Commodore 1570, 1571 User Manual

COMMODORE

DISK

DRIVE

1570/71==

Users's

Guide

COMMODORE

DISK DRIVE

1570171

Users's Guide

USERS

MANUAL

STATEMENT

WARNING:

This

equipment

has

been

certified

to

comply

with

the

limits

for

a

ClassBcomputing

device,

pursuant

to

subpart

J of

Part

15

of

the

Federal

Communications

Commission's

rules,

which

are

designedtopro

vide

reasonable

protection

against

radio

and

television

interference

in

a

residential

installation.

If

not

installed

properly,

in strict

accordance

with

the

manufacturer's

instructions,

it

may

cause

such

interference.

If

you

suspect

interference,

you

can

test

this

equipmentbyturningitoff

and

on.

If

this

equipment

does

cause

interference,

correctitby

doing

anyofthe

following:

•

Reorient

the

receiving

antennaorAC

plug.

•

Change

the

relative

positions

of

the

computer

and

the

receiver.

•

Plug

the

computer

intoadifferent

outletsothe

computer

and

receiver

areondifferent

circuits.

CAUTION:

Only

peripherals

with

shield-grounded

cables

(computer

input-

output

devices,

terminals,

printers,

etc.),

certified

to

comply

with

Class

B

limits,

canbeattachedtothis

computer.

Operation

with

non-certified

peripherals

is

likelytoresultincommunications

interference.

Your

house

AC

wall

receptacle

must be

a three-pronged

type

(AC

ground).

If

not,

contact

an

electrician

to

install

the

proper

receptacle.

If

a

multi-connector

boxisusedtoconnect

the

computer

and

peripherals

to

AC,

the

ground

must

be

common

to

all

units.

If

necessary,

consult

your

Commodore

dealer

or

an

experienced

radio-

teievision

technician

for

additional

suggestions.

You

may

find

the

following

FCC

booklet

helpful:

"How

to

Identify

and

Resolve

Radio-TV

Interference

Problems."

The

booklet

is

available

from

the

U.S.

Government

Printing

Office,

Washington,

D.C.

20402,

stock

no.

004-000-00345-4.

FOR

USERS

IN

UK

WARNING:

THIS

APPARATUS

MUSTBEEARTHED

!

IMPORTANT.

The

wiresinthis

mains

lead are

colouredinaccordance

with

the

fol

lowing

code:

Green

and

yellow

Blue

Brown

Earth

Neutral

Live

As

the

coloursofthe

wiresinthe

mains

leadofthis

apparatus

may

not

correspond

with

the

coloured

marking

identifying

the terminalsinyour

plug,

proceedasfollows:

The

wire

whichiscoloured

green

and

yellow

must be

connectedtothe

terminal

in

the

plug

whichismarkedbythe

letterEorbythe

safety

earth

symbol—or

coloured

greenorgreen

and

yellow.

The

wire

whichiscoloured

blue

mustbeconnectedtothe

terminal

which

is

marked

with

the

letterNor

coloured

black.

The

wire

whichiscoloured

brown

must be

connectedtothe

terminal

which

is

marked

with

the

letterLor

coloured

red.

USER 'S MANUAL STATEMENT

WARNING: This equipment has been certified to comply with the limits for a Class B computing device, pursuant

to

subpart J of Part

15

of the

Federal Communications Commission's rules, which are designed

to

pro-

vide reasonable protection against radio

and

television interference

in

a

residential installation.

If

not installed properly, in strict accordance with

the manufacturer's instructions, it may cause such interference.

If

you

suspect interference,

you

can

test this equipment

by

turning

it

off

and

on. If

this equipment does cause interference, correct

it

by doing any

of

the

following:

• Reorient the receiving antenna or

AC

plug.

• Change t

he

relative positions of

the computer and the receiver.

•

Pl

ug

the computer in

to

a differe

nt out

let

so

the computer and

receiver

are

on

different circu

its.

CAUTION: Only peripherals with shield-grounded cables (computer inputoutput devices,

te

rminals, printers, etc.), certified

to

comply with Class B

limits, can

be

attached

to

this computer. Operation with non-certified

pe

ripherals

is

likely

to

result

in

communications interference.

Your house

AC

wall receptacle must

be

a three-pronged type (AC

ground).

If

not, contact

an

electrician

to

install the proper receptacle.

If

a

multi-connector box

is

used to connect the computer and peripherals to

AC,

the ground must

be

common to

all

units.

If

necessary, consult your Commodore dealer or

an

experienced radio-

television technician for additional suggestions.

You

may find the following

FCC

booklet h

elp

ful: "How to Identify

and

Resolve Radio-TV Interference

Problems." T

he

booklet

is

available

from

the U.S. Government Printing

Offi

ce,

Washington, D.C. 20402, stock

no.

004-000-00345-4.

FOR USE

RS

IN

UK

WARNING: TH

IS

APPARATUS MUST BE EARTHED!

IMPORTANT

. The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the fol·

lowi

ng

code

:

Green

and

yellow Earth

Blue

Neutral

Brown

live

As

the colours of the wires

in

the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond

wi

th

the coloured marking identifying the terminals

in

your plug. proceed

as

follows;

The wire which

is

coloured green and yellow must be connected

10

the terminal

in

the plug which

is

marked by the letter E or by the safety earth

symbol-or

coloured

green or green and yellow.

The wire

which

is coloured blue

must

be connected

to

the

terminal

which

is

marked

with

the letter N or coloured black.

The wire

which

is

coloured brown

must

be connected to

the

terminal which

is

marked

with

the

letter L

or coloured red.

Disk Drive

User's Guide

1570/1571

by

Commodore Electronics Limited

This manual contains copyrighted and proprietary information.

No

part

of

this publication

may be reproduced, stored

in

a retrieval system, or transmitted

in

any form or

by

any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission

of

Commodore Electronics Limited.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

......................................................

1

PART ONE: BASIC OPERATING INFORMATION

CHAPTER 1:

HOW

TO

UNPACK, SET UP

AND

BEGIN USING THE

1571

....

3

step-by-step instructions

.........................................

3

operating modes

.................................................

5

troubleshooting guide

............................................

6

simple maintenance tips

..........................................

7

inserting a diskette

..............................................

7

diskette care

...................................................

8

using pre-programmed (software) diskettes

.........................

9

how to

prepare

a new diskette

...................................

10

diskette directory

..............................................

11

selective directories

.............................................

12

printing a directory

............................................

13

pattern matching

..............................................

13

splat files

.....................................................

13

CHAPTER 2: BASIC 2.0 COMMANDS

...................................

14

error

checking

.................................................

14

BASIC hints

..................................................

15

save

..........................................................

16

save with replace

...............................................

16

verify

........................................................

17

scratch

.......................................................

18

more about scratch

.............................................

19

rename

.......................................................

20

renaming

and

scratching troublesome

files

(advanced users)

..........

21

copy

.........................................................

21

validate

.......................................................

23

initialize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

CHAPTER 3: BASIC 7.0 COMMANDS

...................................

25

error

checking

.................................................

25

save

..........................................................

25

save with replace

...............................................

26

dverify

.......................................................

27

copy

.........................................................

27

concat.

.......................................................

28

scratch

.......................................................

28

more about scratch

.............................................

29

rename

.......................................................

30

renaming and scratching troublesome files (advanced users)

..........

30

collect

........................................................

31

initialize

......................................................

32

CHAPTER 4: DOS SHELL

......•...•......•....•..•..•................

33

language selection

...•...•...•.........•........................

33

primary

menu screen

•...•......................................

33

disk/printer setup

..•.......................................•..•

33

run a program

••...•...........................................

34

format a disk

.••...........................•.....•.............

34

cleanup a disk

.....•....•...•.............................

'

.....

34

copy a disk

•....................•.....•..........•.............

35

copy files

..............•...••..........•...................•..

35

delete files

..............••............................•.......

36

restore files

...........................................•.......

36

rename files

..............................................•....

37

reorder

directory

.......•......................................

37

PART TWO: ADVANCED OPERATION

AND

PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 5: SEQUENTIAL DATA FILES

........•......................

39

the concept of files

............................................•

39

opening a

file

...............•......•...........................

39

adding to a sequential

file

•...•......•...........................

43

writing

file

data: using

print#

...................................

43

closing a

file

........•....•............•........................

45

reading

file

data: using

input#

...................................

46

more about

input#

(advanced users)

..............................

47

numeric

data

storage on diskette

.................................

48

reading

file

data: using

get#

.....................................

49

demonstration of sequential files

..................................

51

CHAPTER 6: RELATIVE DATA FILES

..................................

53

the value of relative access

.......................................

53

files, records,

and

fields

.........................................

53

file

limits

•....................................................

54

creating a relative

file

...........................................

54

using relative files:

record#

command

.............................

55

completing relative

file

creation

..................................

57

expanding a relative

file

.....................................•...

59

writing relative

file

data

..............................•..........

59

designing a relative record

......................................

59

writing the record

..............................................

60

reading a relative record

........................................

64

the value

of

index files (advanced users)

...........................

66

CHAPTER 7: DIRECT ACCESS COMMANDS

............•.............•.

67

a tool for advanced users

......................................•.

67

opening a

data

channel for direct access

...........................

67

block-read

....................................................

68

block-write

..........•....••..••..•...•............•.....•.....

69

the original block-read

and

block-write commands (expert users)

......

70

the buffer pointer

..............................................

71

allocating blocks

...................•..•..................•..•..

72

freeing blocks

.....•...•..........•.........•............•.....

73

using

random

files (advanced users)

...............................

73

CHAPTER 8: INTERNAL DISK COMMANDS

............................

74

memory-read

....•.......•...•.............•...................

75

memory-write

.................................................

76

memory-execute

..•...•••.........••..•..................••....

77

block-execute

..................................................

78

user commands

.•...•.............•...•...•...............•..•.

79

utility loader

..................................................

80

CHAPTER 9: MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS

.......................

81

disk-related kernal subroutines

..................................

81

CHAPTER

10:

BURST COMMANDS

.•......•..•........................

82

read

.........................................................

82

write

.•...•..................•...............•................

83

inquire disk

.....•............•...•............................

83

format

MFM

................................................•.

84

format

GCR

(no directory)

......................................

85

sector interleave

.................................•.............

85

query disk format

....................................•.........

86

inquire status

..................................•........•......

86

chgutl utility

..................................................

87

fastload utility

.................................................

87

status byte breakdown

..........................................

88

burst

transfer

protocol.

.........•..•..........................•.

89

explanation of procedures

...•...•..•..••......................•.

90

example

burst

routines

..............•.........................•.

91

APPENDICES:

A:

changing the device

number

..................................

98

B:

dos

error

messages

.............•...............•............

99

C: diskette formats: GCRfMFM

.....•..••....................

'

...

103

D:

disk command quick reference

chart

.................•.......•

112

E: specifications of the

1571

disk drive

...•...•...................

114

F: serial interface information

..•...............................

116

G: disk operating systems: Commodore and CP/M

............•....

118

USER'S MANUAL STATEMENT

...........................

inside back cover

INTRODUCTION

MAIN OPERATING FEATURES

The

1571

is

a versatile disk drive that handles multiple disk formats and data transfer

rates. Disk formats range from single-sided, single-density

to

double-sided, double-

density. The

1571

can be used with a variety

of

computers, including the Commodore

128, the Commodore 64, the Plus 4, C16, and

VIC

20.

When used with the Commodore

128

Personal Computer, the

1571

offers the

following features:

• Standard

andfast

serial data transfer

rates-

The

1571

automatically selects the

proper data transfer rate (fast or slow) to match the three operating modes

available on the Commodore

128

computer (C128 mode, C64 mode, and CP/M

mode).

• Ability to read and write

in

double-density MFM

format-

This allows access to

the CP/M software libraries

of

other personal computers.

• Double-sided, double-density data

recording-Provides

up

to

339K storage ca-

pacity per disk (l69K per side).

• Special high-speed burst

commands-

These commands, used for machine language programs, transfer data several times faster than the standard or fast serial rates.

When used with the Commodore 64 computer, the

1571

disk drive supports the

standard single-density GCR format disks used with the Commodore

1541,1551,4040,

and 2031 disk drives.

NOTE

CP/M disks are included

in

Commodore 128 carton; CP/M operating information is presented

in

the Commodore 128 user manuals.

HOW THIS GUIDE IS ORGANIZED

This guide

is

divided into two main parts and seven appendices,

as

described below:

PART

ONE: BASIC OPERATING INFORMATION-includes all the information

needed by novices and advanced users

to

set

up

and begin using the Commodore

1571

disk drive.

PART

ONE

is

subdivided into four chapters:

• Chapter I tells you how

to

use disk software programs that you buy, like Perfect

Writer®

and

Jane®.

These pre-written programs help you perform a variety of

activities in fields such

as

business, education, finance, science, and recreation.

If

you're interested only

in

loading

ard

running pre-packaged disk programs,

you

need read no further than this chapter.

If

you

are

also interested in saving, loading,

and running your own programs, you will want

to

read the remainder

of

the guide.

• Chapter 2 describes

the

use

of

the BASIC 2.0 disk commands with

the

Commo-

dore 64 and Commodore

128

computers.

• Chapter 3 describes the use

of

the BASIC 7.0 disk commands with the Commo-

dore 128.

• Chapter 4 describes the use

of

the DOS Shell program, which provides you with a

convenient alternative way to execute disk drive commands. The DOS Shell

is

included on the

1571

test/demo diskette supplied with your disk drive.

PART TWO: ADVANCED OPERATION AND

PROGRAMMING-is

primarily

intended for users familiar with computer programming.

PART

TWO

is

subdivided

into six chapters:

• Chapter 5 discusses the concept

of

data files, defines sequential data files, and

describes how sequential data files are created and used on disk.

• Chapter 6 defines the differences between

sequential and relative data files, and

describes how relative data files

are

created and used on disk.

• Chapter 7 describes direct access disk commands

as

a tool for advanced users and

illustrates their use.

• Chapter 8 centers on internal disk commands. Before using these advanced commands, you should know how to program a 6502 chip

in

machine language

and have access to a good memory map of the 1571.

• Chapter 9 provides a list

of

disk-related kernal ROM subroutines and gives a

practical example

of

their use in a program.

• Chapter

10

gives information

on

high-speed burst commands.

APPENDICES A THROUGH

G-provide

various reference information; for example,

Appendix A tells you how to set the device number through use

of

two switches

on

the

back

of

the drive.

2

PART ONE:

BASIC OPERATING INFORMATION

CHAPTER 1

HOW TO UNPACK, SET UP AND BEGIN USING THE 1571

STEP-BY -STEP INSTRUCTIONS

I. Inspect the shipping carton for damage.

If you find any damage to the shipping carton and suspect that the disk drive may have

been affected, contact your dealer.

2. Check the contents

of

the shipping carton.

Packed with the

1571

and this book, you should find the following: 3-prong electrical power cord, interface cable, Test/Demo diskette, and a warranty card to be filled out and returned to Commodore.

3. Remove the cardboard shipping spacer from the disk drive. The spacer is there

to

protect the inside

of

the drive during shipping. To remove it,

rotate the lever on the front

of

the drive counter-clockwise (see Figure I) and pull out

the spacer.

Figure L Front

of

1571

Disk Drive

POWER DRIVE

LEVER FOR CLOSING DRIVE.

3

4. Connect the power cord. Check the ON/OFF switch on the back

of

the

drive (see Figure

2)

and make sure it's

OFF. Connect the cord where indicated in Figure

2.

Plug the other end into a grounded

(3-prong) outlet. Don't tum the power

on

yet.

Figure 2. Connection of Power Cord and Interface Cables to

1571

POWER CORD

SOCKET

GROUNDED

POWER

OUTLET

SERIAL PORT

CONNECTORS

FOR

INTERFACE

CABLES

4

ON/OFF SWITCH

DIP SWITCHES

FOR CHANGING

DEVICE

NUMBER

5. Connect the interface cable. Make sure your computer and any other peripherals are OFF. Plug either end

of

the interface cable into either serial port on the back of the drive (see Figure 2). Plug the other end

of

the cable into the back

of

the computer. If you have another peripheral (printer or extra drive), plug its interface cable into the remaining serial port on the drive.

6.

Turn ON the power.

With everything hooked up and the drive empty, you can turn on the power to the peripherals

in

any order, but turn on the power

to

the computer last. When everything

is

on, the drive goes through a self test. If all

is

well,

the

green light will flash once and

the red power-on light will glow continuously.

If

the green light continues

to

flash,

there may be a problem. Refer

to

the Troubleshooting Guide.

OPERATING MODES

To achieve maximum compatability between the

1571

and other disk drives, the

1571

has two modes

of

operation that allow

it

to

be used

in

a variety

of

situations.

1541 Mode

When you first turn on the 1571, it powers

up

in

1541

mode. That is,

it

works almost

exactly as a

1541

disk drive, which helps maintain compatability with certain special programs and copy-protected diskettes. Also, many loading routines are dependent upon the 1541-speed internal timing. However, when the drive

is

in

this mode, it can't take

advantage

of

the special

1571

features.

1571 Mode

In

1571

mode, the drive can take advantage

of

such features

as

double-sided

diskettes, MFM-format diskettes, fast data transfer rates, and burst transfer protocol. The

1571

can determine whether or not the host computer can receive fast data transfer and

transmits accordingly.

Mode Selection

As

mentioned above, the

1571

powers up in

1541

mode. However,

it

automatically

shifts to

1571

mode upon the first

of

a fast serial transfer initiated

by

the host (the

Commodore 128). The Commodore 64 and Plus 4 can't perform fast serial transfers on the

serial bus, but you can shift from

1541

to

1571

mode

by

sending the following BASIC

command: OPEN

1,8,15,"U0>Ml".

Although these computers can't directly take

advantage

of

the drive's faster transfer speeds, they can have twice the normal storage.

If

you are using a Commodore

128

and want the

1571

to remain

in

1541

mode,

you

can send the following BASIC command: OPEN 1 ,8,15,

"U0>M0".

The drive will

then remain in

1541

mode until the next power

up

or system reset.

The possible combinations

of

modes with the Commodore

128

and

1571

are shown

below:

C1281l571

modes-Turn

on the drive, then turn on or reset the computer.

5

C128/1541

modes-Tum

on or reset the computer, and when the cursor appears, tum on the drive. In this case, the first disk access will switch the drive

to

1571

mode, so send the BASIC command given on

the previous page

to

lock the drive into

1541

mode.

C64!1571 modes

-Tum

on the drive, then tum on or reset the computer and type:

GO 64

C64!1541 modes

-Tum

on the drive, then hold down the COMMODORE key

while you tum on or reset

the

computer.

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

Problem Red power-on

indicator not lit

Green drive light flashing

Programs won't load and the

computer says

"DEVICE

NOT PRESENT

ERROR"

Programs won't load, but the computer and disk drive

gi ve no error message

Possible Cause

Power not

ON

Power cable not

plugged

in

Power off to wall outlet

Drive failing its self test

Interface cable not well

connected or drive not ON

Switches on back

of

drive

may not

be

set for correct

device number Another part

of

the system

may

be

interfering

6

Solution

Make sure ON/OFF switch is

ON

Check both ends

of

power cable to be sure they are full y inserted

Replace fuse or reset circuit

breaker

in

house

Turn the system off for a moment then try again. If the light still flashes. turn the drive off and on again with the interface cable

disconnected.

If

the problem persists. contact your dealer. If unplugging the interface cable made a difference. make sure the cable is properly connected. If that doesn't work, the problem

is

probably

in

the cable itself

or somewhere else

in

the

system Be sure the cable

is

properly connected and the drive is

ON

Check Appendix A for correct setting

to

match

LOAD command Unplug

all

other machines on the computer. If that cures it, plug them

in

one at a time. The one just added when the trouble repeats

is

most likely the problem Trying

to

load a machine language program into BASIC space will cause this problem

TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE (continued)

Problem

Programs

won't

load and

green dri

ve

light flashes

Possible

Cause

Disk error

Solution

Check the error channel

to determine the error, then follow the advice

in Appendix B to correct it. The error channel

is

explained

in

Chapters 2 and 3

(Be sure to spell program names correctly and include the exact punctuation when loading the programs)

Your programs load OK, but commercial programs and those from other 1571s don't

Your programs that used

to

load,

won't

anymore, but programs saved on newlyformatted diskettes will

Either the diskette

is

faulty,

or your disk drive

is

misaligned

Older diskettes have been damaged

The disk drive has gone out of

alignment

SIMPLE MAINTENANCE TIPS

1.

Keep the drive well ventilated.

Try another copy

of

the

program.

[f

several programs from several sources

fail

to

load, have your dealer align your disk drive

See the safety tips for

diskettes in the next section.

Recopy from backups Have your dealer align

your disk dri

ve

A couple

of

inches

of

space to allow air circulation on all sides will prevent heat from

building up inside the drive.

2. Use Commodore diskettes. Badly-made diskettes can cause increased wear on the drive's read/write head. If you're

using a diskette that

is

unusually noisy,

it

could be causing added wear and

should be replaced.

3. The

1571

should be cleaned once a year

in

normal use.

Several items are likely

to

need attention: the two read/write heads may need cleaning

(with

91

% isopropyl alcohol on a cotton swab). The rails along which the head moves

may need lubrication (with a special molybdenum lubricant, not oil), and the write protect sensor may need

to

be dusted. Since these chores require special materials or

parts, it is best

to

leave the work to an authorized Commodore service center. If you want to do the work yourself, ask your dealer for the appropriate materials. IMPORT ANT: Home repair

of

the

1571

will void your warranty.

INSERTING A DISKETTE

To insert a diskette, first open the drive door by rotating the door lever counter-

clockwise one quarter

tum

until

it

stops, with the lever parallel

to

the horizontal slot

in

the

front

of

the drive.

Grasp the diskette by the side opposite the large oval access slot, and hold it with the

label up and the write-protect notch to the left (See Figure 3). Now insert the diskette

by

pushing it straight into the slot, the access slot going

in

first and the label last. Be sure the

diskette goes

in until it stops naturally. You shouldn't have

toforce

or bend it

to

get it in.

7

NOTE:

When the write/protect notch

is

covered by tape, the contents

of

the

diskette cannot be altered or added to. That prevents accidental erasing

of

informa-

tion you want to preserve.

If

a diskette comes without a write/protect notch, the

contents of that diskette were not meant

to

be altered.

Blank diskettes may not have a label on them when you purchase them.

With the diskette

in

position, seat

it

properly for use by twisting the door lever

clockwise one-quarter turn until it stops vertically over the slot.

Warning: If

it

doesn't

move easily, stop. You may have put the diskette

in

the wrong way, or incompletely. If

that happens, reposition the diskette until the door lever closes easily.

=

c:::::::::J

OVAL ACCESS

SLOT

WRITE PROTECT

NOTCH

SOMETIMES COVERED WITH TAPE

Figure 3. Inserting a Diskette

DISKETTE

CARE

I.

Don't

touch the exposed parts of a diskette.

That includes the access slot and the center hub (the hole

in

the middle).

2.

Don't

bend a diskette.

They're called floppy diskettes, but they're not supposed to

be

flopped.

3. Keep the diskettes (and disk drive) away from magnets. That includes the electromagnets

in

telephones, televisions, desk lamps, and calculator cords. Keep smoke, moisture, dust, and food off the diskettes. Store diskettes upright in

their paper jackets.

4. Buy diskettes with reinforced hubs. Although the drive usually centers a diskette correctly,

it

would

be

difficult to rescue

data from a diskette recorded with

its

hub off-center. Reinforced hubs make

it

easier

for the drive to center a diskette.

5. Remove a diskette before turning the drive off. If you don't, you might lose part or

all

the data on the diskette.

6. Don't remove a diskette from the drive while the green light

is

glowing.

That light glows when the drive

is

in

use. If you remove the diskette then, you might

lose the information currently being written to the diskette.

8

USING PRE-PROGRAMMED (SOFTWARE) DISKETTES

Your software user's guide should list the procedure for loading the program into

your computer. Nevertheless, we've included the following procedure

as

a general guide.

You'll also use this procedure to load programs or files from your own diskettes. For

purposes

of

demonstration, use the Test/Demo diskette included with the disk drive.

1.

Tum on system.

2. Insert diskette.

3.

If

you are using a VIC 20, Commodore 64, or a Commodore

128

computer in C64

mode, type: LOAD

"HOW

TO USE"

,8

If

you are using a Plus/4 or Commodore

128

in C128 mode, type: DLOAD

"HOW

TO

USE"

4. Press the RETURN key.

5. The following will then appear on the screen:

SEARCHING FOR 0:HOW TO USE LOADING

READY

•

6. Type: RUN

7. Press the RETURN key.

To load a different program or file, simply substitute its name

in

place

of

HOW TO USE inside the quotation marks. NOTE: The HOW TO USE program is the key to the Test/Demo diskette. When you LOAD and RUN it, it provides instructions for using the rest

of

the programs on the diskette. To find out what programs are on your Test/Demo

diskette, refer

to

the section entitled "DIRECTORIES" later in this chapter.

If a program doesn't load or run properly using the above method, it may

be

that it

is a machine language program. But unless you'll be doing advanced programming, you need not know anything about machine language. A program's user's guide should tell you if it

is

written in machine language.

If

it is, or if you are having trouble loading a

particular program, simply add a

,1

(comma and number

1)

at the end

of

the command.

9

IMPORT ANT

NOTE

Throughout this manual, when the format for a command

is

given,

it

will

follow a particular style. Anything that

is

capitalized must bc typcd

in

exactly

as

it

is

shown (these commands are listed

in

capital letters for style purposes,

DO

NOT

use the SHIFT key when entering these commands). Anything

in

lower case

is

more or less a definition

of

what belongs there. Anything

in

brackets

is

optional.

For instance,

in

the format for the HEADER command given on the following

page, the word HEADER, the capital I

in

lid, the capital 0

in

Ddrive#, and the

capital U

in

Udevice# must

all

be

typed

in

as

is

(Ddrive# and Udevice# are

optional).

On the other hand, diskette name tells you that you must enter a name for the

diskette, but it

is

up to you to decide what that name will be. Also, the

id

in

lid

is

left to your discretion,

as

is

the

device#

in

Udevice#. Thc

drive#

in

Ddrive#

is

always 0 on the 1571, but could be 0 or I on a dual disk drive.

Be

aware, however,

that there are certain limits placed on what you can use.

In

each casc, those limits are explained immediately following the format (for instance, the diskette name cannot be more than sixteen characters and the device#

is

usually 8).

Also be sure to type

in

all punctuation exactly where and how

it

is

shown

in

the format.

Finally, press the RETURN key at the

end

of

each command.

HOW TO PREPARE A

NEW

DISKETTE

A diskette needs a pattern of magnetic grooves

in

order for the drive's read/write

head to

find

things on

it.

This pattern

is

not on your diskettes when you buy them, but you

can use the HEADER command or the NEW command

to

add

it

to a diskette. That

is

known

as

formatting the disk. This

is

the command to use with the C

128

in

C I

28

mode or

Plus/4:

HEADER "diskette

name"

,lid, Ddri

ve#

[, U device# J

Where:

"diskette

name"

is

any desired name for the diskette,

up

to

16

characters long (including

spaces).

"id"

can be any two characters

as

long

as

they don't form a BASIC keyword

(such

as

IF or ON) either on their own or with the capital I bcfore them.

"drive#"

is

0 .

"device#"

is

8, unless you have changed

it

as

per instructions

in

Appendix A (the

1571

assumes 8 even if you don't type

it

in).

The command for the C64, VIC 20, or CI28

in

C64 mode

is

this:

OPEN 15,device#,

15,

"NEWdrive#:diskette name,id"

CLOSE

15

The device#,

drive#,

diskette name, and

id

are the same

as

described above.

The OPEN command

is

explained

in

the next chapter. For now, just copy

it

as

is.

10

NOTE TO ADVANCED USERS

If you want to use variables for the diskette name or id, the format

is

as

follows:

C128, Plus/4:

HEADER (A$),J(B$),DO

C64: OPEN

J5,8,15:PRINT#15,"NO:"+A$+B$:CLOSEI5

Where:

A$ contains the diskette name (16 character limit) B$ contains the

id

(2 characters long)

After you format a particular diskette, you can reformat

it

at any time. You can

change

its

name and erase

its

files faster by omitting the

id

number

in

the HEADER

command.

DISKETTE DIRECTORY

A directory

is

a list of the files on a diskette. To load the directory

on

the C

128

or Plus/4, type the word DIRECTORY on a blank line and press the RETURN key or simply press the

F3

key on the C128. That doesn't erase anything

in

memory,

so

you can call up a directory anytime--even from within a program. The C64 directory command, LOAD "$",8

(press RETURN) LIST (press RETURN), does erase what's

in

memory.

If

a directory doesn't all

fit

on the screen,

it

will scroll

up

until

it

reaches the last line. If you want to pause, stop, or slow down the scrolling, refer to your particular computer's user's manual for instructions

as

to

which keys

to

use.

To get an idea

of

what a directory looks like, load the directory from the Test/Demo

diskette.

The 0 on the left-hand side

of

the top line

is

the drive number of the

1571

(on a dual

disk drive it could be 0 or

1). The diskette name

is

next, followed by the diskette

id-both

of which are determined when the diskette

is

formatted.

The

2A

at the end

of

the top line means the

1571

uses Version 2A

of

Commodore's

disk operating system (DOS).

Each of the remaining lines provides three pieces

of

information about the files on the

diskette. At the left end

of

each line is the size

of

the

file

in

blocks

of

254 characters. Four

blocks are equivalent to almost I K of memory inside the computer. The middle

of

the line

contains the name

of

the

file

enclosed

in

quotation marks. All characters within the

quotation marks are part

of

the filename. The right side

of

each line contains a three-letter

abbreviation

of

the

file

type. The types

of

files are described

in

later chapters.

11

TYPES OF FILES

PRG-Program SEQ-Sequential REL-Relative

USR-User DEL-Deleted

(you won't see this type)

Note: Direct Access files, also called Random files,

do

not automatically appear in

the directory. They are covered in Chapter 7.

The bottom line

of

a directory shows how many blocks are available for use. This

number ranges from 664 (in

1541

mode) and 1328 (in

1571

mode) on a newly formatted

diskette

to

0 on one that

is

completely full.

SELECTIVE DIRECTORIES

By altering the directory LOAD command, you can create a kind

of

"sub-directory"

that lists a single selected type

of

file. For example, you could request a list

of

all

sequential data files (Chapter 5), or one

of

all the relative data files (Chapter 6). The

format for this command

is:

LOAD"$0:pattern = filetype",8 (for the C64)

where pattern specifies a particular group

of

files, and filetype

is

the one-letter abbrevia-

tion for the types

of

files listed below:

P

= Program

S

= Sequential

R

= Relative

U

= User

The command for the C128 and Plus/4

is

this: DIRECTORY " pattern = filetype"

Some examples:

LOAD"$0:*

=

R",8

and DIRECTORY"* =

R"

display all relative files.

LOAD"$0:Z*

=

R",8

and DIRECTORY"Z* =

R"

display a sub-directory consist-

ing

of

all relative

files

that start with the letter Z (the asterisk

(*)

is

explained in the

section entitled "Pattern Matching. "

12

PRINTING A DIRECTORY

To get a printout

of

a directory, use the following:

LOAD"$"

,8 OPEN4,4:CMD4:LIST PRINT#4:CLOSE4

PATTERN MATCHING

You can use special pattern-matching characters

to

load a program from a partial

name

or

to provide the selective directories described earlier.

The two characters used in pattern matching are the asterisk (*) and the question

mark (?). They act something like a wild card in a game

of

cards. The difference between the two is that the asterisk makes all characters in and beyond its position wild, while the question mark makes only its own position wild. Here are some examples and their results:

LOAD" A *"

,8

loads the first file on disk that begins with an A, regardless

of

what

follows

DLOAD"SM?TH"

loads the first file that starts with SM, ends with TH, and one

other character between

DIRECTORY"Q*"

loads a directory of files whose names begin with Q

LOAD"*",8

is

a special case. When

an

asterisk

is

used alone

as

a name, it matches

the last

file

used (on the C64 and

Cl28

in C64 mode).

LOAD

"0:*",8

loads the first file on the diskette (C64 and

Cl28

in C64 mode).

DLOAD

"*,,

loads the first

file

on the diskette (Plus/4 and C128

in

Cl28

mode).

SPLAT FILES

One indicator you may occasionally notice on a directory line, after you begin saving

programs and files, is an asterisk appearing just before the

file

type

of a file

that is 0 blocks long. This indicates the file was not properly closed after it was created, and that it should not be relied upon. These

"splat"

files normally need to be erased from the

diskette and rewritten. However,

do

not use the SCRATCH command

to

get rid

of

them.

They can only be safely erased by the VALIDATE or COLLECT commands. One

of

these should normally be used whenever a splat

file

is

noticed on a diskette.

All

of

these

commands are described in the following chapters.

There are two exceptions

to

the above warning: one

is

that VALIDATE and

COLLECT cannot be used on some diskettes that include direct access (random)

files

(Chapter 7). The other

is

that

if

the information

in

the splat

file

was crucial and can't be

replaced, there is a way to rescue whatever part

of

the

file

was properly written. This

option is described in the next chapter.

13

--

CHAPTER 2

BASIC

2.0

COMMANDS

This chapter describes the disk commands used with the VIC 20, Commodore 64 or

the Commodore

128

computer in C64 mode. These are Basic 2.0 commands.

You send command data to the drive through something called the command

channel. The first step is to open the channel with the following command:

OPENI5,8,15

The first

15

is a file

number or channel number. Although

it

could be any number

from 1 to 255, we'll use

15

because it is used

to

match

the

secondary address

of

15, which

is

the address

of

the command channel. The middle number is the primary address, better

known as the device number. It

is

usually 8, unless you change

it

(see Appendix A).

Once the channel has been opened, use the

PRINT#

command

to

send information

to

the disk drive and the

INPUT#

command

to

receive information from the drive. You

must close the channel with the CLOSE15 command.

The following examples show the use

of

the command channel

to

NEW an unformat-

ted disk:

OPENI5,8,15

PRINT#15,"NEWdrive#:diskname,id"

CLOSE15

You can combine the first two statements and abbreviate the NEW command like

this:

OPENI5,8, 15,

"Ndrive#

:diskname,id"

If

the command channel

is

already open, you must use the following format (trying

to

open a channel that is already open results in a

"FILE

OPEN" error):

PRINT#15 , "Ndrive#:diskname,id',

ERROR CHECKING

In Basic 2.0, when the green drive light flashes, you must write a small program

to find out what the error is. This causes you to lose any program variables already in memory. The following

is

the error check program:

10

OPENI5,8,15 20INPUT#15,EN,EM$,ET,ES 30 PRINT EN, EM$,ET,ES 40 CLOSE15

This little program reads the error channel into four BASIC variables (described

below), and prints the results on the screen. A message

is

displayed whether there

is

an

14

error or not, but if there was

an

error, the program clears it from disk memory and turns

off the error light on the disk drive.

Once the message

is

on the screen, you can look it

up

in

Appendix B

to

see what it

means, and what to

do

about it.

For those

of

you who are writing programs, the following

is

a small error-checking

subroutine you can include in your programs:

59980 REM READ ERROR CHANNEL 59990INPUT#15,EN,EM$,ET,ES 60000 IF

EN>1

THEN PRINT EN,EM$,ET,ES:STOP

60010 RETURN

This assumes

file

15

was opened earlier

in

the program, and that

it

will

be

closed at

the end

of

the program.

The subroutine reads the error channel and puts the results into the named varia-

bles-EN

(Error Number), EM$ (Error Message), ET (Error Track), and

ES

(Error

Sector).

Of

the four, only EM$ has

to

be a string. You could choose other variable names,

although these have become traditional for this use.

Two error numbers are harmless---O means everything

is

OK, and 1 tells how many

files were erased by a SCRATCH command (described later

in

this chapter). If

the

error

status

is

anything else, line 60000 prints the error message and halts the program.

Because this

is

a subroutine, you access

it

with the BASIC GOSUB command, either in immediate mode or from a program. The RETURN statement in line 60010 will jump back

to

immediate mode or the next statement

in

your program, whichever

is

appropriate.

BASIC

HINTS

Hint

#1:

It

is

best

to

open

file

15

once at the very start

of

a program, and only close it at

the end

ofthe

program, after

all

other files have already been closed. By opening it once at

the start, the file is open whenever needed for disk commands elsewhere

in

the

program.

Hint

#2:

If

BASIC halts with an error when you have files open, BASIC aborts them

without closing them properly on the disk. To close them properly

on

the disk, you must

type:

CLOSE 15:0PEN

15,8,15,"I":CLOSE

15

This opens the command channel and immediately closes it, along with

all

other disk

files. Failure to close a disk

file

properly both

in

BASIC and

on

the

disk may result

in

losing the entire file.

Hint

#3:

One disk error message

is

not always an error. Error 73,

"CBM

DOS 3.0

1571" will appear if you read the disk error channel before sending any disk commands

when you tum on your computer. This

is

a handy way

to

check which version

of

DOS

you

are using. However, if this message appears later, after other disk commands,

it

means

there

is

a mismatch between the DOS used

to

format your diskette and the

DOS

in

your

drive. DOS

is

Disk Operating System.

15

Hint

#4:

To reset drive, type: OPEN 15,S,15,"UJ":CLOSE 15. This also applies to

sending a VI

+

or

a VI.

SAVE

Vse the SAVE command

to

preserve a program or

file

on a diskette for later use.

Before you can SAVE

to

diskette, the diskette must be formatted,

as

described

earlier.

FORMAT FOR THE SAVE COMMAND

SAVE

"drive

#:file name" ,device #

where "file name" is any string expression

of

up to

16

characters, preceded by the drive

number and a colon, and followed by the device number

of

the disk, normally

S.

However, the SAVE command will not work

in

copying programs that are not in the

BASIC text area, such as

"DOS

5.1"

for the C64. To copy it and similar machine-

language programs, you will need a machine-language monitor program.

FORMAT FOR A MONITOR SAVE

.S "drive #:file name" ,device # ,starting address,ending address

+ 1

where "drive

#:"

is

the drive number, 0 on the 1571; "file name"

is

any valid

file

name

up to

14

characters long (leaving two for the drive number and colon); "device

#"

is a

two digit device number, normally

OS

(the leading 0

is

required); and the addresses

to

be

saved are given in Hexadecimal but without a leading dollar sign

($). Note the ending

address listed must be one location beyond the last location

to

be saved.

EXAMPLE:

Here

is

the required syntax

to

SAVE a copy of

"DOS

5.1"

.S "O:DOS

5.1"

,OS,CCOO,DOOO

SAVE WITH REPLACE OPTION

If a file already exists, it can't be saved again with the same name because the disk

drive only allows one copy

of

any given

file

name per diskette. It

is

possible to get around this problem using the RENAME and SCRATCH commands described later. However, if all you wish

to

do

is

replace a program or data

file

with a revised version, another

command is more convenient. Known

as

SAVE-WITH-REPLACE, or @SAVE, this

option tells the disk drive to replace any

file

it

finds

in

the diskette directory with the same

name, substituting the new

file

for the old version.

16

FORMAT FOR SAVE WITH REPLACE:

SAVE"@Drive #:file

name",

device #

where all the parameters are

as

usual except for adding a leading

"at"

sign (@.) The

"drive

#:"

is required here.

EXAMPLE:

SA VE"@O:REVISED PROGRAM"

,8

The actual procedure

is

that the new version

is

saved completely, then the old version

is

erased. Because it works this way, there is little danger a disaster such

as

having the power going off midway through the process would destroy both the old and new copies of

the file. Nothing happens

to

the old copy until after the new copy is saved properly.

Caution--do not use @SAVE on

an

almost-full diskette. Only use it when you have

enough room on the diskette to hold a second complete copy

of

the program being

replaced. Due

to

the way @SAVE works, both the old and new versions

of

the

file

are

on

disk simultaneously at one point,

as

a way

of

safeguarding against loss

of

the program.

If

there

is

not enough room left

on

diskette

to

hold that second copy, only

as

much

of

the

new version will be saved

as

there

is

still room for. After the command executes, a look at

the directory will show the new version

is

present, but doesn't occupy enough blocks

to match the copy in memory. Unfortunately, the VERIFY command (see below) will not detect this problem, because whatever was saved will have been saved properly.

VERIFY

Although not

as

necessary with a disk drive

as

with a cassette, BASIC's VERIFY

command can be used to make doubly certain that a program

file

was properly saved

to disk. It works much like the LOAD command, except that it only compares each character in the program against the equivalent character in the computer's memory, instead

of

actually being copied into memory.

If

the disk copy

of

the program differs even a tiny bit from the copy in memory, "VERIFY ERROR" will be displayed, to tell you that the copies differ. This doesn't mean either copy is bad, but if they were supposed to

be

identical, there

is

a problem.

Naturally, there's

no

point in trying to VERIFY a disk copy

of

a program after the

original is no longer in memory. With nothing

to

compare to,

an

apparent error will

always be announced, even though the disk copy is always and automatically verified

as

it

is

written to the diskette.

FORMAT FOR THE VERIFY COMMAND:

VERIFY "drive#:pattern" ,device#,relocate

flag

where

"drive#:"

is

an optional drive number, "pattern" is any string expression that

evaluates

to a file

name, with or without pattern-matching characters, and

"device#"

is

the disk device number, normally 8.

If

the relocate

flag

is

present and equals

1,

the

file

will be verified where originally saved, rather than relocated into the BASIC text area.

17

A useful alternate form

of

the command

is:

VERIFY"*"

,device #

It verifies the last files used without having

to

type its name or drive number. However, it

won't work properly after SAVE-WITH-REPLACE, because the last file used was the

one deleted, and the drive will try

to

compare the deleted

file

to

the program in memory. No harm will result, but "VERIFY ERROR" will always be announced. To use VERIFY after @SAVE, include at least part

of

the

file

name that

is

to be verified in the pattern.

One other note about

VERIFY-when

you VERIFY a relocated BASIC file,

an

error

will nearly always be announced, due

to

changes in the link pointers

of

BASIC programs

made during relocation.

It

is best

to

VERIFY files saved from the same type

of

machine, and identical memory size. For example, a BASIC program saved from a Plus/4 can't be verified easily with a C64, even when the program would work

fine

on both machines.

This shouldn't matter,

as

the only time you'll be verifying files on machines other than the

one which wrote them

is

when you are comparing two disk files to see if they are the same. This is done by loading one and verifying against the other, and can only be done on the same machine and memory size

as

the one on which the files were first created.

SCRATCH

The SCRATCH command allows you

to

erase unwanted files and free the space they

occupied for use

by

other files. It can be used

to

erase either a single

file

or several files at

once via pattern-matching.

FORMAT

FOR

THE

SCRATCH

COMMAND:

PRINT#15, "SCRATCH(I):pattern"

or abbreviate it

as:

PRINT # 15, "S(I):pattern"

"pattern"

can be any

file

name or combination

of

characters and wild-card characters.

As

usual, it

is

assumed the command channel has already been opened

as

file

15.

Although

not absolutely necessary, it

is

best

to

include the drive number

in

SCRATCH commands.

If

you check the error channel after a SCRATCH command, the value for ET (error track) will tell you how many files were scratched. For example, if your diskette contains program files named

"TEST,"

"TRAIN,"

"TRUCK,"

and

"TAIL,"

you may SCRATCH all four, along with any other files beginning with the letter' 'T," by using the command:

PRINT#15, 'SO:T*'

Then, to prove they are gone, you can type:

GOSUB 59990

18

to call the error checking subroutine given earlier

in

this chapter. If the four listed were the

only files beginning with

"T",

you will see:

01

,FILES SCRATCHED,04,00

READY.

The

"04"

tells you 4 files were scratched.

MORE ABOUT SCRATCH

SCRATCH is a powerful command and should be used with caution

to

be sure you

delete only the files you really want erased. When using

it

with a pattern,

we

suggest you

first use the same pattern

in

a DIRECTORY command, to be sure exactly which files will

be deleted. That way you'll have no unpleasant surprises when you use the same pattern

in

the SCRATCH command.

Recovering from a SCRATCH

If

you accidentally SCRATCH a

file

you shouldn't have, there

is

still a chance of

saving it. Like BASIC's NEW command, SCRATCH doesn't really wipe out a

file

itself;

it merely clears the pointers to

it

in

the diskette directory. There may be an "Unscratch"

program on your Test/Demo diskette.

NOTE:

If you accidentally SCRATCH a

file

within the DOS Shell (see Chapter 4),

you can unscratch it with the Shell's RESTORE FILES function.

More about Splats

Never scratch a splat file. These are files that show up

in

a directory listing with an

asterisk

(*) just before the

file

type for an entry. The asterisk (or splat) means that

file

was

never properly closed, and thus there

is

no valid chain

of

sector links for the Scratch

command to follow

in

erasing the file.

If you SCRATCH such a file, odds are you will improperly free up sectors that are

still needed by other programs or files and cause permanent damage to those later when

you add more files to the diskette.

If

you

find

a splat file, or if you discover too late that you have scratched such a file, immediately validate the diskette using the VALIDATE command described later

in

this chapter. If you have added any files to the diskette since

scratching the splat file, it

is

best to immediately copy the entire diskette onto another fresh diskette, but do this with a copy program rather than with a backup program. Otherwise, the same problem will be recreated on the new diskette. When the new copy is done, compare the number

of

blocks free

in

its directory to the number free on the original diskette. If the numbers match, no damage has been done. If not, very likely at least one file on the diskette has been corrupted, and all should be checked immediately.

19

Locked Files

Occasionally, a diskette will contain a locked

file;

one which cannot be erased with

the SCRATCH command. Such files may be recognized by the

"<"

character which

immediately follows the

file

type

in

their directory entry.

If

you wish

to

erase a locked

file, you will have

to

use a disk monitor

to

clear bit 6

of

the file-type byte

in

the directory

entry on the diskette. Conversely,

to

lock a file, you would set bit 6

of

the same byte.

RENAME

The RENAME command allows you

to

alter the name of a program or other

file

in the

diskette directory. Since only the directory

is

affected, RENAME works.very quickly.

FORMAT FOR RENAME COMMAND:

PRINT#15, "RENAME0:new name = old name"

or it may be abbreviated as:

PRINT#15,"R0:new

name=old

name"

where

"new

name"

is

the name you want the

file

to have, and

"old

name"

is

the name

it

has now.

"new

name" may be any valid

file

name,

up

to

16

characters in length.

It

is

assumed you have already opened

file

15

to

the command channel.

One

caution-be

sure the

file

you are renaming has been properly closed before you

rename it.

EXAMPLES:

Just before saving a new copy

of

a "calendar" program, you might type:

PRINT#

15,"R0:CALENDAR/BACKUP = CALENDAR"

Or

to

move a program called

"BOOT,"

currently the first program on a diskette

to

someplace else in the directory, you might type:

PRINT#15,

"R0:TEMP=

BOOT"

followed

by

a COPY command (described later),.which turns

"TEMP"

into a new copy

of

"BOOT,"

and finishing with a SCRATCH command

to

get rid

of

the original copy

of

"BOOT.

"

20

RENAMING AND SCRATCHING TROUBLESOME FILES (ADVANCED USERS)

Eventually, you may run across a file which has an odd filename, such as a comma

by itself

(" , ")

or one that includes a Shifted Space (a Shifted Space looks the same

as

a

regular space, but

if

a file with a space in its name won't load properly and all else

is correct, it's probably a Shifted Space). Or perhaps you will find one that includes nonprinting characters. Any

of

these can be troublesome. Comma files, for instance, are

an exception

to

the rule that no two files can have the same name. Since it shouldn't be

possible to make a file whose name

is

only a comma, the disk never expects you

to

do

it

again.

Files with a Shifted Space in their name can also be troublesome, because the disk

interprets the Shifted Space as signaling the end

of

the

file

name, and prints whatever

follows after the quotation mark that marks the end

of

a name in the directory. This

technique can be useful by allowing you

to

have a long file name, and making the disk

recognize a small part

of

it as being the same as the whole thing without using pattern-

matching characters.

In

any case,

if

you have a troublesome filename, you can use the CHR$O function to specify troublesome characters without typing them directly. This may allow you to build them into a RENAME command.

If

this fails, you may also use the pattern-matching

characters in a SCRATCH command. This gives you a way

to

specify the name without

using the troublesome characters at all, but also means loss

of

your file.

For example, if you have managed

to

create a file named

""MOVIES",

with an

extra quotation mark at the front

ofthe

file

name, you can rename it

to

"MOVIES"

using

the CHR$O equivalent

of

a quotation mark in the RENAME command:

PRINT#15, "R0:MOVIES

="

+CHR$(34) +

"MOVIES"

The CHR$(34) forces a quotation mark into the command string without upsetting BASIC. The procedure for a file name that includes a Shifted Space

is

similar, but uses

CHR$(160).

In

cases where even this doesn't work, for example,

if

your diskette contains a

comma file, (one

named"

,")

you can get rid

of

it

this

way:

PRINT#15,

"S0:?"

This example deletes all files with one character names. Depending on the exact problem, you may have

to

be very creative in choosing pattern-matching characters that will affect only the desired file, and may have to rename other files first

to

keep them from being scratched.

In

some cases, it may be easier

to

copy desired files

to

a different diskette and leave

the troublesome files behind.

COpy

The COPY command allows you to make a spare copy of any program or

file

on a

diskette. On a single drive like the 1571, the copy must be on the same diskette, which

means it must be given a different name from the file copied. It's also used

to

combine up

21

to

four sequential data files (linking the files one

to

another, end

to

end

in

a chain). Files

are linked in the order

in

which they appear

in

the command. The source files and other

files on the diskette are not changed. Files must be closed before they are copied or linked.

FORMAT FOR THE COPY COMMAND

PRINT#IS,"COPYdrive

#:new

file=old

file"

EXAMPLES:

PRINT#lS,'

'COPY0:BACKUP= ORIGINAL"

or abbreviated as

PRINT#1 S,"Cdrive

#:new

file=old

file"

PRINT#IS,

"C0:BACKUP = ORIGINAL"

where

"drive

#"

is the drive number

"new

file"

is

the copy and

"old

file"

is

the

original.

FORMAT FOR THE COMBINE OPTION

PRINT#lS,

"Cdrive

#:new

file = file

1 ,file 2,file 3,

file

4"

where

"drive

#"

is

always 0,

NOTE: The length

of

a command string (command and filenames)

is

limited to

41

characters.

EXAMPLES:

After renaming a

file

named

"BOOT"

to

"TEMP"

in the last section's example,

you can use the

COpy

command

to

make a spare copy of the program elsewhere

on

the

diskette, under the original name:

PRINT#IS,

"C0:BOOT =

TEMP"

After creating several small sequential files that

fit

easily

in

memory along with a

program we are using, you can use the concatenate option to combine them

in

a master

file, even if the result

is

too big

to

fit

in

memory. (Be sure it will

fit

in remaining space on

the

diskette-it

will be

as

big

as

the sum

of

the sizes of the files in it.)

PRINT#IS,

"C0:A-Z = A-G,H-M,N-Z"

22

NOTE: Dual drives make fuller use

of

this command, copying programs from one

diskette

to

another in a single-disk unit. To

do

that on the 1571, check your Test!

Demo diskette

to

find the programs that you need or use the DOS Shell described

in

Chapter 4.

VALIDATE

The VALIDATE command recalculates the Block Availability Map (BAM)

of

the

current diskette, allocating only those sectors still being used

by

valid, properly-closed

files and programs.

All

other sectors (blocks) are left unallocated and free for re-use, and

all improperly closed files are automatically scratched. This brief description

of

its

workings doesn't indicate either the power or the danger

of

the VALIDATE command. Its

power is

in

restoring

to

good health many diskettes whose directories or block availability

maps have become muddled. Any time the blocks used

by

the

files

on

a diskette plus the

blocks shown

as

free don't add

up

to the 664 (in

1541

mode) or 1328 (in

1571

mode)

available on a fresh diskette, VALIDATE

is

needed, with one exception below. Similarly,

any time a diskette contains an improperly-closed file (splat file), indicated by

an

asterisk

(*) next

to

its

file

type in the directory, that diskette needs

to

be validated. In fact, but for

the one exception, it is a good idea

to

VALIDATE diskettes whenever you are the least bit

concerned about their integrity.

The exception

is

diskettes containing Direct Access files,

as

described in Chapter

7.

Most direct access (random) files

do

not allocate their sectors

in

a way the VALIDATE

command can recognize. Thus, using VALIDATE on such a diskette

may

result

in

un-

allocating all direct access files, with loss of all their contents when other

files

are added.

Unless specifically instructed otherwise, never

use

VALIDATE on a diskette containing

direct access files. (Note: these are

not the same

as

the relative files described

in

Chapter

6. VALIDATE may be used on relative files without difficulty.)

FORMAT FOR THE VALIDATE COMMAND

PRINT#

15,'

'V

ALIDATE0"

or abbreviated

as

PRINT#15,

"V0"

where

"0"

is

the drive number.

As

usual,

it

is

assumed

file

15

has been opened

to

the

command channel and will be closed after the command

has

been executed.

EXAMPLE:

PRINT#15,"V0"

23

INITIALIZE

One command that should not often

be

needed on the 1571, but

is

still

of

occasional value is INITIALIZE. On the 1571, and nearly all other Commodore drives, this function is

performed automatically, whenever a new diskette

is

inserted. (The optical write-

protect switch

is

used

to

sense when a diskette

is

changed.)

The result

of

an INITIALIZE, whether forced

by

a command, or done automatically

by the disk,

is

a re-reading

of

the current diskette's BAM into a disk buffer. This

information must always be correct in order for the disk

to

store new files properly.

However, since the chore

is

handled automatically, the only time you'd need

to

use the com-

mand

is

if something happened

to

make the information in the drive buffers unreliable.

FORMAT FOR THE INITIALIZE COMMAND

EXAMPLE:

PRINT#

15, "INITIALIZEdrive

#"

PRINT # 15, "INITIALIZE

0"

or it may be abbreviated

to

PRINT#15,"ldrive

#"

PRINT#15,

"10"

where the command channel

is

assumed

to

be opened

by

file

15, and "drive

#"

is

0.

One use for Initialize

is

to

keep a cleaning diskette spinning, if you choose

to

use

one. (There

is

no

need

to

use such kits on any regular basis under normal conditions

of

cleanliness and care.) Nonetheless,

if

you are using such a kit, the following short

program will keep the diskette spinning long enough for your need:

10

OPEN 15,8,15

20 FOR

1=1

TO

15

30 PRINT#15,

"10"

40 NEXT I

50 CLOSE

15

It uses an Initialize loop

to

keep the drive motor on for about 20 seconds.

24

CHAPTER 3

BASIC

7.0

COMMANDS

This chapter describes the disk commands used with the Commodore 128 computer

(in C128 mode). This is BASIC 7.0, which includes BASIC

2.0,

BASIC

3.5,

and

BASIC

4.0

commands, all

of

which can be used.

ERROR

CHECKING

When the drive light (green light) flashes, you must use the following command to

find out what the error is:

PRINT DS$

A message is displayed whether there is an error

or

not.

If

there was an error, this

command clears it from disk memory and turns off the error light on the disk drive.

Once the message is

on

the screen, you can look it up in Appendix B to see what it

means, and what to do about it.

For those

of

you who are writing programs, the following is a small error-checking

subroutine you can include in your programs:

59990 REM READ ERROR CHANNEL 60000 IF

DS>

1 THEN PRINT DS$:STOP

60010 RETURN

The subroutine reads the error channel and puts the results into the reserved variables

DS and DS$. They are updated automatically by BASIC.

Two

error numbers are harmless--{) means everything is OK, and 1 tells how many

files were erased by a SCRATCH command (described later in this chapter).

If

the error

status is anything else, line 60000 prints the error message and halts the program.

Because this is a subroutine, you access it with the BASIC GOSUB command, either

in immediate mode

or

from a program. The RETURN statement in line 60010 will

jump

back to immediate mode

or

the next statement in your program, whichever is appropriate.

SAVE

This command will save a program

or

file so you can reuse it. The diskette must be

formatted before you can save it to that diskette.

FORMAT FOR

THE

SAVE COMMAND

DSAVE "file

name"

[,Ddrive#] [,Udevice#]

This command will not work in copying programs that are not written in BASIC. To

copy these machine language programs, you can use the BSAVE command

or

the built-in

Monitor S command.

25

FORMAT FOR THE BSA VE COMMAND

BSAVE "file name" [,Ddrive#] [,Udevice#] [Bbank#]

[,Pstarting address] [TO Pending address

+ I]

where the usual options are the same and bank # is one

of

the

16

banks

of

the C 128. The

addresses to be saved are given in decimal. Note that the ending address must be

I

location beyond the last location to be saved.

To access a built-in monitor, type MONITOR. To exit a monitor, type

X alone on a

line.

FORMAT FOR A MONITOR SAVE

. S "drive # :file name" ,device

#,

starting address ,ending address + I

where "drive

#:"

is

the drive number, 0 on the 1571; "file name"

is

any valid

file

name

up to

14

characters long (leaving 2 for the drive number and colon); "device

#"

is

a two

digit device number, normally 08 on the

1571

(the leading 0 is required); and the addresses to be saved are given in Hexadecimal (base 16,) but without a leading dollar sign (for the Plus/4).

On

the C128, the addresses need not be in Hexidecimal. Note that

the ending address listed must be

I location beyond the last location to be saved.

SAVE

WITH REPLACE

If

a

file

already exists, it can't be saved again with the same name because the disk

drive allows only one copy

of

any given

file

name per diskette.

It

is possible to get around this problem using the RENAME and SCRATCH commands described later in this chapter.

If

all you wish to

do

is replace a program or data

file

with a revised version,

another command is more convenient. Known

as

SAVE WITH REPLACE, or @SAVE

this option tells the disk drive to replace any

file

it

finds

in the diskette directory with the

same name, substituting the new

file

for the old version.

FORMAT FOR SAVE WITH REPLACE

DSAVE "@file name" [,Ddrive#] [,Udevice#]

The actual procedure is

this-the

new version

is

saved completely, then the old version is scratched and its directory entry altered to point to the new version. Because it works this way, there is little danger a disaster such

as

having the power going off midway

through the process would destroy both the old and new copies

of

the file. Nothing

happens to the old copy until after the new copy

is

saved properly.

Caution-do

not use @SAVE on an almost-full diskette. Only use it when you have

enough room on the diskette to hold a second complete copy

of

the program being

replaced. Due to the way @SAVE works, both the old and new versions

of

the

file

are on

disk simultaneously at one point,

as

a way

of

safeguarding against loss

of

the program.

If

there

is

not enough room left on diskette

to

hold the second copy, only

as

much

of

the new

26

version will be saved

as

there

is

still room for. After the command

is

completed, a look

at

a directory will show the new version

is

present, but doesn't occupy enough blocks

to

match the copy

in

memory.

DVERIFY

This command makes a byte-by-byte comparison

of

the program currently

in

mem-

ory against a program on diskette. This comparison includes the BASIC line links, which

may be different for different types

of

memory configurations. What this means

is

that a

program saved to disk on a C64 and reloaded into a

CI28

wouldn't verify properly

because the line links point to different memory locations. If the disk copy

of

the program

differs at all from the copy

in

memory, a "VERIFY

ERROR"

will

be

displayed. This

doesn't mean either copy

is

bad, but if they were supposed

to

be identical, there

is

a

problem.

FORMAT FOR THE DVERIFY COMMAND

DVERIFY "file

name"

[,Ddrive#] [,Udevice#]

The following version

of

the command verifies a

file

that was just saved:

DVERIFY"*"

This command won't work properly after SAVE-WITH-REPLACE, because the last

file used was the one deleted and the drive will try

to

compare the deleted file to the

program

in

memory. No harm will result, but "VERIFY

ERROR"

will always

be

announced. To use DVERIFY after @SA VE, include at least part

of

the

file

name that

is

to be verified

in

the pattern.

COpy

The COPY command allows you to make a spare copy

of

any program or

file

on a diskette. However, on a single drive like the 1571, the copy must be on the same diskette, which means

it

must be given a different name from the

file

copied. The source

file

and

other files on the diskette are not changed. Files must

be

closed before they can be copied

or

concatenated.

FORMAT FOR THE COPY COMMAND

COPY [Ddrive#,]

"old

file

name"

TO [Ddrive#,]

"new

file

name"

[,Udevice#]

Where both

drive#s

would be 0 if included.

27

NOTE: If you want

to

copy a

file

from one diskette

to

another, you cannot use the COPY command. Instead, use the copy program on the TestlDemo diskette or the DOS Shell (see Chapter 4).

CONCAT

The CONCAT command allows you

to

concatenate (combine) two sequential files.

FORMAT FOR THE CONCAT COMMAND

CONCAT [Ddrive#

,]

"add

file" TO [Ddrive#,] "master file" [,Udevice#]

Where the optional

drive#

would be 0

in

both cases. The old "master file"

is

deleted and replaced with a new "master file" which

is

the concatenation

of

the old

"master file" and

"add

file" .

NOTE: The length

of

a command string (command and filenames)

is

limited to

41

characters.

SCRATCH

The SCRATCH command allows you

to

erase unwanted programs and files from

your diskettes, and free

up

the space they occupied for use

by

other files and programs.

It

can be used

to

erase either a single file, or several files

at

once via pattern-matching.

FORMAT FOR THE SCRATCH COMMAND

SCRATCH

"pattern"

[,Ddrive#] [, Udevice#]

Where,

"pattern"

is

any valid

file

name or pattern-matching character.

You will be asked

as

a precaution:

ARE YOU SURE? •

If you ARE sure, simply press Y and RETURN. If not, press RETURN alone or type any other answer, and the command will be canceled.

28

The number

of

files that were scratched will be automatically displayed. For exam-

ple,

if

your diskette contains program files named

"TEST,"

"TRAIN,"

"TRUCK,"

and

"TAIL,"

you may scratch all four, along with any other files beginning with the letter

"T,"

by using the command:

SCRATCH

"T*"

and

if

the four listed were the only files beginning with

"T",

you will see:

01

,FILES SCRATCHED,04,00

READY

•

The

"04"

tells you 4 files were scratched.

You can perform a SCRATCH within a program, but there will be no prompt

message displayed.

MORE

ABOUT

SCRATCH

SCRATCH is a powerful command and should be used with caution to be sure you delete only the files you really want erased. When using it with a pattern, we suggest you first use the same pattern in a DIRECTORY command, to be sure exactly which files will be deleted. That way you'll have no unpleasant surprises when you use the same pattern in the SCRATCH command.

Recovering

from a SCRATCH

If

you accidentally SCRATCH a

file

you shouldn't have, there is still a chance

of saving it. Like BASIC's NEW command, SCRATCH doesn't really wipe out a file itself; it merely clears the pointers to it in the diskette directory. There may be an "Unscratch" program on your Test/Demo diskette.

NOTE:

If

you accidentally SCRATCH a file within the DOS Shell (see Chapter 4),

you can unscratch it with the Shell's RESTORE FILES function.

More

about

Splat

Files

Never SCRATCH a splat file. These are files that show up

in

a directory listing with

an asterisk (*) just before the

file

type for an entry. The asterisk (or splat) means that

file

was never properly closed, and thus there is no valid chain

of

sector links for the

SCRATCH command to follow in erasing the file.

If

you SCRATCH such a file, odds are you will improperly free up sectors that are still needed by other programs or files, and cause permanent damage

to

those other programs or files later when you add more files to

the diskette.

29

If

you find a splat file, or

if

you discover too late that you have scratched such a file, immediately validate the diskette using the COLLECT command described later in this chapter.

If

you have added any files to the diskette since scratching the splat file, it is best to immediately copy the entire diskette onto another fresh diskette, but do this with a copy program rather than with a backup program. Otherwise, the same problem will

be

, recreated on the new diskette. When the new copy is done, compare the number

of

blocks

free in its directory to the number free on the original diskette.

If

the numbers match,

no

damage has been done.

If

not, very likely at least one

file

on the diskette has been

corrupted, and all should be checked immediately.

Locked Files

Occasionally, a diskette will contain a locked

file;

one which cannot be erased with

the SCRATCH command. Such files may be recognized by the

"<"

character which

immediately follows the

file

type in their directory entry.

If

you wish

to

erase a locked

file, you will have to use a disk monitor to clear bit 6

of

the file-type byte in the directory

entry on the diskette. Conversely, to lock a file, you would set bit 6

of

the same byte.

RENAME

The RENAME command allows you to alter the name

of

a program or other

file

in

the diskette directory. Since only the directory

is

affected, RENAME works very quickly.

If

you try to RENAME a

file

by using a

file

name already in the directory, the computer

will respond with a

"FILE

EXISTS" error. A

file

must be properly closed before it can be

renamed.

FORMAT FOR RENAME COMMAND:

RENAME [Ddrive#,]

"old

name" TO [Ddrive#,]

"new

name" [,Udevice#]

where both drive#s, if included, would be 0

RENAMING AND SCRATCHING TROUBLESOME

FILES

(ADVANCED USERS)

Eventually, you may run across a

file

which has a crazy filename, such

as

a comma

by itself

("

,")

or one that includes a Shifted Space. Or perhaps you will find one that

includes nonprinting characters. Any

of

these can

be

troublesome. Comma files, for

instance, are an exception to the rule that no two files can have the same name. Since it

shouldn't be possible

to

make a

file

whose name is only a comma, the disk never expects

you to do it again.

Files with a Shifted Space in their name can also

be

troublesome, because the disk

interprets the Shifted Space

as

signaling the end

of

the

file

name, and prints whatever

follows after the quotation mark that marks the end

of

a name in the directory. This

technique can be useful by allowing you

to

have a long

file

name, and making the disk

recognize a small part

of

it

as

being the same

as

the whole thing without using pattem-

matching characters.

30

In any case, if you have a troublesome filename, you can use the CHR$O function

to

specify troublesome characters without typing them directly. This may allow you

to

build

them into a RENAME command.

If

this fails, you may also use the pattern-matching

characters discussed for a SCRATCH command. This gives you a

way

to

specify the

name without using the troublesome characters at all, but also means loss

of

your file.

For example, if you have managed

to

create a

file

named"

"MOVIES",

with an

extra quotation mark at the front of the

file

name, you can rename it to

"MOVIES"

using

the CHR$O equivalent

of

a quotation mark in the RENAME command:

Example:

RENAME(CHR$(34)

+

"MOVIES")

TO

"MOVIES"

The CHR$(34) forces a quotation mark into the command string without upsetting BASIC. The procedure for a

file

name that includes a SHIFT-SPACE

is

similar, but uses

CHR$(l60).

In cases where even this doesn't work, for example, if your diskette contains a

comma file, (one

named",")

you can get rid

of

it this way:

Example:

SCRATCH"?"

This example deletes all files with one-character names. Depending on the exact problem,

you

may have

to

be very creative

in

choosing

pattern-matching characters that will affect only the desired file, and may have

to

rename

other files first to keep them from being scratched.

In

some cases, it may be easier

to

copy desired files

to

a different diskette and leave

the troublesome files behind.

COLLECT

The COLLECT command recalculates the Block Availability Map (BAM)

of

the

current diskette, allocating only those sectors still being used

by

valid, properly closed

files and programs. All other sectors (blocks) are left unallocated and free for reuse, and

all improperly closed files are automatically scratched. However, this brief description

of

COLLECT doesn't indicate either the power or the danger

of

the command.

Its

power

is

in

restoring

to

good health many diskettes whose directories or Block Availability Maps

have become muddled. Any time the blocks used

by

the files on a diskette plus the blocks

shown

as

free don't add up

to

the 664 (in

1541

mode) or 1328 (in

1571

mode) available

on

a fresh diskette, COLLECT

is

needed (with one exception below). Similarly, any time a

diskette contains an improperly closed

file

(splat file), indicated

by

an asterisk (*) next

to

its

file

type

in

the directory, that diskette needs

to

be

collected.

In

fact, but for the one

exception below, it

is

a good idea

to

COLLECT diskettes whenever you are concerned

about their integrity. Just note the number of blocks free

in

the diskette's directory before

and after using COLLECT.

If

the totals differ, there was indeed a problem, and the

31

diskette should probably be copied onto a fresh diskette file-by-file, using the COPY command described in the previous section, rather than using a backup command

or

program.

The

exception is diskettes containing Direct Access files, as described in Chapter 7. Most direct access (random) files do not allocate their sectors in a way COLLECT can recognize. Thus, collecting such a diskette may result in unallocating all Direct Access files, with loss

of

all their contents when other files are added. Unless specifically instructed otherwise, never collect a diskette containing Direct Access files. (Note: these are not the same as the relative files described in Chapter 6. COLLECT may be used on relative files without difficulty.)

FORMAT

FOR

THE

COLLECT COMMAND

COLLECT [Ddrive#]

[,Udevice#]

INITIALIZE

There is no BASIC

7.0

command for initializing, so refer to Chapter 2 for the BASIC

2.0

INITIALIZE command.

32

CHAPTER 4 DOS SHELL

The DOS Shell is a program that provides you with an alternate way to execute disk

drive commands. Prompting messages take you step-by-step through each operation,

making the use

of

the

1571

easier and more understandable.

The Shell is automatically loaded when you insert the diskette, then turn on or reset

the computer. You can enter or exit the Shell by pressing the

Fl

key.

LANGUAGE

SELECTION

The Shell displays its messages in

anyone

of

four languages: English, French,

German, and Italian. When you enter the Shell, each language appears,

in

turn, on the screen for about six seconds. To choose one, press the space bar when it appears on the screen. You can skip to the next language without waiting the six seconds by pressing the

CRSR-down key.

NOTE: The DOS Shell can be used in 40-column or 80-column mode. The only difference is a change in the layout

ofthe

screen. You can switch the screen size by first pressing the ESC key and then pressing the X key. This must be done before you select a function from the primary menu screen (see below).

PRIMARY MENU

SCREEN

After a language

is

chosen, the primary menu screen appears. To choose a function,

use the CRSR keys

to

position the cursor on that function then press the SPACE BAR.

DISK/PRINTER

SETUP

Within the Shell there are two drives: A and B. They are called logical drives because

they reside only within the Shell. You can set them

to

represent a single disk drive unit, two single units, or a dual drive unit. Assuming you have a single unit, the usual settings for A and B would show a device#

of

8 and a drive#

of

0. Those are the default settings

(in other words, when you first enter the Shell, the Disk Setup

is

such that it represents a

single unit). With two single units, you would change the device#

of

one

of

the drives.

The

drive#s

can stay the same. With a dual drive unit, you would change the drive#

of

one

of

the drives.

To change a setting, use the CRSR keys to position the cursor over the desired value.

After you have changed any settings, press the F7 key to lock them in. If you change your

mind, press the STOP key instead

of

F7 and the previous settings are left unchanged.

33

The printer device# is selected

in

the same way.

To change the device number

of

the actual drive (the physical drive), position the

cursor on the 'CHANGE DISK DEVICE

#'

line and press the SPACE BAR. A message

then appears on the screen guiding you through the steps

to

change the device#.

If

you

change your mind before completing the steps, press the STOP or

F5

keys to cancel the

device#

change.

F5

returns you to the logical drive selections and STOP returns you to

the primary menu screen.

Changing the device# locks

in

all current parameters in this function.

NOTE:

Unless the Disk Setup

is

set for a single drive unit, when you choose any of the following functions, a question appears on the screen asking you which drive you want to use.

In

describing these functions, we'll assume that you have a single

disk.

If

you have more than one, then you'll have

to

provide the appropriate answer

to that question through the use

of

the CRSR keys and SPACE BAR.

RUN A

PROGRAM

This function automatically loads and runs a program

file

that you choose from a

file

list shown on the screen (for this function the

file

list contains only program files). Use the

CRSR keys

to

position the cursor over the desired file, then press the SPACE BAR

to

choose that file.

If

you change your mind, press the

F5

key

to

un-select the file. Press the

F7 key to load and run it.

If

you press the stop key before the loading

is

complete, the

function

is

cancelled.

You can print out the file list, whenever it's displayed for a function,

by

pressing the

F3 key. Make sure your printer

is

turned on and the paper

is

at the top

of

a page.

Note that some machine language programs won't run

in

the Shell.

FORMAT

A DISK

When you select this function, a message appears on the screen telling you

to

insert a

blank disk into the drive. After you

do

that, press the SPACE BAR and the Shell checks

to

see

if

the disk has already been formatted.

If

it has, the disk header information

is

displayed on the screen as a precaution that there may

be

files on the disk. To proceed with formatting, either enter a new disk name or accept the old one and press RETURN. If the disk was previously formatted,

it

retains its old ID code.

If

not, the Shell randomly

generates one. You can enter your own ID code

by

entering a comma and two-digit

ID

code

as

the last three characters

of

the disk name.

CLEANUP

A DISK

This function enables you to validate the Block Availability Map of a disk (see the

VALIDATE command in chapter 2 or the' COLLECT command in chapter 3).

34

COPY A DISK

Use this function to make backups

of

your diskettes. The disk drive setup (drives A

and

B)

determines what type of copy

is

performed: single unit, dual drive, or two single

units.

Dual Drive

or

Two Unit Copy

The Shell asks you from which drive you want to copy (use CRSR keys and space bar

to select A or B). Insert the original disk into that drive and the copy disk into the other

drive and press the SPACE BAR. Press the STOP key to cancel this function. The

F5

key

or SPACE BAR can be used to retry a disk operation if

an

error occurs.

Single Drive Copy

The Shell displays the following warning message: 'PROGRAMS

IN

MEMORY

WILL BE DESTROYED'. Press the STOP or

F5

keys to cancel the function at this point.

Press the SPACE BAR to continue.

Throughout this function you will alternately insert the original and copy disks

according to prompts from the Shell.

It

takes from one to four swaps

to

complete the copy.

The first time you insert the copy disk,

it

is

formatted with the same disk name

as

the

original disk, but a different ID code

is

generated. Then, each time you insert a disk, its

ID code

is

checked to make sure that it's the correct disk. If it's not,

an

error message

is

displayed on the screen.

If

that happens, press the SPACE BAR or the

F5

key

to

return to

the last-used disk swapping prompt.

If

the STOP key

is

pressed, the function

is

cancelled and the copy will be incomplete.

COPY FILES

This function makes copies of selected files, the type

of

copy

is

determined

by

the

Disk Drive Setup. Once you select the drive from which the files will be copied, the

file

list

is

displayed so you can select the files using the CRSR keys and SPACE BAR. You

can

"scroll"

the list up or down using the CRSR keys.

Once you position the cursor next to a

file

you want

to

copy, press the SPACE BAR.

You can 'unselect' any file(s)

by

positioning the cursor on the filename and pressing the

F5

key.

Press the

F7

key when you've completed

file

selection. The Shell then asks you if it

is

"OK

TO COPY FILE-LIST: N

Y"

. If you answer Yes, the function continues.

If

you

answer No (the default answer), the Shell returns to

file

selection with all previous

selections intact.

Press the

F5

key to restart

file

selection with all previous selections cancelled.

Press the STOP key to cancel the function and return to the primary menu.

Dual Drive

or

Two Unit Copy

After you answer the

'OK

TO COPY' question, the messages 'INSERT COPY DISK

INTO DRIVE:

X'

and 'THEN PRESS SPACE' are displayed. After you do that, the

message 'WANT TO FORMAT THE COPY DISK: N Y'

is

displayed (unless, how-

ever, the copy disk has never been formatted,

in

which case the Shell automatically does it

without asking you). The default answer

is

No. If you answer Yes, the 'FORMAT A

35

DISK' function begins at the point where you are asked

to

enter a new disk name for

formatting.

Whether you answer Yes or No

to

the formatting question, the Shell checks the

available space on the copy disk against the total size of the selected file(s).

If

the copy

disk can't hold all the files, a warning

is

displayed and you can press the STOP key

to

cancel the function or press the SPACE BAR

to

continue.

NOTE: For any type

of

file

copy, if the next

file

to

be copied won't

fit

onto the

copy disk, the following message

is

displayed: 'COPY DISK

FULL-ANOTHER

DISK: Y

N'.

If

the answer

is

No (the default answer), the copy

is

terminated.

If

Yes, the function returns

to

the 'INSERT COPY DISK' message.

Single Drive Copy

After you answer the 'OK TO COPY' question, the following warning

is

displayed

on the screen: 'PROGRAMS

IN

MEMORY WILL BE DESTROYED,' along with the

instruction 'PRESS SPACE TO CONTINUE'. Press the

F5

or STOP keys

to

cancel the

function and retain any program in memory.

You will alternately insert the original disk and the copy disk according

to

prompts

on the screen.

It

takes from one

to

four disk swaps

to

complete the copy.

The first time the copy disk

is

inserted, the 'WANT TO FORMAT THE COPY

DISK: N Y' message

is

displayed (unless, however, the copy disk has never been formatted, in which case the Shell automatically does it without asking you). Again, whether the answer

is

Yes or No, the Shell checks the available space on the copy disk

against the total size

of

the file(s)

to

be copied and alerts

you

if there isn't enough room on

the copy disk.

DELETE FILES

This function erases one or more files. Use the CRSR keys and SPACE BAR

to

select the file(s) from the

file

list displayed on the screen. Press the

F7

key when you've

completed file selection. The Shell then asks you if it

is

"OK

TO DELETE FILE-LIST:

N

Y".

If

you answer Yes, the function continues.

If

you answer No (the default

answer), the Shell returns

to

file

selection with all previous selections intact.

Press the

F5

key

to

restart

file

selection with all previous selections cancelled.

Press the STOP key

to

cancel the function and return

to

the primary menu.

RESTORE FILES

This function restores one or more files that have been deleted. A

file

list

of

only

deleted files

is

displayed on the screen and you again use the the CRSR keys and SPACE

BAR

to

select the file(s)

to

be restored.

After you select a file, the Shell checks

to

see if

it

can be restored without corrupting

other files.

If

not, the message 'CANNOT RESTORE FILE:

file

name id'

is

displayed.

If

everything's OK, the

file

selection continues.

36

As each

file

is

selected, you are asked

to

'CHOOSE FILE-TYPE: SEQ PRG USR'.

Use the CRSR keys and SPACE BAR

to

choose. Relative

files

are automatically

identified, so you needn't specify that type.

You can 'unselect' any file(s)

by

positioning the cursor on the filename and pressing

the

F5

key.

Press the

F7

key when you've completed

file

selection. The Shell then asks you if it

is

"OK

TO RESTORE FILE-LIST: N

Y".

If

you answer Yes, the function continues.

If

you answer

No

(the default answer), the Shell returns to

file

selection with all previous

selections intact.

Press the

F5

key to restart

file

selection with all previous selections cancelled.

Press the STOP key

to

cancel the function and return to the primary menu.

RENAME

FILES

The function changes the name

of

one or more files. Use the CRSR keys and SPACE

BAR to select a

file

to rename. The message 'ENTER NEW NAME:'

is

displayed along

with the original

file

name. You must

now

type in the new name or press

F5

to

un-select

that

file

and continue.

Each new

file

name

is

checked to assure that it

is

unique.

If

it isn't, the message

'ERROR: FILE NAME NOT

UNIQUE-RETRY'

is

displayed and the function returns

to

the 'ENTER NEW NAME:' message.

Press the

F7

key when you've completed

file

selection. The Shell then asks you

if

it

is

"OK

TO CHANGE FILE-LIST: N

Y"

. If you answer Yes, the function continues. If

you answer No (the default answer), the Shell returns to

file

selection with all previous

selections intact.

Press the

F5

key to restart

file

selection with all previous selections cancelled.

Press the STOP key

to

cancel the function and return

to

the primary menu.

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Commodore 1570, 1571 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual