Cirrus Logic CS9236-CQ, CS9236-CL Datasheet
CS9236
Single-Chip Wavetable Music Synthesizer
Features
• Single low-cost device includes MIDI
controller, synthesis engine, effects
processing, RAM, and sample ROM
• General MIDI (GM) compliant
• 32-note polyphony at 44.1kHz rate
• Independent reverb and chorus levels
for each MIDI channel
• +3.3V supply, +5V tolerant inputs
• Fully static power-down capability
• Simple to design in - Serial MIDI in,
Stereo digital audio out
• Digital audio output directly Interfaces
with the CS4236B/37B/38B and
CS4333
General Description
The CS9236 is a complete General MIDI wavetable music synthesizer on a single integrated circuit. The MIDI
interpreter, synthesis engine, effec ts processing, and all
RAM and ROM memories (including the wavetable sample ROM) are included on-chip. This all-digital device
receives a standard serial MIDI data stream, and output s
a stereo 16-bit digital audio stream at 44.1kHz. The
CS9236 digital audio output is directly compatible with
the Crystal CS4236B/37B/38B multimedia CODECs,
and with the CS4333 DAC.
The CS9236 features a high quality General MIDI sample set including 128 melodic instruments and 47
percussion sounds. The synthesis engine is capable of
generating up to 32 simultaneous notes. Digital reverberation and chorusing effects are included on-chip.
The CS9236 is the ideal low-cost General MIDI synthesizer solution for a number of applications, including
multimedia PCs, game machines, karaoke , and low-cost
musical instruments and MIDI sound modul es.
ORDERING INFORMATION
CS9236-CL 0° to 70
CS9236-CQ 0° to 70°C 44-pin TQFP
°C
28-pin PLCC
____
PDN
MCLK5I
XTAL3I
XTALO
MIDI_IN
Clock Generation
& Control
MIDI Interpreter Synthesis Engine Effects Processor
Preliminary Product Information
Crystal Semiconductor Corporation
P.O. Box 17847, Austin, Texas 78760
(512) 445 7222 FAX: (512) 445 7581
http://www.crystal.com
____
RST
TEST
Sample ROM Effects RAM
This document contains information for a new product. Cryst al
Semiconductor reserves the right to modi fy th is product witho ut notic e.
Copyright Crystal Semiconductor Corporation 1997
(All Rights Reserv ed)
VDD1
GND1
VDD2
SOUT
LRCLK
GND2
DS214PP11
MAY ‘97
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS .............................................................................4
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................................4
DIGITAL CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................................6
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS .........................................................................................6
GENERAL DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................7
CS9236/CS4236B/37B/38B Typical Connections ......................................................................7
CS9236/CS4333 Typical Connections ........................................................................................8
CS9236 Clocks and Timing Generation ....................................................................................9
Power-Down Modes .....................................................................................................................9
Digital Audio Interface ................................................................................................................9
Reset ..............................................................................................................................................9
GENERAL MIDI (GM) MELODIC INSTRUMENTS AND PERCUSSION SOUNDS ..............10
MIDI IMPLEMENTATION ...............................................................................................................13
Channel Voice Messages ...........................................................................................................13
Control Change Messages .........................................................................................................13
Registered Parameters ......................................................... ........................................... ..........13
Channel Mode Messages ...........................................................................................................13
System Realtime Messages ........................................................................................................14
System Exclusive Messages .......................................................................................................14
Message Definitions ...................................................................................................................16
Channel Voice Messages.....................................................................................................16
NOTE ON..........................................................................................................................16
NOTE OFF ........................................................................................................................16
PROGRAM CHANGE......................................................................................................17
CHANNEL PRESSURE (Channel Aftertouch)................................................................17
PITCH BEND CHANGE ..................................................................................................18
Control Change Messages...................................................................................................19
MODULATION WHEEL (CONTROLLER 1)................................................................19
DATA ENTRY (CONTROLLERS 6 and 38)...................................................................19
VOLUME (CONTROLLER 7).........................................................................................19
PAN (CONTROLLER 10)................................................................................................20
EXPRESSION (CONTROLLER 11)................................................................................20
DAMPER PEDAL/SUSTAIN (CONTROLLER 64)........................................................20
SOSTENUTO (CONTROLLER 66)..................................... ............................................21
EFFECT 1 DEPTH/REVERB SEND LEVEL (CONTROLLER 91)...............................21
EFFECT 3 DEPTH/CHORUS SEND LEVEL (CONTROLLER 93) ..............................21
REGISTERED PARAMETER NUMBER (RPN) (CONTROLLERS 100 and 101).......22
Registered Parameters.......................... ........ ......................................................................23
PITCH BEND SENSITIVITY (RPN 00)..........................................................................23
FINE TUNING (RPN 01)..................................................................................................23
COARSE TUNING (RPN 02)...........................................................................................24
Channel Mode Messages.....................................................................................................25
ALL SOUNDS OFF (Controller 120)...............................................................................25
RESET ALL CONTROLLERS (Controller 121)..............................................................25
ALL NOTES OFF (Controller 123)..................................................................................25
OMNI MODE OFF (Controller 124) ................................................................................25
OMNI MODE ON (Controller 125)..................................................................................26
MONO MODE ON (Controller 126) ................................................................................26
POLY MODE ON (Controller 127)..................................................................................26
System Real Time Messages...............................................................................................27
CS9236
2 DS214PP11
ACTIVE SENSING...........................................................................................................27
SYSTEM RESET..............................................................................................................27
System Exclusive Messages................................................................................................28
ENABLE RECOGNITION OF MIDI CHANNEL PRESSURE......................................28
DISABLE RECOGNITION OF MIDI CHANNEL PRESSURE.....................................28
ENABLE TEST TONE.....................................................................................................29
DISABLE TEST TONE....................................................................................................29
PIN DESCRIPTIONS ..........................................................................................................................30
CS9236
DS214PP11 3
CS9236
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS (DGND=0V, all voltages with respect to 0V.)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
Power Supply VD 3.0 3.3 3.6 V
Operating Ambient Temperature
Per JEDEC Standard No. 8-A for LVCMOS
T
A
02570°C
SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (T
= 0 - 70 °C; VD = +3.3V ± .3V, outputs loaded with 30pF;
A
Input Levels: Logic 0 = 0V, Logic 1 = 5V) (Not e 1)
Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Units
t
t
f
f
ck
ckl
ckh
lrw
16.92 16.9344 16.95 MHz
23.6 - - ns
23.6 - - ns
-44.1-kHz
Input clock (CLKIN) frequency (Note 2)
CLKIN low time
CLKIN high time
LRCLK frequency (Note 2)
LRCLK duty cycle 47 50 53 %
SOUT delay from LRCLK rising/falling edge
t
sdsk
--10ns
MIDI_IN Bit Rate (Asynchronous to MCLK5I or XTAL3I) 30937.5 31250 31562.5 bits/s
RST
pulse width low
PDN
pulse width low
high to valid MIDI input
RST
PDN
high to valid MIDI input
t
rpw
t
ppw
t
t
rdr
rdp
500 - - ns
500 - - ns
300 - - ms
0.15 - - ms
Notes: 1. XTAL3I input level is VD.
2. LRCLK frequency is equal to f
achieved when CLKIN frequency, f
/384. Optimum synthesized pitch and envelope characteristics will be
ck
, is equal to 16.9344 MHz (LRCLK frequency, f
ck
= 44.1 kHz).
lrw
Specification s are subject to change without notice.
4 DS214PP11
MCLK_IN
Master Clock Timing
-1
(f )
ck
t
ckltckh
-1
(f )
lrw
CS9236
LRCLK
SOUT
RST
PDN
t
sdsk
Digital Audio Port Timing
t
rpw
t
ppw
t
rdr
t
rdp
MIDI_IN
Start Bit
MIDI
DATA
RST/PDN Timing
DS214PP11 5
CS9236
DIGITAL CHARACTERISTICS (T
= 25 °C; VD = +3.3V)
A
Parameter Symbol Min Max Units
High-level Input Voltag e (Note 3)
Low-level Input Voltage
High-level Output Voltage at I
= -100µA
O
at IO = -1mA
Low-level Output Voltage at I
= 100µA
O
at IO = 4mA
V
IH
V
IL
V
OH
V
OL
Input leakage Current (Digital Inputs) - 10
Supply Current (Normal Operation)
(Power Down with RST
)
(Power Down with PDN)
2.0 - V
-0.3 0.8 V
VD - 0.3
VD - 0.5
-
-
-
-
-
-V
0.3
0.5
150
400
1
V
µ
mA
µ
mA
A
A
Notes: 3. JEDEC Standard No. 8-A for LVCMOS, copyright Electronic Industries Association 1994, specifies
VD+0.3 max. CS9236 digital inputs are +5V tolerant.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (DGND = 0V, all voltages with respect to 0V)
Parameter Symbol Min Max Units
Power Supplies VD -0.3 4.6 V
Input Current (Except Supply Pins) - ±20 mA
Digital Input Voltage -0.3 5.25 V
Ambient Temperature (Power Applied) -55 125 ° C
Storage Temperature -55 125 ° C
Warning: Operation beyond these limits may result in permanent damage to the device.
Normal operation is not guar anteed at these extremes.
6 DS214PP11
CS9236
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The CS9236 is a complete 32-note General MIDI music synthesizer with integra l di git al effects processing in a s ing le device. This device accepts a standard serial MIDI data stream
at 31.25 kbit /s and ge nerat es a s tereo digi tal a udio o utput data
stream at 44.1 ksample/s sampling rate. The device operates
from a sing le 3.3VDC s upply. Th e digi tal i nputs to the de vice
are 5V toler ant , allowing dir ect co nne ction to part s wh ich are
powered from 5V or 3V supplies. The CS9236 has been designed to interface directly with the Crystal Semiconductor
CS4236B/37B/38B Single Chip Audio Systems and with the
CS4333 Stereo D/A Converter (DAC). When the CS9236 is
used in conjunction with the CS4236B/37B/38B, the digital
audio output from the CS9236 is input to the CS4236B/37B/
38B in digital format, so no separate DAC is required. In applications which require an analog output from the CS9236,
the CS4333 DAC is employed to convert the digital audio
output of the CS9236 into analog format.
CS9236/CS4236B/ 37B/38B Ty pical Connecti ons
The CS9236 combine d wi th t he CS4236B/37B/38B prov id es
a complete ISA Plug-and-Play compatible sound system for
multimedia PC ap pli ca ti ons . Fi gur e 1 depicts the typ ic al con nections between the CS9236 and the CS4236B/37B/38B. In
this application, the CS4236B/37B/38B 16.9344 MHz
MCLK gated clo ck out put d rives the CS9236 MC LK5I inpu t,
eliminating the need for a separate quartz cryst al circuit.
MIDI messages are sent from the host PC to the CS4237B
over the ISA bus. The CS4236B/37B/38B provides a Plugand-Play configurable MPU-401 UART mode-compatible
ISA MIDI interface. The CS4236B/37B/38B MPU-401
UART function transmits the MIDI data received over the
ISA bus to the CS9236 (and to the Joystick MIDI Out pin) in
serial format. The CS9236 interprets the MIDI messages and
generates the appropriate musical sounds. These sounds are
output in seri al digital audi o format at the CS9236 SOUT pin.
The digital audio output from the CS9236 is input directly
into the CS4236B/37B/38B, eliminating the need for a separate DAC.
For more details on using the CS9236 with the CS4236B/
37B/38B, see Application Note 92, "Configuring the
CS423xB/CS9236 Wavetable Interface."
Figure 1. CS9236/CS4236B, CS4237B or CS4238B Typical Connections
DS214PP11 7
CS9236
CS9236/CS4333 Typical C onnections
In applications which require analog audio output from the
CS9236 synthesizer, the CS4333 Stereo DAC is utilized.
Figure 2 shows typical connections for a stand-alone music
synthesizer application (e.g. low-cost musical keyboards,
MIDI modules, game boxes). In this application the CS9236
digital audio output, SOUT, and the associated clocks, LRCLK and XTALO, are input to the CS4333. The CS4333
converts t he stereo di gital au dio data st ream int o left and r ight
analog audio outputs, LOUT and ROUT.
Note that the e xampl e s hown i n Fi gur e 2 e mploy s an R-C filter circuit to generate a reset signal which is applied to both
the CS9236 RST
may be desirable to control one or both of these control signals dynamically.
The CS4333 clock input is driven by the CS9236 crystal oscillator output pin. The CS9236 must be placed as close as
possible to the CS4333 in order to mini miz e th e le ngth of the
XTALO/MCLK trace. The XTALO capacitor must be 10 pF,
while the XTAL3I capacitor remains the typical 22 pF. If the
CS9236 cannot be placed close to the CS4333, the buffered
crystal circuit shown in Figure 3 or a MicroClock MK144402 clock gener ator may be used. Do n ot use separ ate 16.93 44
MHz crystals/clock sources for the synthesizer and DAC.
and PDN inputs. In some applications it
Figure 2. CS9236/CS4333 Typical Connections.
Figure 3. Buffered Crystal Oscillator Circuit.
8 DS214PP11
CS9236
CS9236 Clocks and T iming Generation
The CS9236 internal timing is derived from one of two possible sources; the part may be supplied a 16.9344 MHz Master Clock signal from an exte rnal sour ce, or the ti ming may be
generated using the on-chip oscillator circuit in conjunction
with an external 16.9344 MHz quar t z cr ys tal . When a Master
Clock signal is provided to the CS9236 from an external device, the Master Clock signal should be connected to the
CS9236 MCLK5I input pin and the XTAL3I input pin is
grounded. W he n t he CS9236 internal ti min g i s generated us ing the on- chi p o sci l lat or circuit, a 16.9344 MHz quar tz crystal is connected between the CS9236 XTAL3I input pin and
the XTALO output p in, and t he MCLK5I i nput p in is groun ded. In this case, the XTALO output may also be used as a
384X master clock fo r the CS9 236 digit al audi o output signal,
SOUT.
Power-Down Modes
The CS9236 provides a fully-static power-down mode of operation. The power-down mode is i nitiated either by asserti on
of the active-low PDN
input signal (vi a the CODEC DMCLK bit in CS4236B/7B/8B
applications). In the power-down mode of operation, clock
signals t o virt ually al l of th e CS9236 interna l circu itry ar e gated off to minimize power consumption. The CS9236 device
is fully static, so all internal states and register values will be
retained during power-down, provided that power remains
applied to the d evice a nd that the RST
tive. Power-down operation is terminated either by deassertion of P DN
or by gating back on the MCLK5I input signal.
The device will then resume normal operation.
signal, or by ga ting off of the MCLK5I
signal re mains in ac-
Digital Audio Interfa ce
The CS9236 provides a stereo 16-bit serial digital audio output at a 44 .1 ksampl e/s s ampling rate. The CS9236 digit al au dio output is compatible with the Crystal Semiconductor
CS4236B/37B/38B and CS4333 devices. The digital audio
interface consists of the digital audio output signal, SOUT,
and the associated left/right word clock output, LRCLK.
Transitions of the SOUT and LRCLK signals are synchronous to the CS9236 crystal oscillator output clock, XTALO.
The relationship between the CS9236 SOUT data output and
the LRCLK clock output is indicated in Figure 4.
Reset
The CS9236 is initial ized/ rese t to a known defa ult st ate usi ng
the RST
on time to initialize th e part. Min imum RST
500 ns.
signal. The RST signal should be applied at power-
pulse width is
15
Left Channel
13 12111098765432114 0 15 1312111098765432114 00
LRCLK
SOUT 8-bits 8-bits
Right Channel
Figure 4. Digital Audio Port Format.
DS214PP11 9
CS9236
GENERAL MIDI (GM) MELODIC
INSTRUMENTS AND PERCUSSION
SOUNDS
The CS9236 supports 128 melodic instruments and 47 percussive sounds as specified by the General MIDI Level 1
specification.
MIDI messages generally consist of a single status byte followed by one or two data bytes (Real-Time messages and
System Exclusive messages are exceptions). The status byte
is an eight-bit value whic h i ndi cat es the type of messa ge, a n d
for Channel Voice or Channel Mode messages, the MIDI
channel number to which the mes sa ge a ppl ie s. The most sig-
nificant bit of the Status byte is always a “1”. The most significant bit a MIDI Data byte is always a “0”, so a data byte
contains only 7 bits of useful data. Status bytes and Data
bytes for functions not implemented are ignored.
In General MIDI (GM) instruments like the CS9236, MIDI
channels 1 - 9 and 11 - 16 are used for melodic instruments.
On MIDI channels 1 - 9 and 11 - 16, the MIDI Program
Change messag e is used t o sel ec t the inst rument to be used on
a specific MIDI channel. The General MIDI melodic instrument set is listed in Table 1.
The General MIDI system reserves channel 10 for keymapped percussion sounds. The General MIDI percussion
map defines the asso ciati on of perc ussio n soun ds to ke y numbers (note numbers) for use on channel 10. Program Change
messages on channel 10 are ignored. The CS9236 includes
default settings for the PAN, the REVERB SEND level, and
the CHORUS SEND level for each of the General MIDI percussion sou nds. The PAN settin g used fo r a percus sion sound
on channel 10 is a function of both the CS9236 default value
and the MIDI PAN value for channel 10 (PAN messages on
channel 10 are interpreted by the CS9236 as relative, rather
than absol ute, v alues) . For ex ample, t he default pan value for
the Hand Clap is 54 (10 units left of center) and the default
pan value for the Tambourine is 74 (10 units right of center).
A MIDI PAN message on channel 10 indicating a new pan
value of 50 (14 units left of center) for the channel would
place the Hand Clap at 40 (24 units left of center), and the
Tambourine at 60 (4 units left of center). A MIDI PAN message on channel 10 indicating a new pan value of 0 (64 units
left of center, or “hard left”) for the channel would place the
Hand Clap at 0 (hard l eft), a nd the Tambo urine at 10 (54 un its
left of center). The REVERB SEND level used for a percussion sound on channel 10 will be either the default value for
that percussion sound, or the MIDI REVERB SEND value
(MIDI Controller 91), whichever is greater. The CHORUS
SEND level used for a percussion sound on channel 10 will
be either the default value for that percussion sound, or the
MIDI CHORUS SEND value (MIDI Controller 93), whichever is greater.
Some of the pe rcussion instr umen t s ounds available on channel 10 belon g to “mutual ly exclu sive group s”. Althou gh multiple sounds may be generated simultaneously on channel 10
when operating in the normal POLY ON mode, no mo re th an
one sound from each of the mutually exclusive groups may
sound at a given time. For example, the Open Hi-Hat (Note
# 46), the Closed Hi-Hat (Note # 42), and the Pedal Hi-Hat
(Note # 44) all belong to the same mutually exclusive group.
If the Open Hi-Hat was already sounding when a MIDI
NOTE ON me ss age w as re c ei ved f o r th e Clo s ed H i-H at , the
Closed Hi-Hat woul d be played whi le the Open Hi -Hat would
be immediately forced into it’s release phase (the two notes
would overla p only for t he dura tion of th e releas e phase of t he
Open Hi-Hat sound). A Crash Cymbal sound (not a member
of this mutually exclusive group) which was also playing
when the NOTE ON message was received would not be affected.
The General MIDI percussi on sound map is giv en in Table 2.
This table also indicates the mutually exclusive group membership for each of the percussion sounds as implemented in
the CS9236.
10 DS214PP11
CS9236
PC# Instrument name PC# Instrument name PC# Instrument name PC# Instrument name
1 Acoustic Grand Piano
2 Bright Acoustic Piano
3 Electric Grand Piano
4 Honky-tonk Piano
5 Electric Piano 1
6 Electric Piano 2
7 Harpsichord
8Clavi
9 Celesta
10 Glockenspiel
11 Music Box
12 Vibraphone
13 Marimba
14 Xylophone
15 Tubular Bells
16 Dulc imer
17 Drawbar Organ
18 Percusive Organ
19 Rock Organ
20 Church Organ
21 Reed Organ
22 Accordion
23 Harmonica
24 Tango Accordian
25 Acoustic Guit. (nylon)
26 Ac oust ic G uit . (st eel )
27 Electric Guitar (jazz)
28 Electric Guitar (clean)
29 Electric Guitar (muted)
30 Overdriven Guitar
31 Distortion Guitar
32 Guitar harmonics
33 Acoustic Bass
34 Electric Bass (finger)
35 Electric Bass (pick)
36 Fretless Bass
37 Slap Bass 1
38 Slap Bass 2
39 Synth Bass 1
40 Synth Bass 2
41 Violin
42 Viola
43 Cello
44 Contrabass
45 Tremelo Strings
46 Pizzicato Strings
47 Orchestral Harp
48 Timpani
49 String Ensemble 1
50 String Ensemble 2
51 SynthStrings 1
52 SynthStrings 2
53 Choir Aahs
54 Voice Oohs
55 Synth Voice
56 Orchestra Hit
57 Trumpet
58 Trombone
59 Tuba
60 Muted Trumpet
61 French Horn
62 Brass Section
63 SynthBrass 1
64 SynthBrass 2
65 Soprano Sax
66 Alto Sax
67 Tenor Sax
68 Baritone Sax
69 Oboe
70 English Horn
71 Bassoon
72 Clarinet
73 Picclo
74 Flute
75 Recorder
76 Pan Flute
77 Blown Bottle
78 Shakuhachi
79 Whistle
80 Ocarina
81 Lead 1 (square)
82 Lead 2 (sawtooth)
83 Lead 3 (calliope)
84 Lead 4 (chiff)
85 Lead 5 (charang)
86 Lead 6 (voice)
87 Lead 7 (fifths)
88 Lead 8 (bass + lead)
89 Pad 1 (new age)
90 Pad 2 (warm)
91 Pad 3 (polysynth)
92 Pad 4 (choir)
93 Pad 5 (bowed)
94 Pad 6 (metallic)
95 Pad 7 (halo)
96 Pad 8 (sweep)
97 FX 1 (rain)
98 FX 2 (soundtrack)
99 FX 3 (crystal)
100 FX 4 (atmosphere)
101 FX 5 (brightness)
102 FX 6 (goblins)
103 FX 7 (echoes)
104 FX 8 (sci-fi)
105 Sitar
106 Banjo
107 Shamisen
108 Koto
109 Kalimba
110 Bag Pipe
111 Fiddle
112 Shanai
113 Tinkle Bell
114 Agogo
115 Steel Drums
116 Woodblock
117 Taiko Drum
118 Melodic Tom
119 Synth Drum
120 Reverse Cymbal
121 Guitar Fret Noise
122 Breath Noise
123 Seashore
124 Bird Tweet
125 Telephone Ring
126 Helicopter
127 Applause
128 Gunshot
Table 1. General MIDI Melodic Instrument Map (MIDI channels 1 - 9, 11 - 16)
DS214PP11 11
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