Campbell Scientific Granite 9 User guide

Revision: 01/27/2021

Copyright © 2000 – 2021

Campbell Scientific

CSL I.D - 1323

Guarantee

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This equipment is guaranteed against defects in materials and workmanship.
We will repair or replace products which prove to be defective during the
guarantee period as detailed on your invoice, provided they are returned to us
prepaid. The guarantee will not apply to:

Equipment which has been modified or altered in any way without the
written permission of Campbell Scientific

Batteries
Any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, acts of God or

damage in transit.

Campbell Scientific will return guaranteed equipment by surface carrier
prepaid. Campbell Scientific will not reimburse the claimant for costs incurred

in removing and/or reinstalling equipment. This guarantee and the Company’s

obligation thereunder is in lieu of all other guarantees, expressed or implied,
including those of suitability and fitness for a particular purpose. Campbell
Scientific is not liable for consequential damage.

Please inform us before returning equipment and obtain a Repair Reference
Number whether the repair is under guarantee or not. Please state the faults as
clearly as possible, and if the product is out of the guarantee period it should
be accompanied by a purchase order. Quotations for repairs can be given on
request. It is the policy of Campbell Scientific to protect the health of its
employees and provide a safe working environment, in support of this policy a

“Declaration of Hazardous Material and Decontamination” form will be

issued for completion.

When returning equipment, the Repair Reference Number must be clearly
marked on the outside of the package. Complete the “Declaration of
Hazardous Material and Decontamination” form and ensure a completed copy
is returned with your goods. Please note your Repair may not be processed if
you do not include a copy of this form and Campbell Scientific Ltd reserves
the right to return goods at the customers’ expense.

Note that goods sent air freight are subject to Customs clearance fees which
Campbell Scientific will charge to customers. In many cases, these charges are
greater than the cost of the repair.

Campbell Scientific Ltd,

80 Hathern Road,

Shepshed, Loughborough, LE12 9GX, UK

Tel: [phone]

Fax: [phone]

Email: [e-mail]

www.campbellsci.co.uk

About this manual

Please note that this manual was originally produced by Campbell Scientific Inc. primarily for the North
American market. Some spellings, weights and measures may reflect this origin.

Some useful conversion factors:

Area: 1 in2 (square inch) = 645 mm2

Length: 1 in. (inch) = 25.4 mm

1 ft (foot) = 304.8 mm
1 yard = 0.914 m
1 mile = 1.609 km

In addition, while most of the information in the manual is correct for all countries, certain information
is specific to the North American market and so may not be applicable to European users.

Differences include the U.S standard external power supply details where some information (for
example the AC transformer input voltage) will not be applicable for British/European use. Please note,

however, that when a power supply adapter is ordered it will be suitable for use in your country.

Reference to some radio transmitters, digital cell phones and aerials may also not be applicable
according to your locality.

Some brackets, shields and enclosure options, including wiring, are not sold as standard items in the
European market; in some cases alternatives are offered. Details of the alternatives will be covered in
separate manuals.

Part numbers prefixed with a “#” symbol are special order parts for use with non-EU variants or for
special installations. Please quote the full part number with the # when ordering.

Mass: 1 oz. (ounce) = 28.35 g

1 lb (pound weight) = 0.454 kg

Pressure: 1 psi (lb/in2) = 68.95 mb

Volume: 1 UK pint = 568.3 ml

1 UK gallon = 4.546 litres
1 US gallon = 3.785 litres

Recycling information

At the end of this product’s life it should not be put in commercial or domestic refuse but
sent for recycling. Any batteries contained within the product or used during the
products life should be removed from the product and also be sent to an appropriate
recycling facility.

Campbell Scientific Ltd can advise on the recycling of the equipment and in some cases
arrange collection and the correct disposal of it, although charges may apply for some
items or territories.

For further advice or support, please contact Campbell Scientific Ltd, or your local agent.

Campbell Scientific Ltd, 80 Hathern Road, Shepshed, Loughborough, LE12 9GX,

UK Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]

Email: [e-mail]

www.campbellsci.co.uk

Safety

DANGER — MANY HAZARD S ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INSTALLING, USING, M AINTAINING, AND WORKING ON
OR AROUND TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ANY ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH AS SENSORS,
CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC. FAILURE TO PROPERLY AND COM P LE TE LY ASS E M BLE ,
INSTALL, OPERATE, USE, AND MAINTAIN TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ATTACHMENTS, AND FAILURE TO HEED
WARNINGS, INCREASES THE RISK OF DEATH, ACCIDENT, SERIOUS INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND
PRODUCT FAILURE. TAKE ALL REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID THESE HAZARDS. CHECK WITH YOUR
ORGANIZATION'S SAFETY COORDINATOR (OR POLICY) FOR PROCEDURES AND REQUIRED PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT PRIOR TO PERFORMING ANY WORK.

Use tripods, towers, and attachments to tripods and towers only for purposes for which they are designed. Do not
exceed design limits. Be familiar and comply with all instructions provided in product manuals. Manuals are
available at www.campbellsci.eu or by telephoning [phone] (UK). You are responsible for conformance
with governing codes and regulati ons, including safety regulati ons, and the integrity and locati on of structures or land
to which towers, tripods, and any attachments are attached. Installation sites should be evaluated and approved by a
qualified engineer. If questions or co ncerns arise regarding installation, use, or maintenance of tripods, towers,
attachments, or electrical connections, consult with a licensed and qualified engineer or electrician.

General

• Prior to performing site or installation work, obtain required approvals and permits. Comply with all
governing structure-height regulations, such as those of the FAA in the USA.

• Use only qualified personnel for installation, use, and maintenance of tripods and towers, and any
attachments to tripods and towers. The use of licensed and qualified contractors is highly recommended.

• Read all applicable instructions carefully and understand procedures thoroughly before beginning work.

• Wear a hardhat and eye protection, and take other appropriate safety precautions while working on or

around tripods and towers.

• Do not climb tripods or towers at any time, and prohibit climbing by other persons. Take reasonable
precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers.

• Use only manufacturer recommended parts, materials, and tools.

Utility and Electrical

• You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury if the tripod, tower, or attachments you are installing,
constructing, using, or maintaining, or a tool, stake, or anchor, come in contact with overhead o

nderground utility lines.

u

• Maintain a distance of at least one-and-one-half times structure height, or 20 feet, or the distance
r

equired by applicable law, whichever is greater, between overhead utility lines and the structure (tripod,

tower, attachments, or tools).

• Prior to performing site or installation work, inform all utility companies and have all underground utilities
marked.

• Comply with all electrical codes. Electrical equipment and related grounding devices should be installed
by a licensed and qualified electrician.

r

Elevated Work and Weather

• Exercise extreme caution when performing elevated work.

• Use appropriate equipment and safety practices.

• During installation and maintenance, keep tower and tripod sites clear of un-trained or non-essential

personnel. Take precautions to prevent elevated tools and objects from dropping.

• Do not perform any work in inclement weather, including wind, rain, snow, lightning, etc.

Maintenance

• Periodically (at least yearly) check for wear and damage, including corrosion, stress cracks, frayed cables,
loose cable clamps, cable tightness, etc. and take necessary corrective actions.

• Periodically (at least yearly) check electrical ground connections.

WHILE EVERY ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EMBODY THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF SAFETY IN ALL CAMPBELL
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS, THE CUSTOMER ASSUMES ALL RISK FROM ANY INJURY RESULTING FROM IMPROPER
INSTALLATION, USE, OR MAINTENANCE OF TRIPODS, TOWERS, OR ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS
SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC.

Table of Contents

1. GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system components 1

1.1 The GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system 2

1.1.1 Overview 2

1.1.2 Operations 3

1.1.3 Programs 3

1.2 Sensors 3

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 5

2.1 Power input 9

2.1.1 Powering a data logger with a vehicle 9

2.1.2 Power LED indicator 10

2.2 Power output 10

2.3 Grounds 11

2.4 Communications ports 12

2.4.1 USB device port 12

2.4.2 USB host port 13

2.4.3 Ethernet port 13

2.4.4 C terminals for communications 13

2.4.4.1 SDI-12 ports 13

2.4.4.2 RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, TTL, and LVTTL ports 14

2.4.4.3 SDM ports 14

2.4.5 CS I/O port 14

2.4.6 CPI/RS-232 port 15

2.4.7 EPI port 16

2.4.8 CAN port (GRANITE 10 only) 17

2.5 Programmable logic control 18

3. Setting up the GRANITE 9/10 20

3.1 Setting up communications with the data logger 20

3.1.1 USB or RS-232 communications 21

3.1.2 Virtual Ethernet over USB (RNDIS) 22

3.1.3 Ethernet communications option 23

3.1.3.1 Configuring data logger Ethernet settings 23

Table of Contents - i

3.1.3.2 Ethernet LEDs 24

3.1.3.3 Setting up Ethernet communications between the data logger and
computer 25

3.1.4 Wi-Fi communications 26

3.1.4.1 Configuring the data logger to host a Wi-Fi network 26

3.1.4.2 Connecting your computer to the data logger over Wi-Fi 27

3.1.4.3 Setting up Wi-Fi communications between the data logger and the data
logger support software 27

3.1.4.4 Configuring data loggers to join a Wi-Fi network 28

3.1.4.5 Wi-Fi mode button 29

3.1.4.6 Wi-Fi LED indicator 29

3.2 Testing communications with EZSetup 30

3.3 Making the software connection 31

3.4 Programming quickstart using Short Cut 31

3.5 Sending a program to the data logger 35

4. Working with data 36

4.1 Default data tables 36

4.2 Collecting data 37

4.2.1 Collecting data using LoggerNet 37

4.2.2 Collecting data using RTDAQ 37

4.2.3 Collecting data using an FTP client 38

4.3 Viewing historic data 39

4.4 Data types and formats 39

4.4.1 Variables 40

4.4.2 Constants 41

4.4.3 Data storage 42

4.5 About data tables 43

4.5.1 Table definitions 43

4.5.1.1 Header rows 43

4.5.1.2 Data records 45

4.6 Creating data tables in a program 46

5. Data memory 48

5.1 Data tables 48

5.2 Memory allocation 48

5.3 SRAM 49

5.3.1 USRdrive 50

Table of Contents - ii

5.4 DDR-SDRAM 51

5.5 SRAM vs. DDR-SDRAM 51

5.6 SSD - Hard Drive 51

5.7 Flash memory 52

5.7.1 eMMC NAND flash memory 52

5.7.2 NOR flash memory 52

5.7.3 CPU drive 52

5.8 MicroSD (CRD:drive) 52

5.8.1 Formatting microSD cards 53

5.8.2 MicroSDcard precautions 54

5.8.3 Act LED indicator 54

5.9 USB Host (USB: drive) 54

5.9.1 USB Host precautions 55

5.9.2 Act LED indicator 55

5.9.3 Formatting drives 32 GB or larger 55

6. Measurements 56

6.1 Pulse measurements 56

6.1.1 High-frequency measurements 57

6.1.1.1 C terminals 58

6.1.2 Switch-closure and open-collector measurements 58

6.1.2.1 C Terminals 58

6.1.3 Edge timing and edge counting 59

6.1.3.1 Single edge timing 59

6.1.3.2 Multiple edge counting 59

6.1.3.3 Timer input NAN conditions 59

6.1.4 Quadrature measurements 60

6.1.5 Pulse measurement tips 61

6.1.5.1 Input filters and signal attenuation 61

6.1.5.2 Pulse count resolution 62

6.2 Sequential and pipeline processing modes 62

6.2.1 Sequential mode 62

6.2.2 Pipeline mode 63

6.2.3 Slow Sequences 63

7. Communications protocols 65

7.1 General serial communications 66

Table of Contents - iii

7.1.1 RS-232 68

7.1.2 RS-485 69

7.1.3 RS-422 70

7.1.4 TTL 71

7.1.5 LVTTL 71

7.1.6 TTL-Inverted 71

7.1.7 LVTTL-Inverted 72

7.2 CPI 72

7.3 EPI 73

7.4 CAN (GRANITE10 only) 73

7.4.1 CRBasic instructions 74

7.4.1.1 CANPortOpen() / CANFDPortOpen 74

7.4.1.2 CANRead() / CANFDRead() 77

7.4.1.3 CANFilterRead() / CANFDFilterRead() 78

7.4.1.4 CANWrite() / CANFDWrite() 78

7.4.2 DBC Signal Support 78

7.4.3 J1979 Legislated PIDS Example 81

7.5 Modbus communications 81

7.5.1 About Modbus 82

7.5.2 Modbus protocols 83

7.5.3 Understanding Modbus Terminology 84

7.5.4 Connecting Modbus devices 84

7.5.5 Modbus master-slave protocol 84

7.5.6 About Modbus programming 85

7.5.6.1 Endianness 85

7.5.6.2 Function codes 86

7.5.7 Modbus information storage 87

7.5.7.1 Registers 87

7.5.7.2 Coils 87

7.5.7.3 Data Types 88
Unsigned 16-bit integer 88
Signed 16-bit integer 88
Signed 32-bit integer 89
Unsigned 32-bit integer 89
32-Bit floating point 89

7.5.8 Modbus tips and troubleshooting 89

7.5.8.1 Error codes 89

Table of Contents - iv

Result code -01: illegal function 89
Result code -02: illegal data address 90
Result code -11: COM port error 90

7.6 Internet communications 90

7.6.1 IPaddress 91

7.6.2 HTTPS server 91

7.6.3 FTP server 91

7.7 DNP3 communications 93

7.8 Serial peripheral interface (SPI) and I2C 93

7.9 PakBus communications 93

7.10 SDI-12 communications 94

7.10.1 SDI-12 transparent mode 95

7.10.1.1 Watch command (sniffer mode) 96

7.10.1.2 SDI-12 transparent mode commands 97

7.10.2 SDI-12 programmed mode/recorder mode 97

7.10.3 Programming the data logger to act as an SDI-12 sensor 98

7.10.4 SDI-12 power considerations 98

8. GRANITE 9/10 maintenance 100

8.1 Data logger calibration 100

8.2 Data logger security 101

8.2.1 TLS 102

8.2.2 Security codes 103

8.2.3 Creating a .csipasswd file 104

8.2.3.1 Command syntax 105

8.3 Data logger enclosures 105

8.3.1 Mounting in an enclosure 106

8.4 Internal battery 107

8.4.1 Replacing the internal battery 108

8.5 Electrostatic discharge and lightning protection 109

8.6 Power budgeting 111

8.7 Updating the operating system 111

8.7.1 Sending an operating system to a local data logger 112

8.7.2 Sending an operating system to a remote data logger 113

8.8 File management via powerup.ini 114

8.8.1 Syntax 115

8.8.2 Example powerup.ini files 116

Table of Contents - v

9. Tips and troubleshooting 118

9.1 Checking station status 119

9.1.1 Viewing station status 119

9.1.2 Watchdog errors 120

9.1.3 Results for last program compiled 120

9.1.4 Skipped scans 121

9.1.5 Skipped records 121

9.1.6 Variable out of bounds 121

9.1.7 Battery voltage 121

9.2 Understanding NAN and INF occurrences 121

9.3 Timekeeping 122

9.3.1 Clock best practices 122

9.3.2 GPS 123

9.3.3 Time stamps 123

9.3.4 Avoiding time skew 124

9.4 CRBasic program errors 124

9.4.1 Program does not compile 125

9.4.2 Program compiles but does not run correctly 125

9.5 Resetting the data logger 126

9.5.1 Processor reset 126

9.5.2 Program send reset 126

9.5.3 Manual data table reset 127

9.5.4 Formatting drives 127

9.5.5 Full memory reset 127

9.6 Troubleshooting power supplies 127

9.6.1 SDI-12 transparent mode 128

9.6.1.1 Watch command (sniffer mode) 129

9.6.1.2 SDI-12 transparent mode commands 130

9.7 Ground loops 130

9.7.1 Common causes 131

9.7.2 Detrimental effects 131

9.7.3 Severing a ground loop 133

9.8 Field calibration 133

9.9 File system error codes 134

9.10 File name and resource errors 135

9.11 Background calibration errors 135

Table of Contents - vi

10. Information tables and settings (advanced) 136

10.1 DataTableInfo table system information 137

10.1.1 DataFillDays 137

10.1.2 DataRecordSize 137

10.1.3 DataTableName 137

10.1.4 RecNum 137

10.1.5 SecsPerRecord 138

10.1.6 SkippedRecord 138

10.1.7 TimeStamp 138

10.2 Status table system information 138

10.2.1 Battery 138

10.2.2 BuffDepth 138

10.2.3 CardStatus 138

10.2.4 CommsMemFree 139

10.2.5 CompileResults 139

10.2.6 ErrorCalib 139

10.2.7 FullMemReset 139

10.2.8 LastSystemScan 139

10.2.9 LithiumBattery 139

10.2.10 Low12VCount 139

10.2.11 MaxBuffDepth 139

10.2.12 MaxProcTime 140

10.2.13 MaxSystemProcTime 140

10.2.14 MeasureOps 140

10.2.15 MeasureTime 140

10.2.16 MemoryFree 140

10.2.17 MemorySize 140

10.2.18 Messages 140

10.2.19 OSDate 141

10.2.20 OSSignature 141

10.2.21 OSVersion 141

10.2.22 PakBusRoutes 141

10.2.23 CPUTemp 141

10.2.24 PortConfig 141

10.2.25 PortStatus 141

10.2.26 ProcessTime 142

10.2.27 ProgErrors 142

Table of Contents - vii

10.2.28 ProgName 142

10.2.29 ProgSignature 142

10.2.30 RecNum 142

10.2.31 RevBoard 142

10.2.32 RunSignature 142

10.2.33 SerialNumber 143

10.2.34 SkippedScan 143

10.2.35 SkippedSystemScan 143

10.2.36 StartTime 143

10.2.37 StartUpCode 143

10.2.38 StationName 143

10.2.39 SW12Volts 143

10.2.40 SystemProcTime 144

10.2.41 TimeStamp 144

10.2.42 VarOutOfBound 144

10.2.43 WatchdogErrors 144

10.2.44 WiFiUpdateReq 144

10.3 CPIStatus system information 144

10.3.1 BusLoad 145

10.3.2 ModuleReportCount 145

10.3.3 ActiveModules 145

10.3.4 BuffErr (buffer error) 145

10.3.5 RxErrMax 145

10.3.6 TxErrMax 145

10.3.7 FrameErr (frame errors) 145

10.3.8 ModuleInfo array 146

10.4 Settings 146

10.4.1 Baudrate 146

10.4.2 Beacon 147

10.4.3 CentralRouters 147

10.4.4 CommsMemAlloc 147

10.4.5 DNS 147

10.4.6 EthernetInfo 148

10.4.7 EthernetPower 148

10.4.8 FilesManager 148

10.4.9 FTPEnabled 148

10.4.10 FTPPassword 148

Table of Contents - viii

10.4.11 FTPPort

10.4.12 FTPUserName

10.4.13 HTTPEnabled

10.4.14 HTTPPort

10.4.15 HTTPSEnabled

10.4.16 HTTPSPort

10.4.17 IncludeFile

10.4.18 IPAddressEth

10.4.19 IPGateway

10.4.20 IPMaskEth

10.4.21 IPTrace

10.4.22 IPTraceCode

10.4.23 IPTraceComport

10.4.24 IsRouter

10.4.25 MaxPacketSize

10.4.26 Neighbours

10.4.27 PakBusAddress

10.4.28 PakBusEncryptionKey

10.4.29 PakBusNodes

10.4.30 PakBusPort

10.4.31 PakBusTCPClients

10.4.32 PakBusTCPEnabled

10.4.33 PakBusTCPPassword

10.4.34 PingEnabled

10.4.35 pppDial

10.4.36 pppDialResponse

10.4.37 pppInfo

10.4.38 pppInterface

10.4.39 pppIPAddr

10.4.40 pppPassword

10.4.41 pppUsername

10.4.42 RouteFilters

10.4.43 RS232Power

10.4.44 Security(1), Security(2), Security(3)

10.4.45 ServicesEnabled

10.4.46 TCPClientConnections

10.4.47 TCPPort

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Table of Contents - ix

10.4.48 TelnetEnabled 154

10.4.49 TLSConnections (Max TLS Server Connections) 154

10.4.50 TLSPassword 155

10.4.51 TLSStatus 155

10.4.52 UDPBroadcastFilter 155

10.4.53 UTCOffset 155

10.4.54 Verify 155

10.4.55 Wi-Fi settings 155

10.4.55.1 IPAddressWiFi 156

10.4.55.2 IPGatewayWiFi 156

10.4.55.3 IPMaskWiFi 156

10.4.55.4 WiFiChannel 156

10.4.55.5 WiFiConfig 157

10.4.55.6 WiFiEAPMethod 157

10.4.55.7 WiFiEAPPassword 157

10.4.55.8 WiFiEAPUser 157

10.4.55.9 Networks 157

10.4.55.10 WiFiEnable 158

10.4.55.11 WiFiFwdCode (Forward Code) 158

10.4.55.12 WiFiPassword 158

10.4.55.13 WiFiPowerMode 158

10.4.55.14 WiFiSSID (Network Name) 158

10.4.55.15 WiFiStatus 159

10.4.55.16 WiFiTxPowerLevel 159

10.4.55.17 WLANDomainName 159

11. GRANITE 9/10 Specifications 160

11.1 System specifications 160

11.2 Physical specifications 162

11.3 Power requirements 162

11.4 Power output specifications 163

11.4.1 System power out limits (when powered with 12VDC) 163

11.4.2 12 V and SW12 power output terminals 163

11.4.3 5 V fixed output 163

11.4.4 C as power output 164

11.4.5 CSI/O pin 1 164

11.4.6 CSI/O pin 8 164

Table of Contents - x

11.5 Pulse measurement specifications 164

11.5.1 Switch closure input 164

11.5.2 High-frequency input 165

11.5.3 Low-level AC input 165

11.6 Digital input/output specifications 165

11.6.1 Switch closure input 166

11.6.2 High-frequency input 166

11.6.3 Edge timing 166

11.6.4 Edge counting 167

11.6.5 Quadrature input 167

11.6.6 Pulse-width modulation 167

11.6.7 Maximum time between counter or timer instructions 167

11.7 Communications specifications 167

11.7.1 Wi-Fi specifications 168

11.8 Standards compliance specifications 169

Appendix A. Glossary 170

Table of Contents - xi

1. GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system components

A basic data acquisition system consists of sensors, measurement hardware, and a computer with
programmable software. The objective of a data acquisition system should be high accuracy,
high precision, and resolution as high as appropriate for a given application.

The components of a basic data acquisition system are shown in the following figure.

Following is a list of typical data acquisition system components:

l Sensors - Electronic sensors convert the state of a phenomenon to an electrical signal (see

Sensors (p. 3) for more information).

1. GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system components 1

l Data logger - The data logger measures electrical signals or reads serial characters. It

converts the measurement or reading to engineering units, performs calculations, and
reduces data to statistical values. Data is stored in memory to await transfer to a computer
by way of an external storage device or a communications link.

l Data Retrieval and Communications - Data is copied (not moved) from the data logger,

usually to a computer, by one or more methods using data logger support software. Most
communications options are bi-directional, which allows programs and settings to be sent
to the data logger. For more information, see Sending a program to the data logger (p. 35).

l Datalogger Support Software - Software retrieves data, sends programs, and sets settings.

The software manages the communications link and has options for data display.

l Programmable Logic Control - Some data acquisition systems require the control of

external devices to facilitate a measurement or to control a device based on measurements.
This data logger is adept at programmable logic control. See Programmable logic control
(p. 18) for more information.

l Measurement and Control Peripherals - Sometimes, system requirements exceed the

capacity of the data logger. The excess can usually be handled by addition of input and
output expansion modules.

l Campbell Distributed Module (CDM) - CDMs increase measurement capability can be

centrally located or distributed throughout the network. Modules are controlled and
synchronized by a single GRANITE 9/10. GRANITE Measurement Modules are one type of
CDM.

1.1 The GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system

The GRANITE 9/10 data logger provides fast communications, low power requirements, and built­in host and devices USB in a compact size. It includes digital I/O (C) terminals, which allow
connection to virtually any digital or smart sensor. The GRANITE 9/10 in conjunction with
GRANITE Measurement Modules can be collocated in a chassis or distributed over distances of
thousands of feet and all behave as a single unit for the purposes of programming,
synchronization, and data collection and storage.

1.1.1 Overview

The GRANITE 9/10 data logger is the main part of a data acquisition system (see GRANITE 9/10

data acquisition system components (p. 1) for more information). It has a central-processing unit

(CPU), digital measurement inputs, analogue and digital outputs, and memory. An operating
system (firmware) coordinates the functions of these parts in conjunction with the onboard clock
and the CRBasic application program.

1. GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system components 2

The GRANITE 9/10 can simultaneously provide measurement and communications functions. Low
power consumption allows the data logger to operate for extended time on a battery recharged
with a solar panel, eliminating the need for ac power. The GRANITE 9/10 temporarily suspends
operations when primary power drops below 9.6 V, reducing the possibility of inaccurate
measurements.

1.1.2 Operations

The GRANITE 9/10 measures almost any sensor with an electrical response, drives direct
communications and telecommunications, reduces data to statistical values, performs
calculations, and controls external devices. After measurements are made, data is stored in
onboard, nonvolatile memory. Because most applications do not require that every measurement
be recorded, the program usually combines several measurements into computational or
statistical summaries, such as averages and standard deviations.

Distributed measurements are one of the hallmarks of the GRANITE series. All modules are
interconnected using CAT5e Ethernet cable. This makes running cables inexpensive and familiar.
One of the advantage of distributed measurements is to take the GRANITE 9/10 to the sensors
and shorten the sensor cables. This replaces many long sensor cables with a single inexpensive
data cable. It also reduces the distance for signals to travel therefore reducing opportunities for
corruption of the signals by noise.

1.1.3 Programs

A program directs the data logger on how and when sensors are measured, calculations are
made, data is stored, and devices are controlled. The application program for the GRANITE 9/10
is written in CRBasic, a programming language that includes measurement, data processing, and
analysis routines, as well as the standard BASIC instruction set. For simple applications, Short Cut,
a user-friendly program generator, can be used to generate the program. For more demanding
programs, use the full featured CRBasic Editor.

Programs are run by the GRANITE 9/10 in either sequential mode or pipeline mode. In sequential
mode, each instruction is executed sequentially in the order it appears in the program. In
pipeline mode, the GRANITE 9/10 determines the order of instruction execution to maximize
efficiency.

1.2 Sensors

Sensors transduce phenomena into measurable electrical forms by modulating voltage, current,
resistance, status, or pulse output signals. Suitable sensors do this with accuracy and precision.

1. GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system components 3

Smart sensors have internal measurement and processing components and simply output a
digital value in binary, hexadecimal, or ASCII character form.

GRANITE measurement modules allow flexibility both in measurement type and channel count.
Most electronic sensors, regardless of manufacturer, will interface with a measurement module.
The GRANITE data acquisition system can measure or read nearly all electronic sensor output
types.

The following list may not be comprehensive. A library of sensor manuals and application notes
is available at www.campbellsci.eu/support to assist in measuring many sensor types.

l Pulse

o

High frequency

o

Switch-closure

o

Low-level ac

o

Quadrature

l Vibrating wire
l Smart sensors

o

SDI-12

o

RS-232

o

Modbus

o

DNP3

o

TCP/IP

o

RS-422

o

RS-485

1. GRANITE 9/10 data acquisition system components 4

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions

The GRANITE 9/10 wiring panel provides ports and removable terminals for connecting sensors,
power, and communications devices. It is protected against surge, over-voltage, over-current,
and reverse power. The wiring panel is the interface to most data logger functions so studying it
is a good way to get acquainted with the data logger. Functions of the terminals are broken
down into the following categories:

l Pulse counting
l Communications
l Digital I/O
l Power input
l Power output
l Power ground

FIGURE 2-1. GRANITE9 Wiring panel

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 5

FIGURE 2-2. GRANITE9

FIGURE 2-3. GRANITE10 Wiring panel

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 6

FIGURE 2-4. GRANITE10

Table 2-1: Pulse counting terminal functions

C1-C8

Switch-Closure ✓

High Frequency ✓

Quadrature

NOTE:
Conflicts can occur when a control port pair is used for different instructions (TimerInput(),

PulseCount(), SDI12Recorder(), WaitDigTrig()). For example, if C1 is used for
SDI12Recorder(), C2 cannot be used for TimerInput(), PulseCount(), or
WaitDigTrig().

Table 2-2: Voltage output terminal functions

C1-C8 12V SW12-1 SW12-2 5V

3.3 VDC ✓

5 VDC ✓ ✓

+POWERIN up to 12VDC ✓ ✓ ✓

C terminals have limited drive capacity. Voltage levels are configured in pairs.

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 7

Table 2-3: Communications terminal functions

C1 C2 C3 C4

SDI-12 ✓ ✓ ✓

GPS Time Sync Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx

TTL

Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx

0-5 V

LVTTL

Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx

0-3.3 V

RS-232 Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx ✓

RS-485

A- B+ A- B+ A- B+ A- B+

(Half Duplex)

RS-485

Tx- Tx+ Rx- Rx+ Tx- Tx+ Rx- Rx+

(Full Duplex)

I2C SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA

C5 C6 C7 C8

RS-232/

CPI

GRANITE 10 only

H/L/RG

(1-4)

SPI MOSI SCLK MISO MOSI SCLK MISO

SDM Data Clk Enabl

CPI/

CDM

CAN bus ✓

✓

Table 2-4: Digital I/O terminal functions

C1-C8

General I/O ✓

Pulse-Width Modulation Output ✓

Timer Input ✓

Interrupt ✓

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 8

2.1 Power input

The data logger requires a power supply. It can receive power from a variety of sources, operate
for several months on non-rechargeable batteries, and supply power to many sensors and
devices. The data logger operates with external power connected to the green POWER IN port on
the side of the wiring panel (see Wiring Panel and Terminal Functions). The positive power wire
connects to the Power (10-32 Vdc) terminal. The negative wire connects to G. The power
terminals are internally protected against polarity reversal and high voltage transients.

The primary power source, which is often a transformer, power converter, or solar panel, connects
to the charging regulator, as does a nominal 12 VDC sealed rechargeable battery. A third
connection connects the charging regulator to the 12V and G terminals of the POWER IN port.
UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is often the best power source for long-term installations. If
external alkaline power is used, the alkaline battery pack is connected directly to the POWER IN
port. External UPS consists of a primary-power source, a charging regulator external to the data
logger, and an external battery.

WARNING:
Sustained input voltages in excess of those listed in the , can damage the transient voltage
suppression.

Ensure that power supply components match the specifications of the device to which they are
connected. When connecting power, switch off the power supply, insert the connector, then turn
the power supply on. Troubleshooting power supplies (p. 127)

The GRANITE 9/10 cannot run solely from USB power.

NOTE:
The Status field Battery value and the destination variable from the Battery() instruction
(often called batt_volt in the Public table) reference the external battery voltage. For
information about the internal battery, see Internal battery (p. 107).

2.1.1 Powering a data logger with a vehicle

If a data logger is powered by a motor-vehicle power supply, a second power supply may be
needed. When starting the motor of the vehicle, battery voltage often drops below the voltage
required for data logger operation. This may cause the data logger to stop measurements until
the voltage again equals or exceeds the lower limit. A second supply or charge regulator can be
provided to prevent measurement lapses during vehicle starting.

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 9

In vehicle applications, the earth ground lug should be firmly attached to the vehicle chassis with
12 AWG wire or larger.

2.1.2 Power LED indicator

When the data logger is powered, the Status LED will turn on according to power and program
states:

l Off: No power, no program running.
l Green flash every 1/2 second: Program running
l Solid yellow: Fault
l Solid red: Boot code is active

2.2 Power output

The data logger can be used as a power source for communications devices, sensors and
peripherals. Take precautions to prevent damage to these external devices due to over- or under­voltage conditions, and to minimize errors. Additionally, exceeding current limits causes voltage
output to become unstable. Voltage should stabilize once current is again reduced to within
stated limits. The following are available:

l 12V: regulated 12 VDC. The 12 VDC supply is regulated to within 10% of 12 VDC as long as

the main power supply for the data logger does not drop below the minimum supply
voltage. See Power requirements (p. 162).

l 5V: regulated 5 VDC. The 5 VDC supply is regulated to within a few millivolts of 5 VDC as

long as the main power supply for the data logger does not drop below the minimum
supply voltage. It is intended to power sensors or devices requiring a 5 VDC power supply.
It is not intended as an excitation source for bridge measurements. Current output is
shared with the CSI/O port; so, the total current must be within the current limit.

SW12: program-controlled, regulated switched 12 VDC terminals. Voltage on a SW12

l

terminal will be approximately the same as the 12V terminal. Each SW12 terminal has an
independent current limit. CRBasic instruction SW12()controls the SW12 terminal. See
the CRBasic Editor help for detailed instruction information and program examples:

https://help.campbellsci.eu/crbasic/granite10/,
https://help.campbellsci.eu/crbasic/granite9/.

l CS I/O port: used to communicate with and often supply power to Campbell Scientific

peripheral devices.

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 10

l C terminals: can be set low or high as output terminals . With limited drive capacity, digital

output terminals are normally used to operate external relay-driver circuits. See also Digital

input/output specifications (p. 165).

See also Power output specifications (p. 163).

2.3 Grounds

Proper grounding lends stability and protection to a data acquisition system. Grounding the data
logger with its peripheral devices and sensors is critical in all applications. Proper grounding will
ensure maximum ESD protection and measurement accuracy. It is the easiest and least expensive
insurance against data loss, and often the most neglected. The following terminals are provided
for connection of sensor and data logger grounds:

l Power Ground (G) - return for 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V, C terminals configured for control, and

digital sensors.

o

6 common terminals

l Resistive Ground (RG) - used for decoupling ground on RS-485 and CANbus (GRANITE10

only) signals. Includes 100 Ω resistance to ground.

o

6 common terminals, GRANITE10

o

2 common terminals, GRANITE9

l Earth Ground Lug ( ) - connection point for heavy-gauge earth-ground wire. A good earth

connection is necessary to secure the ground potential of the data logger and shunt
transients away from electronics. Campbell Scientific recommends 14 AWG wire, minimum.

NOTE:
Several ground wires can be connected to the same ground terminal.

A good earth (chassis) ground will minimize damage to the data logger and sensors by providing
a low-resistance path around the system to a point of low potential. Campbell Scientific
recommends that all data loggers be earth grounded. All components of the system (data
loggers, sensors, external power supplies, mounts, housings) should be referenced to one
common earth ground.

In the field, at a minimum, a proper earth ground will consist of a 5-foot copper-sheathed
grounding rod driven into the earth and connected to the large brass ground lug on the wiring
panel with a 14 AWG wire. In low-conductive substrates, such as sand, very dry soil, ice, or rock, a
single ground rod will probably not provide an adequate earth ground. For these situations,
search for published literature on lightning protection or contact a qualified lightning-protection
consultant.

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 11

In laboratory applications, locating a stable earth ground is challenging, but still necessary. In
older buildings, new VAC receptacles on older VAC wiring may indicate that a safety ground
exists when, in fact, the socket is not grounded. If a safety ground does exist, good practice
dictates to verify that it carries no current. If the integrity of the VAC power ground is in doubt,
also ground the system through the building plumbing, or use another verified connection to
earth ground.

See also:

l Ground loops (p. 130)

2.4 Communications ports

The data logger is equipped with ports that allow communications with other devices and
networks, such as:

l Computers
l Smart sensors
l Modbus and DNP3 networks
l Ethernet
l Modems
l Campbell Scientific PakBus® networks
l Other Campbell Scientific data loggers
l GRANITE Measurement Modules
l Vehicles using CANbus (GRANITE 10 only)

Campbell Scientific data logger communications ports include:

l CS I/O
l CPI/RS-232
l EPI
l CANbus (GRANITE10 only)
l USB Device
l USB Host
l Ethernet
l C terminals

2.4.1 USB device port

One USB device port supports communicating with a computer through data logger support
software or through virtual Ethernet (RNDIS), and provides 5 VDC power to the data logger
(powering through the USB port has limitations - details are available in the specifications). The

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 12

data logger USB device port does not support USBflash or thumb drives. Although the USB
connection supplies 5 V power, a 12 VDC battery will be needed for field deployment.

2.4.2 USB host port

USB host provides portable data storage on a mass storage device (MSD). A single USB thumb
drive can be inserted into the drive and will show up as a drive (USB: ) in file related operations.
Measurement data is stored on USB: as discrete files by using the TableFile() instruction.
Files on USB can be collected by inserting the thumb drive into a computer and copying the files.

USB: can be used in the TableFile() instruction and all file access related instructions in
CRBasic. Because of data-reliability concerns in non-industrial rated drives, this drive is not
intended for long term unattended data storage. USB: is not affected by program recompilation
or formatting of other drives.

2.4.3 Ethernet port

The RJ45 10/100/1000 Ethernet port is used for IP communications.

2.4.4 C terminals for communications

C terminals are configurable for the following communications types:

l SDI-12
l RS-232
l RS-422
l RS-485
l TTL (0 to 5 V)
l LVTTL (0 to 3.3 V)
l SDM

Some communications types require more than one terminal, and some are only available on
specific terminals. This is shown in the data logger specifications.

2.4.4.1 SDI-12 ports

SDI-12 is a 1200 baud protocol that supports many smart sensors. C1, C3, C5, and C7 can be
configured as SDI-12 ports. Maximum cable lengths depend on the number of sensors
connected, the type of cable used, and the environment of the application. Refer to the sensor
manual for guidance.

For more information, see SDI-12 communications (p. 94).

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 13

2.4.4.2 RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, TTL, and LVTTL ports

RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, TTL, and LVTTL communications are typically used for the following:

l Reading sensors with serial output
l Creating a multi-drop network
l Communications with other data loggers or devices over long cables

Configure C terminals as serial ports using Device Configuration Utility or by using the

SerialOpen() CRBasic instruction. C terminals are configured in pairs for TTL, LVTTL, RS-232,

and half-duplex RS-422 and RS-485 communications. For full-duplex RS-422 and RS-485, four C
terminals are required. See also Communications protocols (p. 65).

NOTE:
RS-232 ports are not isolated.

2.4.4.3 SDM ports

SDM is a protocol proprietary to Campbell Scientific that supports several Campbell Scientific
digital sensor and communications input and output expansion peripherals and select smart
sensors. It uses a common bus and addresses each node. CRBasic SDM device and sensor
instructions configure terminals C1, C2, and C3 together to create an SDM port. Alternatively,
terminals C5, C6, and C7 can be configured together to be used as the SDM port by using the

SDMBeginPort() instruction.

See also Communications specifications (p. 167).

2.4.5 CS I/O port

One nine-pin port, labeled CS I/O, is available for communicating with a computer through
Campbell Scientific communications interfaces, modems, and peripherals. Campbell Scientific
recommends keeping CS I/O cables short (maximum of a few feet). See also Communications

specifications (p. 167).

Table 2-5: CS I/O pinout

Pin

Function

Number

1 5 VDC O 5 VDC: sources 5 VDC, used to power peripherals.

2 SG

Input(I)

Description

Output(O)

Signal ground: provides a power return for pin 1 (5V),
and is used as a reference for voltage levels.

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 14

Table 2-5: CS I/O pinout

Pin

Function

Number

3 RING I

4 RXD I

5 ME O

6 SDE O

7 CLK/HS I/O

8 12VDC

Input(I)

Description

Output(O)

Ring: raised by a peripheral to put the GRANITE 9/10 in
the telecom mode.

Receive data: serial data transmitted by a peripheral are
received on pin 4.

Modem enable: raised when the GRANITE 9/10
determines that a modem raised the ring line.

Synchronous device enable: addresses synchronous
devices (SD); used as an enable line for printers.

Clock/handshake: with the SDE and TXD lines addresses
and transfers data to SDs. When not used as a clock, pin
7 can be used as a handshake line; during printer
output, high enables, low disables.

Nominal 12 VDC power. Same power as 12V and SW12
terminals.

Transmit data: transmits serial data from the data logger
to peripherals on pin 9; logic-low marking (0V), logic-

9 TXD O

high spacing (5V), standard-asynchronous ASCII: eight
data bits, no parity, one start bit, one stop bit. User
selectable baud rates: 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,
19200, 38400, 115200.

2.4.6 CPI/RS-232 port

The data logger includes one RJ45 module jack labeled RS-232/CPI. CPI is a proprietary interface
for communications between Campbell Scientific data loggers and Campbell Distributed
Modules (CDMs) such as the GRANITE-Series peripheral devices and smart sensors. It consists of
a physical layer definition and a data protocol. CDM devices are similar to Campbell Scientific
SDM devices in concept, but the CPI bus enables higher data-throughput rates and use of longer
cables. Some GRANITE devices may require more power to operate in general than do SDM
devices. Consult the manuals for GRANITE modules for more information.

NOTE:
CPI/RS-232 port is not isolated.

2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 15