JS
AGB Kd24;4;3<;43
@ZY^Zcjc\hVcaZ^ijc\
RhZg JVcjVa
JVcjVa YZ GchigjXX^dcZh
Ej^YZ YZ a,ji^a^hViZjg
JVcjVa Yd Rhjyg^d
ogw_
JUTYLTYX
I`_d`hohbm\hf`dnohb DK`onm^cE
Zm`l S\ho\f DLhbfdmcE
S\ho\f _` Phmnlo^^dih`m DLmj\|ifE
Nod_` _` fCondfdm\n`ol D`h Ml\hy\dmE
S\ho\f _i Zmovldi DVilnobo{mE
ogw_Bn25>C
4p9
:p45
46p4;
4<p57
58p63
64p69
JS
Xif\lGR\_`l`bf`l
I`_d`hohbm\hf`dnohb DK`onm^cE
X`cl b``cln`l Qoh_`F
T^g WZYVc`Zc jch [6g
YZc HVj[ Z^cZh M]dXdh
MgdYj`iZh2Sdg
@Zcjiojc\ aZhZc P^Z
h^X] W^iiZ Y^Z
?caZ^ijc\ hdg\[|ai^\
jcY \g6cYa^X] YjgX]2
4
Hffb`g`dh` Xd^c`lc`dnmcdhq`dm`
?``jbjaVidgZc Zci]VaiZc \gdwZ JZc\Zc
\ZheZ^X]ZgiZg CcZg\^Z2 SZgbZ^YZc P^Z jciZg VaaZc
Rbhi|cYZc Z^c HjgohX]a^ZwZc YZh ?``jbjaVidgh2
Ujg P^X]Zg]Z^i Zbe[Z]aZcl^g0 Y^gZ`i Vc YZg @ViiZg^Z
Z^cZ PX]bZaoh^X]Zgjc\ -ig|\Z. VcojWg^c\Zc0 Y^Z
YZb KZcchigdb YZh IVYZgZ\aZgh Zciheg^X]i2
BjgX] YZc @Zig^ZW kdc @ViiZg^ZVcaV\Zc `3ccZc
WgZccWVgZ EVhZ ZcihiZ]Zc2 SZgbZ^YZc P^Z jciZg
VaaZc Rbhi|cYZc Y^Z @^aYjc\ kdc Djc`Zc dYZg YVh
SZglZcYZc kdc d[[ZcZb DZjZg dYZg I^X]i2 Pdg\Zc
h^Z [6g VjhgZ^X]ZcYZ @Za6[ijc\ YZh OVjbZh0 ^c
YZb Y^Z @ViiZg^Zc WZig^ZWZc lZgYZc2
SZgbZ^YZc P^Z Z^c @Zg6]gZc dYZg HjgohX]a^ZwZc
YZg higdb[6]gZcYZc IZ^iZg jcY HdciV`iZ2 @ZVX]iZc
P^Z0 YVhh Y^Z PeVccjc\Zc Vc Z^coZacZc HdciV`iZc
W^h ojb YdeeZaiZc YZg @ViiZg^ZcZccheVccjc\
WZigV\Zc `3ccZc2 ?gWZ^iZc P^Z cjg b^i ^hda^ZgiZb
TZg`oZj\ jcY Vj[ igdX`ZcZc RciZg\gjcY jcY b^i
igdX`Zc F|cYZc2
FVaiZc P^Z H^cYZg kdc @ViiZg^Z jcY IVYZgZ\aZg [Zgc2
@^iiZ WZVX]iZc P^Z VjX] Y^Z h^X]Zg]Z^ihiZX]c^hX]Zc
F^clZ^hZ YZh @ViiZg^Z]ZghiZaaZgh2 PdaaiZc h^X]
UlZ^[Za dYZg T^YZgheg6X]Z Zg\ZWZc0 lZcYZc P^Z
h^X] Vc G]gZc GchiVaaViZjg dYZg DVX]]|cYaZg2
I`mndggohbmb`gxu` [`lq`h_ohb
BZg IVYZgZ\aZg ^hi VjhhX]a^Zwa^X] [6g YZc C^chVio ^c
5
e]didkdaiV^hX]Zc ?caV\Zc b^i 45 Sdai KZccheVccjc\
WZhi^bbi2 BZg IVYZgZ\aZg ^hi cjg [6g YZc @Zig^ZW
b^i d[[ZcZc dYZg kZghX]adhhZcZc @aZ^V``jbjaVidgZc
\ZZ^\cZi2
O\anohbm\omm^cfomm
D6g PX]|YZc YjgX] c^X]i WZhi^bbjc\h\Zb|wZc
EZWgVjX]0 YjgX] c^X]i @ZVX]ijc\ Y^ZhZg ?caZ^ijc\
dYZg YZg ?c\VWZc YZh @ViiZg^Z]ZghiZaaZgh `Vcc
`Z^cZgaZ^ FV[ijc\ 6WZgcdbbZc lZgYZc0 ^chWZhdcYZgZ
c^X]i [6g PX]|YZc Vc YZg @ViiZg^Z2 B^Zh \^ai VjX] [6g
jchVX]\Zb|wZ TVgijc\0 @Zig^ZW0[Z]aZg]V[iZ
GchiVaaVi^dc jcY [VahX]Z PnhiZbY^bZch^dc^Zgjc\2
C^c u[[cZc YZh EZg|iZh [6]gi ojb SZgajhi YZh
EZl|]gaZ^hijc\hVchegjX]Zh2
Mohendihm]`m^cl`d]ohb
BZg OZ\aZg Y^Zci YZb PX]jio YZh ?``jbjaVidgh kdg
vWZgaVYjc\ YjgX] YZc PdaVg\ZcZgVidg2 B^Z IVYjc\
Zg[da\i YjgX] Z^cZ bZ]ghij[^\Z IVYZX]VgV`iZg^hi^`0
lZaX]Z VjX] kdc YZg QZbeZgVijg WZZ^c[ajhhi l^gY2
BZg OZ\aZg ]Vi Z^cZ OZ^]Z kdc PX]jio1 jcY
?coZ^\Z[jc`i^dcZc2
Hoamn`ffohbmiln
BVh EZg|i ^hi cjg [6g Y^Z ?clZcYjc\ ^b GccZcWZgZ^X]
\ZZ^\cZi2 BVh EZg|i bjhh kdg T^iiZgjc\hZ^c[a6hhZc
l^Z Y^gZ`iZg PdccZcZ^chigV]ajc\ dYZg K|hhZ \ZhX]6ioi
lZgYZc2 BZg OZ\aZg YVg[ c^X]i ^c DZjX]ig|jbZc l^Z
o2@2 @|YZgc bdci^Zgi lZgYZc2
6
BV h^X] YZg OZ\aZg ^b @Zig^ZW Zgl|gbZc `Vcc0 bjhh
Zg Vj[ Z^cZb c^X]i WgZccWVgZc RciZg\gjcY bdci^Zgi
lZgYZc2
Hhm^cfomm _`m R\_`l`bf`lm
-4. -4.
-5.-6.
PX]gVjWZc P^Z YZc OZ\aZg Vj[ Z^cZb igdX`ZcZc0
ZWZcZc jcY c^X]i WgZccWVgZc RciZg\gjcY [Zhi2
SZglZcYZc P^Z ]^Zgoj Y^Z kdg\ZhZ]Zc
@Z[Zhi^\jc\hWd]gjc\Zc -4.
PX]a^ZwZc P^Z Y^Z IZ^ijc\ ojg @ViiZg^Z edag^X]i^\
Vc Y^Z HaZbbZc -5. Vc0 WZkdg h^Z Y^Z @ViiZg^Z
b^i Y^ZhZg IZ^ijc\ kZgW^cYZc2 B^Zh Zgb3\a^X]i
Z^c heVccjc\h[gZ^Zh ?chX]a^ZwZc YZh OZ\aZgh2
PX]a^ZwZc P^Z Y^Z @ViiZg^ZaZ^ijc\Zc Vc YZg @ViiZg^Z
edag^X]i^\ Vc2 PX]6ioZc P^Z Y^Z @ViiZg^Z ZkZcijZaa
YjgX] Z^cZ ojh|ioa^X] P^X]Zgjc\ Vc YZc Mda`aZbbZ2
7
PX]a^ZwZc P^Z Y^Z IZ^ijc\ YZh PdaVg\ZcZgVidgh
edag^X]i^\ Vc Y^Z HaZbbZc -6. Vc2 Rb
Djc`ZcW^aYjc\ oj kZgbZ^YZc0 hdaaiZ YZg
PdaVg\ZcZgVidg kdg YZb ?chX]a^ZwZc VW\ZYZX`i
lZgYZc2 BZg bVm^bVaZ HjgohX]ajhhhigdb YZh
PdaVg\ZcZgVidgh YVg[ YZc KZcchigdb YZh OZ\aZgh
c^X]i 6WZghiZ^\Zc2
Ch l^gY Zbe[d]aZc0 Y^gZ`i WZ^b OZ\aZg VaaZ IZ^ijc\Zc
b^i Z^cZg Uj\ZciaVhijc\ oj kZghZ]Zc2
X^contaohendih`h
SZgedajc\ YZg @ViiZg^Z= T^gY Y^Z @ViiZg^Z
kZghZ]Zcia^X] kZgedai Vc\ZhX]adhhZc0 [6]gi Y^Zh oj
`Z^cZb PX]VYZc Vb OZ\aZg2
SZgedajc\ YZh PdaVg\ZcZgVidgh= C^cZ ZaZ`igdc^hX]Z
P^X]Zgjc\ hX]6ioi YZc OZ\aZg WZ^ kZgedai
Vc\ZhX]adhhZcZb PdaVg\ZcZgVidg2
Hht`db`aohendih`h
BZg OZ\aZg ^hi b^i Z^cZg ICB ?coZ^\Z Vjh\ZhiViiZi2
IZjX]iZi Y^Z ICB \g6c0 l^gY YZg ?``jbjaVidg
Vj[\ZaVYZc2
Odhq`dm` tog I`nld`]
Gb @Zig^ZW WZc3i^\i YZg IVYZgZ\aZg `Z^cZ WZhdcYZgZ
TVgijc\ dYZg M[aZ\Z2 Cci[ZgcZc P^Z \ZaZ\Zcia^X]
PiVjW b^i Z^cZb igdX`ZcZc QjX]2
Ch ^hi hZ]g l^X]i^\0 YVhh YZg @aZ^V``jbjaVidg
gZ\Zab|w^\ -ojb^cYZhi bdcVia^X]. ^bbZg l^ZYZg
8
kdaahi|cY^\ \ZaVYZc l^gY2 ?cYZgc[Vaah l^gY Y^Z
@aZ^WViiZg^Z YVjZg]V[i \ZhX]|Y^\i2
B^Z SdaaVYjc\ `Vcc kdb IVYZgZ\aZg cjg YVcc
YjgX]\Z[6]gi lZgYZc0 lZcc c^X]i \aZ^X]oZ^i^\ oj
k^Za CcZg\^Z ZcicdbbZc l^gY2 ?X]iZc P^Z YVgVj[0
lZcc P^Z ojh|ioa^X]Z SZgWgVjX]Zg Vc Y^Z PdaVgVcaV\Z
VchX]a^ZwZc2
Y`^chdm^c` K\n`h
PnhiZbcZccheVccjc\
PeVccjc\ FVjeiaVYjc\
PeVccjc\ Cg]Vaijc\haVYjc\
JVm2 JdYjahigdb
?WbZhhjc\Zc
EZl^X]i
JVm2 HVWZafjZghX]c^ii
C^\ZckZgWgVjX]
QZbeZgVijgWZgZ^X]
PX]jio`aVhhZ
rcYZgjc\Zc kdgWZ]VaiZc2
SZgh^dc= 533;373;
FZg\ZhiZaai ^c Z^cZb YZg [da\ZcYZc I|cYZg=
BZjihX]aVcY 7 A]^cV 7 @da^k^V 7 GcY^V
M]dXdh ?E 7 BZjihX]aVcY
lll2e]dXdh2Xdb
45S
4728S
462:S
AJ371524= 7?
AJ431524= 43?
:529 m 94 m 6327bb
9;\
5
-?TE +9.
49 bb
>7 b?
173 1 / 83qA
GM 55
3541../20...
+-*,
9
JS
Xif\l Jc\lb` Jihnliff`l
Zm`l S\ho\f DLhbfdmcE
:
K`\l ^omnig`lF
Q]Vc` ndj kZgn bjX] [dg
Wjn^c\ i]^h M]dXdh
egdYjXi2 MaZVhZ gZVY i]Z
^chigjXi^dch XVgZ[jaan
VcY i]dgdj\]an WZ[dgZ
jh^c\ i]Z egdYjXi2
N`h`l\f X\a`ns W`^igg`h_\ndihm
@ViiZg^Zh hidgZ V aVg\Z Vbdjci d[ ZcZg\n2 KZkZg
h]dgi X^gXj^i V WViiZgn jcYZg Vaa X^gXjbhiVcXZh2
TZ gZXdbbZcY XdccZXi^c\ V [jhZ -hadl VXi^c\
ineZ0 VXXdgY^c\ id i]Z cdb^cVa gZ\jaVidg XjggZci.
Y^gZXian id i]Z WViiZgn iZgb^cVa2
@ViiZg^Zh XVc egdYjXZ [aVbbVWaZ \VhZh2 ?kd^Y
bV`^c\ heVg`h0 jh^c\ [^gZ dg Vcn cV`ZY [aVbZ2
JV`Z hjgZ i]Vi i]Z WViiZgn gddb ^h kZci^aViZY2
?kd^Y idjX]^c\ dg h]dgi X^gXj^i^c\ l^gZh dg
iZgb^cVah2 @Z VlVgZ i]Vi i]Z kdaiV\Zh dc heZX^[^X
iZgb^cVah dg l^gZh XVc WZ je id YdjWaZ i]Z WViiZgn
kdaiV\Z2 RhZ ^hdaViZY iddah0 hiVcY dc Ygn \gdjcY
VcY `ZZe ndjg ]VcYh Ygn2
HZZe X]^aYgZc VlVn [gdb WViiZg^Zh VcY i]Z X]Vg\Z
gZ\jaVidg2
MaZVhZ dWhZgkZ i]Z hV[Zin gZXdbbZcYVi^dch d[
i]Z WViiZgn bVcj[VXijgZg2 G[ ^c YdjWi0 Xdchjai
ndjg YZVaZg dg ^chiVaaZg2
Phn`h_`_ Zm`
Q]Z X]Vg\Z XdcigdaaZg ^h ^ciZcYZY [dg jhZ ^c e]didkdaiV^X
hnhiZbh l^i] 45 S cdb^cVa kdaiV\Z2 Gi h]Vaa WZ jhZY
l^i] kZciZY dg hZVaZY aZVY VX^Y WViiZg^Zh dcan2
Rd\]dfdns Lr^fomdih
Q]Z bVcj[VXijgZg h]Vaa cdi WZ a^VWaZ [dg YVbV\Zh0
ZheZX^Vaan dc i]Z WViiZgn0 XVjhZY Wn jhZ di]Zg i]Vc
Vh ^ciZcYZY dg Vh bZci^dcZY ^c i]^h bVcjVa dg ^[ i]Z
;
gZXdbbZcYVi^dch d[ i]Z WViiZgn bVcj[VXijgZg VgZ
cZ\aZXiZY2 Q]Z bVcj[VXijgZg h]Vaa cdi WZ a^VWaZ ^[
i]ZgZ ]Vh WZZc hZgk^XZ dg gZeV^g XVgg^ZY dji Wn Vcn
jcVji]dg^hZY eZghdc0 jcjhjVa jhZ0 lgdc\ ^chiVaaVi^dc0
dg WVY hnhiZb YZh^\c2
LeZc^c\ XVhZ kd^Yh lVggVcin2
K`m^ldjndih ia Moh^ndihm
Q]Z X]Vg\Z XdcigdaaZg egdiZXih i]Z WViiZgn [gdb
WZ^c\ dkZgX]Vg\ZY Wn i]Z hdaVg VggVn2 Q]Z X]Vg\^c\
X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh ^cXajYZ hZkZgVa hiV\Zh2 ?bW^Zci
iZbeZgVijgZ ^c[ajZcXZh i]Z X]Vg\^c\ X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh2
Q]Z X]Vg\Z XdcigdaaZg ]Vh V cjbWZg d[ hV[Zin VcY
Y^heaVn [jcXi^dch2
Jciimdhb nc` Vimdndih
Q]Z gZ\jaVidg ^h ^ciZcYZY [dg ^cYddg jhZ dcan2 MgdiZXi
^i [gdb Y^gZXi hjca^\]i VcY eaVXZ ^i ^c V Ygn
Zck^gdcbZci2 KZkZg ^chiVaa ^i ^c ]jb^Y gddbh -a^`Z
WVi]gddbh.2
Q]Z gZ\jaVidg lVgbh je Yjg^c\ deZgVi^dc2 Gi h]Vaa
WZ ^chiVaaZY dc V cdc [aVbbVWaZ hjg[VXZ dcan2
Jihh`^ndhb nc` Jc\lb` Jihnliff`l
<
-4. -4.
-5.-6.
Jdjci ^i dc V Ygn0 eaV^c VcY cdc [aVbbVWaZ
hjg[VXZ2 RhZ i]Z bdjci^c\ ]daZh -4.2
AdccZXi i]Z l^gZh aZVY^c\ id i]Z WViiZgn id
iZgb^cVah -5. l^i] i]Z XdggZXi edaVg^in eg^dg id
XdccZXi^c\ i]ZhZ l^gZh id i]Z WViiZgn2
AdccZXi i]Z l^gZh id WViiZgn iZgb^cVah l^i] i]Z
XdggZXi edaVg^in2 Gi ^h gZXdbbZcYZY i]Vi ndj
egdiZXi i]Z WViiZgn Wn XdccZXi^c\ V [jhZ Y^gZXian
id i]Z WViiZgn iZgb^cVa2
AdccZXi i]Z l^gZh aZVY^c\ id i]Z hdaVg VggVn id
iZgb^cVah -6. l^i] i]Z XdggZXi edaVg^in2 Qd Vkd^Y
heVg`h0 h]VYZ i]Z hdaVg VggVn Yjg^c\ XdccZXi^dc2
Q]Z bVm^bjb h]dgi X^gXj^i XjggZci bjhi cdi
ZmXZZY i]Z cdb^cVa XjggZci d[ i]Z gZ\jaVidg2
TZ gZXdbbZcY hdbZ [dgb d[ bZX]Vc^XVa higV^c
gZa^Z[ XadhZ id i]Z gZ\jaVidg [dg Vaa l^gZh2
43