dual-drive

diskette

storage

devices.

Their

individual

primary

components

consistofread/write

controls,

drive

motor

electronics,

two

drive mechanisms,

two

read/write

heads,

and

track

positioning mechanisms. All

disk

drives

discussed in

this

manual

conformtoIEEE-488

interface

requirements.

Because

each

device

is an

"intelligent"

peripheral,

their

operation

requiresnospace in

the

computer's

memory.

This means

you

have

justasmuch

computer

memory

availabletoyouaswhen

youdonot

have

the

disks

attached.

Front

Panel

The front panel of the respective disk drive consists of an identification panel across the top;

slots in whichtoinsert two diskettes; and doors to close after inserting the diskettes. When

the door isclosed, the diskette is clamped onto the diskette spindlehub. Alsoon the front

panel are three LEDindicator lights.The one on the right iscalled the Drive0 Active Indi

cator, and lights when drive 0 is active. The LED on the left does the same for drive 1. On

the 8050, the LED in the middle is a two-color power/error indicator. It is normally green,

indicating power ON but flashes red whenevera disk error occurs. On the 2040, 3040, and

4040

the

middle

LED

is activated if

power

is appliedorremoved,

and

whenever an

error

occurs.

.

Back

Panel

The

backofeach

disk

drive

containsanIEEE-488

interface

connector.

Near

the

panel's

lower edge is

the

power ON/OFF switch. There is also a "slow blow"i^fuse,and

the

AC

power

cord.

Table1.Suggested

Reading

List

Pet/CBM

Personal

Computer

Guide.

C. S. Donahue and J. K. Enger, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way,

Berkeley,

CA

94710

Hands-On

Basic

withaPet.

H. D. Peckham, McGraw-Hill

1979

Entering

BASIC.

J. Sack and J. Meadows, Science Research Associates,

1973

BASIC: A

Computer

Programming Language.

C. Pegels,

Holden-Day,

Inc.,

1973

BASIC

Programming.

J. Kemeny and T. Kurtz, Peoples Computer Co., 1010 Doyle (P.O. Box

3100),

Menlo Park, CA

94025,1967

BASIC

FOR

HOME

COMPUTERS.

Albrecht, Finkleand

Brown,

PeoplesComputer Co., 1010 Doyle (P.O.Box

3100), Menlo Park, CA

94025,1973

A Guided

TourofComputer Programming in BASIC.

T. Dwyer,

Houghton

Mifflin Co.,

1973

Programing Time Shared

Computer

in BASIC.

Eugene H.

Bamett,

Wiley-Interscience, L/C 72-175789

Programming Language

#2.

Digital

Equipment

Corp., Maynard, MA

01754

101

BASIC

Computer

Games.

Software

Distribution

Center,

Digital

Equipment

Corp.,

Maynard,

MA

01754

WhatdoTo

After

You

Hit

Return.

Peoples

Computer

Co.,

1010

Doyle

(P.O.

Box

3100),

Menlo

Park,

CA

94025

Basic

BASIC.

James S. Coan,Hayden Book Co., Rochelle Park, NJ

WORKBOOKS

1-5.

T.I.S., P.O. Box

921,

Los Alamos, NM

87544

Programming

the

6502.

R. Zaks,

Sybex,

1978

24 Tested, Ready-to-Run Game Programs in Basic.

K.

Tracton,

Tab Books,

1978

Some

Basic

Programs.

M. Borchers and R. Poole, Osborne &

Assoc.

Inc., 1978

Basic Programming

for

Business.

I. H.

Fotknei,

Prentice-Hall,

1977

The

Channel

Data

Book.

B. Lewis,5960 MandarinAve., Goleta, CA 93017,1978

PET and

the

IEEE

488

Bus (GPIP).

Osbome/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft

Way,

Berkeley,CA 94710

Interior

Configuration

Theinterior of your floppy containstwo disk

drives.

All

the

logic

for the disk

drive

iscon

tained

within

the unit.The

mechanical

devices

are,forthe

most

part,

located

beneath

the

disk

spindles.

The

Diskette

The diskette (also known as a minifloppy, floppy diskette, minidiskette, etc.) is similar to

the

standard

flexible

disk.

There

are

several

reputable

manufacturersofthe51/4-inch

diskettes.

You

should

make

sure

that

you

buy

diskettes

for

SOFT

SECTORED

FORMAT.

Your Commodore dealer can supply your needs.

Specifications

Table 2 presents the specifications for the

8050,

Table 3

the

specifications for

the

2040

and

3040,

and

Table4the

4040.

PIGGYBACK
CONNECTION

{IEEE

PLUG

)

Figure

1 —

Models

2040,

3040,

4040,

8050:

Rear

View

ON/OFF

SWITCH

Table2.Specifications:

Model

8050

Dual

Drive

Floppy

Disk

STORAGE:

Total

capacity

Sequential

Relative

Directory

entries

Sectors

per

track

Bytes

per

sector

Tracks

Blocks

533248

bytes

per

diskette

521208 bytes per diskette

464312 to 517398 bytes per diskette

depending

upon

file size.

182880 bytes per file

65535 records per file

224

per

diskette

23to29

256

77

2083

IC's:

Controller

6502
6530

6522

microprocessor

I/O,

RAM,

ROM

I/O,

interval

timers

Interface

6502

6532(2)

6564

(2)

microprocessor

I/O,

RAM,

interval

timers

ROM

Shared

6114

(8)

4xlK

RAM

PHYSICAL:

Material

18

ga.

steel

Dimensions

Height

Width

Depth

6.5"

15.0"

14.35"

ELECTRICAL:

Power requirements

Voltage

Frequency

Power

100,117,

220, or 240 VAC

50or60

Hertz

50

watts

MEDIA:

Diskettes

Standard

mini

5 1/4",

single

sided,

single

density

^ I

o;|

i

?

1

-1}

>'1'

i

Table3.Specifications:

Models

2040/3040

Dual

Drive

Floppy

Disk

STORAGE:

Total

capacity

Sequential

Random

Directory

entries

Sectors

per

track

Bytes

per

sector

Tracks

Blocks

176640

bytes per diskette

170180

bytes

per

diskette

170850

bytes

per

diskette

152

per

diskette

17to21

256

35

690

IC's:

Controller

6504

6530

6522

microprocessor

I/O,

RAM,

ROM

I/O,

interval

timers

Interface

6502

6532

(2)

6332(2)

microprocessor

I/O,

RAM,

interval

timers

ROM

Shared

6114

(8)

4xlK

RAM

PHYSICAL:

Material

18

ga.

steel

Dimensions

Height

Width

Depth

6.5"

15.0"

14.35"

ELECTRICAL:

Power

requirements

(2040)

Voltage

Frequency

Power

120

VAC

60

Hertz

50

Watts

Power

requirements

(3040)

Voltage

Frequency

Power

100,

220,or240

VAC

60

Hertz

50

Watts

MEDIA:

Diskettes

Standard mini 5

1/4",

singlesided,

single

density

8

CSsi.

Table4,Specifications:

Model

4040

Dual

Drive

Floppy

Disk

STORAGE:

Total

capacity

Sequential

Relative

Directory

entries

Sectors

per

track

Bytes

per

sector

Tracks
Blocks

174848

bytes

per

diskette

168656

bytes

per

diskette

167132

bytes

per

diskette

65535

records

per

file

144

per

diskette

17to21

256

35

683

IC's:

Controller

6504

6530

6522

microprocessor

I/O,

RAM,

ROM

I/O,

interval

timers

Interface

6502

6532(2)

6332(2)

microprocessor

I/O,

RAM,

interval

timers

ROM

Shared

6114(8)

4xlK

RAM

PHYSICAL:

Material

Dimensions

Height

Width

Depth

18

ga.

steel

6.5"

15.0"

14.35"

ELECTRICAL:

Power

requirements

(4040)

USA

(domestic)

Voltage

120

VAC

Frequency 60 Hertz

Power 50 Watts

Power

requirements (4040)(international)

Voltage

100,

220,or240

VAC

Frequency 60 Hertz

Power 50 Watts

MEDIA:

Diskettes

Standard

mini

51/4",

single

sided,

single

density

CARE

OF

THE

2040,

3040,

4040

AND

8050

The

disk drive should be placedona fiat surface freeofvibration.Itis

important

that

dust

particles be

keptata minimum since a particle buildup will interfere with

optimum

opera

tion. If you should experience a hardware failure contact your Commodore dealer. Any

attempttocorrect

the

problem yourself could result in voiding

the

warranty.

CARE

OF

THE

DISKETTES

Handle diskettes with care. Follow these instructions to maintain the quality of the diskette

andtoprotect

the

integrityofthe

data:

1.

Return

the

diskettetoits

storage envelope whenever it is removed

from

the

drive.

2. Keep the diskettes away from magnetic fields. Exposure to a magnetic field can distort

the

data.

3. Never leave a diskette on

topofyour

computer or disk drive.

4. Do not write on the plasticjacket with a lead pencilor ball-pointpen.

Use

a felt tip pen

or fill

out

the

label before attaching it to

the

jacket.

5. Do

not

expose diskettes to

heat

or sunlight.

6. Do

not

touchorattempt

to clean

the

diskette surface. Abrasions will cause loss of stored

data.

7. Before applying power to the

2040,3040,

or 4040 open the drive doors and remove

diskettes.

UNPACKING

THE

DISK

DRIVE

Before unpacking

the

disk drive, inspect

the

shipping

carton

for signsofexternal damage. If

the

carton is damaged, be especially careful when inspecting its contents. Carefully remove

all packing material and

the

contents of the carton. DO NOT discard any packing material

until

you

have

made

sure

you

have

located

all

the

contentsofthe

carton!

The

carton

should

contain:

1.

Commodore

Dual

Floppy

Disk

Drive

2. User

Manual,

Number

320899

3.

Oneofthe

following TEST/DEMO diskettes:

a.

2040/3040/4040

TEST/DEMO diskette, P/N

4040037

b.

8050

TEST/DEMO diskette,

P/N

8050050

If

any

items are missing, please

contact

your

Commodore

dealer immediately.

NOTES

10

Chapter

^

PREPARING

TO

USE

YOUR

DISK

DRIVE

Before

startingto useyour disk

drive,

make

sureit isin

good

working

condition.Thisin

cludes

properly

connecting

it to yourcomputer,

giving

it a

power-on

and

initial

checkout

test,and

finally

the

performance

test

using

theappropriate

TEST/DEMO

diskette.

CONNECTING

THE DISK DRIVE TO

THE

COMPUTER

One

of twoconnector

cables

arerequired to interface the

floppy

to the computer.

These

cablescan be suppliedby your Commodoredealer.

1. PET-to-IEEE cable, P/N 320101

Usethis cable if the disk drive is to be the only (or first) IEEE deviceconnected to your

computer.

2. lEEE-to-IEEE cable, P/N 905080

Use

this

cable

ifyour disk

drive

isto be connected ("daisy-chained") to anotherperi

pheral

device

suchasthe

Commodore

Model

2022,orany

other

suitable

interfaced

printer.

NOTE:

Thedisk driveshould be the first peripheralattached to the computer if other de

vices

aretobe

"daisy-chained".

Follow these stepstoconnect

the

disk drivetoyour

computer:

STEP

1:

Turn

power

OFFtothe

computer.. f

STEP 2: Place

the

disk drive in a convenient location as close as possible to

the

computer.

DO

NOT

connect

the

disk

drivetoa

power

outletatthis

time.

STEP3: Connect the PET-to-IEEEcable between the IEEE-488 interface connector on the

computerand the connectoron the disk

drive.

If additionalIflEE

devices

areto

be connected, the lEEE-to-IEEE cable(s)must be used.

STEP 4: Connect the disk drive power cable to an AC outlet. DO NOT

turn

on power at

this

time.

11

CBM

Computer

iW

PET-to-IEEE

Cable

(P/N 320101)

Printer

Floppy

Disk

lEEE-to-IEEE

Cable

(P/N 905080)

Figure

2—

Floppy

Disk

Hookup

PERFORMING

THE

POWER-ON

TEST

You

are

now

readytoproceed

witli

the

poweron

partofthe

checkout:

STEa-1:

Open

both

disk

drive

doors.

Ensure

thatnodiskettes

are

presentineither

drive.

STEP

2:

power

ONtothe

COMPUTER

and

verify

thatitis

working

properly.

12

J

INSERTING

THE

DISKETTE

INTO

THE

8050

STEP

1:

Insert

the

diskette

into

the

slot

designated

"Drive0"and

with

the

write

protect

tab

oriented

to

the

left.

STEP 2: Once

the

diskette is in

the

slot, push gently on

the

diskette

until

you

hear a

dis*

tinct

"clock".

The diskette is now properly positioned in

the

drive.

STEP

3: Press DOWN firmly on

the

spring-loaded

doorofthe

drivetolower

the

diskette

into

the

correct

position. It is

importanttopress firmly on

the

door

in a

smooth

motiontoavoid damaging

the

diskette.

STEP

4:

To remove

the

diskette, press DOWN firmly on

the

spring-loaded

door.

This will

release

the

spring

and

raise

the

diskette.

Wlien

the

diskette

is level

with

the

open

ing, press UP on

the

door. This will release the diskette

and

push it

out

toward

the

frontofthe

drive.

The

disketteisnow

freetobe

removed

from

the

drive.

STEP

5:

DO

NOT

ATTEMPT

TO

CLOSE

THE

DOOR

WITHOUTADISKETTE

IN

PLACE.

The

doorislocked

openbya

mechanical

interlock

mechanism

associated

with

the

diskette

ejector

that

prevents

the

door

from

closing if no

diskette

has

been

loaded.

WRITE

PROTECT

NOTCH

WHEN

COVERED.

DISKETTE

CONTENTS

CANNOT

BE

ALTERED

3Hoaowwoo

Figure

3 —

Position

for

Diskette

Insertion

INSERTING

THE

DISKETTE

INTO

THE

2040,

3040

AND

4040

CAUTION:

NEVER

APPLY

POWER

TO

THE

DISK

DRIVE

IF

DISKETTES

ARE

PRESENT

(LOCKED

AND

SEATED)INEITHER

DRIVE0OR

DRIVE

1.

STEP1:Ensure

that

the

powertothe

disk drive is

OFF

and

DO

NOT

apply

power

until

you

complete

this

step.

Open

both

disk

drive

doors

and

make

sure

that

no

diskettes

are

presentineither

drive.

STEP 2: If

the

preceding conditions have been

met,

you

may

apply power to

the

disk

drive.

»LTtedlo

°"

tab

STEP4:Once

the

disketteisin

the

slot,

gently

pushonit

untilitis

fully

seated

"

5H~~

THE

4040

AND

8050

PERFORMANCE

TEST

SX\'rrrriryl"dL'ruty

^deit^X

Performance

^

this

point,

enter

the

commaLsTu

f "haPPe»i"gtest.

At

EXPECTED

results

are

obtained

during

any

steoS'th^f

"

™-

most

likely

causeofa

problem

ran"„rnL!'^1 .

The

until

you

become

familiar

with

your

disk

unit.^

'

command.

Thisistobeexpected

press

the

RETURN

key

oVyoi^r

ke^^^

followed

byacarriage

return:

S^in

re^xirif

th7e"^»1nd1crr

H.S"™"

example

anyway.

Re^nter

younas^c^^^^^

Tf^

'he

successful

and

you

may

continue.

^

correction

was

NOTE

FOR

BUSINESS

KEYBOARD

USERS

ONLY-

Ym.

n»„

.f

upper

case

character

entry.Dothisbytyping:

"

POKE

59468,12

and

pressing

the

RETURN

key

STEP1;Insert

the

DEMO

diskette

into

drive0as

previously

instructed.

STEP2:^pe:

LOj^

"*",8

and

press

RETURN.

The

computer

will

load

the

first

file

^^ftom

the

disketteindrive0and

display

the

foUowing:

STEP3: Type: RUN and pressRETURN.This willcausethe

DOS

Support Program to be

executed. (This program is

not

necessary for the disk unit to operate; it just

simplifies the direct mode commands.) A brief introductory descrption of

DOS

Support ispresented in Chapter 3 as it appliesto Chapter 3 operations. A de

tailed description of DOS Support is presented in Chapter 7.

STEP

4:

Insertablank

diskette

into

drive1and

type;

>N1:DEM0,99

>C1=0

This procedure formats the diskette and copys all files from drive 0 to drive 1,

thus creating a backup of the

DEMO

diskette. Remove the

DEMO

diskette from

drive 0 and returnitto its protective envelope. Remove

the

diskette from drive 1

and place it in drive 0. Close

the

door

to drive 0.

STEP 5: Type: LOAD "PERFORMANCE TEST",8

The

screen

will

display:

STEP

6:

Type:

RUN

and

press

RETURN.

The program instructs you to place a blank diskette into each drive. The Per

formance Test Program executes a shortened version of

the

test used by Commo

dore in final inspection of

the

4040or8050.

The

purpose of this test is to ensure

that

the

unit is functioning correctly and will take approximately seven minutes

to

complete.

NOTE: Do

not

use diskettes containing any valuable information since

the

Per
formance Test Program will re-format them and any data will be lost. The test
program will label these diskettes

"Test

Disk1"and

'Test

Disk

2".

These disk

ettes are ready for further use when

the

test program iscompleted and

the

per

formance

test

has

been

satisfied.

STEP 7: Press RETURN, the following will display:

STEP 8:

Enter

the

appropriate response to

the

question

and

press RETURN.

The

computer

will calculate

the

maximum number of tracks for

the

particular

disk drive

and

begin

the

performance

test.

The

screen displays:

NEW~ei

COMMFlNri

HEW-1

COMfiRHD

OK

Ci

OK 1

00.0

00.0

in drive 1.

the

screen

displays:

®

*^^1®

operation

both

IiRIVES

PfiSS

MECHRNICRL

TEST

The

computer

conducts

the

remainder

of

the

Performance

Test

and

displays;

OPEN

WRITE

FILE

ON

0

UPEN

WRITE

FILE

ON

1

writing

IiflTfl

TO

0

WRITINU

DHTfl

TO

1

CLOSE

WRITE

DRTfl

TO

1

OPpj

REflD

FILE

ON

0

OPEN

REflD

FILE

nw

1

reading

DRTfl

FROM

0

SCRATCH

FILE

ON

0

FILES

SCRATCHED

1

.5=^:RATCH

file

ON

1

files

SCRATCHED

1

WRITE

TRACKxxON

0

hdJJI

ON

1

WRITE

TRACK1ON

0

WRITE

TRACK1ON

1

RERIf

TRACKxxON

0

READ

TRACK

xx

ON

1

RERD

track

1

ON

0

READ

TRACK1ON

1

OK 0

00.

00

OK 1

00,00

OK.0

00,00

OK 0

00.

00

OK 1

00.00

OK 1

00.00

OK 0

00.

00

OK 1

00.

00

OK 0

00-

00

01.00

01,00

OK 0

00.00

OK 1

00.00

OK 0

00.

00

OK 1

00.

00

OK 0

00.00

OK 1

00.00

OK 0

00.

00

OK 1

00.00

UNIT

HAS

PflSSEIi

PERFORMANCE

TEST!

TUW^IN.i'^IJ^Po^F?'''

READV,

I

P™'-«ve

jackets.

The

floppy

has

STEP

10:

^L7/-tp:a?re

P"-

test,

return

to

a

.Msfactory

conclusion

to

the

Performanr^^:tXTct'y^^^^^^^^^^^^

THE

2040

AND

3040

PERFORMANCE

TEST

When

you

have

successfully

completed

the

Power-On

test,

proceed

with

the

Performance

Test.

Don't

worryifyou

don't

fully

understand

exactly

whatishappeninginthis

test.

At

this

point,

enter

the

commands

justtogetafeel

for

what

you

candowith

your

disk.IfUN

EXPECTED

results

are

obtained

during

any

stepofthe

test,

stop

and

start

over

again.

The

most

likely

cause

ofa

problem

isan

improperly

entered

command.

This

isto be

expected

until you become familiar with the procedure.

All

commands

entered

via

the

keyboard

mustbefollowedbacarriage

returni

Dress

the

RETURN

key.

NOTE:

Enter

the

commands

exactlyasshown.DONOT

insert

any

spaces

unless

shown

in

the

example.Ifthe

error

indicator

lights,

you

maybeabletocontinue

the

example

anyway.

Re-enter

your

last

command.Ifthe

light

goes

out,

your

correction

was

successful

and

you

may

continue.

STEP1:Insert

the

DEMO

diskette

into

drive

0 as

previously

instructed.

Insertablank

diskette into drive 1. Close both drive doors.

STEP 2: Type: OPEN1,8,15

This

command

opens

logical

file1on

device8.The

secondary

addressof15

opens

the

command

channeltothe

device.

The

screen

displays

your

entry

followed

by

READY.

NOTE

FOR

BUSINESS

KEYBOARD

USERS

ONLY:Toset

the

computer

for

upper case character entry type:

POKE59468,12 and press RETURN

Although it isnot absolutely

necessarytogive

this

command

priorto communi

cating

with

the

disk

drive,itdoes

permit

easy

entry. In addition, the

examples

in

this

manual

canbe

duplicated

exactly.

(POKE

59468,14

will

returnthe

user

to

lower case letters.)

STEP3: Type: PRINT#1,"I0"

This

command

initializes

drive0.The

initialization

procedure

places

the

magnetic

head

ofthe

drive

inthe

proper

position

above

the

diskette.

This

processisneces

sary

each

time

the

disketteisremoved

and

inserted

into

the

drive.

The

computer

displays

your

entry,

then

the

word READY.

STEP 4: Type: LOAD"*",8 and press RETURN.

The

screen

displays:

STEP

5:

Type:

RUN.

This causes

the

DOS

support

program to be executed. (This program is

not

neces

sary for

the

disk unit to operate, it just simplifies

the

direct mode commands.) A

brief

introductory

discussionofDOS

SupportispresentedinChapter

3 as it

appliestoChapter3operations.Adetailed

descriptionofDOS

Supportispre

sentedinChapter

7.

STEP

6:

Type:>D1=0

This

commands

the

disk

drivetomakeabackup

copyofthe

DEMO

diskette.

Remove

the

original

DEMO

disk

from

drive0and

returnitto

its

protective

envelope.

Insert

the

backup

disk

into

drive

0.

STEP

7:

Type:

>10

This

command

initializes

the

backup

diskette.

STEP 8: Type; LOAD"0:DIAGNOSTIC BOOT",8

This

command

loads

the

Diagnostic

Boot

program

from

the

diskette

in drive 0

into

memory.

The

screen displays

your

entry

and:

Concurrent

with

the

display,

the

drive 0

indicator

lights

and

the

drive 0

motor

runs.

STEP

9:

REMOVE

THE

BACKUP

DISKETTE

BEFORE

PROCEEDING

TO

THE

NEXT

STEP.

STEP

10:

Type:

RUN

and

press

RETURN

Follow the directions on the screen. If all three indicators flicker continuously,

the

test is passed. If all indicators remain lit in a steady

pattern,

the

directions

on the screen can be used to find

the

problem area. After 30 seconds of opera

tion, reset the disk drive by turning the computer's powerswitch OFF, then ON.

STEP

11:

Simultaneously press

SHIFT

and CLR/HOME to clear

the

screen. Use

the

POKE

command described earlier to set the computer for upper case character entry.

STEP

12:

RETURN

THE

BACKUP

DISKETTE

TO

DRIVE

0

STEP

13:

Type:

>10

This

command

initializes

the

disketteindrive

0.

STEP

14:

Type:/0:PET

DISK

This

loads

the

PET

DISK

program

from

the

diskette

in drive 0

into

memory.

The

screen displays

your

entry

and:

STEP

15:

Type:

RUN

The

PET

DISK

programisdisplayed

until

terminated.

Note

that

you

can

hear

the

drive0motor

running

intermittentlyaseach

program

loads

the

next.

STEP

16:

Press

the

RUN/STOP

key.

Simultaneously

press

SHIFT

and

CLR/HOME. This

completes

the

2040

and

3040

performance

test.

NOTES

Chapter

3

LEARNING

HOW

TO

USE

YOUR

FLOPPY

DISK

DRIVE

Your

CBM

Floppy

Disk

Drive

adds

and

enhances

your

computing

power

with

added

storage

andfilehandling capability and iscontrolled directly with:

• BASIC commands entered via

the

keyboard,

• BASIC

statements

within programs,

and

• special disk commands.

In

this

chapter

you

will

learn

howtoapply

those

commands

and

statements.

This

chapter

is

organizedinsuchaway

that

the

functions

and

formatofdisk

commands

are

describedina

manner

which

permits

the

usertoperform

disk-related

tasks.

For

BASIC

4.0

users,

those

BASIC

commands

which

correspondtoeach

disk

maintenance

command

are

also

discussed.

Before

using

your floppy disk makesure you know howto:

1. operate your Commodore Computer,

2. do elementary programmingin

BASIC,

and

%

3.

open

and close files.

NOTE:

The

BASIC

statements

described

inthis

chapter

apply

specifically

to the

2040,

3040,4040,

and

8050.

Certainofthe

commands

and

statements

may

followaslightly

dif

ferent

formatorproduce

different

results

from

those

described

herein

when

they

are

used

with

the

computerorwith

other

peripherals.

Consult

the

appropriate

manual

for

the

exact

usageofthese

commands

and

statements

inother

applications.

This

chapter

will

first

acquaint

the

user

with

those

fundamental

disk

commands

that

per

form

disk

maintenance

and

file

manipulation

and

will

then

progressively

advance

toward

an

understandingofthose

BASIC

commands

used

for

data

handling.

Approachedinthis

man

ner,

the

user

will

then

have

developed

the

necessary

confidence

and

programming

skills

to

proceedtoadvanced

disk

programming

techniques.

Practice

the

disk

commands,

read

the

examples,

and

follow

the

step-by-step

illustrationsoftheir

usage.

The

understandingofthe

more

advanced

disk

programming

techniques

will

depend

to a

large

degree

upon

how

well

the

fundamentals

have

been

mastered.

21

Tofacilitate your

understanding

and

masteryofCommodore

BASIC,

twocomputer

terms

are

stressed

inthis

Chapter:

Block

Availability

Map

(BAM)

and

Disk

Operating

System

(DOS).

Although

these

are

conventional

terms,

they

willbebriefly

discussedasthey

relate

to

Commodore

Floppy

Disk

Usage.

§ \

THE

BLOCK

AVAILABILITY

MAP

(BAM)||

The

BAM

isa

disk

memory

representation of

available

and

allocated

space

ona

disk.

When

the

system

stores

information

ona

disk,

the

BAM

willbeautomatically

referencedbythe

DOStodetermine

what

spaceisavailable

and

how

many

blocks

canbe

allocated.Ifsuffi

cient

spaceisavailabletostoreagiven

file,itwillbestored

onthe

disk

and

the

BAM

updatedtoaccount

for

the

space

allocated.

However,

ifthe

DOS

detects

thata

file

will

occupy

more

space

than

available,

anerror

message

willbegenerated.

Formattingadisk

creates

the

BAM

which

isthen

loaded

into

DOS

memory

upon

initializa

tion. The

BAM

isstored on diskette in varying locations dependingupon the driveused:

Model BAM Location

and

Memory Requured

2040,3040,4040 Track18, Sector0

128

bytes

8050

Track

38,

Sector 0

and

1

2

Blocks

As

changes

occur

to the

BAMinDOS

memory,

the

BAMondisk

will

beupdated to

reflect

these

changes.

Updates

to the

BAM

occur

whenaprogramissaved

ora

CLOSEorDCLOSE

is

performed

ona

new

RELativeorSEQuential

data

file.

Since

the

8050

hastwo

blocks

available

for the

BAM,

onlyone

block

of the

BAMisloaded

into

memory

at a

time.

When

updated, this

block

iswritten to the

disk

andthe other

block

loaded

into

memory.

This

interchange

ofinformation

between

the two

BAMs,

onein

DOS

memory

andthe otheron

disk,

enables

the

systemtomaintainarecordoffree

and

allocated

space

onthe

disk.

Thisdescription of the

BAM

can only stressthe importanceof initializationwhen

using

either

the

2040or3040.

Strict

attentiontothis basic rule will enable

the

usertobenefit

from the advantages of developmg good programming techniques as wellas to develop a
better understandingof the relationship of one elementof the systemto another.

THE

DISK

OPERATING

SYSTEM

(DOS)

The

DOSisresponsible

for

managing

information

exchange

between

the

disk

controller

and

the

computer.

The

DOS

performs

many

functions

which

are

transparent

to the

user

but

which

are

vital

to

the

operation

ofthe

system.

For

example,

the

DOS

monitors

theinput/output

(I/O)

ofthe

disksothat

channels

areproperly

assigned

andthat no

lengthy

waits

foran open

channel

occur. In addition to monitoring of disk I/O, the DOSalso usesthe channel structure to

search

the

directory andtodelete and copy files.

There is another function of DOS called DOS Support which was used during

hardwue

checkoutinChapter2.Review

the

Performance

Test

procedure

and

observe

the

special

sym

bolsof

DOS

Support

which

were

used

to duplicate and initialize the

disks

beforethesepro

cedures

were

fully

explained

to the

user.

Because

ofits

easeofuse,

DOS

Support

symbols

-

22

were

easiertoimplement

at that pointthanattempting to

explain

the

programming

pro

cedures

they

replace.

It is

now

appropriatetobriefly

discuss

how

DOS

Support

can

enhance

and

simplify

your

knowledge

of operating your

Commodore

computer.

Thefirst

file

on the

TEST/DEMO

diskette that

comes

withyourdisk

drive

isthe

Universal

Wedge

program,

often

referred

to as

DOS

SUPPORT.

This

program,

when

loaded

into

com

puter memory, permitsthe userto enter abbreviations for manydisk commands.

For

example,

disk

commands

which

would

normallybetransmitted

to the

disk

using

the

PRINT#lfn

"commandstring"

format

maybetransmitted

via

DOS

SUPPORTbypreceding

the

command

with

> or

Typing

slash

(/)

followed

bya

program

name

and

RETURN

will

cause

DOS

SUPPORTtoload

that

program

into

memory.

Replacing

certain

disk

commands

with

DOS

Support

special

symbols

can

simplify

learning

about

your

Commodore

computer

by

providingafaster

methbdtocommunicate

virith

the

disk.

Chapter7contains

detailed

instructionsconcerningthe useof these special symbolsand their limitations.

DISK

MAINTENANCE

COMMANDS

The

following

disk

commands

permit

the

usertoperform

file

manipulation

and

disk

maintenance.

BASIC

COMMAND

NEW

INITIALIZE

LOAD"$0"

.

VALIDATE

FUNCTION

Formatsadisk

Prepare

diskette

for

use

Read

disk

directory

Reconstruct

Block Availability

Map

(BAM)

BASIC

4.0

DIRECT

COMMAND

HEADER

Diskette

Level

File

Level

DUPLICATE Duplicates a

diskette

COPY

RENAME

SCRATCH

Copies

files

(optional

concatenation)

Renamesafile

Erasesafile

DIRECTORY

COLLECT

BACKUP

COPY

CONCAT

RENAME

SCRATCH

NOTE:

Diskettecommands can be transmittedto the disk by PRINT#commands or

through

the

abbreviated

conmiandsofDOS

support. The

examples

in thischapter

assume

that a

file

has

been

opened

with

the

OPEN

15,8,15

command.

If the

error

message

?FILE

OPEN

ERROR

appears

upontyping the

OPEN

command,itmeans

that the

logical

file

was

opened but had not beenproperly

closed.

Thiserrorcondition

will

automatically

close

the

file. To recover, retype

the

OPEN command.

23

NEW

Each time a diskette is placed in one of the drives, both the diskette and the drive must be ^

prepared

for

use. A previously

unused

diskette

must

fkstbeformattedinthe

soft-sector

format recognized by your particular disk drive. This may be accomplished by use of the

NEW

disk

command.

To use the

NEW

command,to format the diskette and initializethe diskdrive,enter the

command:

PRINT#15,"commandstring"

where 15 is the logical file number of a file which has been opened to the disk command

channel (primary address 8, secondary address

15).

The

format

of

NEW

is:

"NEWdr:fn,xx"

or

"Ndr:fn,xx"

Where dr=the drive number, 0 or 1

fn=the filename you

wishtoassign

to the disk. It may be up to 16

characters

long.

xx=a unique two-character,alphanumericidentifier supplied by the user.

The NEWcommand (with ID specified) is used on an unformatted diskette or one which the

user

wishes

to reformat.

NEW

creates

the

block

headers,

writing

the

sync

characters,

disk

ID,and track and sector numbers at the

beginning

of eachblock.The directory header

and

the

BAM

arecreated and the diskette is

made

readyto acceptdata.The

command

maybe

used

on an

ahready

formatted diskette (with no IDspecified) to clearthe diskdirectory

and

reinitialize the

BAM,

deallocating all blockson the diskette.The time

involved

in refo?^\t-

ting without an ID ismuch less

than

formatting with an ID.

Example 1: OPEN15,8,15

PRINT#15,"NO:TESTDISK,88"

TTiese

commands will open the command and error channel to the disk drive and format a

disk in drive 0, givingita disk identiferof88.

Kerens

an example of reformatting a diskette using the NEWcommand and no disk ID.

Example 2:

0PEN1,8,15

PRINT#1,"N0:NEWNAME"

The diskette willbe

assigned

the name

"NEWNAME"

and the directory and

BAM

willbe

cleared. This procedure will work

onlyifthe

diskette has been formatted.

The

NEW disk command SHOULD NOT be confused with

the

NEWcommand in BASIC.

The latter willdelete the program currently in memory and clear all variables before enter-

mganew

program.

24