Charles S. Cleeland The Brief Pain Inventory ii, Brief Pain Inventory, BPI User Manual

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The Brief Pain Inventory

User Guide

Charles S. Cleeland, PhD

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) copyright is held by Dr. Charles S. Cleeland (1991). The copyright applies to the BPI and all its derivatives in any language.

The BPI may not be used or reproduced without permission from Charles S. Cleeland, PhD, or his designee . Fees for use may apply.

The BPI may not be modified or translated into another language without the express written consent of the copyright holder. Failure to comply may result in legal action. Permission to alter or translate the instrument m ay be obtained by contacting Dr. Charles S. Cleeland either by e-mail at[email protected]

by mail at:

Charles S. Cleeland, PhD Professor and C hair, Departm ent of

Symptom R esearch

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson

Cancer Center 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450 Houston, Texas 77030

Visit www.mdanderson.org/departments/p rg >

Assessment Tools > Brief Pain Inventory for more

information.

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Tabl e of Co nten ts

Chapt er 1....... .......................................................... 1

De velopment o f the Brief Pain Inventory..............1

Back ground ......................................... ............... 1

Developing a Measurement Mo del an d It ems2

Test Construction Standards......................... 3

Measurement Conceptualization: Multiple

Dimensions of Pa i n........................................3

Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain

Questionnaire..................................................... 5

The Brief Pain Inventory...................................... 6

Scoring the Brief Pain Inventory as an

Outco me Measur e....................................... 7

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Pain

Inventory........................................................ 8

References........................................................11

Chapt er 2....... .........................................................15

BPI References: Use of th e BPI in Various Studies 15

Cancer Bone P ain.............................................16

Cancer Epid emiol o gy ......................................20

Cancer Pain......................................................21

Depr es sive D iso rd ers.........................................31

Fabry Disease....................................................32

Fibromyal gi a....... ...............................................33

HIV/A IDS.......... ..................................................34

Minor i ty Studies ..................................................35

Neuromusc ular Pain..........................................36

Neuro pathi c P ain.......... ....................................40

Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Diseases...........42

Psychosocial Studies.........................................45

Surgical and Procedural Pain...........................46

Validation Studies.............................................49

Language Tr anslations.. ....................................58

Methods Papers................................................59

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Chapter 1

Deve lopment of the Brief Pain Inventory

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) has become one of the most widely used measurement tools for assessing clinical pain. The BPI allows patients to rate the severity of their pain and the degree to which their pain interferes with common dimensions of feeling and function. Initially developed to assess pain related to cancer, the BPI has been shown t o be an appropriate measure for pain caused by a wide range of clinical conditions. The BPI has been used in hundreds of studies. In some ways, the BPI is a “legacy” instr ument—a self-report measure that has, over time, become a standard for the assessm ent of pain and its impact.

Background

In the late 1970s, it became incr easingly evident that patients with cancer, especially the later stages of th e disease, experienced incapac itating pain that was often poorly controlled. A constellation of events— the publishing of opinion pieces by prominent persons with cancer pain, the increasing advocacy of pain professionals and organizations for better cancer pain management, a grow in g awareness of the problem by national and international policy groups, and the simple recognition that pain often could be controlled—created the climate for a sustained effort to improve pain management for those wit h c ancer.

A first step in this effort was to document the extent of poor pain management. The Nat ional Cancer In stitute (NCI) and the Canc er Unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) wanted measurem ent instruments that would better capt ure the severity and impact of cancer pain and measure improvement in pain after changes in analgesic practice or implementation of new pain treatm ents. These instruments also needed to function well in large-scal e national and internation al studies of the epidemiology of cancer pain.

With grant support from both the NCI and the WHO, the Pain Research Group at the University of Wisconsin Medical SchoolMadison, under the direction of Charles S. Cleeland, PhD, undertook a program to t est and develop self-report measures of cancer pain and to apply them to studies of pain and its treatment in the United States and internationally. The Pain Research Group, now the Department of Symptom Research at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, was also the WHO Collaborating Center for Symptom Research in Cancer.

Developing a Measurement Model and Items

Several existing pain measures (su ch as the McGill Pain Questionnaire; Melzack, 1975) were field-tested in interviews w ith cancer pat ie nts who had pain (N=50). Almost all of th ese measures had been designed to assess pain in patients with nonmalignant disease. The patients reported that the m easures were too complex and too long, making them excessively burdensome for patients with high levels of pain. Patients also noted that the existing instruments included items not relevant to cancer patients and sometimes required responses that patients felt were ambiguous (Cleeland, 1984). Patients were also asked what questions they felt were the most important for communicating their experience of pain. The results of this study made clear that a new measurement instrument was needed.

The Pain Research Group planned a program to develop such an instrument. The aims were to have a scale that: (a) would take only a short time to complete; (b) would be easy for patients to understand; (c) could be self-administered for literate patients, or be completed by interview for illiterate or low-literacy p atients; (d)

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would be easily translate d for non-English-speaking patients; and (e) would capture not only pain severity, but also the perception of how pain interfered with daily life.

Test Construction Standards

As a guide to scal e constructio n, we used t hen-current psychometri c standards found in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests published by the American Psychological Association, American Educational Research Asso ciation, and t he National Council on Measurement in Education ( 1974). These standard s incl ud ed common elem ent s of test validity (content, criterion, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest). These standards had not been systematic ally applied in t he development of the e xisting pain report sca les.

Measurement Conceptualization: Multiple Dimensions of Pain

That pain is multidimensional was ma de clear during o ur patient interviews: patients reported that an adequate represent ation of pain required more than one simple measure of pain intensity. Melzack and Casey (1968) suggested that, based on the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of pain, pain assessment should include three dimensions: sensorydiscriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative. This approach to sel f-report measurement relied on three distinct patterns of responses to the words that patients used to describe their pain. H ow ever, the patient s we int erviewed had d ifficulty discriminating between the motivational-affective and cognitiveevaluati ve dimensions (Cleeland, 1989; Cleeland, 1990).

More comm only, researchers have foun d that two dimensions of pain self-report account for most of the variability in the way patients describe pain. Beecher (1959) called these dimensions “pain” and “reaction to pain”; Clark and Yang (1983) called them “sensory-discriminative” and “attitudinal.” Following Beech er, we called these dimensio ns “sensory” and “reactive” (Cleeland,

1989). Accordingly , our new questionnaire was developed to include

items that reported the “sensory” dimension of pain (intensity, or severity) and the “reactive” dimension of pa in (interference with

daily function). We constructed four items to capture the variability of pain over time: pain at its “worst,” “least,” “average,” and “now” (current pain). On the basis of patient interviews from additional field testing, we chose seven items that measured ho w much pain int erfered with var io u s da ily activities, including gen eral activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, re lations with others, and sl eep. Two subd imen sions of pain interference were proposed: an affective subdimension (REM: relations with others, enjoyment of life, and mood) and an activity subdimension (WAW: walking, general activity, and work). The appropriate categorization of sle ep within th ese two subdimensions was unclear.

A graphic representation of the conceptual fr amework for our measurement model is shown below. The model conforms to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Draft Guidance for Industry,

Patient-reported Ou tcom e Measures: Use in Medical Product Develo pm ent to Sup port Labeling Claims (Food and Drug

Administration , 2006) .

REM

WAW

Interference

Pain Severity

Working

General Activity

Walking

Mood

Enjoyment of Life

Relati ons with Ot hers

Pain Now

Aver age Pain

Least P ain

Worst Pain

Patient Pain Experience

Sleep?

CONSTRUCTS ITEMS

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Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire

The first version of our pain measure was the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (BPQ; Daut & Cleeland, 1982; Daut, Cleeland, & Flanery, 1983). In the initial phase of scale development, 667 patients wit h cancer and 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were administered a three-page questionnaire and interviewed about the basic parameters of their pain (Daut et al., 1982). Patients who had experienced pain in the last month were asked to rate their pain intens ity at its “worst,” “average,” and “now” and to rate th e extent to which pain had interfered with act ivit y and enjoyment of life. Patients were also asked to mark their pain location(s) on front/back body diagrams and to describe their perception of the cause of pain, the types of pain treatment they were receiving, and the amount of relief provided by their treatment. Patients were also asked to describe the quality of their pa in by choosing words among a list of verbal descriptors derived from the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1975).

The design of the four-page BPQ was based on this initial questionnaire. In the BPQ, a 0–10 numerical rating scale was used to measure three pain severity items: “worst” in the past mo nth, “average,” and “now,” where 0=no pain and 10=pain as bad as you can imagine. The interference items were measured using a five-option verbal descriptor scale, with ratings of 0=not at all, 1 =a little bit, 2=moderately, 3=quite a bit, and 4=extremely. The recall period for b oth severity and interference scales was “in the la st week.” The BPQ also retained the body diagram from the initial questionnaire, along with word descriptors of pain quality and questions about type s and effectiveness of pain treatment, the patient’s perception of the cause of pain, and cer t ain dem ogr aphic in for m a tion.

A second study (Daut et al., 1983) investigated the psychometric properties of the BPQ. This set of analyses was ba sed on BPQ dat a obtained from more than 1200 patients with cancer at Th e University of Wisconsin Cancer Center. To determine test-retest character istics of the BPQ, subsamples of patients complet ed the BPQ on two or more oc casions. For comparison with other disease sites, a sampl e of patients with pain from rheum atoid arthritis was also surveyed.

Most of the patients were able to complete the BPQ by themselves with little or no instr uction; others were interviewed to complete the questionnaire. A subset 25 patients compl et ed both an interview-administered and self-administered version of the survey in counterbalanced order. We found little difference in ratings due to mode of administration. As expected, test-retest reliability varied by item. Short (day s) test-retest reliability w as 0.93 for “worst pain,” but only 0.59 for “pain now.” Preliminary exploration found that patient-reported pain severity and interference were directly associated with the use of opioid analgesics and the severity of disease.

The Brief Pain Inventory

The next iteration of our pain measure was the long form

of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI; Cleeland, 1989; Cleeland, 1990; Cleeland, 1991; Cleeland & Ryan, 1994). In this new instrument, we added the item “least pain” to the severity items and dropp ed the categorical rating scale for the interference items, in response to patient pr eference. The in terference items were now presented with 0–10 scales, with 0=no interference and 10=interferes completely. The initial version of the BPI used a recall period of one week for both pain sever ity an d pain interfer ence ratings, included questions about medicat ion use, and a sked the patient to check potential pain quality descriptors that may describe their pain. The BPI long form also asked questions about the percentage and duration of pain relief and nonmedical methods used to relieve pain.

This version of the BPI proved to be too lengthy for repeated use in clinical monitoring or as a repeated measure in research. As a result, we developed a shorter version

of the BPI. This version of the BPI retained the front and back body diagrams, the four pain severity items and seven pain interference items rated on 0–10 scales, and the question about percentage of pain relief by analgesics. The most important difference between the longer and shorter versions of the BPI is that the latt er uses a 24-hour recall period.

Whereas the BPI long form is still used as a baseline measure in clinical trials, the shorter version has become the standard for use

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in clinical and research applications. The short for m is typically what is referred to when the BPI is cited in research, and it is the version we describe below. Most psychometric evaluations of the BPI have been performed on the short form.

Scoring the Brief Pain Inventory as an Outcome Measure

A recent consensus panel recommended that the two domains measured by the BPI— pain intensity (severity) and the impact of pain on functioning (interference)— be included as outcomes in all chronic-pain clinical trials (IMMPACT, Turk et al., 2003). The IMMPACT panel (www.immpact.org

) specifically identified the interference items of the BPI, rated on a 0–10 scale, as one of the two scales recommended for assessment of pain-related functional impairment (Dworkin et al., 2005).

How to Score the BPI: Pain Severity

The BPI assesses pain at its “worst,” “least,” “average,” and “now” (current pain). In clinical trials, the item s “worst” and “average” have each been used singly to represent pain severity. A composite of the four pain items (a mean severity score) is sometimes presented as supplemental information . The use of these single items is supported by the IMMPACT recommendations for assessing pain in clinical trials (Dworkin et al., 2005; Turk et al., 2006; Dworkin et al., 2008) and by the FDA Draft Guidance for Industry: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (Food and Drug Administration, 2006). However, the BPI’s developers recommen d that all four severity items be used, because the models for validation of the BPI included all four items.

How to Score the BPI: Pain Interference

The BPI measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily activities, including general activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with others, and sleep. BPI pain interference is typically scored as the mean of the seven interference items. This mean can be used if more than 50%, or four of seven, of the total items have b een completed on a given administration.

We are exploring the utility of scoring the activity and affective dimensions described above (WAW and REM, see diagram[link]) as arithmetic means of these set s of items.

How to Score the BPI: Other Items

The item, “Throughout our lives, most of us have had pain from time to t ime (such as minor headaches, sprains, and tootha ches). Have you had pain other than these everyday kinds of pain today?” is a YES/NO preliminary screening question at the beginning of the BPI. This item is optional and we have not evaluated its psychomet ric properties. The BPI also asks the patient to indicat e the percentage of relief provided by pain treatm ent s or medications, but we have not found this item to be very useful in our studies.

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Pain Inventory

Dimensions of the BPI: Two-Factor Structure

Several approaches have explored the un derl ying dimen sions of the BPI. As described above, the BPI was designed to capture two dimensions of pain: severity and interference. The BPI was also intended to capture two components of interference— activity and affect (emotions).

One of the first studies of the dimensions of the BPI compared the factor stru cture of four language versions of the BPI used to a ssess cancer pain in the United States, Mexico, the Philippines, and Vietnam (Cleeland, 1990). Factor analysis was applied to the matrix of int ercorrelations of the item scores of each sample. For each language version, th e same two factors em erged with an eigenvalue greater than 1: the first factor comprised the p ain interference items and the second factor comprised the pa in severity items. The similarity of the factor loading among the language ve rsions indicated that patients experiencin g cancer and pain, living in var iou s countries a nd speaking var ious languages, responded to the items in a similar fashion.

This two-factor structure was confirmed in a large national study conducted in the U.S. by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Outpatients (N= 1261) with recurrent or metastatic cancer

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from 80 centers were enrolled in the study (Cleeland et al., 1994). Factor analy sis verified t he two separate factors, pain severity and interference, found in the previous study. Intern al stability (Cronba ch alpha) was also examined in th is stu dy. Alpha s showed good internal consistency, ranging from 0.80 to 0.87 for the four pain severity items and from 0.89 to 0.92 for the seven interference items. Subsequent data from studies of cancer patients in many countrie s and many languages have demonstrated h igh internal consistency and the robust nature of these two dimensions of the BPI.

Dimensions of the BPI: Multidimensional Scaling of Interference

We have also used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to examine the dimensions of the BPI. We used a four-country sample with BPI responses from patient s wit h cancer and pa in (Cleeland et al.,

1996). In this MDS analysis, we focused on only the interference items of the survey. Our purpose was to explore potential linguistic and cultur al difference s in the repor t of pain interference.

As we had hypothesized , two dimensions of the interference scale were demon strated. The f irst dimension consisted of pat ients’ ratings of pain’s interference with enjoyment of life, mood, and relations wit h others (REM, the affective cluster of interferen ce items). A second dimension of interference ratings consisted of patients’ ratings of pa in’s interf erence with wal k ing, g eneral activity, work, and sleep (WAW, the activity cluster of interference items). Subsequent studies of additional language versions (Hindi in Saxena, Mendoza, & Cleeland, 1999; Norwegian in Klepstad et al.,

2002) ha ve s hown a similar decomposition of the interference items into the affective (REM ) and activity (WAW) interference subscales.

In summary, there is strong psychometric support for the independent measurement of pain severity and interferen ce in the BPI. In addition, there is provisional evidence that the interferen ce items independently measure activity and affective interferen ce.

Test-Retest Relia bility

Values from any measure should not differ significantly between assessments. The underlying concept of a measure should not change between assessments. This psychometric concept ap plies to patient-r eport instruments and is examined by test -retest reliability.

The test-retest reliability of the BPI has been studied in cancer patients and other patients with pain. Initial short-term (1 day to 1 week) reliability for ratings of pain “worst” (0.93) and “usual” or “average” pain (0.78) in patients with cancer was high, which signals acceptable reliability. As expected, test-retest reliability for pain “now” severity ratings were lower (0.59), because pain intensity often changes over time (Daut et al., 1983).

Several mor e recent studies have fou nd similar test-retest coefficients for these items. For example, Radbruch et al. (1999) examined test-retest coefficients in 109 outpatients in a German pain clinic, with the retest occurring 30 to 60 minutes after the first administration. Test-r etest values w er e 0 .98 for pain se verity and

0.97 for pain interference. The individu al item with the lowest value, 0.78, was pain “least.”

Reliabilities have also b een examined w ith daily administration of the BPI. In patients with osteoarthritis (Mendoza et al., 2006), testretest reli abilities of pain severity (pain “worst,” “average,” and “current”) between consecutive daily administration for a w eek showed correlations ranging from 0.83 to 0.88. The test-retest reliabilities for pain interference ranged from 0.83 to 0.93, beginning at day 1 for the week.

In another stu dy of patients wh o underwent coronary artery bypass graft, the test-retest reliability coefficients for pain severity ranged from 0.72 to 0.95 during assessment periods where postsurgic al pain declined in an expected direction (Mendoz a et al., 2004). Similarly, the test-retest reliability coefficients for pain interferen ce ranged from 0.81 to 0.93 during the sa me assessment period.

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Test-Retest Reliability and Alternate-Forms Reliability: the Hindi Translation

Finally, one study combined an examination of both test-ret est reliability and alternate-forms reliability (Saxena et al., 1999). In this study, 100 patients wit h can cer who spoke both English and Hindi completed both language versions of the BPI on different days in a counterbal anced design. In addition to reporting rel iabi lity based on internal consistency, the study design allowed calculation of the alternate-forms reliability of the BPI. Treating the Hindi and English ver sions of the BPI a s al ternate test f orms, the alternate-form reliabilities of the int erference and severit y subscales were 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. These reliabilities demonstrated that the Hindi and English versions could be substituted for one another in assessing the severity of pain and its imp act in bilingual pat ients. These data also pro vided support for the high test-retest reliability of the BPI.

In summary, the BPI is reliable to the extent that high test-retest reliability and alternate-form reliability is demonstrated when pain is stable or when pain changes in a predictable way.

References

American Psychological Association, Am erican Educati onal

Research Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests. Washington DC: 1974.

Cleeland CS. The impact of pain on the patient with cancer.

Cancer 54(11 Suppl): 2635-2641, 12/1984.

Cleeland CS. Measurement of pain by subjective report. In:

Chapman CR, Loeser JD, editors. Issues in Pain Measurement. New York: Raven Press; pp. 391-403, 1989Advances in Pain Research and Therapy; Vol. 12.

Cleeland CS. Assessment of pain in can cer: measurement issues.

In: Foley KM, Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, editors. Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Cancer Pain. New York: Raven Press; pp. 47-55, 1990Advances in Pain Research and Therapy; Vol. 1 6.

Cleeland CS. Pain assessment in cancer. In: Osoba D, editor. Effect

of Cancer on Quality of Life. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.; pp. 293-305, 1991.

Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Hatfield AK, Edmonson JH, Blum RH, Stewart

JA, Pandya KJ. Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 330(9): 592-596, 3/1994.

Cleeland CS, Nakamura Y, Mendoza TR, Edwards KR, Douglas J,

Serlin RC. Dimensions of the impact of cancer pain in a four country sample: new information from multidimensional scaling. Pain 67(2-3): 267-273, 10/1996.

Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief

Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23(2): 129-138, 3/1994.

Daut RL, Cleeland CS. The prevalence and severity of pain in

cancer.Cancer 50(9): 1913-1918, 11/1982.

Daut RL, Cleeland CS, Flanery RC. Development of the Wisconsin

Brief Pain Questionnaire to as sess pain in cancer and other diseases.Pain 17(2): 197-210, 10/1983.

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP,

Katz NP, Kerns RD, Stucki G, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Carr DB, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dionne R, Galer BS, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Kramer LD, Manning DC, Martin S, McCormick CG, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robbins W, Robinson JP, Rothman M, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Wernicke J, Witter J. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 113(1-2): 9-19, 1/2005.

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar

JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Kerns RD, Ader DN, Brandenburg N, Burke LB, Cella D, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kehlet H, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick C, McDermott MP, McQuay HJ, Patel S, Porter L, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Rauschkolb C, Revicki DA, Rothman M, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Stauffer JW, von ST, White RE, Witter J, Zavisic S. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain

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clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.J Pain 9(2): 105-121, 2/2008.

Food and Drug Administration. Guidelines for Indust ry (draft).

Patient- Reported Outcome Measur es: Use in Medical Product Development to Support Labeling Claims. 2006. Rockville MD, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ref Type: Report

Klepstad P, Loge JH, Borchgrevink PC, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS,

Kaasa S. The Norwegian Brief Pain In vent ory questionnaire: translation and val idation in cancer pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 24(5): 517-525, 11/2002.

Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and

scoring me t hods. Pain 1(3): 277-299, 9/1975.

Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational, and central control

determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo DR, editor. The Skin Senses Proceedings. Springfield IL: Thomas; pp. 423-439, 1968.

Mendoza T, Mayne T, Rublee D, Cleeland C. Reliability and validity

of a modified Brief Pain Inventory short form in patients with osteoarthritis. Eur J Pain 10(4): 353-361, 5/2006.

Mendoza TR, Chen C, Brugger A, Hubbard R, Snabes M, Palmer SN,

Zhang Q, Cleeland CS. The utility and validity of the modified Brief Pain Inventory in a multiple-dose postoperative analgesic trial. Clin J Pain 20(5): 357-362, 9/2004.

Radbruch L, Loick G, Ki encke P, Lindena G, Saba towski R, Grond S,

Lehmann KA, Cleeland CS. Validation of the German version of the Brief Pain Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(3): 180- 187, 9/1999.

Saxena A, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS. The assessment of cancer

pain in north India: the validation of the Hindi Brief Pain Inventory--BPI-H. J Pain Symptom Manage 17(1): 27-41, 1/1999.

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Brandenburg N, Carr DB,

Cleeland CS, Dionne R, Farrar JT, Galer BS, Hewitt DJ, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick CG, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robinson

JP, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Witter J. Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 106: 337-345, 2003.

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Burke LB, Gershon R, Rothman M, Scott J,

Allen RR, Atkinson JH, Chandler J, Cleeland C, Cowan P, Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Farr ar JT, Haythornt hwaite JA, Hert z S, Jadad AR, Jensen MP, Kellstein D, Kerns RD, Manning DC, Martin S, Max MB, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Moulin DE, Nurmikko T, Quessy S, Raja S, Rappaport BA, Rauschkolb C, Robinson JP, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stucki G, Tollett J, von ST, Wallace MS, Wernicke J, White RE, Williams AC, Witter J, Wyrwich KW. Developing patient-reported outcome measur es for pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations.Pain 125(3) : 208-215, 12/2006.

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Chapter 2

BPI References: Use of the BPI in Various Studies

The Brief Pain Inventory has been used in more than 400 studies worldwide. Here we present BPI references categoriz ed by type of study.

Cancer Bone Pain .................................................16

Cancer Epidemiology...........................................20

Cancer Pain...........................................................21

Depr essive Disor ders......... .....................................31

Fabry Disease.........................................................32

Fibro myalgia ..........................................................33

HIV/A IDS................. ................................................34

Minority Studies......................................................35

Neuro muscular Pain ............ ..................................36

Neuropathic Pain...................................................40

Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Diseases................42

Psychosocial Studies..............................................45

Surgical and Procedural Pain...............................46

Validation Studies................ ..................................49

Language Translations...........................................58

Meth ods Papers................ ................................ .....59

Cancer Bone Pain

1. Ahles TA, Herndon JE, Small EJ, Vogelzang NJ, Kornblith AB, Ratain MJ, Stadler W, Palchak D, Marshall ME, Wilding G, Petrylak D, Holland JC. Quality of life impact o f three different doses of suramin in patients with metastatic hormonerefractory prostate car cinoma: re sults of Intergroup O159/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9480. Cancer 101(10): 2202-2208, 11/2004.

2. Borden LS, Jr., Clark PE, Lovato J, Hall MC, Stindt D, Harmon M, Mohler M, Torti FM. Vinorelbine, doxorubicin, and prednisone in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer 107(5): 1093-1100, 9/2006.

3. Callstrom MR, Charboneau JW, Goetz MP, Rubin J, Wong GY, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Lewis BD, Welch TJ, Farrell MA, Maus TP, Lee RA, Reading CC, Petersen IA, Pickett DD. Painful metastases involving bon e: feasibility of percutaneous C Tand US-guided radio-frequency ablation. Radiology 224(1): 87-97, 7/2002.

4. Callstrom MR, Atwell TD, Charboneau JW, Farrell MA, Goetz MP, Rubin J, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Welch TJ, Maus TP, Wong GY, Brown KJ. Painful metastases involving bone: percutaneous image-g uided cryoablation--pro spective tr ial interim analysis. Radiology 241(2): 572-580, 11/2006.

5. Carrafiello G, Lagana D, Ianniello A, Nicotera P, Fontana F, Dizonno M, Cuffari S, Fugazzola C. Radiofrequency thermal ablation for pain control in patients with single painful bone metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol: e-pub ahead of print, 5/2008.

6. Castel LD, Saville BR, Depuy V, Godley PA, Hartmann KE, Abernethy AP. Racial differences in pain during 1 year among women with metastatic breast cancer: a hazards analysis of interval-censored data. Cancer 112(1): 162-170, 1/2008.

7. Chow E, Loblaw A, Harris K, Doyle M, Goh P, Chiu H, Panzarella T, Tsao M, Barnes EA, Sinclair E, Farhadian M, Danjoux C. Dexamethasone for the prophylaxis of radiation-

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induced pain flare after palliative rad iotherapy for bone metastases-a pilot study. Support Care Cancer 15(6): 643-647, 6/2007.

8. Cleeland CS. The measurement of pain from metastatic bone disease: capturing the patient' s experience. Clin Cancer Res 12(20 Pt 2): 6236s-6242s, 10/2006.

9. Colella J, Scrofine S , Galli B, Knorr-Mulder C, Gejerman G, Scheuch J, Lanteri V, Siegel A, Levey S, Watson R, Block M, Sawczuk I. Prostate HDR radiation therapy: a comparative study evaluating the effectiveness of pain management with peripheral PCA vs. PCEA. Urol Nurs 26(1): 57-61, 2/2006.

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72. Wallace M, Rauck RL, Moulin D, Thipphawong J, Khanna S, Tudor IC. Conversion from standard opioid therapy to oncedaily oral extended-release hydrom or phone in patients with chronic cancer pain. J Int Med Res 36(2): 343-352, 3/2008.

73. Wang KY, Ho ST, Ger LP, Wang JJ, Cherng CH, Lin CC. Patient barr iers to cancer pa in m anagement: from the viewpoint of the cancer patients receiving analgesics in a teaching hospital of Taiwan. Acta Anaesth esiol Sin 35(4): 201-208, 12/1997.

74. Wang RC, Wang SJ, Chang YC, Lin CC. Mood state and quality of sleep in can cer pain patients: a comparison to chronic daily headache. J Pain Symptom Manage 33(1): 3239, 1/2007.

75. Wells N. Pain intensity and pain interference in hospitalized patients wit h cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 27(6): 985-991, 7/2000.

76. Yeo W, Lam KK, Chan AT, Leung TW, Nip SY, Johnson PJ. Transder mal fentanyl for severe cancer-rel ated pain. Palliat Med 11 ( 3): 233-239, 5/199 7.

77. Yun YH, Heo DS, Lee IG, Jeong HS, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Kim YH, Ro YJ, Yoon SS, Lee KH, Huh BY. Multicenter study of pain and its management in patient s with advanced cancer in Korea. J Pain Symptom Manage 25(5): 430-437, 5/2003.

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Depressive Disorders

1. Brannan SK, Mallinckrodt CH, Brown EB, Wohlreich MM, Watkin JG, Schatzberg A F. Duloxetine 60 mg once-daily in the treatment of painful physical symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 39(1): 43-53, 1/2005.

2. Brecht S, C ourtecuisse C, Debieuvr e C, Croenlein J, Desaia h D, Raskin J, Petit C, Dernyttenaere K. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg once daily in the treatment of pain in patients with major depressive disorder and at least moderate pain of unknown etiology: A Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68(11): 1707-1716, 11/2007.

3. Coats TL, Borenstein DG, Nangia NK, Brown MT. Effects of valdecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, placebo-co ntrolled trial. Clin Ther 26(8): 1249-1260, 8/2004.

4. Davison SN, Jhangri GS. The impact of chronic pain on depression, sleep, and the desire to withdraw from dialysis in hemodialysis patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 30(5): 465473, 11/2005.

5. Friedberg F, Quick J. Alexithymia in chronic fatigue syndrome: associations with momentary, recall, and retrospective measures of somatic complaints and emotions. Psychosom Med 69(1): 54-60, 1/2007.

6. Hartman JM, Berger A, Baker K, Bolle J, Handel D, Mannes A, Pereira D, St GD, Sonbolian N, Ronsaville D, Torvik S, Calis KA, Phillips TM, Cizza G. Q uality of life a nd pain in premenopausal women with major depressive disorder: The POWER Study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 4(1): 2, 1/2006.

7. O'Mahony S, Goulet J, Kornblith A, Abbatiello G, Clarke B, Kless-Siegel S, Breitbart W, Payne R. Desire for hastened death, cancer pain and depression: report of a longitudinal observational study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;29:446-

457.Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Donaghy KB, Portenoy RK. Pain and aberrant drug-related behaviors in medically ill pat ients with and without histories of substance abuse. Clin J Pain 22(2): 173-181, 2/2006.

8. Poleshuck EL, Giles DE, Tu X. Pain and depressive symptoms among financially d isadvantaged wom en's health patients. J Womens Health (Larchmt ) 15(2): 182-193, 3/2006.

9. Wasan AD, Butler SF, Budman SH, Benoit C, Fernandez K, Jamison RN. Psychiatric History and Psychologic Adjustment as Risk Factors for Aberrant Drug-related Behavior Among Patients With Chronic Pain. Clin J Pain 23(4): 307-315, 5/2007.

10. Williams LS, Jones WJ, Shen J, Robinson RL, Kroenke K. Outcom es of newly referred neurology outpatients with depression and pain. Neurology 63(4): 674-677, 8/2004.

Fabry Disease

1. Beck M, Ricci R, Widmer U, Dehout F, de Lorenzo AG, Kampmann C, Linhart A, Sunder-Plassmann G, Houge G, Ramaswam i U, Gal A, Mehta A. Fa bry disease: o verall effects of agalsidase alfa treatment. Eur J Clin Invest 34(12): 838-844, 12/2004.

2. Cleeland CS. Pain assessment: the advantages of using pain scales in lysosomal storage diseases. Acta Paediatr Suppl 91(439): 43-47, 2002.

3. Deegan PB, Baehner AF, Barba Romero MA, Hughes DA, Kampmann C, Beck M. Natural history of Fabry disease in females in the Fabry Outcome Survey. J Med Genet 43(4): 347-352, 4/2006.

4. Hoffmann B, Garcia de LA, Mehta A, Beck M, Widmer U, Ricci R. Effects of enzyme replacement therapy on pain and health related quality of life in patient s with Fabry d isease: data from FOS (Fabry Outcome Survey). J Med Genet 42(3): 247-252, 3/2005.

5. Ram aswami U, Wendt S, Pintos-Morell G, Parini R, Whybra C, Leon Leal JA, Santus F, Beck M. Enzym e replacement therapy with agalsidase alfa in children with Fabry disease. Acta Paediatr 96(1): 1 22-127, 1/2007.

6. Ries M, Mengel E, Kutschke G, Kim KS, Birklein F, Krummenauer F, Beck M. Use of gabapentin to reduce chronic neuropathic pain in Fabry disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 26(4): 413-414, 2003.

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7. Schiffmann R, Kopp JB, Austin HA, III, Sabnis S, Moore DF, Weibel T, Balow JE, Brady RO. Enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285(21): 2743-2749, 6/2001.

Fibromyalgia

1. Armstrong DG, Chappell AS, Le TK, Kajdasz DK, Backonja M, D'Souza DN, Russell JM. Duloxetine for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: evaluation of functional outcomes. Pain Med 8(5): 410-418, 7/2007.

2. Arnold LM, Lu Y, Crofford LJ, Wohlreich M, Detke MJ, Iyengar S, Goldstein DJ. A double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the treatment of fibrom yalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder. Arthritis Rheum 50(9): 2974-2984, 9/2004.

3. Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, Goldstein DJ, Iyengar S, Wernicke JF. A random ized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain 119(1-3): 5-15, 12/2005.

4. Arnold LM, Pritchett YL, D'Souza DN, Kajdasz DK, Iyengar S, Wernicke JF. Duloxetine for the treatment of fibromyalgia in women: pooled results from two randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trials. J Womens Health (Larchmt ) 16(8): 1145-1156, 10/2007.

5. Arnold LM, Goldenberg DL, Stanford SB, Lalonde JK, Sandhu HS, Keck PE, Welge JA, Bishop F, Stanford KE, Hess EV, Hudson JI. Gabapentin in the treatment of fibromyalgia - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 56(4): 1336-1344, 4/2 007.

6. Dungey J, Arnold L, Pritchett Y, Robinson M, D'Souza D, Wernicke J. PR_186: Duloxetine in the Treatment o f Fibromyalgia in Women: Results From 2 Cl inical Tr ials. Archives of Physical Medicine and Reha bil itation 87(11): e36, 11/2006.

7. Russell IJ, Mease PJ, Smith TR, Kajdasz DK, Wohlreich MM, Detke MJ, Walker DJ, Chappell AS, Arnold LM. Efficacy and

safety of dul oxetine for treat ment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: Results from a 6month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixeddose trial. Pain 136(3): 432-444, 6/2008.

8. Rutledge DN, Jones CJ . Effects of topical essential oil on exercise volume after a 12-week exercise program for women with fibromyalgia: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13(10): 1099-1106, 12/2007.

HIV/AIDS

1. Breitbart W, McDonald MV, Rosenfeld B, Passik SD, Hewitt D, Thaler H, Portenoy RK. P ain in ambulatory AIDS patients. I: Pain characteristics and medical correlates. Pain 68(2-3): 315-321, 12/1996.

2. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld BD, Passik SD, McDonald MV, Thaler H, Portenoy RK. The undertreatment of pain in ambulatory AIDS patients. Pain 65(2-3): 243-249, 5/1996.

3. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Passik S, Kaim M, Funesti-Es ch J, Stein K. A comparison of pain report and adequacy of analges ic therapy in ambulatory AIDS patients with and without a history of substance abuse. Pain 72(1-2): 235-243, 8/1997.

4. Breitbart W, Passik S, McDonald MV, Rosenfeld B, Smith M, Kaim M, Funesti-Esch J. Patient-related barriers to pain management in ambulatory AIDS patients. Pain 76(1-2): 9-16, 5/1998.

5. Griswold GA, Evans S, Spielman L, Fishman B. Coping strategies of HIV patients with peripheral neuropathy. AIDS Care 17(6): 711-720, 8/2005.

6. Hoyt MJ, Nokes K, Newshan G, Staats JA, Thorn M. The effect of chemical depend ency on pain perception in persons with AIDS. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 5(3): 33-38, 5/1994.

7. Larue F, Fontaine A, Colleau SM. Underestimation and undertreatment of pain in HIV disease: multicentre study. BMJ 314(7073): 23-28, 1/1997.

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8. Newshan G, Lefkowitz M. Transdermal fentanyl for chronic pain in AIDS: a pilot study. J Pain Symptom Manage 21(1): 6977, 1/2001.

9. Simmonds MJ, Novy D, Sandoval R. The differential influence of pain and fatigue on physical performance and h ealth status in ambulatory patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin J Pain 21(3): 200-206, 5/2005.

10. Smith MY, Egert J, Winkel G, Jacobson J. The impact of PTSD on pain experience in persons with HIV/AIDS. Pain 98(1-2): 917, 7/2002.

11. von Gunten CF, Eappen S, Cleary JF, Taylor SG, Moots P, Regevik N, Cleeland C, Celia D. Flecainide for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: A Phase II trial. Palliat Med 2 1(8): 667-672, 2007 .

Minority Studies

2. Castel LD, Abernethy AP, Li Y, Depuy V, Saville BR, Hartmann KE. Hazards for pain severity and pain interference with daily living, with exploration of brief pain inventory cutpoints, among women with metastatic breast cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 34(4): 380-392, 10/2007.

3. Castel LD, Saville BR, Depuy V, Godley PA, Hartmann KE, Abernethy AP. Racial differences in pain during 1 year among women with metastatic breast cancer: a hazards analysis of interval-censored data.Cancer 112(1): 162-170, 1/2008.

4. Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Baez L, Loehrer P, Pandya KJ. Pain and treatment of pain in minority patients with cancer. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Minority Outpatient Pain Study. Ann Intern Med 127(9): 813-816, 11/1997.

5. Meghani SH, Kean e A. Preference for analgesic treatment for cancer pain among African Americans. J Pain Symptom Manage 34(2): 136-147, 8/2007.

6. Poleshuck EL, Giles DE, Tu X. Pain and depressive symptoms among financially disadvanta ged women's healt h patients. J Womens Health (Larchmt ) 15(2): 182-193, 3/2006.

Neuromuscular Pain

1. Abe Y, Miyashita M, Ito N, Shirai Y, Momose Y, Ichikawa Y, Tsuji S, Kazuma K. Attitude of outpatients with neuromuscular diseases in Japan to pain and use of analgesics. J Neurol Sci 267(1-2): 22-27, 4/2008.

2. Ang D, Kesavalu R, Lydon JR, Lane KA, Bigatti S. Exercisebased mot iva tional interviewing for female patient s wit h fibromyalgia: a case series. Clin Rheumatol 26(11): 1843-184 9, 11/2007.

3. Babic-Naglic D. [The diagnostics of chronic musculoskeletal pain]. Reumatizam 54(2): 32-36, 2007.

4. Breuer B, Pappagallo M, Knotkova H, Guleyupoglu N, Wallenstein S, Portenoy RK. A randomized, double-b lind, placebo-controlled, two-period, crossover, pilot trial of lamotrigine in patients with central pain due t o m ultiple sclerosis. Clinical Therapeutics 29(9): 2022-2030, 9/2007.

5. Bryce TN , Norrbrink C, Cardenas DD, Dijkers M, Felix ER, Finnerup NB, Kennedy P, Lundeberg T, Richards JS, Rintala DH, Siddall P, Widerstrom-Noga E. From the 2006 NIDRR SCI measure s meeting - Pain a fter spinal cord injury: An evidencebased re view for clinic al practice and research. Journal of Spinal C ord Medicine 30(5): 421-440, 2007.

6. Chae J, Yu DT, Walker ME, Kirsteins A, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, Harvey RL, Zorowitz RD, Frost FS, Grill JH, Fang ZP. Intramuscular electrical stimulation for hem iplegic shoulder pain: a 12month follow-up of a multiple-center, randomized clinical trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 84(11): 832-842, 11/2005.

7. Chae J, Ng A, Yu DT, Kirsteins A, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, Harvey RL, Zorowitz RD, F ang ZP. Intramuscular electrical stimulation for shoulder pain in hemiplegia: does time from stroke on set predict treat ment success? Neuroreh abil Neural Repair 21(6): 561-567, 11-12/2007.

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8. Chae J, Mascarenhas D, Yu DT, Kirsteins A, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, Harvey RL, Zorowitz RD, Fang ZP. Poststroke shoulder pain: its relationship to motor impairment, activity limitation, and quality of life. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(3): 298-301, 3/2007.

9. Dalpiaz AS, Dodds TA. Myofascial pain response to topical lidocaine patch therapy: case report. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 16(1): 99-104, 2002.

10. Dalpiaz AS, Lordon SP, Lipman AG. Topical lidocaine patch therapy for myofascial pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacoth er 18(3): 15-34, 2004.

11. Damush TM, Wu J, Bair MJ, Sutherland JM, Kroenke K. Selfmanagement practices among primar y car e pat ients with musculoskeletal pain and depr ession. J Behav Med 31(4): 301307, 8/2008.

12. Djaldetti R, Yust-Katz S, Kolianov V, Melamed E, Dabby R. The effect of duloxetine on primary pain symptoms in Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharm acol 30(4): 201-205, 7/2007 .

13. Ehde DM, Osborne TL, Hanley MA, Jensen MP, Kraft GH. The scope and nature o f pain in persons with multiple scler osis. Mult Scler 12(5): 629-638, 10/2006.

14. Guy-Coichard C, Nguyen DT, Delorme T, Boureau F. Pain in hereditary neuromuscular disorders and myasthenia gra vis : a national survey of frequency, characteristics, and impact. J Pain Symptom Manage 35(1): 40-50, 1/2008.

15. Harris JE, Eng JJ. Individuals with the dominant hand affected following stroke demonstrate less impairme nt t han those with the nondominant han d affected. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 20(3): 380-389, 9/2006.

16. Harr is JE, Eng JJ. Paretic upper-limb strength best explains arm activity in people with stroke. Physical Therapy 87(1): 88-97, 1/2007.

17. Iolascon G, Gimigliano F, Gimigliano R. PR_279: Pain in Stroke Survivors: Epidemiology and Impact on Functional Outcome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87(1 1): e51, 11/2006.

18. Jensen MP, Hoffman AJ, Cardenas DD. Chronic pain in individuals with spinal cord injury: a survey and longitudinal study. Spinal Cord 43(12): 704-712, 12/2005.

19. Jensen MP, Abresch RT, Carter GT, McDonald CM. Chronic pain in per sons with neurom uscular dise ase. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86(6): 1155-1163, 6/2005.

20. Kong KH, Woon VC, Yang SY. Prevalence of chronic pain and its impact on health-related quality of life in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(1): 35-40, 1/2004.

21. Lang E, Eisele R, Jankowsky H, Kastner S, Liebig K, Martus P, Neundorfer B. [Outcome quality of treatment for chronic low back pain under primary care conditions]. Schmerz 14(3): 146159, 6/2000.

22. Lang E, Liebig K, Kastner S, Neundorfer B, Heuschmann P. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation versus usual care for chronic low back pain in the community: effects on quality of life. Spine J 3(4): 270-276, 7/2003.

23. Lee MA, Walker RW, Hildreth TJ, Prentice WM. A survey of pain in idiopat hic Parkinson's disease. J Pain Symptom Manage 32(5): 462-469, 11/2006.

24. Nalamachu S, Crockett RS, Gammaitoni AR, Gould EM. A Comparison of the Lidocaine Patch 5% vs Naproxen 500 mg Twice Daily for the R elief of Pain Associated With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A 6-Week, Randomized, Parallel-Group Study. MedGenMed 8(3): 33, 2006.

25. Nalamachu S, Crockett RS, Mathur D. Lidocaine patch 5 for carpal tunnel syndrome: how it compares with injections: a pilot study. J Fam Pract 55(3): 209-2 14, 3/2006.

26. Osborne TL, Raichle KA, Jensen MP, Ehde DM, Kraft G. The reliability and validity of pain interference measures in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Pain Symptom Manage 32(3): 217229, 9/2006.

27. Raichle KA, Osborne TL, Jensen MP, Cardenas D. The reliability and valid it y of pain interferen ce measures in persons with spinal cord injur y. J Pain 7(3): 179-1 86, 3/2006.

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28. Renzenbrink GJ, IJzerman MJ. Per cutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (P-NMES) for treating shoulder pain in chronic hemiplegia. Effects on shoulder pain and quality of life. Clin Rehabil 18(4): 359-365, 6/2004.

29. Sawatzky BJ, Slobogean GP, Reilly CW, Chambers CT, Hol AT. Prevalen ce of shoulder pain in adult- ver sus childhood-onset wheelchair users: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev 42(3 Suppl

1): 1-8, 5/2005.

30. Sculco AD, Paup DC, Fernhall B, Sculco MJ. Effects of aerobic exercise on low back pain patients in treatment. Spine J 1(2): 95-101, 3/2001.

31. Shah RR, Haghpanah S, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, Behnegar A, Nguyen V, Page SJ, Fang ZP, Chae J. MRI Findings in the Painful Poststroke Shoulder. Stroke 39(6): 1808-1813, 6/2008.

32. Tyler EJ, Jensen MP, Engel JM, Schwartz L. The reliability and validity of pain interference measur es in persons with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(2): 236-239, 2/2002.

33. Wallace M, Rauck RL, Moulin D, Thipphawong J, Khanna S, Tudor IC. Once-daily OROS((R)) hydromorphone for the management of chron ic nonmalignant pain: a doseconversion and titration study. Int J Clin Pract 61(10): 16711676, 10/2007.

34. Wallace M, Skowronski R, Khanna S, Tudor IC, Thipphawong J. Efficacy and safety evaluation of once-daily OROS hydromorphone in patients with chronic low back pain: a pilot open-label study (DO-127). Curr Med Res Opin 23(5): 981989, 5/2007.

35. Yu DT, Chae J, Walker ME, Fang ZP. Percutaneous intramuscular neurom uscular electric stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and pain in patients with chronic hemiplegia: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82(1): 20-25, 1/2001.

36. Yu DT, Chae J, Walker ME, Kirsteins A, Elovic EP, Flanagan SR, Harvey RL, Zorowitz RD, Frost FS, Grill JH, Feldstein M, Fang ZP. Intramuscular neuromuscular electric stimulation for poststroke

shoulder pain: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(5): 695-704, 5/2004.

Neuropathic Pain

1. Backonja MM, Stacey B. Neuropathic pain symptoms relative to overall pain rating. J Pain 5(9): 491-497, 11/2004.

2. Clermont-Gnamien S, Atlani S, Attal N, Le MF, Guirimand F, Brasseur L. [The therapeutic use of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) in refractory neuropathic pain]. Presse Med 31(39 Pt 1): 1840-1845, 11/2002.

3. Coplan PM, Schmader K, Nikas A, Chan IS, Choo P, Levin MJ, Johnson G, Bauer M, Williams HM, Kaplan KM, Guess HA, Oxman MN. Development of a measure of the burden of pain due to herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia for prevention trials: adaptation of the brief pain inventory. J Pain 5(6): 344-356, 8/2004.

4. Erdemogl u AK, Varlibas A. E ffectiveness of oxcarbazepine in symptomatic treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Neurol India 54(2): 173-177, 6/2006.

5. Freynhagen R, Grond S, Schupfer G, Hagebeuker A, Schmelz M, Ziegler D, Von Giesen HJ, Junker U, Wagner KJ, Konrad C. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in treatment refractory patients w ith various ne uropathic pain entities in cl inical routine. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61(12): 19891996, 12/2007.

6. Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Dukes E, Hoffman DL, Tai KS, Stacey B. Pain severity in diab et ic peripheral neuropathy is associat ed with patient f unctioning, symptom leve ls of anxiety and depression, and sleep. J Pain Sy mptom Manage 30(4): 374-385, 10/2005.

7. Gore M, Brandenburg NA, Hoffman DL, Tai KS, Stacey B. Burden of illness in painful diabetic p er ipheral neuropat hy: the patients' perspectives. J Pain 7(12): 892-900, 12/2006.

8. Hardy JR, Rees EA, Gwilliam B, Ling J, Broadley K, A'hern R. A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium

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valproate in patients w ith cancer-r el ated neuropat hic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 21(3): 204-209, 3/2001.

9. Katz NP, Gammaitoni AR, Davis MW, Dworkin RH. Lidocaine patch 5% r educes pain intensity and interference wit h quality of life in patients with postherpetic neuralgia : an effectiveness trial. Pain Med 3(4): 324-332, 12/2002.

10. McDermott AM, Toelle TR, Rowbotham DJ, Schaefer CP, Dukes EM. The burden of neuropathic pain: results from a cross-sectional survey. Eur J Pain 10(2): 127-135, 2/2006.

11. Patarica Huber E, Pje vic M. 52 6 Therapy relat ed neuropath ic pain in breast cancer patients and its treatment. European Journal of Pain 10(Supplement 1): S139, 9/2006.

12. Raskin J, Wang F, Pritchett YL, Goldstein DJ. Duloxetine for patients w ith diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: a 6-month open-label safety study. Pain Med 7(5): 373-385, 9/2006.

13. Schmader KE, Sloane R, Pieper C, Coplan PM, Nikas A, Saddier P, Chan IS, Choo P, Levin MJ, Johnson G, Williams HM, Oxman MN. The impact of acute herpes zoster pain and discomfort on functional status and q uality of l ife in older adults. Clin J Pain 23 (6): 490-496, 7/20 07.

14. Semenchuk MR, Sherman S. Effectiveness of tizanidine in neuropathic pain: an open-label study. J Pain 1(4): 285-292,

2000.

15. Tolle T, Xu X, Sadosky AB. Painful diabetic neuropathy: a crosssectional survey of health state impairment and tr eatment patterns. J Diabetes Compl ications 20(1): 26-33, 1/2006.

16. Tolle T, Dukes E, Sadosky A. Patient burden of trigeminal neuralg ia: results from a cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment pattern s in six European countries. Pain Pract 6(3): 153-160, 9/2006.

17. von Gunten CF, Eappen S, Cleary JF, Taylor SG, Moots P, Regevik N, Cleeland C, Celia D. Flecainide for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: A Phase II trial. Palliative Medicine 21(8): 667-672, 2007.

18. Wardell DW, Rintala DH, Duan Z, Tan G. A pilot study of healing touch and progressive relaxation for chronic neuropathic pain in persons with spinal cord injury. J Holist Nurs 24(4): 231-240, 12/2006.

19. White S. Assessment of chronic neuropathic pain and the use of pain tools. Br J Nurs 13(7): 372-378, 4/2004.

20. White WT, Patel N, Drass M, Nalamachu S. Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med 4(4): 321-330, 12/2003.

21. Wu EQ, Borton J, Said G, Le TK, Monz B, Rosilio M, Avoinet S. Estimat ed prevalence of p eripheral neuropathy and associat ed p ain in adults wit h diabetes in Fr ance. Curr Med Res Opin 23(9): 2035-2042, 9/2007.

22. Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC, Kim SE, Varian EA, Coakham HB. Patient satisfaction after surgery for trigeminal neuralgia development of a questionnaire. Acta Neurochir (Wien ) 147(9): 925-9 32, 9 /20 05.

Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Diseases

1. Measuring quality of life in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Quality of Life Study Group. Osteoporos Int 7(5): 478-487, 1997 .

2. Brinker MR, O'connor DP. Outcomes of tibial nonunion in older adults following treatment using the Ilizarov method. J Orthop Trauma 21(9): 634-642, 10/2007.

3. Brinker MR, O'connor DP, Crouch CC, Mehlhoff TL, Bennett JB. Ilizarov Treatment of In fected Nonunions of the Dist al H umerus After Failure of Internal Fixation: An Outcomes Study. J Orthop Trauma 21(3): 178-184, 3/2007.

4. Coats TL, Borenstein DG, Nangia NK, Brown MT. Effects of valdecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, placebo-co ntrolled trial. Clin Ther 26(8): 1249-1260, 8/2004.

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5. Cowan DT, Wilson-Barnett J, Griffiths P, Vaughan DJ, Gondhia A, Allan LG. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study to assess the effects of long-term opioid drug consumption and subsequent abstinence in chronic noncancer pain patients receiving controlled-release morphine. Pain Med 6(2): 113-121, 3/2005.

6. Galer BS, Sheldon E, Patel N, Codding C, Burch F, Gammaitoni AR. Topical lidocaine patch 5% may target a novel underlying pain mechanism in osteoarthritis. Curr Med Res Opin 20(9): 1455-1458, 9/2004.

7. Gammaitoni AR, Galer BS, Lacouture P, Domingos J, Schlagheck T. Effectiveness and safety of new oxycodo n e/acetaminophen formulat ions with redu ced acetaminophen for the treatment of low back pain. Pain Med 4(1): 21-30, 3/2003.

8. Gerber L, el-Gabalawy H, Arayssi T, Furst G, Yarboro C, Schumacher HR. Polyarticular arthritis, independent of rheumatoid factor, is associated with poor functional outcome in recent onset inflammatory syno vitis. J ournal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 14(3): 105-109, 2000.

9. Gerber LH, Furst G, Yarboro C, el-Gabalawy H. Number of active joints, not diagnosis, is the primary determinant of function and performance in early synovitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 21(5 Suppl 31): S65-S70, 9/2003.

10. Gimbel J, Linn R, Hale M, Nicholson B. Lidocaine patch treatment in patients with low back pain: results of an openlabel, nonrandomized pilot study. Am J Ther 12(4): 311-319, 7/2005.

11. Gorodetskyi IG, Gorodnichenko AI, Tursin PS, Reshetnyak VK, Uskov ON. Non-invasive interactive neurostimulation in the post-operative recovery of patients with a trochanteric fracture of the femur. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-British Volume 89B(11): 1488-1494, 11/2007.

12. Gould E, Ma T. Back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 87(11): e38, 11/2006.

13. Kapstad H, Hanestad BR, Langeland N, Rustoen T, Stavem K. Cutpoint s for mild, moderat e and severe pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee ready for joint replacement surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 9(1): 55, 4/2008.

14. Kelly MH, Brillante B, Collins MT. Pain in fibrous dysplasia of bone: ag e-related changes and th e anatomical distribution of skeletal lesions. Osteoporos Int 19(1): 57-63, 1/2008.

15. Kelly MH, Brillante B, Collins MT. Pain in fibrous dysplasia of bone: ag e-related changes and th e anatomical distribution of skeletal lesions. Osteoporos Int 19(1): 57-63, 1/2008.

16. Markenson JA, Croft J, Zhang PG, Richards P. Treatment of persisten t pain assoc iated with osteoarthritis with controll edrelease oxycodone tablets in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin J Pain 21(6): 524-535, 11/2005.

17. McDonald C, Wilson M, Todd J. 686 Butrans (Buprenorphine) Transder mal Patches Improve Quality of Life in patient s with Osteoar thritis(OA). European Journal of Pain 10( Supplem ent

1): S179, 9/2006.

18. Mystakidou K, Parpa E, Tsilika E, Mavromati A, Smyrniotis V, Georgaki S, Vlahos L. Long-term management of noncancer pain with transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl. J Pain 4( 6): 298-306, 8/2003.

19. Pavelka K, Le L, X, Bjorneboe O, Herrero-Beaumont G, Richarz U. Benefits of transdermal fentanyl in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip: an ope n-label study to assess pain control. Curr Med Res Opin 20(12): 19671977, 12/2004.

20. Portenoy RK, Farrar JT, Backonja MM, Cleeland CS, Yang K, Friedman M, Colucci SV, Richards P. Long-term Use of Controlled-release Oxycodone for Noncancer Pain: Results of a 3-year Registry Study. Clin J Pain 23(4): 287-299, 5/2007.

21. Rosenthal M, Moore P, Groves E, Iwan T, Schlosser LG, Dziewan ow ska Z, Negr o-Vilar A. Sleep improves when pat ients with chronic OA pain are managed with morning dosing of once a day extended-release morphine sulfate (AVINZA):

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findings from a pilot study. J Opioid Manag 3(3): 145-154, 5/2007.

22. Thie NM, Prasad NG, Major PW. Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment of temporoman dibular joint osteoarthritis: a randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial. J Rheumatol 28(6): 13471355, 6/2001.

23. Williams,V.S.; Smith,M.Y.; Fehnel,S.E. The validity and utility of the BPI interference measures for evaluating the impact of osteoarthritic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 31(1): 48-57, 1/2006.

Psychosocial Studies

1. Babic-Naglic D. [The diagnostics of chronic musculoskeletal pain].Reumatizam 54(2): 32-36, 2007.

2. Ehde DM, Osborne TL, Hanley MA, Jensen MP, Kraft GH. The scope and nature o f pain in persons with multiple scler osis. Mult Scler 12(5): 629-638, 10/2006.

3. Ersek M, Turner JA, Cain KC, Kemp CA. Chronic pain selfmanagement for older adults: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN11899548]. BMC Geriatr 4: 7, 7/2004.

4. Jensen MP, Keefe F J, Lefebvre JC, Romano JM, Turner JA. One- and two-item measures of pain beliefs and coping strategies.Pain 104(3): 453-469, 8/2003.

5. Karasz A, Zallman L, Berg K, Gourevitch M, Selwyn P, Arnsten JH. The experience of chronic severe pain in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.J Pain Symptom Manage 28(5): 517-525, 11/2004.

6. Poleshuck EL, Giles DE, Tu X. Pain and depressive symptoms among financially disadvanta ged women's healt h patients. J Womens Health (Larchmt ) 15(2): 182-193, 3/2006.

7. Rodin G, Zimmermann C, Rydall A, Jones J, Shepherd FA, Moore M, Fruh M, Donner A, Gagliese L. The desire for hastened death in pat ie nts with metastatic canc er.J Pain Symptom Manage 33(6): 661-675, 6/2007.

8. Sherman AC, Coleman EA, Griffith K, Simonton S, Hine RJ, Cromer J, Latif U, Farley H, Garcia R, Anaissie EJ. Use of a support ive care team for screening and preemptive intervention among multiple myeloma patients receiving stem cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer 11(9): 568-574, 9/2003.

9. Stroud MW, Turner JA, Jensen MP, Cardenas DD. Partner responses to pain behaviors are associated with depression and activity interference among persons with chronic pain and spinal cord injury. J Pain 7(2): 91-99, 2/2006.

10. Wasan AD, Butler SF, Budman SH, Benoit C, Fernandez K, Jamison RN. Psychiatric History and Psychologic Adjustment as Risk Factors for Aberrant Drug-related Behavior Among Patients With Chronic Pain. Cli n J Pain 23(4): 307-315, 5/2007.

Surgical and Procedural Pain

1. Beauregard L, Pomp A, Choiniere M. Severity and impact of pain after day-surgery. Can J Anaesth 45(4): 304-311, 4/1998.

2. 2. 3. Callstrom MR, Charboneau JW, Goetz MP, Rubin J, Wong GY, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Lewis BD, Welch TJ, Farrell MA, Maus TP, Lee RA, Reading CC, Petersen IA, Pickett DD. Painful metastases involving bone: feasibility of percutaneous CT- and US -guided radio-frequ ency ablation. Radiology 224(1): 87-97, 7/2002.

3. Chelly JE, Nissen CW, Rodgers A J, Smugar SS, Tershakovec AM. The efficacy of rofecoxib 50 mg and hydrocodone/acetaminophen 7.5/750 mg in patients with post-arthroscopic pain.Curr Med Res Opin 23(1): 195-206, 1/2007.

4. Coleman KL, Boone DA, Laing LS, Mathews DE, Smith DG. Quantification of prosthetic outcomes: Elastomeric gel liner with locking pin suspension versu s polyethylene foam liner with neoprene sleeve suspension. J Rehabil Res Dev 41(4): 591-602, 7/2004.

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5. Davison SN. Pain in hemodialysis patients: prevalence, cause, severity, and management. Am J Kidney Dis 42(6): 1239-1247, 12/2003.

6. Dell DD, Weaver C, Kozempel J, Barsevick A. Recovery after trans vers e rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction surgery.Oncol Nurs Forum 35(2): 189-196, 3/2008.

7. Girard F, Chouinard P, Boudreault D, Poirier C, Richard C, Ruel M, Ferraro P. Prevalence and impact of pain on the quality of life of lung transplant recipients: a prospective observational study. Chest 130(5): 1535-1540, 11/2006.

8. Kaplan M, Miliman A, Drummond P. PR_196: Treatment of Chronic N onmalignant Pa in W ith Pol ym er-Coated ExtendedRelease Morphine Sulfate Capsules in Patients Transitioned From Other Sust ained-Rel ease Opioids. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(11): e38, 11/2006.

9. Kushner DM, LaGalbo R, Connor JP, Chappell R, Stewart SL, Hartenbach EM. Use of a bupivacaine continuous wound infusion system in gynecologic oncology: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 106(2): 227-233, 8/2005.

10. Lin LY, Wang RH. Abdominal surgery, pain and anxiety: preoperative nursing int ervention. J Adv Nurs 51(3): 252-260, 8/2005.

11. Locklin JK, Mannes A, Berger A, Wood BJ. Palliation of soft tissue cancer pain wit h r adiofrequency ablation.J Support Oncol 2(5): 439-445, 9/2004.

12. Mendoza TR, Chen C, Brugger A, Hubbard R, Snabes M, Palmer SN, Zhang Q, Cleeland CS. The utility and validity of the modified brief pain inventory in a multiple-dose postoperative analgesic trial.Clin J Pain 20(5): 357-362, 9/2004.

13. Mendoza TR, Chen C, Brugger A, Hubbard R, Snabes M, Palmer SN, Zhang Q, Cleeland CS. Lessons learned from a multiple-dose post-operative analgesic trial. Pain 109(1-2): 103-109, 5/2004.

14. Mitchell AC, Fallon MT. A single infusion of intravenous ketamine impr oves pain re lief in patients with critic al limb ischaemia: results of a double blind randomised controlled trial. Pain 97(3): 275-281, 6/200 2.

15. Ochroch EA, Gottschalk A, Augoustides JG, Aukburg SJ, Kaiser LR, Shrager JB. Pain and physical function are similar following axillary, muscle-sparing vs posterolateral thoracotomy. Chest 128(4): 2664-2670, 10/2005.

16. Ochroch EA, Gottschalk A, Troxel AB, Farrar JT. Women suffer more short and long -term pain than men after major thoracotomy. Clin J Pain 22(5): 491-498, 6/2006.

17. Ott E, Nussmeier NA, Duke PC, Feneck RO, Alston RP, Snabes MC, Hubbard RC, Hsu PH, Saidman LJ, Mangano DT. Efficacy and safety of the cycloox y genase 2 inhibitor s parecoxib and valdecoxib in patients undergoin g coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125(6): 1481-1492, 6/2003.

18. Passard A, Attal N, Benadhira R, Brasseur L, Saba G, Sichere P, Perrot S, Ja nuel D, Bouhassira D. Effects of unilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex on chronic w id espread pain in f ibr omyalgia.Brain 130(Pt 10): 2661-2670, 10/2007.

19. Ponsford J, Hill B, Karamitsios M, Bahar-Fuchs A. Factors influencing outcome after orthopedic trauma. J Trauma 64(4): 1001-1009, 4/2008.

20. Schoedinger GR, III, Hildebolt CF, Kumar A. A short pain survey for postoperative as sessment of sp ine patients in a nonacad em ic setting. J Surg Orthop Adv 13(4): 199-205, 2004.

21. Soulez G, Therasse E, Monfared AA, Blair JF, Choiniere M, Elkouri S, Beaudoin N, Giroux MF, Cliche A, Lelorier J, Oliva VL. Pain and quality of life assessment after endovascular versus open repair of abdom inal aortic a neurysms in pat ients at low risk. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16(8): 1093-1100, 8 /2005.

22. Su L, Tucker R, Frey SE, Gress JO, Chan IS, Kuter BJ, Guess HA. Measur ing inject ion-site pain associated with vaccine administration in adults: a randomised, double-blind,

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placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Epidemiol Biostat 5(6): 359- 365, 2000.

23. Tittle MB, McMillan SC, Hagan S. Validating the brief pain inventory for use with surgical patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 30(2): 325-330, 3/2003.

24. Van Tongeren RB, Hamming JF, Fibbe WE, Van W, V, Frerichs SJ, Stiggelbout AM, Van Bockel JH, Lindeman JH. Intramusc ular or com bined intramuscular/intr a-ar t erial administ ration of bon e marrow mononuclear cells: a cl inical trial in patients with advanced limb ischemia.J Cardiovasc Surg ( Tor ino) 49(1): 51-58, 2/2008.

25. Vickers AJ, Rusch VW, Malhotra VT, Downey RJ, Cassileth BR. Acupuncture is a feasible treatm ent for post-thoracotomy pain: results of a prospective pilot trial. BMC Anesthesiol 6: 5,

2006.

26. Vo PG, Marx S, Best AE, Lockhart E. Systematic overview of the psychomet ric properties of the brief pain inventory in malig nant and non-ma lignant pain. Value in Health 10(3): A176, Abbott Labs, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA, 5/2007.

27. Zalon ML. Comparison of pain measures in surgical patients. J Nurs M ea s 7(2): 135-152, 1999.

28. Zalon ML. Correlates of recovery amo ng older adult s a fter major abdominal surgery. Nurs Res 53(2): 99-106, 3/2004.

Validation Studies

1. Aisyaturridha A, Naing L, Nizar AJ. Validation of the Malay Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire to measure cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 31(1): 13-21, 1/2006.

2. Badia X, Muriel C, Gracia A, Nunez-Olarte JM, Perulero N, Galvez R, Carulla J, Cleeland CS. [Validation of the Spanish version of the Brief P ain Inventory in patients with oncological pain]. Med Clin (Barc) 120(2): 52-59, 1/2003.

3. Bonezzi C, Nava A, Barbieri M, Bettaglio R, Demartini L, Miotti D, Paulin L. [Validaz ion e della versione italiana del Brief Pain

Inventor y nei pazienti con dolore cronico]. Minerva Anestesiol 68(7-8): 607-611, 7/2002.

4. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Passik S, Kaim M, Funesti-Es ch J, Stein K. A comparison of pain report and adequacy of analges ic therapy in ambulatory AIDS patients with and without a history of substance abuse. Pain 72(1-2): 235-243, 8/1997.

5. Breuer B, Pappagallo M, Knotkova H, Guleyupoglu N, Wallenstein S, Portenoy RK. A randomized, double-b lind, placebo-controlled, two-period, crossover, pilot trial of lamotrigine in patients with central pain due t o m ultiple sclerosis. Clinical Therapeutics 29(9): 2022-2030, 9/2007.

6. Bryce TN , Norrbrink C, Cardenas DD, Dijkers M, Felix ER, Finnerup NB, Kennedy P, Lundeberg T, Richards JS, Rintala DH, Siddall P, Widerstrom-Noga E. From the 2006 NIDRR SCI measure s meeting - Pain a fter spinal cord injury: An evidencebased review for clinical pract ic e and research. Journal of Spinal C ord Medicine 30(5): 421-440, 2007.

7. Caraceni A, Cherny N, Fainsinger R, Kaasa S, Poulain P, Radbruch L, de CF. Pain measurement tools and methods in clinical research in palliative car e: recommendat ions of an Expert Working Group of the European Association o f Palliative Care. J Pain Symptom Manage 23(3): 239-255, 3/2002.

8. Caraceni A, Mendoza TR, Mencaglia E, Baratella C, Edwards K, Forjaz MJ, Martini C, Serlin RC, de CF, Cleeland CS. A validation study of an Italian version of the Brief Pain Inventory (Breve Questionario p er la Valutaz ion e del Dolore). Pa in 6 5( 1): 87-92, 4/1996.

9. Caraceni A. Evaluation and asses sment of cancer pain and cancer pain treatment. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45(9): 10671075, 10/2001.

10. Chang VT, Hwang SS, Feuerman M. Valid ation o f th e Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale. Cancer 88(9): 21642171, 5/2000.

11. Clark K, Greaves J, Sung E, Glare P. Development and introduction of a pain score documentation chart in the

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acute oncology setting. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 3(2): 89-94, 6/2007.

12. Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Si ngapore 23(2): 129-138, 3/1994.

13. Cleeland CS. Pain assessment: the advantages of using pain scales in lysosomal storage diseases. Acta Paediatr Suppl 91(439): 43-47, 2002.

14. Cleeland CS. The measurement of pain from metastatic bone disease: capturing the patient' s experience. Clin Cancer Res 12(20 Pt 2): 6236s-6242s, 10/2006.

15. Coplan PM, Schmader K, Nikas A, Chan IS, Choo P, Levin MJ, Johnson G, Bauer M, Williams HM, Kaplan KM, Guess HA, Oxman MN. Development of a measure of the burden of pain due to herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia for prevention trials: adaptation of the brief pain inventory. J Pain 5(6): 344-356, 8/2004.

16. Daut RL, Cleeland CS, Flanery RC. Development of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other diseases. Pain 17(2): 197-210, 10/1983.

17. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Kerns RD, Ader DN, Brandenburg N, Burke LB, Cella D, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kehlet H, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick C, McDermott MP, McQuay HJ, Patel S, Porter L, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Rauschkolb C, Revicki DA, Rothman M, Schmader KE, Stacey BR, Stauffer JW, von ST, White RE, Witter J, Zavisic S. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9(2): 105-121, 2/2008.

18. Ersek M, Turner JA, Kemp CA. Use of the chronic pain coping inventory to assess older adults' pain coping strategies. J Pain 7(11): 833-842, 11/2006.

19. Ewing G, Todd C, Rogers M, Barclay S, McCabe J, Martin A. Validat ion of a symptom measure suitable for use among

palliative care patients in the community: CAMPAS-R. J Pain Symptom Manage 27(4): 287-299, 4/2004.

20. Franneby U, Gunnarsson U, Andersson M, Heuman R, Nordin P, Nyren O, Sandblom G. Validation of an Inguinal Pain Questionnaire for assessment of chronic pain after groin hernia repair. Br J Surg 95(4): 488-493, 4/2008.

21. Freynhagen R, Grond S, Schupfer G, Hagebeuker A, Schmelz M, Ziegler D, Von Giesen HJ, Junker U, Wagner KJ, Konrad C. Efficacy and safety of pregabalin in treatment refractory patients w ith various ne uropathic pain entities in cl inical routine. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61(12): 19891996, 12/2007.

22. Galer BS, Henderson J, Perander J, Jen sen MP. Cour se of symptoms and quality of life measurement in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: a pilot survey. J Pain Symptom Manage 20(4): 286-292, 10/2000.

23. Ger LP, Ho ST, Sun WZ, Wang MS, Cleeland CS. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory in a Taiwanese population. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(5): 316-322, 11/1999.

24. Gjeilo KH, Stenseth R, Wahba A, Lydersen S, Klepstad P. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory in Patients Six Months After Cardiac Surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage, 7/2007.

25. Gunnarsdottir S, Serlin RC, Ward S. Patient-rel ated barrier s to pain management: the Icelandic Barriers Questionnaire II. J Pain Symptom Manage 29(3): 273-285, 3/2005.

26. Halabi S, Vogelzang NJ, Kornblith AB, Ou SS, Kantoff PW, Dawson NA, Small EJ. Pain predicts overall survival in men with metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer. J Cl in Oncol 26(15): 2544-2549, 5/2008.

27. Harris K, Li K, Flynn C, Chow E. Worst, average or current pain in the brief pain in ventory: Which should be used to calculate the respon se to palliat ive radiotherapy in patients wit h bone metastases? Clinical Oncology 19(7): 523-527, 9/2007.

28. Holen JC, Hjermstad MJ, Loge JH, Fayers PM, Caraceni A, de CF, Forbes K, Furst CJ, Radbruch L, Kaasa S. Pain Assessment

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Tools: Is the Content Appropriate f or Use in Palliat ive Care? J Pain Symptom Manage 32(6): 567-580, 12/2006.

29. Janjan NA, Payne R, Gillis T, Podoloff D, Libshitz HI, Lenzi R, Theriault R, Martin C, Yasko A. Presenti ng symptoms in patients referred to a multidisciplinary clinic for bone metastases. J Pain Symptom Manage 16(3): 171-178, 9/1998.

30. Jensen MP, Keefe F J, Lefebvre JC, Romano JM, Turner JA. One- and two-item measures of pain beliefs and coping strategies. Pain 104(3): 453-469, 8/2003.

31. Kalyadina SA, Ionova TI, Ivanova MO, Uspenskaya OS, Kishtovich AV, Mendoza TR, Guo H, Novik A, Cleeland CS, Wang XS. Russian Brief Pain Inventory: validation and application in cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 35(1): 95-102, 1/2008.

32. Kapstad H, Hanestad BR, Langeland N, Rustoen T, Stavem K. Cutpoint s for mild, moderat e and severe pa in in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee ready for joint replacement surgery. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 9(1): 55, 4/2008.

33. Keller S, Bann CM, Dodd SL, Schein J, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. Clin J Pain 20(5): 309-318, 9/2004.

34. Klepstad P, Loge JH, Borchgrevink PC, Mend oza TR, Cleeland CS, Kaasa S. The Norwegian brief pain inventory questio nnaire: transl ation and validation in cancer pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 24(5): 517-525, 11/2002.

35. Krebs EE, Bair MJ, Damush TM, Wu J, Sutherland J, Kroenke K. Development and initial validation of a 3-item brief pain inventory. Journal of General Internal Medicine 23: 278-279, 3/2008.

36. Lydick E, Epstein RS, Himmelberger D, White CJ. Area under the curve: a metric for patient subjective responses in episodic diseases. Qual Life Res 4(1): 41-45, 2/1995.

37. Maltoni M, Scarpi E, Modonesi C, Passardi A, Calpona S, Turriziani A, Speranza R, Tassinari D, Magnani P, Saccani D,

Montanari L, Roudnas B, Amadori D, Fabbri L, Nanni O, Raulli P, Poggi B, Fochessati F, Giannunzio D, Barbagallo ML, Minnotti V, Betti M, Giordani S, Piazza E, Scapaticci R, Ferrario S. A validation study o f the WHO analges ic ladder: a two-step vs three-step strategy. Support Care Cancer 13(11): 888-894, 11/2005.

38. Mendoza T, Mayne T, Rublee D, Cleeland C. Reliability and validity of a modified Brief Pain Inventory short form in patients with osteoarthritis. Eur J Pain 10(4): 353-361, 5/2006.

39. Mendoza TR, Chen C, Brugger A, Hubbard R, Snabes M, Palmer SN, Zhang Q, Cleeland CS. The utility and validity of the modified brief pain inventory in a multiple-dose postoperative analgesic trial. Clin J Pain 20(5): 357-362, 9/2004.

40. Mystakidou K, Mendoza T, Tsilika E, Befon S, Parpa E, Bellos G, Vlahos L, Cleeland C. Greek brief pain inventory: validation and utility in cancer pain. Oncology 60(1): 35-42, 2001.

41. Osborne TL, Raichle KA, Jensen MP, Ehde DM, Kraft G. The reliability and validity of pain interference measures in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Pain Symptom Manage 32(3): 217229, 9/2006.

42. Payne R, Mathias SD, Pasta DJ, Wanke LA, Williams R, Mahmou d R. Quality of life and cancer pain: satisfaction and side effects with tran sdermal fentan yl versus oral m or phine. J Clin Oncol 16(4): 1588-1593, 4/1998.

43. Philip J, Smith WB, Craft P, Lickiss N. Concurrent validity of the modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment System with the Rott erdam Symptom Checklist and the Brief Pain Inventory. Support Care Cancer 6(6): 539-541, 11/1998.

44. Poundja J, Fikretoglu D, Guay S, Brunet A. Validation of the French version of the brief pain inventory in Canadian veterans suffering from traumatic stress. J Pain Symptom Manage 33(6): 720-726, 6/2007.

45. Puhan MA, Schunemann HJ, Wong E, Griffith L, Guyatt GH. The standard gamble showed better construct val idity than

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the time trade-off. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 60(10): 1029-1033, 10/2007.

46. Radbruch L, Loick G, Kiencke P, Lindena G, Sabatowski R, Grond S, Lehm ann KA, Cleeland CS. Validat ion of the German version of the Brief Pain Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(3): 180-187, 9/1999.

47. Radbruc h L, Sabatowski R, Loick G, Jonen-Thielemann I, Elsner F, Hormann E. [MIDOS--validation of a minimal docum ent ation system for palliative medicine]. Schmerz 14(4): 231-239, 8/2000.

48. Raichle KA, Osborne TL, Jensen MP, Cardenas D. The reliability and valid it y of pain interferen ce measures in persons with spinal cord injur y. J Pain 7(3): 179-1 86, 3/2006.

49. Rutledge DN, Jones CJ . Effects of topical essential oil on exercise volume after a 12-week exercise program for women with fibromyalgia: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13(10): 1099-1106, 12/2007.

50. Saxena A, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS . T he assessment of cancer pain in north India: the validation of the Hindi Brief Pain Inventory--BPI-H. J Pain Symptom Manage 17(1): 27-41, 1/1999.

51. Seidman AD, Portenoy R, Yao TJ, Lepore J, Mont EK, Kortmansky J, Onetto N, Ren L, Grechko J, Beltangady M, . Quality of life in phase II trials: a study of methodology and predictive value in pat ients with ad vanced brea st can cer treated with paclitaxel plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Natl Cancer Inst 87(17): 1316-1322, 9/1995.

52. Serlin RC, Mendoza TR, Nakamura Y, Edwards KR, Cleeland CS. When is cancer pain mild, moderat e or severe? Grading pain severity by its interference with function. Pain 61(2): 277284, 5/1995.

53. Shin H, Kim K, Young HK, Chee W, Im EO. A comparison of two pain meas ures for Asian Amer ican cancer pat ie nts. West J Nurs Res 29(5): 545-560, 8/2007.

54. Shin H, Kim K, Young HK, Chee W, Im EO. A comparison of two pain measures for asian american cancer pat ients. West J Nurs Res 30(2): 181-196, 3/2008.

55. Smith BH, Torrance N, Bennett MI, Lee AJ. Health and Quality of Life A ssociated With Chronic Pain of Predominantly Neuropathic Origin in the Community. Clin J Pain 23(2): 143149, 2/2007.

56. Su L, Tucker R, Frey SE, Gress JO, Chan IS, Kuter BJ, Guess HA. Measur ing inject ion-site pain associated with vaccine administration in adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Epidemiol Biostat 5(6): 359365, 2000.

57. Tan G, Jensen MP, Thornby JI, Shanti BF. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain 5(2): 133137, 3/2004.

58. Tittle MB, McMillan SC, Hagan S. Validating the brief pain inventory for use with surgical patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 30(2): 325-330, 3/2003.

59. Tyler EJ, Jensen MP, Engel JM, Schwartz L. The reliability and validity of pain interference measur es in persons with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(2): 236-239, 2/2002.

60. Tzeng JI, Chang CC, Chang HJ, Lin CC. Assessing Analgesic Regimen Adherence w ith the Morisky Medication Adherence Measure for Taiwanese Patients with Cancer Pain. J Pain Symptom Manage, 4/2008.

61. Uki J, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS, Nakamura Y, Takeda F. A brief cancer pain assessment tool in Japanese: the utility of the Japane se Brief Pain Inventory--BPI-J. J Pain Sympt om Manage 16(6): 364-373, 12/1998.

62. Wang XS, Mendoza TR, Gao SZ, Cleeland CS. The Chinese version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-C): its development and use in a study of cancer pain. Pain 67(2-3): 407-416, 10/1996.

63. Williams VS, Smith MY, Fehnel SE. The validity and utility of the BPI interference measures for eval uating the impact of

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osteoarthritic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 31(1): 48-57, 1/2006.

64. Wu EQ, Borton J, Said G, Le TK, Monz B, Rosilio M, Avoinet S. Estimat ed prevalence of p eripheral neuropathy and associat ed p ain in adults wit h diabetes in Fr ance. Curr Med Res Opin 23(9): 2035-2042, 9/2007.

65. Yun YH, Mendoza TR, Heo DS, Yoo T, Heo BY, Park HA, Shin HC, Wang XS, Cleeland CS. Development of a cancer pain assessm ent tool in Korea: a validation study of a Korean version of the brief pain inventory. Oncology 66(6): 439-444,

2004.

66. Yun YH, Park YS, Lee ES, Bang SM, Heo DS, Park SY, You CH, West K. Validation of the Korean version of the EORTC QLQC30. Qual Life Res 13(4): 863-868, 5/2004.

67. Yun YH, Wang XS, Lee JS, Roh JW, Lee CG, Lee WS, Lee KS, Bang SM, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validation study of the korean version of the brief fatigue inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 29(2): 165-172, 2/2005.

68. Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC, Kim SE, Varian EA, Coakham HB. Patient satisfaction after surgery for trigeminal neuralgia development of a questionnaire. Acta Neurochir (Wien ) 147(9): 925-9 32, 9 /20 05.

69. Zalon ML. Using and understanding factor analysis: the Brief Pai n i nventor y. Nurse Res 14 (1): 71-84, 2006.

70. Zelman DC, Dukes E, Brandenburg N, Bostrom A, Gore M. Identification of cut-points for mild, moderate and severe pain due to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain 115(1-2): 2936, 5/2005.

71. Zelman DC, Gore M, Dukes E, Tai KS, Brandenburg N. Validation of a modified version of the brief pain inventory for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage 29(4): 401-410, 4/2005.

72. Zelman DC, Gore M, Dukes E, Tai KS, Brandenburg N. Validation of a modified version of the Brief Pain Inventory for

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Language Translations

1. Badia X, Muriel C, Gracia A, Nunez-Olarte JM, Perulero N, Galvez R, Carulla J, Cleeland CS. [Validation of the Spanish version of the Brief P ain Inventory in patients with oncological pain]. Med Clin (Barc) 120(2): 52-59, 1/2003.

2. Caraceni A, Mendoza TR, Mencaglia E, Baratella C, Edwards K, Forjaz MJ, Martini C, Serlin RC, de CF, Cleeland CS. A validation study of an Italian version of the Brief Pain Inventory (Breve Questionario p er la Valutaz ion e del Dolore). Pa in 6 5( 1): 87-92, 4/1996.

3. Ger LP, Ho ST, Sun WZ, Wang MS, Cleeland CS. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory in a Taiwanese population. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(5): 316-322, 11/1999.

4. Kalyadina SA, Ionova TI, Ivanova MO, Uspenskaya OS, Kishtovich AV, Mendoza TR, Guo H, Novik A, Cleeland CS, Wang XS. Russian Brief Pain Inventory: validation and application in cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 35(1): 95-102, 1/2008.

5. Klepstad P, Loge JH, Borchgrevink PC, Mend oza TR, Cleeland CS, Kaasa S. The Norwegian brief pain inventory questio nnaire: transl ation and validation in cancer pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 24(5): 517-525, 11/2002.

6. Mystakidou K, Mendoza T, Tsilika E, Befon S, Parpa E, Bellos G, Vlahos L, Cleeland C. Greek brief pain inventory: validat ion and utility in cancer pain. Oncology 60(1): 35-42, 2001.

7. Poundja J, Fikretoglu D, Guay S, Brunet A. Validation of the French version of the brief pain inventory in Canadian veterans suffering from traumatic stress. J Pain Symptom Manage 33(6): 720-726, 6/2007.

8. Radbruch L, Loick G, Kiencke P, Lindena G, Sabatowski R, Grond S, Lehm ann KA, Cleeland CS. Validat ion of the German version of the Brief Pain Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(3): 180-187, 9/1999.

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9. Uki J, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS, Nakamura Y, Takeda F. A brief cancer pain assessment tool in Japanese: the utility of the Japane se Brief Pain Inventory--BPI-J. J Pain Sympt om Manage 16(6): 364-373, 12/1998.

10. Wang XS, Mendoza TR, Gao SZ, Cleeland CS. The Chinese version of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-C): its development and use in a study of cancer pain. Pain 67(2-3): 407-416, 10/1996.

11. Yun YH, Park YS, Lee ES, Bang SM, Heo DS, Park SY, You CH, West K. Validation of the Korean version of the EORTC QLQC30. Qual Life Res 13(4): 863-868, 5/2004.

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3. Anderson KO, Cl eeland CS. Asse ssme nt of ca n cer- rel at ed symptoms. In: Nelson K, ed. Palliative Care for the Oncologist. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press; 2003.

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