Campbell Scientific Granite 6 User manual
Revision: 01/27/2021
Copyright © 2000 – 2021
Campbell Scientific
CSL I.D - 1316
Guarantee
This equipment is guaranteed against defects in materials and workmanship.
We will repair or replace products which prove to be defective during the
guarantee period as detailed on your invoice, provided they are returned to us
prepaid. The guarantee will not apply to:
Equipment which has been modified or altered in any way without the
written permission of Campbell Scientific
Batteries
Any product which has been subjected to misuse, neglect, acts of God or
damage in transit.
Campbell Scientific will return guaranteed equipment by surface carrier
prepaid. Campbell Scientific will not reimburse the claimant for costs incurred
in removing and/or reinstalling equipment. This guarantee and the Company’s
obligation thereunder is in lieu of all other guarantees, expressed or implied,
including those of suitability and fitness for a particular purpose. Campbell
Scientific is not liable for consequential damage.
Please inform us before returning equipment and obtain a Repair Reference
Number whether the repair is under guarantee or not. Please state the faults as
clearly as possible, and if the product is out of the guarantee period it should
be accompanied by a purchase order. Quotations for repairs can be given on
request. It is the policy of Campbell Scientific to protect the health of its
employees and provide a safe working environment, in support of this policy a
“Declaration of Hazardous Material and Decontamination” form will be
issued for completion.
When returning equipment, the Repair Reference Number must be clearly
marked on the outside of the package. Complete the “Declaration of
Hazardous Material and Decontamination” form and ensure a completed copy
is returned with your goods. Please note your Repair may not be processed if
you do not include a copy of this form and Campbell Scientific Ltd reserves
the right to return goods at the customers’ expense.
Note that goods sent air freight are subject to Customs clearance fees which
Campbell Scientific will charge to customers. In many cases, these charges are
greater than the cost of the repair.
Campbell Scientific Ltd,
80 Hathern Road,
Shepshed, Loughborough, LE12 9GX, UK
Tel: +44 (0) 1509 601141
Fax: +44 (0) 1509 270924
Email: support@campbellsci.co.uk
www.campbellsci.co.uk
About this manual
Please note that this manual was originally produced by Campbell Scientific Inc. primarily for the North
American market. Some spellings, weights and measures may reflect this origin.
Some useful conversion factors:
Area: 1 in2 (square inch) = 645 mm2
Length: 1 in. (inch) = 25.4 mm
1 ft (foot) = 304.8 mm
1 yard = 0.914 m
1 mile = 1.609 km
In addition, while most of the information in the manual is correct for all countries, certain information
is specific to the North American market and so may not be applicable to European users.
Differences include the U.S standard external power supply details where some information (for
example the AC transformer input voltage) will not be applicable for British/European use. Please note,
however, that when a power supply adapter is ordered it will be suitable for use in your country.
Reference to some radio transmitters, digital cell phones and aerials may also not be applicable
according to your locality.
Some brackets, shields and enclosure options, including wiring, are not sold as standard items in the
European market; in some cases alternatives are offered. Details of the alternatives will be covered in
separate manuals.
Part numbers prefixed with a “#” symbol are special order parts for use with non-EU variants or for
special installations. Please quote the full part number with the # when ordering.
Mass: 1 oz. (ounce) = 28.35 g
1 lb (pound weight) = 0.454 kg
Pressure: 1 psi (lb/in2) = 68.95 mb
Volume: 1 UK pint = 568.3 ml
1 UK gallon = 4.546 litres
1 US gallon = 3.785 litres
Recycling information
At the end of this product’s life it should not be put in commercial or domestic refuse but
sent for recycling. Any batteries contained within the product or used during the
products life should be removed from the product and also be sent to an appropriate
recycling facility.
Campbell Scientific Ltd can advise on the recycling of the equipment and in some cases
arrange collection and the correct disposal of it, although charges may apply for some
items or territories.
For further advice or support, please contact Campbell Scientific Ltd, or your local agent.
Campbell Scientific Ltd, 80 Hathern Road, Shepshed, Loughborough, LE12 9GX,
UK Tel: +44 (0) 1509 601141 Fax: +44 (0) 1509 270924
Email: support@campbellsci.co.uk
www.campbellsci.co.uk
Safety
DANGER — MANY HAZARD S ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INSTALLING, USING, M AINTAINING, AND WORKING ON
OR AROUND TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ANY ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH AS SENSORS,
CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC. FAILURE TO PROPERLY AND COM P LE TE LY ASS E M BLE ,
INSTALL, OPERATE, USE, AND MAINTAIN TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ATTACHMENTS, AND FAILURE TO HEED
WARNINGS, INCREASES THE RISK OF DEATH, ACCIDENT, SERIOUS INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND
PRODUCT FAILURE. TAKE ALL REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID THESE HAZARDS. CHECK WITH YOUR
ORGANIZATION'S SAFETY COORDINATOR (OR POLICY) FOR PROCEDURES AND REQUIRED PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT PRIOR TO PERFORMING ANY WORK.
Use tripods, towers, and attachments to tripods and towers only for purposes for which they are designed. Do not
exceed design limits. Be familiar and comply with all instructions provided in product manuals. Manuals are
available at www.campbellsci.eu or by telephoning +44(0) 1509 828 888 (UK). You are responsible for conformance
with governing codes and regulati ons, including safety regulati ons, and the integrity and locati on of structures or land
to which towers, tripods, and any attachments are attached. Installation sites should be evaluated and approved by a
qualified engineer. If questions or co ncerns arise regarding installation, use, or maintenance of tripods, towers,
attachments, or electrical connections, consult with a licensed and qualified engineer or electrician.
General
• Prior to performing site or installation work, obtain required approvals and permits. Comply with all
governing structure-height regulations, such as those of the FAA in the USA.
• Use only qualified personnel for installation, use, and maintenance of tripods and towers, and any
attachments to tripods and towers. The use of licensed and qualified contractors is highly recommended.
• Read all applicable instructions carefully and understand procedures thoroughly before beginning work.
• Wear a hardhat and eye protection, and take other appropriate safety precautions while working on or
around tripods and towers.
• Do not climb tripods or towers at any time, and prohibit climbing by other persons. Take reasonable
precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers.
• Use only manufacturer recommended parts, materials, and tools.
Utility and Electrical
• You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury if the tripod, tower, or attachments you are installing,
constructing, using, or maintaining, or a tool, stake, or anchor, come in contact with overhead o
nderground utility lines.
u
• Maintain a distance of at least one-and-one-half times structure height, or 20 feet, or the distance
r
equired by applicable law, whichever is greater, between overhead utility lines and the structure (tripod,
tower, attachments, or tools).
• Prior to performing site or installation work, inform all utility companies and have all underground utilities
marked.
• Comply with all electrical codes. Electrical equipment and related grounding devices should be installed
by a licensed and qualified electrician.
r
Elevated Work and Weather
• Exercise extreme caution when performing elevated work.
• Use appropriate equipment and safety practices.
• During installation and maintenance, keep tower and tripod sites clear of un-trained or non-essential
personnel. Take precautions to prevent elevated tools and objects from dropping.
• Do not perform any work in inclement weather, including wind, rain, snow, lightning, etc.
Maintenance
• Periodically (at least yearly) check for wear and damage, including corrosion, stress cracks, frayed cables,
loose cable clamps, cable tightness, etc. and take necessary corrective actions.
• Periodically (at least yearly) check electrical ground connections.
WHILE EVERY ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EMBODY THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF SAFETY IN ALL CAMPBELL
SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS, THE CUSTOMER ASSUMES ALL RISK FROM ANY INJURY RESULTING FROM IMPROPER
INSTALLATION, USE, OR MAINTENANCE OF TRIPODS, TOWERS, OR ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS
SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC.
Table of Contents
1. GRANITE 6 data acquisition system components 1
1.1 The GRANITE 6 Datalogger 2
1.1.1 Overview 2
1.1.2 Operations 2
1.1.3 Programs 3
1.2 Sensors 3
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 5
2.1 Power input 9
2.1.1 Powering a data logger with a vehicle 11
2.1.2 Power LED indicator 11
2.2 Power output 11
2.3 Grounds 12
2.4 Communications ports 14
2.4.1 USB device port 14
2.4.2 USB host port 14
2.4.3 Ethernet port 15
2.4.4 C and U terminals for communications 15
2.4.4.1 SDI-12 ports 15
2.4.4.2 RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, TTL, and LVTTL ports 15
2.4.4.3 SDM ports 16
2.4.5 CS I/O port 16
2.4.6 CPI/RS-232 port 17
2.5 Programmable logic control 18
3. Setting up the GRANITE 6 20
3.1 Setting up communications with the data logger 20
3.1.1 USB or RS-232 communications 21
3.1.2 Virtual Ethernet over USB (RNDIS) 22
3.1.3 Ethernet communications option 23
3.1.3.1 Configuring data logger Ethernet settings 24
3.1.3.2 Ethernet LEDs 25
Table of Contents - i
3.1.3.3 Setting up Ethernet communications between the data logger and
computer 25
3.1.4 Wi-Fi communications 26
3.1.4.1 Configuring the data logger to host a Wi-Fi network 26
3.1.4.2 Connecting your computer to the data logger over Wi-Fi 27
3.1.4.3 Setting up Wi-Fi communications between the data logger and the data
logger support software 27
3.1.4.4 Configuring data loggers to join a Wi-Fi network 28
3.1.4.5 Wi-Fi mode button 29
3.1.4.6 Wi-Fi LED indicator 29
3.2 Testing communications with EZSetup 30
3.3 Making the software connection 31
3.4 Programming quickstart using Short Cut 32
3.5 Sending a program to the data logger 35
4. Working with data 36
4.1 Default data tables 36
4.2 Collecting data 37
4.2.1 Collecting data using LoggerNet 37
4.2.2 Collecting data using RTDAQ 37
4.3 Viewing historic data 38
4.4 Data types and formats 38
4.4.1 Variables 39
4.4.2 Constants 40
4.4.3 Data storage 41
4.5 About data tables 42
4.5.1 Table definitions 42
4.5.1.1 Header rows 43
4.5.1.2 Data records 44
4.6 Creating data tables in a program 45
5. Data memory 47
5.1 Data tables 47
5.2 Memory allocation 47
5.3 SRAM 48
5.3.1 USRdrive 49
5.4 Flash memory 50
5.4.1 CPU drive 50
Table of Contents - ii
5.5 MicroSD (CRD:drive) 50
5.5.1 Formatting microSD cards 51
5.5.2 MicroSDcard precautions 51
5.5.3 Act LED indicator 52
5.6 USB Host (USB: drive) 52
5.6.1 USB Host precautions 52
5.6.2 Act LED indicator 53
5.6.3 Formatting drives 32 GB or larger 53
6. Measurements 54
6.1 Voltage measurements 54
6.1.1 Single-ended measurements 55
6.1.2 Differential measurements 56
6.1.2.1 Reverse differential 56
6.2 Current-loop measurements 56
6.2.1 Example Current-Loop Measurement Connections 57
6.3 Resistance measurements 58
6.3.1 Resistance measurements with voltage excitation 59
6.3.2 Resistance measurements with current excitation 61
6.3.3 Strain measurements 63
6.3.4 AC excitation 65
6.3.5 Accuracy for resistance measurements 66
6.4 Period-averaging measurements 66
6.5 Pulse measurements 67
6.5.1 Low-level AC measurements 69
6.5.2 High-frequency measurements 69
6.5.2.1 U terminals 70
6.5.2.2 C terminals 70
6.5.3 Switch-closure and open-collector measurements 70
6.5.3.1 U Terminals 70
6.5.3.2 C terminals 71
6.5.4 Edge timing and edge counting 71
6.5.4.1 Single edge timing 71
6.5.4.2 Multiple edge counting 71
6.5.4.3 Timer input NAN conditions 72
6.5.5 Quadrature measurements 72
6.5.6 Pulse measurement tips 73
Table of Contents - iii
6.5.6.1 Input filters and signal attenuation 73
6.5.6.2 Pulse count resolution 74
6.6 Vibrating wire measurements 74
6.6.1 VSPECT® 75
6.6.1.1 VSPECT diagnostics 75
Decay ratio 75
Signal-to-noise ratio 76
Low signal strength amplitude warning 76
6.6.2 Improving vibrating wire measurement quality 76
6.6.2.1 Matching measurement ranges to expected frequencies 76
6.6.2.2 Rejecting noise 76
6.6.2.3 Minimizing resonant decay 76
6.6.2.4 Preventing spectral leakage 77
6.7 Sequential and pipeline processing modes 77
6.7.1 Sequential mode 77
6.7.2 Pipeline mode 78
6.7.3 Slow Sequences 78
7. Communications protocols 80
7.1 General serial communications 81
7.1.1 RS-232 83
7.1.2 RS-485 84
7.1.3 RS-422 85
7.1.4 TTL 86
7.1.5 LVTTL 86
7.1.6 TTL-Inverted 86
7.1.7 LVTTL-Inverted 87
7.2 CPI 87
7.3 Modbus communications 88
7.3.1 About Modbus 89
7.3.2 Modbus protocols 90
7.3.3 Understanding Modbus Terminology 90
7.3.4 Connecting Modbus devices 91
7.3.5 Modbus master-slave protocol 91
7.3.6 About Modbus programming 92
7.3.6.1 Endianness 92
7.3.6.2 Function codes 92
Table of Contents - iv
7.3.7 Modbus information storage 93
7.3.7.1 Registers 93
7.3.7.2 Coils 94
7.3.7.3 Data Types 94
Unsigned 16-bit integer 95
Signed 16-bit integer 95
Signed 32-bit integer 95
Unsigned 32-bit integer 95
32-Bit floating point 95
7.3.8 Modbus tips and troubleshooting 95
7.3.8.1 Error codes 96
Result code -01: illegal function 96
Result code -02: illegal data address 96
Result code -11: COM port error 97
7.4 Internet communications 97
7.4.1 IPaddress 98
7.4.2 HTTPS server 98
7.4.3 FTP server 98
7.5 DNP3 communications 99
7.6 Serial peripheral interface (SPI) and I2C 100
7.7 PakBus communications 100
7.8 SDI-12 communications 101
7.8.1 SDI-12 transparent mode 101
7.8.1.1 Watch command (sniffer mode) 102
7.8.1.2 SDI-12 transparent mode commands 103
7.8.2 SDI-12 programmed mode/recorder mode 103
7.8.3 Programming the data logger to act as an SDI-12 sensor 104
7.8.4 SDI-12 power considerations 105
8. GRANITE 6 maintenance 106
8.1 Data logger calibration 106
8.1.1 About background calibration 107
8.2 Data logger security 108
8.2.1 TLS 109
8.2.2 Security codes 109
8.2.3 Creating a .csipasswd file 110
8.2.3.1 Command syntax 112
Table of Contents - v
8.3 Data logger enclosures 112
8.3.1 Mounting in an enclosure 112
8.4 Internal battery 114
8.4.1 Replacing the internal battery 115
8.5 Electrostatic discharge and lightning protection 115
8.6 Power budgeting 117
8.7 Updating the operating system 118
8.7.1 Sending an operating system to a local data logger 118
8.7.2 Sending an operating system to a remote data logger 119
8.8 File management via powerup.ini 120
8.8.1 Syntax 121
8.8.2 Example powerup.ini files 122
9. Tips and troubleshooting 124
9.1 Checking station status 125
9.1.1 Viewing station status 125
9.1.2 Watchdog errors 126
9.1.3 Results for last program compiled 126
9.1.4 Skipped scans 127
9.1.5 Skipped records 127
9.1.6 Variable out of bounds 127
9.1.7 Battery voltage 127
9.2 Understanding NAN and INF occurrences 127
9.3 Timekeeping 128
9.3.1 Clock best practices 128
9.3.2 Time stamps 129
9.3.3 Avoiding time skew 129
9.4 CRBasic program errors 130
9.4.1 Program does not compile 130
9.4.2 Program compiles but does not run correctly 131
9.5 Resetting the data logger 131
9.5.1 Processor reset 132
9.5.2 Program send reset 132
9.5.3 Manual data table reset 132
9.5.4 Formatting drives 132
9.5.5 Full memory reset 133
9.6 Troubleshooting power supplies 133
Table of Contents - vi
9.6.1 SDI-12 transparent mode 134
9.6.1.1 Watch command (sniffer mode) 135
9.6.1.2 SDI-12 transparent mode commands 136
9.7 Ground loops 136
9.7.1 Common causes 136
9.7.2 Detrimental effects 137
9.7.3 Severing a ground loop 138
9.7.4 Soil moisture example 139
9.8 Improving voltage measurement quality 140
9.8.1 Deciding between single-ended or differential measurements 141
9.8.2 Minimizing ground potential differences 142
9.8.2.1 Ground potential differences 142
9.8.3 Detecting open inputs 143
9.8.4 Minimizing power-related artifacts 143
9.8.4.1 Minimizing electronic noise 144
9.8.5 Filtering to reduce measurement noise 145
9.8.5.1 GRANITE 6 filtering details 146
9.8.6 Minimizing settling errors 146
9.8.6.1 Measuring settling time 147
9.8.7 Factors affecting accuracy 149
9.8.7.1 Measurement accuracy example 150
9.8.8 Minimizing offset voltages 150
9.8.8.1 Compensating for offset voltage 152
9.8.8.2 Measuring ground reference offset voltage 153
9.9 Field calibration 154
9.10 File system error codes 155
9.11 File name and resource errors 156
9.12 Background calibration errors 156
10. Information tables and settings (advanced) 157
10.1 DataTableInfo table system information 158
10.1.1 DataFillDays 158
10.1.2 DataRecordSize 158
10.1.3 DataTableName 158
10.1.4 RecNum 158
10.1.5 SecsPerRecord 159
10.1.6 SkippedRecord 159
Table of Contents - vii
10.1.7 TimeStamp 159
10.2 Status table system information 159
10.2.1 Battery 159
10.2.2 BuffDepth 159
10.2.3 CalCurrent 159
10.2.4 CalGain 160
10.2.5 CalOffset 160
10.2.6 CalRefOffset 160
10.2.7 CalRefSlope 160
10.2.8 CalVolts 160
10.2.9 CardStatus 160
10.2.10 ChargeInput 160
10.2.11 ChargeState 160
10.2.12 CommsMemFree 160
10.2.13 CompileResults 161
10.2.14 ErrorCalib 161
10.2.15 FullMemReset 161
10.2.16 IxResistor 161
10.2.17 LastSystemScan 161
10.2.18 LithiumBattery 161
10.2.19 Low12VCount 161
10.2.20 MaxBuffDepth 161
10.2.21 MaxProcTime 162
10.2.22 MaxSystemProcTime 162
10.2.23 MeasureOps 162
10.2.24 MeasureTime 162
10.2.25 MemoryFree 162
10.2.26 MemorySize 162
10.2.27 Messages 162
10.2.28 OSDate 163
10.2.29 OSSignature 163
10.2.30 OSVersion 163
10.2.31 PakBusRoutes 163
10.2.32 PanelTemp 163
10.2.33 PortConfig 163
10.2.34 PortStatus 163
10.2.35 PowerSource 164
Table of Contents - viii
10.2.36 ProcessTime 164
10.2.37 ProgErrors 164
10.2.38 ProgName 164
10.2.39 ProgSignature 164
10.2.40 RecNum 164
10.2.41 RevBoard 164
10.2.42 RunSignature 165
10.2.43 SerialNumber 165
10.2.44 SkippedScan 165
10.2.45 SkippedSystemScan 165
10.2.46 StartTime 165
10.2.47 StartUpCode 165
10.2.48 StationName 165
10.2.49 SW12Volts 166
10.2.50 SystemProcTime 166
10.2.51 TimeStamp 166
10.2.52 VarOutOfBound 166
10.2.53 WatchdogErrors 166
10.2.54 WiFiUpdateReq 166
10.3 CPIStatus system information 166
10.3.1 BusLoad 167
10.3.2 ModuleReportCount 167
10.3.3 ActiveModules 167
10.3.4 BuffErr (buffer error) 167
10.3.5 RxErrMax 167
10.3.6 TxErrMax 167
10.3.7 FrameErr (frame errors) 168
10.3.8 ModuleInfo array 168
10.4 Settings 168
10.4.1 Baudrate 169
10.4.2 Beacon 169
10.4.3 CentralRouters 169
10.4.4 CommsMemAlloc 169
10.4.5 ConfigComx 170
10.4.6 CSIOxnetEnable 170
10.4.7 CSIOInfo 170
10.4.8 DisableLithium 171
Table of Contents - ix
10.4.9 DeleteCardFilesOnMismatch
10.4.10 DNS
10.4.11 EthernetInfo
10.4.12 EthernetPower
10.4.13 FilesManager
10.4.14 FTPEnabled
10.4.15 FTPPassword
10.4.16 FTPPort
10.4.17 FTPUserName
10.4.18 HTTPEnabled
10.4.19 HTTPHeader
10.4.20 HTTPPort
10.4.21 HTTPSEnabled
10.4.22 HTTPSPort
10.4.23 IncludeFile
10.4.24 IPAddressCSIO
10.4.25 IPAddressEth
10.4.26 IPGateway
10.4.27 IPGatewayCSIO
10.4.28 IPMaskCSIO
10.4.29 IPMaskEth
10.4.30 IPMaskWiFi
10.4.31 IPTrace
10.4.32 IPTraceCode
10.4.33 IPTraceComport
10.4.34 IsRouter
10.4.35 MaxPacketSize
10.4.36 Neighbours
10.4.37 NTPServer
10.4.38 PakBusAddress
10.4.39 PakBusEncryptionKey
10.4.40 PakBusNodes
10.4.41 PakBusPort
10.4.42 PakBusTCPClients
10.4.43 PakBusTCPEnabled
10.4.44 PakBusTCPPassword
10.4.45 PingEnabled
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Table of Contents - x
10.4.46 PCAP 177
10.4.47 pppDial 177
10.4.48 pppDialResponse 178
10.4.49 pppInfo 178
10.4.50 pppInterface 178
10.4.51 pppIPAddr 178
10.4.52 pppPassword 178
10.4.53 pppUsername 178
10.4.54 RouteFilters 178
10.4.55 RS232Handshaking 179
10.4.56 RS232Power 179
10.4.57 RS232Timeout 179
10.4.58 Security(1), Security(2), Security(3) 179
10.4.59 ServicesEnabled 179
10.4.60 TCPClientConnections 179
10.4.61 TCP_MSS 180
10.4.62 TCPPort 180
10.4.63 TelnetEnabled 180
10.4.64 TLSConnections (Max TLS Server Connections) 180
10.4.65 TLSPassword 180
10.4.66 TLSStatus 180
10.4.67 UDPBroadcastFilter 180
10.4.68 USBEnumerate 181
10.4.69 USRDriveFree 181
10.4.70 USRDriveSize 181
10.4.71 UTCOffset 181
10.4.72 Verify 181
10.4.73 Wi-Fi settings 182
10.4.73.1 IPAddressWiFi 182
10.4.73.2 IPGatewayWiFi 182
10.4.73.3 IPMaskWiFi 182
10.4.73.4 WiFiChannel 182
10.4.73.5 WiFiConfig 183
10.4.73.6 WiFiEAPMethod 183
10.4.73.7 WiFiEAPPassword 183
10.4.73.8 WiFiEAPUser 184
10.4.73.9 Networks 184
Table of Contents - xi
10.4.73.10 WiFiEnable 184
10.4.73.11 WiFiFwdCode (Forward Code) 184
10.4.73.12 WiFiPassword 184
10.4.73.13 WiFiPowerMode 185
10.4.73.14 WiFiSSID (Network Name) 185
10.4.73.15 WiFiStatus 185
10.4.73.16 WiFiTxPowerLevel 185
10.4.73.17 WLANDomainName 185
11. GRANITE 6 Specifications 187
11.1 System specifications 187
11.2 Physical specifications 188
11.3 Power requirements 188
11.4 Power output specifications 190
11.4.1 System power out limits (when powered with 12VDC) 190
11.4.2 12 V and SW12 V power output terminals 190
11.4.3 5 V fixed output 191
11.4.4 U and C as power output 191
11.4.5 CSI/O pin 1 191
11.4.6 Voltage and current excitation specifications 192
11.4.6.1 Voltage excitation
11.4.6.2 Current excitation
11.5 Analogue measurement specifications
192
192
192
11.5.1 Voltage measurements 193
11.5.2 Resistance measurement specifications 195
11.5.3 Period-averaging measurement specifications 195
11.5.4 Static vibrating wire measurement specifications 196
11.5.5 Thermistor measurement specifications 196
11.5.6 Current-loop measurement specifications 197
11.6 Pulse measurement specifications 197
11.6.1 Switch closure input 198
11.6.2 High-frequency input 198
11.6.3 Low-level AC input 199
11.7 Digital input/output specifications 199
11.7.1 Switch closure input 200
11.7.2 High-frequency input 200
11.7.3 Edge timing 200
Table of Contents - xii
11.7.4 Edge counting 200
11.7.5 Quadrature input 200
11.7.6 Pulse-width modulation 201
11.8 Communications specifications 201
11.8.1 Wi-Fi specifications 202
11.9 Standards compliance specifications 202
Appendix A. Glossary 204
Table of Contents - xiii
1. GRANITE 6 data acquisition system components
A basic data acquisition system consists of sensors, measurement hardware, and a computer with
programmable software. The objective of a data acquisition system should be high accuracy,
high precision, and resolution as high as appropriate for a given application.
The components of a basic data acquisition system are shown in the following figure.
Following is a list of typical data acquisition system components:
l Sensors - Electronic sensors convert the state of a phenomenon to an electrical signal (see
Sensors (p. 3) for more information).
l Data logger - The data logger measures electrical signals or reads serial characters. It
converts the measurement or reading to engineering units, performs calculations, and
reduces data to statistical values. Data is stored in memory to await transfer to a computer
by way of an external storage device or a communications link.
l Data Retrieval and Communications - Data is copied (not moved) from the data logger,
usually to a computer, by one or more methods using data logger support software. Most
communications options are bi-directional, which allows programs and settings to be sent
to the data logger. For more information, see Sending a program to the data logger (p. 35).
1. GRANITE 6 data acquisition system components 1
l Datalogger Support Software - Software retrieves data, sends programs, and sets settings.
The software manages the communications link and has options for data display.
l Programmable Logic Control - Some data acquisition systems require the control of
external devices to facilitate a measurement or to control a device based on measurements.
This data logger is adept at programmable logic control. See Programmable logic control
(p. 18) for more information.
l Measurement and Control Peripherals - Sometimes, system requirements exceed the
capacity of the data logger. The excess can usually be handled by addition of input and
output expansion modules.
l Campbell Distributed Module (CDM) - CDMs increase measurement capability can be
centrally located or distributed throughout the network. Modules are controlled and
synchronized by a single GRANITE 6. GRANITE Measurement Modules are one type of
CDM.
1.1 The GRANITE 6 Datalogger
The GRANITE 6 data logger provides fast communications, low power requirements, built-in
USB, compact size and and high analogue input accuracy and resolution. It includes universal (U)
terminals, which allow connection to virtually any sensor - analogue, digital, or smart. This
multipurpose data logger is also capable of doing static vibrating-wire measurements.
1.1.1 Overview
The GRANITE 6 data logger is the main part of a data acquisition system (see GRANITE 6 data
acquisition system components (p. 1) for more information). It has a central-processing unit
(CPU), analogue and digital measurement inputs, analogue and digital outputs, and memory. An
operating system (firmware) coordinates the functions of these parts in conjunction with the
onboard clock and the CRBasic application program.
The GRANITE 6 can simultaneously provide measurement and communications functions. Low
power consumption allows the data logger to operate for extended time on a battery recharged
with a solar panel, eliminating the need for ac power. The GRANITE 6 temporarily suspends
operations when primary power drops below 9.6 V, reducing the possibility of inaccurate
measurements.
1.1.2 Operations
The GRANITE 6 measures almost any sensor with an electrical response, drives direct
communications and telecommunications, reduces data to statistical values, performs
calculations, and controls external devices. After measurements are made, data is stored in
onboard, nonvolatile memory. Because most applications do not require that every measurement
1. GRANITE 6 data acquisition system components 2
be recorded, the program usually combines several measurements into computational or
statistical summaries, such as averages and standard deviations.
1.1.3 Programs
A program directs the data logger on how and when sensors are measured, calculations are
made, data is stored, and devices are controlled. The application program for the GRANITE 6 is
written in CRBasic, a programming language that includes measurement, data processing, and
analysis routines, as well as the standard BASIC instruction set. For simple applications, Short Cut,
a user-friendly program generator, can be used to generate the program. For more demanding
programs, use the full featured CRBasic Editor.
Programs are run by the GRANITE 6 in either sequential mode or pipeline mode. In sequential
mode, each instruction is executed sequentially in the order it appears in the program. In
pipeline mode, the GRANITE 6 determines the order of instruction execution to maximize
efficiency.
1.2 Sensors
Sensors transduce phenomena into measurable electrical forms by modulating voltage, current,
resistance, status, or pulse output signals. Suitable sensors do this with accuracy and precision.
Smart sensors have internal measurement and processing components and simply output a
digital value in binary, hexadecimal, or ASCII character form.
Most electronic sensors, regardless of manufacturer, will interface with the data logger. Some
sensors require external signal conditioning. The performance of some sensors is enhanced with
specialized input modules. The data logger, sometimes with the assistance of various peripheral
devices, can measure or read nearly all electronic sensor output types.
The following list may not be comprehensive. A library of sensor manuals and application notes
is available at www.campbellsci.eu/support to assist in measuring many sensor types.
l Analogue
o
Voltage
o
Current
o
Strain
o
Thermocouple
o
Resistive bridge
l Pulse
o
High frequency
o
Switch-closure
1. GRANITE 6 data acquisition system components 3
o
Low-level ac
o
Quadrature
l Period average
l Vibrating wire
l Smart sensors
o
SDI-12
o
RS-232
o
Modbus
o
DNP3
o
TCP/IP
o
RS-422
o
RS-485
1. GRANITE 6 data acquisition system components 4
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions
The GRANITE 6 wiring panel provides ports and removable terminals for connecting sensors,
power, and communications devices. It is protected against surge, over-voltage, over-current,
and reverse power. The wiring panel is the interface to most data logger functions so studying it
is a good way to get acquainted with the data logger. Functions of the terminals are broken
down into the following categories:
l Analogue input
l Pulse counting
l Analogue output
l Communications
l Digital I/O
l Power input
l Power output
l Power ground
l Signal ground
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 5
FIGURE 2-1. GRANITE 6 Wiring panel
FIGURE 2-2. GRANITE 6
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 6
Table 2-1: Analogue input terminal functions
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 U11 U12 RG
Single-Ended Voltage ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Differential Voltage H L H L H L H L H L H L
Ratiometric/Bridge ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Vibrating Wire (Static,
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
VSPECT®)
Vibrating Wire with
✓ ✓ ✓
Thermistor
Thermistor ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Thermocouple ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Current Loop ✓
Period Average ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Table 2-2: Pulse counting terminal functions
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 U11 U12 C1-C4
Switch-Closure ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
High Frequency ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Low-level Ac ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
NOTE:
Conflicts can occur when a control port pair is used for different instructions (TimerInput(),
PulseCount(), SDI12Recorder(), WaitDigTrig()). For example, if C1 is used for
SDI12Recorder(), C2 cannot be used for TimerInput(), PulseCount(), or
WaitDigTrig().
Table 2-3: Analogue output terminal functions
U1-U12
Switched Voltage Excitation ✓
Switched Current Excitation ✓
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 7
Table 2-4: Voltage output terminal functions
U1-U12 C1-C4 12V SW12-1 SW12-2 5V
3.3 VDC ✓ ✓
5 VDC ✓ ✓ ✓
12 VDC ✓ ✓ ✓
C and even numbered U terminals have limited drive capacity. Voltage levels are configured in pairs.
Table 2-5: Communications terminal functions
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 U11 U12 C1 C2 C3 C4
SDI-12 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
GPS
Time
Sync
PPS Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx
RS-
232/
CPI
TTL
Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx
0-5 V
LVTTL
Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx Tx Rx
0-3.3 V
RS-232 Tx Rx Tx Rx ✓
RS-485
(Half
Duplex)
RS-485
(Full
Duplex)
I2C SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA SCL SDA
SPI MOSI SCLK MISO MOSI SCLK MISO MOSI SCLK MISO MOSI SCLK MISO
A- B+ A- B+
Tx- Tx+ Rx- Rx+
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 8
Table 2-5: Communications terminal functions
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10 U11 U12 C1 C2 C3 C4
SDM Data Clk Enabl Data Clk Enabl Data Clk Enabl Data Clk Enabl
RS-
232/
CPI
CPI/
CDM
Table 2-6: Digital I/O terminal functions
U1-U12 C1-C4
General I/O ✓ ✓
Pulse-Width Modulation Output ✓ ✓
Timer Input ✓ ✓
Interrupt ✓ ✓
Quadrature ✓ ✓
2.1 Power input
The data logger requires a power supply. It can receive power from a variety of sources, operate
for several months on non-rechargeable batteries, and supply power to many sensors and
devices. The data logger operates with external power connected to the green BAT and/or CHG
terminals on the side of the module. The positive power wire connects to +. The negative wire
connects to -. The power terminals are internally protected against polarity reversal and high
voltage transients.
✓
In the field, the data logger can be powered in any of the following ways:
l 10 to 18 VDC applied to the BAT + and – terminals
l 16 to 32 VDC applied to the CHG + and – terminals
To establish an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), connect the primary power source (often a
transformer, power converter, or solar panel) to the CHG terminals and connect a nominal 12
VDC sealed rechargeable lead-acid battery to the BAT terminals. See Power budgeting (p. 117) for
more information. The Status Table ChargeState may display any of the following:
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 9
l No Charge - The charger input voltage is either less than +9.82V±2% or there is no charger
attached to the terminal block.
l Low Charge Input – The charger input voltage is less than the battery voltage.
l Current Limited – The charger input voltage is greater than the battery voltage AND the
battery voltage is less than the optimal charge voltage. For example, on a cloudy day, a
solar panel may not be providing as much current as the charger would like to use.
l Float Charging – The battery voltage is equal to the optimal charge voltage.
l Regulator Fault - The charging regulator is in a fault condition.
WARNING:
Sustained input voltages in excess of 32 VDC on CHGor BAT terminals can damage the
transient voltage suppression.
Ensure that power supply components match the specifications of the device to which they are
connected. When connecting power, switch off the power supply, insert the connector, then turn
the power supply on. See Troubleshooting power supplies (p. 133) for more information.
Following is a list of GRANITE 6 power input terminals and the respective power types supported.
l BAT terminals: Voltage input is 10 to 18 VDC. This connection uses the least current since
the internal data logger charging circuit is bypassed. If the voltage on the BAT terminals
exceeds 19 VDC, power is shut off to certain parts of the data logger to prevent damaging
connected sensors or peripherals.
l CHG terminals: Voltage input range is 16 to 32 VDC. Connect a primary power source, such
as a solar panel or VAC-to-VDC transformer, to CHG. The voltage applied to CHG terminals
must be at least 0.3 V higher than that needed to charge a connected battery. When within
the 16 to 32 VDC range, it will be regulated to the optimal charge voltage for a lead acid
battery at the current data logger temperature, with a maximum voltage of approximately
15 VDC. A battery need not be connected to the BAT terminals to supply power to the data
logger through the CHG terminals. The onboard charging regulator is designed for
efficiently charging lead-acid batteries. It will not charge lithium or alkaline batteries.
l USB Device port: 5 VDC via USB connection. If power is also provided with BAT or CHG,
power will be supplied by whichever has the highest voltage. If USB is the only power
source, then the CS I/O port and the 12V and SW12 terminals will not be operational. When
powered by USB (no other power supplies connected) Status field Battery = 0. Functions
that will be active with a 5 VDC source include sending programs, adjusting data logger
settings, and making some measurements.
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 10
NOTE:
The Status field Battery value and the destination variable from the Battery() instruction
(often called batt_volt or BattV) in the Public table reference the external battery
voltage. For information about the internal battery, see Internal battery (p. 114).
2.1.1 Powering a data logger with a vehicle
If a data logger is powered by a motor-vehicle power supply, a second power supply may be
needed. When starting the motor of the vehicle, battery voltage often drops below the voltage
required for data logger operation. This may cause the data logger to stop measurements until
the voltage again equals or exceeds the lower limit. A second supply or charge regulator can be
provided to prevent measurement lapses during vehicle starting.
In vehicle applications, the earth ground lug should be firmly attached to the vehicle chassis with
12 AWG wire or larger.
2.1.2 Power LED indicator
When the data logger is powered, the Power LED will turn on according to power and program
states:
l Off: No power, no program running.
l 1 flash every 10 seconds: Powered from BAT, program running.
l 2 flashes every 10 seconds: Powered from CHG, program running.
l 3 flashes every 10 seconds: Powered via USB, program running.
l Always on: Powered, no program running.
2.2 Power output
The data logger can be used as a power source for communications devices, sensors and
peripherals. Take precautions to prevent damage to these external devices due to over- or undervoltage conditions, and to minimize errors. Additionally, exceeding current limits causes voltage
output to become unstable. Voltage should stabilize once current is again reduced to within
stated limits. The following are available:
l 12V: unregulated nominal 12 VDC. This supply closely tracks the primary data logger supply
voltage; so, it may rise above or drop below the power requirement of the sensor or
peripheral. Precautions should be taken to minimize the error associated with
measurement of underpowered sensors.
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 11
l 5V: regulated 5 VDC. The 5 VDC supply is regulated to within a few millivolts of 5 VDC as
long as the main power supply for the data logger does not drop below the minimum
supply voltage. It is intended to power sensors or devices requiring a 5 VDC power supply.
It is not intended as an excitation source for bridge measurements. Current output is
shared with the CSI/O port; so, the total current must be within the current limit.
SW12: program-controlled, switched 12 VDC terminals. It is often used to power devices
l
such as sensors that require 12 VDC during measurement. Voltage on a SW12 terminal will
change with data logger supply voltage. CRBasic instruction SW12()controls the SW12
terminal. See the CRBasic Editor help for detailed instruction information and program
examples: https://help.campbellsci.eu/crbasic/granite6/.
l CS I/O port: used to communicate with and often supply power to Campbell Scientific
peripheral devices.
CAUTION:
Voltage levels at the 12V and switched SW12 terminals, and pin 8 on the CS I/O port, are tied
closely to the voltage levels of the main power supply. Therefore, if the power received at the
POWER IN 12V and G terminals is 16 VDC, the 12V and SW12 terminals and pin 8 on the CS
I/O port will supply 16 VDC to a connected peripheral. The connected peripheral or sensor
may be damaged if it is not designed for that voltage level.
l C or U terminals: can be set low or high as output terminals . With limited drive capacity,
digital output terminals are normally used to operate external relay-driver circuits. Drive
current varies between terminals. See also Digital input/output specifications (p. 199).
l U terminals: can be configured to provide regulated ±2500 mV dc excitation.
See also Power output specifications (p. 190).
2.3 Grounds
Proper grounding lends stability and protection to a data acquisition system. Grounding the data
logger with its peripheral devices and sensors is critical in all applications. Proper grounding will
ensure maximum ESD protection and measurement accuracy. It is the easiest and least expensive
insurance against data loss, and often the most neglected. The following terminals are provided
for connection of sensor and data logger grounds:
Signal Ground ( ) - reference for single-ended analogue inputs, excitation returns,
l
and a ground for sensor shield wires.
o
6 common terminals
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 12
l Power Ground (G) - return for 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V, U or C terminals configured for control, and
digital sensors. Use of G grounds for these outputs minimizes potentially large current flow
through the analogue-voltage-measurement section of the wiring panel, which can cause
single-ended voltage measurement errors.
o
6 common terminals
l Resistive Ground (RG) - used for non-isolated 0-20 mA and 4-20 mA current loop
measurements (see Current-loop measurements (p. 56) for more information). Also used
for decoupling ground on RS-485 signals. Includes 100 Ω resistance to ground. Maximum
voltage for RG terminal is ±16 V.
o
1 terminal
l Earth Ground Lug ( ) - connection point for heavy-gauge earth-ground wire. A good earth
connection is necessary to secure the ground potential of the data logger and shunt
transients away from electronics. Campbell Scientific recommends 14 AWG wire, minimum.
NOTE:
Several ground wires can be connected to the same ground terminal.
A good earth (chassis) ground will minimize damage to the data logger and sensors by providing
a low-resistance path around the system to a point of low potential. Campbell Scientific
recommends that all data loggers be earth grounded. All components of the system (data
loggers, sensors, external power supplies, mounts, housings) should be referenced to one
common earth ground.
In the field, at a minimum, a proper earth ground will consist of a 5-foot copper-sheathed
grounding rod driven into the earth and connected to the large brass ground lug on the wiring
panel with a 14 AWG wire. In low-conductive substrates, such as sand, very dry soil, ice, or rock, a
single ground rod will probably not provide an adequate earth ground. For these situations,
search for published literature on lightning protection or contact a qualified lightning-protection
consultant.
In laboratory applications, locating a stable earth ground is challenging, but still necessary. In
older buildings, new VAC receptacles on older VAC wiring may indicate that a safety ground
exists when, in fact, the socket is not grounded. If a safety ground does exist, good practice
dictates to verify that it carries no current. If the integrity of the VAC power ground is in doubt,
also ground the system through the building plumbing, or use another verified connection to
earth ground.
See also:
l Ground loops (p. 136)
l Minimizing ground potential differences (p. 142)
2. Wiring panel and terminal functions 13
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