Campbell Scientific CR23X User Manual

CR23X Micrologge

Revision: 11/06

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Warranty and Assistance

The CR23X MICROLOGGER is warranted by CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for thirty-six (36) months from date of shipment unless specified otherwise. Batteries have no warranty. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.'s obligation under this warranty is limited to repairing or replacing (at CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.'s option) defective products. The customer shall assume all costs of removing, reinstalling, and shipping defective products to CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. will return such products by surface carrier prepaid. This warranty shall not apply to any CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. products which have been subjected to modification, misuse, neglect, accidents of nature, or shipping damage. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. is not liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages.

Products may not be returned without prior authorization. The following contact information is for US and International customers residing in countries served by Campbell Scientific, Inc. directly. Affiliate companies handle repairs for customers within their territories. Please visit www.campbellsci.com to determine which Campbell Scientific company serves your country. To obtain a Returned Materials Authorization (RMA), contact CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC., phone (435) 753-2342. After an applications engineer determines the nature of the problem, an RMA number will be issued. Please write this number clearly on the outside of the shipping container. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC's shipping address is:

CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC.

RMA#_____ 815 West 1800 North Logan, Utah 84321-1784

CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. does not accept collect calls.

CR23X MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL MODULE

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PAGE

OV1. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

OV1.1 Wiring Terminals.................................................................................................................OV-4

OV1.2 Connecting Power to the CR23X........................................................................................OV-5

OV2. MEMORY AND PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

OV2.1 Internal Memory..................................................................................................................OV-5

OV2.2 Program Tables, Execution Interval and Output Intervals..................................................OV-8

OV2.3 CR23X Instruction Types....................................................................................................OV-9

OV3. COMMUNICATING WITH CR23X

OV3.1 CR23X Keypad/Display ....................................................................................................OV-11

OV3.2 Using Computer with Datalogger Support Software.........................................................OV-12

OV3.3 ASCII Terminal or Computer with Terminal Emulator ...................................................... OV-12

OV4. PROGRAMMING THE CR23X

OV4.1 Programming Sequence................................................................................................... OV-13

OV4.2 Instruction Format............................................................................................................. OV-13

OV4.3 Entering a Program...........................................................................................................OV-14

OV5. PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

OV5.1 Sample Program 1............................................................................................................OV-15

OV5.2 Sample Program 2............................................................................................................OV-17

OV5.3 Editing an Existing Program..............................................................................................OV-18

OV6. DATA RETRIEVAL OPTIONS.................................................................................... OV-21

OV7. SPECIFICATIONS..........................................................................................................OV-23

PROGRAMMING

1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.1 Datalogger Programs - 1, 2, 3, and 4 Modes ................................. 1-1

1.2 Setting and Displaying the Clock -

1.3 Displaying/Altering Input Memory, Flags, and Ports -

1.4 Compiling and Logging Data -

1.5 Memory Allocation -

1.6 Memory Testing and System Status -

1.7

1.8

C Mode -- Security...................................................................................................... 1-11

D Mode -- Save or Load Program.............................................................................. 1-11

A.................................................................................................. 1-5

5 Mode.................................................................. 1-4

6 Mode..................................... 1-4

0 Mode ........................................................................ 1-5

B....................................................................... 1-9

CR23X TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE

2.1 Final Storage Areas, Output Arrays, and Memory Pointers .................................................. 2-1

2.2 Data Output Format and Range Limits.................................................................................. 2-3

2.3 Displaying Stored Data -

7 Mode................................................................................. 2-3

3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

3.1 Parameter Data Types........................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Repetitions (Reps)................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.3 Entering Negative Numbers...................................................................................................3-1

3.4 Indexing Input Locations and Control Ports........................................................................... 3-1

3.5 Voltage Range and Overrange Detection.............................................................................. 3-2

3.6 Output Processing ................................................................................................................. 3-2

3.7 Use of Flags: Output and Program Control .......................................................................... 3-3

3.8 Program Control Logical Constructions................................................................................. 3-4

3.9 Instruction Memory and Execution Time ............................................................................... 3-5

3.10 Error Codes............................................................................................................................ 3-9

DATA RETRIEVAL/COMMUNICATION

4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

4.1 On-Line Data Transfer - Instruction 96.................................................................................. 4-1

4.2 Manually Initiated Data Output -

4.3 Printer Output Formats .......................................................................................................... 4-3

4.4 Storage Module...................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.5

9 Mode -- SM192/716 Storage Module Commands.................................................... 4-6

8 Mode ..................................................................... 4-3

5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

5.1 Telecommunications Commands .......................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 Remote Programming of the CR23X..................................................................................... 5-6

6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

6.1 Computer RS-232 9-Pin Description ..................................................................................... 6-1

6.2 CS I/O 9-Pin Description........................................................................................................ 6-1

6.3 Use of Instruction 96.............................................................................................................. 6-9

PROGRAM EXAMPLES

7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

7.1 Single-Ended Voltage/Switched 12 V Terminal - CS500....................................................... 7-1

7.2 Differential Voltage Measurement ......................................................................................... 7-3

7.3 Thermocouple Temperatures Using CR23X Reference........................................................ 7-3

7.4 Thermocouple Temperatures Using an External Reference Junction .................................. 7-3

7.5 107 Temperature Probe......................................................................................................... 7-4

7.6 Anemometer with Photochopper Output................................................................................ 7-4

7.7 Tipping Bucket Rain Gage with Long Leads ......................................................................... 7-5

7.8 100 ohm PRT in 4 Wire Half Bridge....................................................................................... 7-5

7.9 100 ohm PRT in 3 Wire Half Bridge....................................................................................... 7-6

7.10 100 ohm PRT in 4 Wire Full Bridge ....................................................................................... 7-7

7.11 Pressure Transducer - 4 Wire Full Bridge ............................................................................. 7-8

CR23X TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.12 Lysimeter - 6 Wire Full Bridge ............................................................................................... 7-9

7.13 227 Gypsum Soil Moisture Block......................................................................................... 7-11

7.14 Nonlinear Thermistor in Half Bridge (Model 101 Probe) ..................................................... 7-12

7.15 Water Level - Geokon’s Vibrating Wire Pressure Sensor ................................................... 7-13

7.16 Paroscientific “T” Series Pressure Transducer.................................................................... 7-17

7.17 4 to 20 mA Sensor using CURS100 Terminal Input Module............................................... 7-20

8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES

8.1 Computation of Running Average.......................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 Rainfall Intensity..................................................................................................................... 8-2

8.3 Using Control Ports and Loop to Run AM416 Multiplexer..................................................... 8-3

8.4 Sub 1 Minute Output Interval Synched to Real Time ............................................................ 8-5

8.5 Switch Closures on Control Ports (Rain Gage)..................................................................... 8-5

8.6 SDM-AO4 Analog Output Multiplexer to Strip Chart.............................................................. 8-6

8.7 Converting 0-360 Wind Direction Output to 0-540 for Strip Chart......................................... 8-7

8.8 Use of 2 Final Storage Areas - Saving Data Prior to Event................................................... 8-8

8.9 Logarithmic Sampling Using Loops....................................................................................... 8-9

8.10 Covariance Correlation Programming Example.................................................................. 8-11

8.11 Fast Fourier Transform Examples....................................................................................... 8-15

8.12 Using the Switched 12 V to Power Sensors........................................................................ 8-22

INSTRUCTIONS

9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS.................................................................................... 9-1

10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS..................................................................................... 10-1

11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS.................................................................. 11-1

12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS..................................................................... 12-1

MEASUREMENTS

13. CR23X MEASUREMENTS

13.1 Fast and Slow Measurement Sequence.............................................................................. 13-1

13.2 Single-Ended and Differential Voltage Measurements........................................................ 13-2

13.3 The Effect of Sensor Lead Length on the Signal Settling Time........................................... 13-4

13.4 Thermocouple Measurements........................................................................................... 13-14

13.5 Bridge Resistance Measurements..................................................................................... 13-20

13.6 Resistance Measurements Requiring AC Excitation......................................................... 13-24

13.7 Calibration Process............................................................................................................ 13-25

iii

CR23X TABLE OF CONTENTS

INSTALLATION

14. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

14.1 Protection from the Environment ......................................................................................... 14-1

14.2 Power Requirements ........................................................................................................... 14-2

14.3 CR23X Power Supplies ....................................................................................................... 14-4

14.4 Solar Panels......................................................................................................................... 14-5

14.5 Direct Battery Connection to the CR23X Wiring Panel........................................................ 14-6

14.6 Vehicle Power Supply Connections..................................................................................... 14-6

14.7 CR23X Grounding................................................................................................................ 14-7

14.8 Powering Sensors and Peripherals ..................................................................................... 14-9

14.9 Controlling Power to Sensors and Peripherals.................................................................. 14-10

14.10 Maintenance....................................................................................................................... 14-11

APPENDICES

A. GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................A-1

B. CONTROL PORT SERIAL I/O INSTRUCTION 15

B.1 Specifications.........................................................................................................................B-1

B.2 Selected Operating Details....................................................................................................B-1

B.3 Instruction 15 and Parameter Descriptions ...........................................................................B-2

B.4 Control Port Configurations and Sensor Wiring.....................................................................B-5

B.5 RS232 Serial Data Configuration and Data Buffering ...........................................................B-7

B.6 Input Data Filters....................................................................................................................B-8

B.7 Program Examples ..............................................................................................................B-10

B.8 Summary of Barometer Jumper Configurations ..................................................................B-23

C. ADDITIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFORMATION

C.1 Telecommunications Command with Binary Responses ......................................................C-1

C.2 Final Storage Format .............................................................................................................C-4

C.3 Generation of Signature.........................................................................................................C-5

C.4 ∗D Commands to Transfer Program with Computer .............................................................C-6

E. ASCII TABLE...........................................................................................................................E-1

F. DYNAGAGE SAP-FLOW (P67)

F.1 Function .................................................................................................................................F-1

F.2 Instruction Details ..................................................................................................................F-1

G. CALLBACK (CR23X INITIATED TELECOMMUNICATIONS)

G.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................G-1

G.2 Developing a Callback Application ........................................................................................G-1

G.3 CR23X Programming.............................................................................................................G-3

CR23X TABLE OF CONTENTS

H. CALL ANOTHER DATALOGGER VIA PHONE OR RF

H.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................H-1

H.2 Programming .........................................................................................................................H-1

H.3 Programming for the Calling CR23X .....................................................................................H-1

H.4 Remote Datalogger Programming.........................................................................................H-3

I. TD OPERATING SYSTEM ADDENDUM FOR CR510, CR10X, AND

CR23X MANUALS

INDEX......................................................................................................................................... INDEX-1

CR23X TABLE OF CONTENTS

This is a blank page.

SELECTED OPERATING DETAILS

1. Storing Data - Data are stored in Final Storage only by Output Processing Instructions and only when the Output Flag (Flag 0) is set. (Sections OV4.1.1 and

3.7.1)

2. Storing Date and Time - Date and time are stored with the data in Final Storage ONLY if the Real Time Instruction 77 is used. (Section 11)

3. Data Transfer - On-line data transfer from Final Storage to peripherals (printer, Storage Module, etc.) occurs only if enabled with Instruction 96 in the datalogger program. (Sections 4 and 12)

4. Final Storage Resolution - All Input

Storage values are displayed ( mode) as high resolution with a maximum value of 99999. However, the default resolution for data stored in Final Storage is low resolution, maximum value of 6999. Results exceeding 6999 are stored as 6999 unless Instruction 78 is used to store the values in Final Storage as high resolution values. (Sections 2.2.1 and 11)

5. Floating Point Format - The computations performed in the CR23X use floating point arithmetic. CSI's 4 byte floating point numbers contain a 23 bit binary mantissa and a 6 bit binary exponent. The largest and smallest numbers that can be stored and processed are 9 x 10

and 1 x 10

-19

respectively. (Section 2.2.2)

6. Erasing Final Storage - Data in Final Storage can be erased without altering the program by using the

A Mode to

repartition memory. (Section 1.5.2)

7. ALL memory can be erased and the CR23X completely reset by entering 98765 for the number of bytes allocated to Program Memory. (

A Window 5,

Section 1.5.2)

vii

CAUTIONARY NOTES

1. Damage will occur to the analog input circuitry if voltages in excess of ±16 V are applied for a sustained period. Voltages in excess of ±8 V will cause errors and possible overranging on other analog input channels.

2. Do not download an operating system (OS) written for a particular datalogger model into the hardware of another datalogger model. The datalogger will sustain damage and must be returned to the factory for repair. This is of concern only when updated operating systems are purchased from Campbell Scientific.

3. When using the CR23X with the rechargeable battery option, remember that the sealed lead acid batteries are permanently damaged if deep discharged. The cells are rated at a 7 Ahr capacity but experience a slow discharge even in storage. It is advisable to maintain a continuous charge on the battery, whether in operation or storage (Section 14).

4. When connecting external power to the CR23X, first, remove the green power connector from the CR23X panel. Then insert the positive 12 V lead into the rightmost terminal of the green connector. Next, insert the ground lead to the left terminal. Double check polarity before plugging the green connector into the panel.

5. Voltages in excess of 5 volts should not be applied to a control port.

6. The CR23X contains desiccant to protect against excess humidity. To reduce vapor transfer into the ENC 12/14 or ENC 16/18 enclosure, plug the cable entry conduit with Duct Seal, a putty-type sealant available at most electrical supply houses. DO NOT totally seal enclosures equipped with lead acid batteries. Hydrogen concentration may build up to explosive levels.

viii

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

Read the Selected Operating Details and Cautionary Notes at the front of the Manual before using the CR23X.

The CR23X Micrologger combines precision measurement with processing and control capability in a single battery operated system.

Campbell Scientific, Inc. provides three documents to aid in understanding and operating the CR23X:

1. This Overview

2. The CR23X Operator's Manual

3. The CR23X Prompt Sheet

This Overview introduces the concepts required to take advantage of the CR23X's capabilities. Handson programming examples start in Section OV4. Working with a CR23X will help the learning process, so don't just read the examples, turn on the CR23X and do them. If you want to start this minute, go ahead and try the examples, then come back and read the rest of the Overview.

• The sections of the Operator's Manual which should be read to complete a basic understanding of the CR23X operation are the Programming Sections 1-3, the portions of the data retrieval Sections 4 and 5 appropriate to the method(s) you are using (see OV5), and Section 14 which covers installation and maintenance.

• Section 6 covers details of serial communications. Sections 7 and 8 contain programming examples. Sections 9-12 have detailed descriptions of the programming instructions, and Section 13 goes into detail on the CR23X measurement procedures.

The Prompt Sheet is an abbreviated description of the programming instructions. Once familiar with the CR23X, it is possible to program it using only the Prompt Sheet and on-line prompts as a reference, consulting the manual if further detail is needed.

OV1. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

The CR23X Micrologger with the alkaline batteries is shown in Figure OV1-1. It is powered with 10 "D" cells and has only the power switch on the base. The rechargeable CR23X has rechargeable lead acid cells. In addition to the power switch, it has a charger input plug and an LED which lights when the charging circuit is active. Rechargeable CR23Xs should always be connected to a solar

panel or AC charger. The lead acid batteries provide backup in event of a power failure but are permanently damaged if their voltage drops below 11.76 volts. Campbell Scientific does not warrant batteries.

The 16 character keyboard is used to enter programs, commands and data; these can be viewed on the 24 character x 2 line LCD display.

OV-1

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV-2

FIGURE OV1-1. CR23X Micrologger

ced

ANALOG INPUTS

Input/Output Instructions 1 Volt (SE) 2 Volt (DIFF) 4 Ex-Del-Se 5 AC Half Br 6 Full Br 7 3W Half Br 8 Ex-Del-Diff 9 6W Full Br 11 Temp (107) 12 RH-(207) 13 Temp-TC SE 14 Temp-TC DIFF 16 Temp-RTD 27 Interval-Freq. 28 Vibrating Wire Meas 29 INW Press 131 Enhan

Signal Ground ( ), for Analog Pulse Excitation Sensor Shields

DIFF

13 14

DIFF

Vib. Wire

15 16

Continuous Analog Outputs 133 Analog

EXCITATION OUTPUTS

Input/Output Instructions

4 Ex-Del-Se 5 AC Half Br 6 Full Br 7 3W Half Br 8 Ex-Del-Diff 9 Full Br-Mex 11 Temp (107) 12 RH (207) 22 Del w/Opt Ext 28 Wire Meas 29 INW Press

910

17 18

19 20

21 22

11 12 HL

23 24 HL

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

PULSE INPUTS

Input/Output Instructions

3 Pulse

EX1

EX2

EX3

EX4

CAO1

CAO2

POWER OUT CONTROL I/O

G5VG

SW12G12V

12VGC1C2C3C4GC5C6C7C8

SDM

DIGITAL I/O PORTS

Input/Output Instructions 3 Pulse 15 Serial I/O 20 Set Ports 21 Pulse Port 25 Read Ports 100-110, 118 SDM and SDI12

Instructions

134 AM25T Program Control Instructions

83 If Case < F 86 Do 88 If X <=> Y 89 If X <=> F 91 If flag, port 92 If Time

Command Codes: 4X Set port x high 49 Switched 12 V on 5X Set port x low 59 Switched 12 V off 6X Toggle port x 7X Pulse port x 95 Port Subr. 96 Port Subr. 97 Port Subr. 98 Port Subr.

Power Ground (G), for

G 12V

POWER IN

5V SW-12 12V Control I/O

GROUND

LUG

External

12 Volt

Power Input

1 2 3 A

04:REF_TEMP

4 5 6 B

+21.93

7 8 9 C

CR23X MICROLOGGER

COMPUTER

CS I/O

SERIAL I/O Telecommunications Program Control Instructions 96 Storage Module, Printer, Serial Out

RS232

(OPTICALLY ISOLATED)

0 # D

Switched

12 Volts

SN:

MADE IN USA

Earth Ground

Connect 12ga

or larger wire to

earth ground

97 Initiate Telecommunications 120 TGT1 GOES Satellite (CS I/O only) 121 ARGOS Satellite (CS I/O only) 122 INMARSAT-C Satellite (CS I/O only) 123 TGT1 Programming

FIGURE OV1-2. CR23X Panel and Associated Programming Instructions

OV-3

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

The 9-pin serial CS I/O port provides connection to data storage peripherals, such as the SM192/716 Storage Module, and provides serial communication to computer or modem devices for data transfer or remote programming (Section 6). This 9 pin port does

NOT have the same pin configuration as the 9 pin serial ports currently used on most personal computers. An SC32A is required to interface

the CS I/O port to a PC or other RS-232 serial port (Section 6). An optically isolated computer RS-232 port is also provided for direct connection to PCs and other RS-232 devices.

The panel contains four terminal strips which are used for sensor inputs, excitation, control input/outputs, etc. Figure OV1-2 shows the CR23X panel and the associated programming instructions.

OV1.1 WIRING TERMINALS

Wiring terminals are provided on the CR23X to allow connection of external sensors and other devices.

OV1.1.1 ANALOG INPUTS

The terminals labeled 1H to 12L are analog voltage inputs. These numbers (black) refer to the high and low inputs to the differential channels 1 through 12. In a differential measurement, the voltage on the H input is measured with respect to the voltage on the L input. When making single-ended measurements, either the H or L input may be used as an independent channel to measure voltage with respect to the CR23X analog ground (

). The single-ended channels are

numbered sequentially starting with 1H (blue); e.g., the H and L sides of differential channel 1 are single-ended channels 1 and 2; the H and L sides of differential channel 2 are single-ended channels 3 and 4, etc.

The analog input terminal strips have an insulated cover to reduce temperature gradients across the input terminals. The cover is required for accurate thermocouple measurements (Section 13.4).

OV1.1.2 EXCITATION OUTPUTS

The terminals labeled EX1, EX2, EX3, and EX4 are precision, switched excitation outputs used to supply programmable excitation voltages for resistive bridge measurements. DC or AC

excitation at voltages between -5000 mV and +5000 mV are user programmable (Section 9).

OV1.1.3 CONTINUOUS ANALOG OUTPUTS (CAO)

Two CAO channels supply continuous output voltages under program control, for use with strip charts, x-y plotters, or proportional controllers.

OV1.1.4 PULSE INPUTS

The terminals labeled P1, P2, P3, and P4 are the pulse counter inputs for the CR23X. They are programmable for high frequency pulse, low level AC, or switch closure (Section 9, Instruction 3).

OV1.1.5 DIGITAL I/O PORTS

Terminals C1 through C8 are digital Input/Output ports. On power-up they are configured as input ports, commonly used for reading the status of an external signal. High and low conditions are: 3 V < high < 5.5 V; -

0.5 V < low < 0.8 V. Configured as outputs the ports allow on/off

control of external devices. A port can be set high (5 V ± 0.1 V), low (<0.1 V), toggled or pulsed (Sections 3, 8.3, and 12).

Ports C5 through C8 can be configured as pulse counters for switch closures (Section 9, Instruction 3) or used to trigger subroutine execution (Section 1.1.2).

Built in Zener diodes on the eight control ports limit input voltage to acceptable levels of < =

5.6 VDC. Do not apply voltages greater than 16 VDC. A voltage of 5.0 VDC is preferred.

OV1.1.6 GROUNDS

The CR23X has ground terminals marked and G. Signal returns of analog inputs and their associated shields along with excitation voltage returns are to be tied to the

terminals located in the analog input terminal strips. The G terminals (Power Grounds) are intended to carry return currents from the 5 V, SW12, 12 V, and C1-C8 outputs. Tying these potentially large return currents to G terminals keeps these currents from flowing through and corrupting analog measurements. Offset voltage errors in single-ended measurements can occur for large (50 mA) currents flowing into the terminals in the analog input terminal strips.

OV-4

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

Return currents from the CAO and pulsecounter channels should be tied to the terminals in the CAO and pulse-counter terminal strip to prevent them from flowing through the analog measurement section.

The ground lug is also marked a rugged ground path from the individual G terminals to earth or chassis ground for ESD protection.

Review Section 14.7 for complete grounding recommendations.

OV1.1.8 5V OUTPUTS

The 5 V (±4.0%) output is commonly used to power peripherals such as the QD1 Incremental Encoder Interface, AVW1 or AVW4 Vibrating Wire Interface.

The 5 V output is common with pin 1 on the CS I/O 9 pin connector; 200 mA is the maximum combined output.

OV1.1.9 CS I/O

The 9 pin CS I/O port contains lines for serial communication between the CR23X and external devices such as computers, printers, Campbell modems, Storage Modules, etc. This

port does NOT have the same configuration as the 9 pin serial ports currently used on most personal computers. It has a 5 VDC

power line which is used to power peripherals such as Storage Modules. The same 5 VDC supply is used for the 5 V output on the lower right terminal strip. It has a 12 VDC power line used to power other peripherals such as the COM200 phone modem. Section 6 contains technical details on serial communication.

OV1.1.10 COMPUTER RS-232 PORT

This port is an optically isolated standard 9 pin RS-232 DCE/DTE port. It can be connected directly to the serial port of most personal computers. A 6 foot 9 to 9 pin serial cable and a 9 to 25 pin adapter are included with the CR23X to connect this port to a PC serial port.

OV1.1.11 SWITCHED 12 VOLT

The switched 12 volt output can be used to power sensors or devices requiring an unregulated 12 volts. The output is limited to 600 mA at 50°C (360 mA at 80°C) current. The

and provides

and

switched 12 volt port is addressed as “Port 9” in a datalogger program.

When the port is set high, the 12 volts is turned on; when the port is low, the switched 12 volts is off (Section 8.12).

OV1.2 CONNECTING POWER TO THE CR23X

The CR23X should be powered by any clean, battery backed 12 VDC source. The green power connector on the wiring panel is a plug in connector that allows the power supply to be easily disconnected. The power connection is reverse polarity protected. The datalogger should be earth or chassis ground during routine operation. See Section 14 for details on power supply connections and grounding.

When primary power falls below 11.0 VDC, the CR23X stops executing its programs. The Low Voltage Counter (∗B window 9) is incremented by one each time the primary power falls below

11.0 VDC and E10 is displayed. A double dash (--) in the 9th window of the ∗B mode indicates that the CR23X is currently in a low primary power mode. (Section 1.6)

The datalogger program and stored data remain in memory, and the clock continues to keep time when power is disconnected. The clock and SRAM are powered by an internal lithium battery. (Section 14.11.2)

OV2. MEMORY AND PROGRAMMING

CONCEPTS

OV2.1 INTERNAL MEMORY

The standard CR23X has 512 Kilobytes of Flash Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), 128 Kilobytes Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), and 1 Megabyte of Flash RAM. As an option, the CR23X can be purchased with 4 Megabyte Flash for final storage. Operating system EEPROM stores the operating system, user programs, and labels. SRAM is used for final storage data and running the user program. Final Storage Flash is used for data storage. The use of the Input, Intermediate, and Final Storage in the measurement and data processing sequence is shown in Figure OV2.1-2. The five areas of SRAM are:

OV-5

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

1. System Memory - used for overhead tasks such as compiling programs, transferring data, etc. The user cannot access this memory.

2. Active Program Memory - available for user entered programs.

3. Input Storage - Input Storage holds the results of measurements or calculations. The

6 Mode is used to view Input Storage locations for checking current sensor readings or calculated values. Input Storage defaults to 64 locations. Additional locations can be assigned using the

Mode.

4. Intermediate Storage - Certain Processing Instructions and most of the Output Processing Instructions maintain intermediate results in Intermediate Storage. Intermediate storage is automatically accessed by the instructions and cannot be accessed by the user. The default allocation is 64 locations. The number of locations can be changed using the

A Mode.

5. Final Storage - Final processed values are stored here for transfer to printer, solid state Storage Module or for retrieval via telecommunication links. Values are stored in Final Storage only by the Output Processing Instructions and only when the Output Flag is set in the user’s program. Approximately 570,000 locations are allocated to Final Storage from SRAM on power up. This number is reduced if Input or Intermediate Storage is increased.

While the total size of these three areas remains constant, memory may be reallocated between the areas to accommodate different measurement and processing needs (

A Mode, Section

1.5).

6. Alphanumeric Labels - The CR23X can be programmed through EDLOG (PC208W software) to assign alphanumeric labels to Input Storage and Final Storage locations. Labels must consist of letters, numbers, or the underscore ( _ ), and must not begin with a number.

OV-6

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

Flash Memory

(EEPROM)

Total 512 Kbytes

Operating System

(128 Kbytes)

Active Program

(32 Kbytes Code)

Stored Programs

(32 Kbytes Code) (32 Kbytes Labels)

Temporary Copy of Current Program

Saved during download if download is aborted (64 Kbytes)

Alphanumeric Labels

(32 Kbytes)

Unassigned

(192 Kbytes)

How it works:

Operating System

The Flash Memory at the factory.

Memory

running for calculations, buffering data and general operating tasks.

ny time a user loads a program into the CR23X, the program is compiled in SRAM and stored in the

Program

powered off and then on, the Active Program is loaded from Flash and run.

The Active Program is run in SRAM to maximize speed. The program accesses

Intermediate Storage

into the user.

The Active Program can be copied into the program "names" are available, the number of programs stored is limited by the available memory. Stored programs can be retrieved to become the active program. While programs are stored one at a time, all stored programs are erased simultaneously. That is because the flash memory can only be written to once before it must be erased and can only be erased in 16 Kbytes blocks.

(Memory Areas separated by dashed lines: can be re-sized by the user.)

1 byte per character stored. 9 bytes per input location label. All final storage label characters plus 2 bytes per table name (array ID name) and field name.

is used while the CR23X is

areas. If the CR23X is

Input Storage

Final Storage

Stored Programs

is loaded into

System

Active

and

and stores data

for later retrieval by

area. While 98

SRAM/FLASH

Total 1152 Kbytes

32K SRAM

System Memory

4096 Bytes

Active Program

Default

2048 Bytes

Input Storage

Default

112 Bytes

28 Locations

Intermediate Storage

Default

256 Bytes

64 Locations

96K SRAM

Final Storage 1 and 2

98,304 Bytes

49,154 Locations

1M FLASH

Final Storage 1 and 2

917,504 Bytes

458,752 Locations

4M FLASH

Final Storage 1 and 2

4,292,610 Bytes

2,146,305 Locations Final Storage 1 Only

131,072 Bytes

65,536 Locations

Memory available only to system

Memory shared between Program, Input Storage, and Intermediate Storage

Memory allocable to Final Storage 1 and 2 only

Memory available only to Final Storage area 1

FIGURE OV2.1-1. CR23X Memory

OV-7

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV2.2 PROGRAM TABLES, EXECUTION

INTERVAL AND OUTPUT INTERVALS

The CR23X must be programmed before it will make any measurements. A program consists of a group of instructions entered into a

program table. The program table is given an execution interval which determines how

frequently that table is executed. When the table is executed, the instructions are executed in sequence from beginning to end. After executing the table, the CR23X waits the remainder of the execution interval and then executes the table again starting at the beginning.

The interval at which the table is executed generally determines the interval at which the sensors are measured. The interval at which data are stored is separate from how often the table is executed, and may range from samples every execution interval to processed summaries output hourly, daily, or on longer or irregular intervals.

Programs are entered in Tables 1 and 2. Subroutines, called from Tables 1 and 2, are entered in Subroutine Table 3. The size of program memory can be fixed or automatically allocated by the CR23X (Section 1.5).

Table 1 and Table 2 have independent execution intervals, entered in units of seconds with an allowable range of 1/100 to 6553.5 seconds. Subroutine Table 3 has no execution interval, since it is called from Table 1, Table 2, or an interrupt subroutine.

OV2.2.1 THE EXECUTION INTERVAL

The execution interval specifies how often the program in the table is executed, which is usually determined by how often the sensors are to be measured. Unless two different

measurement rates are needed, use only one table. A program table is executed sequentially

starting with the first instruction in the table and proceeding to the end of the table.

Table 1. Execute every x sec.

0.01 < x < 6553.5

Instructions are executed sequentially in the order they are entered in the table. One complete pass through the table is made each execution interval unless program control instructions are used to loop or branch execution.

Normal Order: MEASURE PROCESS CHECK OUTPUT COND. OUTPUT PROCESSING

FIGURE OV2.2-1. Program and Subroutine Tables

Table 2. Execute every y sec.

0.01 < y < 6553.5

Table 2 is used if there is a need to measure and process data on a separate interval from that in Table 1.

Table 3. Subroutines

A subroutine is executed only when called from Table 1 or 2.

Subroutine Label Instructions End Subroutine Label Instructions End Subroutine Label Instructions End

OV-8

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

Each instruction in the table requires a finite time to execute. If the execution interval is less than the time required to process the table, an execution interval overrun (table overrun) occurs; the CR23X finishes processing the table and waits for the next execution interval before initiating the table. When a table

overrun occurs,

appears in the lower right

corner of the display in the Running Table mode

0). Overruns and table priority are

( discussed in Section 1.1.

OV2.2.2. THE OUTPUT INTERVAL

The interval at which output occurs must be an integer multiple of the execution interval (e.g., a table cannot have a 10 minute execution interval and output every 15 minutes).

A single program table can have many different output intervals and conditions, each with a unique data set (Output Array). Program Control Instructions are used to set the Output Flag. The Output Processing Instructions which follow the instruction setting the Output Flag determine the data output and its sequence. Each additional Output Array is created by another Program Control Instruction checking a output condition, followed by Output Processing Instructions defining the data set to output.

OV2.3 CR23X INSTRUCTION TYPES

Figure OV2.3-1 illustrates the use of three different instruction types which act on data. The fourth type, Program Control, is used to control output times and vary program execution. Instructions are identified by numbers.

I/O Ports and CAO analog output ports are also addressed with I/O Instructions.

2. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS (30-68, Section 10) perform numerical operations on values located in Input Storage and store the results back in Input Storage. These instructions can be used to develop high level algorithms to process measurements prior to Output Processing.

3. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS (69-82, Section 11) are the only instructions which store data in Final Storage. Input Storage values are processed over time to obtain averages, maxima, minima, etc. There are two types of processing done by Output Instructions:

Intermediate and Final. Intermediate processing normally takes

place each time the instruction is executed. For example, when the Average Instruction is executed, it adds the values from the input locations being averaged to running totals in Intermediate Storage. It also keeps track of the number of samples.

Final processing occurs only when the Output Flag is high (Section 3.7.1). The Output Processing Instructions check the Output Flag. If the flag is high, final values are calculated and output. With the Average, the totals are divided by the number of samples and the resulting averages sent to Final Storage. Intermediate locations are zeroed and the process starts over. The Output Flag, Flag

0, is set high by a Program Control Instruction which must precede the Output Processing Instructions in the user entered program.

1. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS (1-29, 100-110, 113-118, 130-134; Section 9) control the terminal strip inputs and outputs (Figure OV1.1-2), storing the results in Input Storage (destination). Multiplier and offset parameters allow conversion of linear signals into engineering units. The Digital

4. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS (83-98, 111, 120-123, 220; Section 12) are used for logic decisions, conditional statements, and to send data to peripherals. They can set flags and ports, compare values or times, execute loops, call subroutines, conditionally execute portions of the program, etc.

OV-9

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS

Specify the conversion of a sensor signal to a data value and store it in Input Storage. Programmable entries specify: (1) the measurement type (2) the number of channels to measure (3) the input voltage range (4) the Input Storage Location (5) the sensor calibration constants used to convert the sensor output to engineering units

I/O Instructions also control analog outputs and digital control ports.

INPUT STORAGE

Holds the results of measurements or calculations in user specified locations. The value in a location is written over each time a new measurement or calculation stores data to the locations.

OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS

Perform calculations over time on the values updated in Input Storage. Summaries for Final Storage are generated when a Program Control Instruction sets the Output Flag in response to time or events. Results may be redirected to Input Storage for further processing. Examples include sums, averages, max/min, standard deviation, histograms, etc.

PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS

Perform calculations with values in Input Storage. Results are returned to Input Storage. Arithmetic, transcendental and polynomial functions are included.

INTERMEDIATE STORAGE

Provides temporary storage for intermediate calculations required by the OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS; for example, sums, cross products, comparative values, etc.

Output Flag set high

FINAL STORAGE

Final results from OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS are stored here for on-line or interrogated transfer to external devices (Figure OV5.1-1). When memory is full, new data overwrites the oldest data.

OV-10

FIGURE OV2.3-1. Instruction Types and Storage Areas

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV3. COMMUNICATING WITH CR23X

The user can communicate with the CR23X through either the integral keyboard and two line LCD display, or through a telecommunications link with a terminal or computer. The preferred method for routine operation is through a telecommunications link with a personal computer running Campbell Scientific’s PC208 or PC208W Datalogger Support Software. These packages contain a program editor (EDLOG), datalogger communications, automated telecommunications data retrieval, a data reduction program (SPLIT), and programs to retrieve data from Campbell Scientific Storage Modules.

Some situations, however, require an alternate communications method. The integral keyboard is convenient for cursory on-site inspection of datalogger functions. It can also be used when becoming familiar with the dataloggers functional modes as outlined in Sections OV3.1 through OV5 and Section 1.

A third communications alternative is through a dumb terminal or a computer terminal emulator program through a telecommunications link. Several arcane commands are used in this mode as outlined in Section 5. The most useful command to most CR23X users is the 7H command, which places the CR23X in the Remote Keyboard Mode. This mode uses the same commands as when communicating onsite through the integral keyboard and display. A common way to use this mode is to enter it through the terminal emulator program in PC208 or PC208W. Once the telecommunications link is established, CR-LF (carriage return - line feed) is issued from the PC by hitting the <Enter> key several times while in the terminal emulator. The CR23X will respond by sending an asterisk (*) to the PC screen. At the *, 7H followed by a CR-LF is issued. The CR23X will respond with a greaterthan symbol (>). From the >, the functional modes can be entered as outlined in Section 1.

OV3.1 CR23X KEYPAD/DISPLAY

On power-up, the "HELLO" message is displayed while the CR23X checks memory. The total size of memory is then displayed (1664 K bytes of memory).

Using the keypad, work through the direct programming examples in this overview in addition to using EDLOG and you will have the basics of CR23X operation as well as an appreciation for the help provided by the software and the CR23X on-line help.

The display will turn off automatically if not continuously updated. The display will stay on if

continuously updated such as occurs in the

∗

and

6 modes. Otherwise, it will turn off

automatically to save 4 mA of power. Time to display shut off is 3 minutes if left in the

mode, or 6 minutes if left in other modes not continuously updating the screen. While in the

∗

0 mode, the screen can be manually turned

off by pressing the

. Press any other key to

turn it back on.

OV3.1.1 FUNCTIONAL MODES

CR23X/User interaction is broken into different functional MODES (e.g., programming the measurements and output, setting time, manually initiating a block data transfer to Storage Module, etc.). The modes are referred to as Star ( accessed by first keying

) Modes since they are

, then the mode number or letter. Table OV3.1-1 lists the CR23X Modes.

Because the display uses approximately 4 mA when active, it is automatically turned off if not

updated for three minutes, except in the mode, where it is left on indefinitely. The display can be turned off from the keypad in the

∗

0 mode by pressing #. Pressing any key except the # key will cause the display to be turned back on after it has been turned off.

TABLE OV3.1-1.

Mode Summary

Key Mode

∗

0 Compile program, log data and

indicate active Tables

∗

1 Program Table 1

∗

2 Program Table 2

∗

3 Program Table 3, subroutines only

∗

4 Parameter Entry Table

∗

5 Display/set real time clock

∗

6 Display/alter Input Storage data,

toggle flags or control ports.

∗

7 Display Final Storage data

∗

8 Final Storage data transfer to peripheral

∗

9 Storage Module commands

∗

A Memory allocation/reset

∗

B Signature/status

∗

C Security

∗

D Save/load program, set display

contrast, power up settings, ID, etc.

∗

# Used with TGT1 satellite transmitter

∗

OV-11

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV3.1.2 KEY DEFINITION

Keys and key sequences have specific functions when using the keypad or a computer/terminal in the remote keyboard state (Section 5). Table OV3.1-2 lists these functions. In some cases, the exact action of a key depends on the mode the CR23X is in and is described with the mode in the manual.

TABLE OV3.1-2 Key Description/Editing

Functions

A, B, C

Keys

, and D repeat when continuously pressed. Repetitions occur slowly at first and then speed up.

Action

Key

Any key Turn on display (except #)

- 9 Key numeric entries into display

∗

Enter Mode (followed by Mode

Number)

Enter/Advance

Back up

Change the sign of a number or

index a parameter

Show Help when “?” is on display

Enter the decimal point

Turns off display in ∗ 0

Shows output table name in

∗

Clear the rightmost digit keyed into

the display

# A

Advance to next instruction in

program table (

∗

1, ∗ 2, ∗ 3)

or to next Output Array in Final Storage (

# B

Back up to previous instruction in

∗

program table or to previous Output Array in Final Storage

# D

Delete entire instruction

# 0

(then A or CR) Back up to the start of

the current array.

When using a computer/terminal to communicate with the CR23X (Telecommunications remote keyboard state) there are some keys available in addition to those found on the keypad. Table OV3.1-3 lists these keys.

TABLE OV3.1-3. Additional Keys Allowed in

Telecommunications

Key

Action

- Change Sign, Index (same as C) CR Enter/advance (same as A) S or ^S Stops transmission of data (10

second time-out; any character restarts)

C or ^C Aborts transmission of Data

OV3.2 USING COMPUTER WITH DATALOGGER

SUPPORT SOFTWARE

Direct datalogger communication programs in the datalogger support software (PC208W) provide menu selection of tools to perform the datalogger functions (e.g., set clock, send program, monitor measurements, and collect data). The user also has the option of directly entering keyboard commands via a built-in terminal emulator (Section OV3.3).

When using the support software, the computer’s baud rate, port, and modem types are specified and stored in a file for future use.

The simplest and most common interface is to connect the optically isolated 9 pin “Computer RS-232” port to a 9 pin PC RS-232 port. An adapter is supplied with the CR23X for connection to a 25 pin PC RS-232 port. Otherwise, an SC32A can be used on the CS I/O port. The SC32A converts and optically isolates the voltages passing between the CR23X and the external terminal device.

The SC12 Two Peripheral cable which comes with the SC32A is used to connect the CS I/O port of the CR23X to the 9 pin port of the SC32A labeled "Datalogger". Connect the "Terminal/Printer" port of the SC32A to the serial port of the computer with a straight 25 pin cable or, if the computer has a 9 pin serial port, a standard 9 to 25 pin adapter cable.

OV3.3 ASCII TERMINAL OR COMPUTER WITH

TERMINAL EMULATOR

Devices which can be used to communicate with the CR23X include standard ASCII terminals and computers programmed to function as a terminal emulator. See Section

6.7 for details.

OV-12

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

To communicate with any device, the CR23X enters its Telecommunications Mode and responds only to valid telecommunications commands. Within the Telecommunications Mode, there are 2 "states"; the Telecommunications Command state and the Remote Keyboard state. Communication is established in the Telecommunications command state. One of the commands is to enter the Remote Keyboard state (Section 5).

The Remote Keyboard state allows the keyboard of the computer/terminal to act like the CR23X keypad. Various datalogger modes may be entered, including the mode in which programs may be keyed in to the CR23X from the computer/terminal.

OV4. PROGRAMMING THE CR23X

A datalogger program is created on a computer using EDLOG. A program can also be entered directly into the datalogger using the keypad. Section OV4.3 describes options for loading the program into the CR23X.

OV4.1 PROGRAMMING SEQUENCE

In routine applications, the CR23X measures sensor output signals, processes the measurements over some time interval and stores the processed results. A generalized programming sequence is:

1. Enter the execution interval. In most cases, the execution interval is determined by the desired sensor scan rate.

2. Enter the Input/Output instructions required to measure the sensors.

3. If processing in addition to that provided by the Output Processing Instructions (step 5) is required, enter the appropriate Processing Instructions.

4. Enter the Program Control Instruction to test the output condition and set the Output Flag when the condition is met. For example, use

Instruction 92 to output based on time. Instruction 86 to output every execution

interval. Instruction 88 or 89 to output based on a

comparison of values in input locations.

This instruction must precede the Output Processing Instructions which store data in Final Storage. Instructions are described in Sections 9 through 12.

5. Enter the Output Processing Instructions to store processed data in Final Storage. The order in which data are stored is determined by the order of the Output Processing Instructions in the table.

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for additional outputs on different intervals or conditions.

NOTE: The program must be executed for output to occur. Therefore, the interval at which the Output Flag is set must be evenly divisible by the execution interval. For example, with a 2 minute execution interval and a 5 minute output interval, the output flag will only be set on the even multiples of the 5 minute intervals, not on the odd. Data will be output every 10 minutes instead of every 5 minutes.

Execution intervals and output intervals set with Instruction 92 are synchronized with real time starting at midnight.

OV4.2 INSTRUCTION FORMAT

Instructions are identified by an instruction number. Each instruction has a number of parameters that give the CR23X the information it needs to execute the instruction.

The CR23X Prompt Sheet has the instruction numbers in red, with the parameters briefly listed in columns following the description. Some parameters are footnoted with further description under the "Instruction Option Codes" heading. The CR23X also has on-line help available when a “?” appears on the

display. Help is accessed by pressing For example, Instruction 73 stores the

maximum value that occurred in an Input Storage location over the output interval.

P73 Maximum 1: Reps 2: TimeOption 3: Loc

The instruction has three parameters (1) REPetitionS, the number of sequential Input

OV-13

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

Storage locations on which to find maxima, (2) TIME, an option of storing the time of occurrence with the maximum value, and (3) LOC, the first Input Storage location operated on by the Maximum Instruction. The codes for the TIME parameter are listed in the "Instruction Option Codes".

The repetitions parameter specifies how many times an instruction's function is to be repeated. For example, four 107 thermistor probes may be measured with a single Instruction 11, Temp-107, with four repetitions. Parameter 2 specifies the input channel of the first thermistor (the probes must be connected to sequential channels). Parameter 4 specifies the Input Storage location in which to store measurements from the first thermistor. If location 5 were used and the first probe was on channel 1, the temperature of the thermistor on channel 1 would be stored in input location 5, the temperature from channel 2 in input location 6, etc.

Detailed descriptions of the instructions are given in Sections 9-12. Entering an instruction into a program table is described in OV5.

OV4.3 ENTERING A PROGRAM

Programs are entered into the CR23X in one of three ways:

Once a program is loaded in the CR23X, the program will be stored in flash memory and will automatically be loaded and run when the datalogger is powered-up.

The program on power up function can also be achieved by using a Storage Module. Up to 8 programs can be stored in the Storage Module, the programs may be assigned any of the numbers 1-8. If the Storage Module is connected when the CR23X is powered-up the CR23X will automatically load program number 8, provided that a program 8 is loaded in the Storage Module (Section 1.8). The program from the Storage Module will replace the active program in flash memory.

OV5. PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

The following examples stress direct interaction with the CR23X using the keypad. At the beginning of each example is an EDLOG listing of the program. You can also participate in the example by entering the program in EDLOG and sending it to the CR23X and viewing measurements with PC208W. (See the PC208W manual for guidance.) You can also work through the examples with the 16 key keypad. You will learn the basics of CR23X operation as well as an appreciation for the help provided by the software.

1. Keyed in using the CR23X keypad.

2. Loaded from a pre-recorded listing using the

D Mode. There are 2 types of storage/input: a. Stored on disk/sent from computer. b. Stored/loaded from Storage Module.

3. Loaded from internal Flash Memory or Storage Module upon power-up.

A program is created by keying it directly into the datalogger as described in Section OV5, or on a PC using PC208W.

Program files (.DLD) can be downloaded directly to the CR23X using PC208W. Communication via direct wire, telephone, cellular phone, or Radio Frequency (RF) is supported.

Programs on disk can be copied to a Storage Module with the appropriate software. Using the

D Mode to save or load a program from a

Storage Module is described in Section 1.8.

We will start with a simple programming example. There is a brief explanation of each step to help you follow the logic. When the

example uses an instruction, press

on parameters marked with "?" for parameter descriptions. Alternatively, find the instruction on the Prompt Sheet and follow through the description of the parameters. Using the Prompt Sheet or on-line help while going through these examples will help you become familiar with their respective formats. Sections 9-12 have more detailed descriptions of the instructions.

Turn on the CR23X. The programming steps in the following examples use the keystrokes possible on the keypad. With a terminal, some responses will be slightly different.

When the CR23X is powered up, the display will show:

OV-14

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

Display

Explanation

HELLO On power-up, the CR23X

displays "HELLO" while it checks the memory

after a few seconds delay

1664 Kbytes The size of the machine's total memory memory

When the CR23X is turned on, it tests the FLASH memory and loads the current program to RAM. After the program compiles successfully, the CR23X begins executing the program. If a key is pressed while the CR23X is testing memory (“HELLO” is on the display), there will be a 128 second delay before compiling and running the program. This can be used to edit or change the program before it starts running.

In order to ensure that there is no active program in the CR23X, load an empty program using the

D Mode:

Display Will Show: Key (ID:Data) Explanation

∗

Mode Enter mode

13:Enter Command Enter D Mode

13: 7 is command to 00 7 load program from flash

07:Program ID Execute command 00 7, CR23X is ready for program number

07:Program ID Load Program 0 00 00 (empty program)

Execute program

load, after a short wait, the display will show

Prog. operation Indicating that the complete command is complete.

OV5.1 SAMPLE PROGRAM 1

EDLOG Listing Program 1: *Table 1 Program

01: 5.0 Execution Interval (seconds) 1: Panel Temperature (P17)

1: 1 Loc [ CR23XTemp ] 2: Do (P86)

1: 10 Set Output Flag High 3: Sample (P70)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 Loc [ CR23XTemp ]

In this example the CR23X is programmed to read its panel temperature (using a built in thermistor) every 5 seconds and to send the results to Final Storage.

Display Will Show: Key (ID:Data) Explanation

∗

Mode Enter mode.

Mode 01 Go To Enter Program

0000 Table 1.

Scan Interval Advance to execution +0000 interval (In seconds)

Scan Interval Key in an execution +0.0000 5 interval of 5 seconds.

01:P00 Enter the 5 second

execution interval and advance to the first program instruction location.

1 7

01:P00 Key in Instruction 17 17 which directs the CR23X to measure the panel temperature in degrees C. This is an Input/Output Instruction.

Panel Temp Enter Instruction 17 01:Loc and advance to the 0000 first parameter.

01:Loc The input location to 0000 1 store the measurement, location 1.

OV-15

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

02:P00 Enter the location #

and advance to the second program instruction.

The CR23X is now programmed to read the panel temperature every 5 seconds and place the reading in Input Storage Location 1. The program can be compiled and the temperature displayed (note that it is not yet storing data).

Display Will Show:

(ID:Data) Explanation

Key

∗

0 Running Table 1 Exit Table 1, enter

∗

0 Mode, compile table and begin logging.

∗

6 Mode 06 Enter Loc Enter ∗ 6 Mode (to

0001 view Input Storage).

0001: 21.234 Advance to first

storage location. Panel temp. is

21.234°C (display shows actual temperature so exact value will vary).

Wait a few seconds:

01:21.423 The CR23X has read

the sensor and stored the result again. The internal temp is now

21.423

C. The value is updated every 5 seconds when the table is executed. At this point the CR23X is measuring the temperature every 5 seconds and sending the value to Input Storage. No data are being saved. The next step is to have the CR23X send each reading to Final Storage. (Remember, the Output Flag must be set first.)

∗

1 Mode 01 Go To Exit ∗ 6 Mode. Enter 0000 program table 1.

2 A

02:P00 Advance to 2nd instruction location (this is where we left off).

8 6

02:P00 This is the DO 86 instruction (a Program Control Instruction).

Do Enter 86 and 01:CMD advance to the first 00 parameter (which will specify the command to execute).

1 0

01:CMD This command sets 00 10 the Output Flag (Flag 0) high.

03:P00 Enter 10 and advance to third program instruction.

7 0

03:P00 The SAMPLE 70 instruction. It directs the CR23X to take a reading from an Input Storage location and send it to Final Storage (an Output Processing Instruction).

Sample Enter 70 and 01:Reps advance to the first 0000 parameter (repetitions).

01:Reps There is only one 0000 input location to sample; repetitions =

02:Loc Enter 1 and advance 0000 to second parameter (Input Storage location to sample).

02:Loc Input Storage 0000 1 Location 1, where the temperature is stored.

04:P00 Enter 1 and advance

to fourth program instruction.

∗

Mode Exit Table 1.

Running Table 1 Enter ∗ 0 Mode,

compile program, log data.

OV-16

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

The CR23X is now programmed to measure the internal temperature every 5 seconds and send each reading to Final Storage. Values in Final Storage can be viewed using the

∗

Mode.

Display Will Show:

(ID:Data) Explanation

Key

∗

7 Mode 07 Enter ∗ 7 Mode. The Loc 13 Data Storage Pointer (DSP) is at Location 13 (in this example).

Array ID Advance to the first 01: value, the Output +0102 Array ID. 102 indicates the Output Flag was set by the second instruction in Program Table 1.

02: Advance to the first +21.231 stored temperature.

Array ID Advance to the next 01: output array. Same +0102 Output Array ID.

02: Advance to 2nd +21.42 stored temp, 21.42 deg. C.

There are no date and time tags on the data. They must be put there with Output Instruction

77. Instruction 77 is used in the next example. If a terminal is used to communicate with the

CR23X, Telecommunications Commands (Section 5) can be used to view entire Output Arrays (in this case the ID and temperature) at the same time.

OV5.2 SAMPLE PROGRAM 2

EDLOG Listing Program 2: *Table 1 Program

01: 60.0 Execution Interval (seconds)

1: Panel Temperature (P17) 1: 1 Loc [ CR23XTemp ]

2: Thermocouple Temp (DIFF) (P14) 1: 1 Reps 2: 21 ± 10 mV 60 Hz Rejection 3: 5 DIFF Channel 4: 1 Type T (Copper-Constantan) 5: 1 Ref Temp Loc [ CR23XTemp ]

6: 2 Loc [ TCTemp ] 7: 1.0 Mult 8: 0.0 Offset

3: If time is (P92) 1: 0 Minutes (Seconds --) into a 2: 60 Interval (same units as above) 3: 10 Set Output Flag High

4: Real Time (P77) 1: 110 Day,Hour/Minute

5: Average (P71) 1: 2 Reps 2: 1 Loc [ CR23XTemp ]

6: If time is (P92) 1: 0 Minutes (Seconds --) into a 2: 1440 Interval (same units as above) 3: 10 Set Output Flag High

7: Real Time (P77) 1: 110 Day,Hour/Minute

8: Maximum (P73) 1: 1 Reps 2: 10 Value with Hr-Min 3: 2 Loc [ TCTemp ]

9: Minimum (P74) 1: 1 Reps 2: 10 Value with Hr-Min 3: 2 Loc [ TCTemp ]

10: Serial Out (P96) 1: 71 SM192/SM716/CSM1

This second example is more representative of a real data collection application. Once again, the panel temperature is measured, but it is used as a reference temperature for the differential voltage measurement of a type T (copper-constantan) thermocouple; the CR23X is initially supplied with a short type T thermocouple connected to differential channel

5. When using a type T thermocouple, the copper

lead (blue) is connected to the high input of the differential channel, and the constantan lead (red) is connected to the low input.

A thermocouple produces a voltage that is proportional to the difference in temperature between the measurement and the reference junctions.

OV-17

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

To make a thermocouple (TC) temperature measurement, the temperature of the reference junction (in this example, the panel temperature) must be measured. The CR23X takes the reference temperature, converts it to the equivalent TC voltage relative to 0

C, adds the measured TC voltage, and converts the sum to temperature through a polynomial fit to the TC output curve (Section 13.4).

Instruction 14 directs the CR23X to make a differential TC temperature measurement. The first parameter in Instruction 14 is the number of times to repeat the measurement. Enter 1, because in this example there is only one thermocouple. If there were more than 1 TC, they could be wired to sequential channels, and the number of thermocouples entered for repetitions. The CR23X would automatically advance through the channels sequentially and measure all of the thermocouples.

Parameter 2 is the voltage range to use when making the measurement. The output of a type T thermocouple is approximately 40 microvolts per degree C difference in temperature between the two junctions. The ±10 mV scale will provide a range of +1000/40 = +250 this scale will not overrange as long as the measuring junction is within 250 temperature). The resolution of the ±10 mV range is 0.33 µV or 0.008

C because a

C (i.e.,

C of the panel

differential measurement is being made. Parameter 3 is the analog input channel on

which to make the first, and in this case only, measurement.

Parameter 4 is the code for the type of thermocouple used. This information is located on the Prompt Sheet, in the on-line help, or in the description of Instruction 14 in Section 9. The code for a type T (copper-constantan) thermocouple is 1.

Parameter 5 is the Input Storage location in which the reference temperature is stored. Parameter 6 is the Input Storage location in which to store the measurement (or the first measurement; e.g., if there are 5 repetitions and the first measurement is stored in location 3, the final measurement will be stored in location 7). Parameters 7 and 8 are the multiplier and offset. A multiplier of 1 and an offset of 0 outputs the reading in degrees C. A multiplier of 1.8 and an offset of 32 converts the reading to degrees F.

In this example, the sensor is measured once a minute, and the day, time, and average temperature are output every hour. Once a day

the day, time, maximum and minimum temperatures and the times they occur will be output.

Final Storage data will be sent to Storage Module. Remember, all on-line data output to a peripheral device is accomplished with Instruction 96 (Sections 4.1 and 12).

The first example described program entry one keystroke at a time. This example does not show the "A" key. Remember, "A" is used to enter and/or advance (i.e., between each line in the example below). This format is similar to the format used in EDLOG.

It's a good idea to have both the manual and the Prompt Sheet handy when going through this example. Also look at the on-line help, key

, whenever “?” is displayed on the screen. You can find the program instructions and parameters on the Prompt Sheet and can read their complete definitions in the manual.

To obtain daily output, the If Time instruction is again used to set the Output Flag and is followed by the Output Instructions to store time and the daily maximum and minimum temperatures and the time each occurs.

Any Program Control Instruction which is used to set the Output Flag high will set it low if the conditions are not met for setting it high. Instruction 92 above sets the Output Flag high every hour. The Output Instructions which follow do not output every hour because they are preceded by another Instruction 92 which sets the Output Flag high at midnight (and sets it low at any other time). This is a unique feature of Flag 0. The Output Flag is automatically set low at the start of each table (Section 3.7).

OV5.3 EDITING AN EXISTING PROGRAM

When editing an existing program in the CR23X, entering a new instruction inserts the instruction; entering a new parameter replaces the previous value.

To insert an instruction, enter the program table and advance to the position where the instruction is to be inserted (i.e., PXX in the display) key in the instruction number, and then key A. The new instruction will be inserted at that point in the table, advance through and enter the parameters. The instruction that was at that point and all instructions following it will be pushed down to follow the inserted instruction.

OV-18

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

An instruction is deleted by advancing to the instruction number (P in display) and keying #D (Table 4.2-1).

SAMPLE PROGRAM 2

Instruction Parameter (Loc:Entry)

(Par#:Entry) Description

1 Enter Program Table 1

01:60 60 second (1 minute) execution interval

# D

Key

until 01:P00 Erase previous Program before

is displayed continuing. 01:P17 Measure panel temperature

01:1 Store temp in Location 1 02:P14 Measure thermocouple temperature

(differential) 01:1 1 repetition 02:21 Range code (10 mV, 60 Hz Rejection) 03:5 Input channel of TC 04:1 TC type: copper-constantan 05:1 Reference temp is stored in Location 1 06:2 Store TC temp in Location 2 07:1 Multiplier of 1 08:0 No offset

03:P92 If Time instruction 01:0 0 minutes into the interval 02:60 60 minute interval 03:10 Set Output Flag 0

The CR23X is programmed to measure the thermocouple temperature every sixty seconds. The If Time instruction sets the Output Flag at the beginning of every hour. Next, the Output Instructions for time and average are added.

Instruction # Parameter (Loc.:Entry)

(Par.#:Entry) Description

04:P77 Output Time instruction 01:110 Store Julian day, hour, and minute

To change the value entered for a parameter, advance to the parameter and key in the correct value then press A. Note that the new value is not entered until A is keyed.

05:P71 Average instruction 01:1 one repetition

02:2 Location 2 - source of TC temps. to be

averaged

06:P92 If Time instruction 01:0 0 minutes into the interval 02:1440 1440 minute interval (24 hrs.) 03:10 Set Output Flag 0

07: P77 Output Time instruction 01:100 Store Day of Year

08: P73 Maximize instruction

01:1 One repetition 02:10 Output time of daily maximum in hours and minutes 03:2 Data source is Input Storage Location 2.

OV-19

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

09: P74 Minimize instruction

01:1 One repetition 02:10 Output the time of the daily minimum in hours

03:2 Data source is Input Storage Location 2.

The program to make the measurements and to send the desired data to Final Storage has been entered. At this point, Instruction 96 is entered to enable data transfer from Final Storage to Storage Module.

10:P96 Activate Serial Data Output.

1:71 Output Final Storage data to Storage Module.

The program is complete. (Here the example reverts back to the key by key format.)

Display Explanation

Key

∗

00:21:32 Enter

correctly.

05:0000 Advance to location for year.

1 9 9 6 A

05:0000 Enter and advance to location for Julian day.

1 9 7

05:0021 Enter and advance to location for hours and minutes (24 hr. time).

1 3 2 4

:13:24:01 Clock set and running.

∗

0 Running Table 1 Exit ∗ 5, compile Table 1, commence logging data.

05:1996 Key in year (1996).

05:197 Key in Julian day.

05:1324 Key in hrs.:min. (1:24 PM in this example).

and minutes

∗

5 Mode. Clock running but perhaps not set

OV-20

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV6. DATA RETRIEVAL OPTIONS

There are several options for data storage and retrieval. These options are covered in detail in Sections 2, 4, and 5. Figure OV6.1-1 summarizes the various possible methods.

Regardless of the method used, there are three general approaches to retrieving data from a datalogger.

1) On-line output of Final Storage data to a peripheral storage device. On a regular schedule, that storage device is either "milked" of its data or is brought back to the office/lab where the data is transferred to the computer. In the latter case, a "fresh" storage device is usually left in the field when the full one is taken so that data collection can continue uninterrupted.

2) Bring a storage device to the datalogger and milk all the data that has accumulated in Final Storage since the last visit.

TABLE OV6.1-1. Data Retrieval Methods and Related Instructions

Method Instruction/Mode Section in Manual

3) Retrieve the data over some form of telecommunications link, whether it be RF, telephone, cellular phone, short haul modem, or satellite. This can be performed under program control or by regularly scheduled polling of the dataloggers. Campbell Scientific's Datalogger Support Software automates this process.

Regardless of which method is used, the retrieval of data from the datalogger does NOT erase those data from Final Storage. The data remain in the ring memory until:

They are written over by new data (Section 2.1) Memory is reallocated or the CR23X is reset

(Section 1.5) Table OV6.1-1 lists the instructions used with

the various methods of data retrieval.

Storage Module Instruction 96 4.1, 12

Telecommunications Telecommunications Commands 5 Instruction 97 12 Instruction 99 12 Printer or other Instruction 96 4.1, 12 Serial device Instruction 98 12

8 9

4.2

4.5

4.2

OV-21

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

CR23X

COMPUTER

RS-232

DSP4

HEADS UP

DISPLAY

SM192/716 STORAGE MODULES

STORAGE MODULE OR CARD BROUGHT FROM THE FIELD TO THE COMPUTER

SM192/716 STORAGE MODULES

CSM1

CS I/O PORT

SC12 CABLES

MD9 MULTIDROP INTERFACE

COAXIAL CABLE

MD9 MULTIDROP INTERFACE

SC12 CABLE SC12 CABLE

SC532 RS-232

INTERFACE

COMPUTER

ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS PORT

RF95 RF

MODEM

RF100/RF200

TRANSCEIVER

W/ ANTENNA

& CABLE

RF100/RF200

TRANSCEIVER

W/ ANTENNA

& CABLE

RF232 RF

BASE

STATION

SC32A

RS-232

INTERFACE

SRM-6A RAD SHORTHAUL

MODEM

SRM-6A RAD SHORTHAUL

MODEM

RS-232 CABLE

SC932

COM200 OR VS1 PHONE

MODEM

PHONE LINE

HAYES

COMPATIBLE

PHONE MODEM

COM100

CELLULAR

PHONE

SATELLITE

GROUND STATION

NOTES: 1. ADDITIONAL METHODS OF DATA RETRIEVAL ARE: A. SATELLITE TRANSMISSION B. DIRECT DUMP TO PRINTER C. VOICE PHONE MODEM TO VOICE PHONE OR PC WITH HAYES COMPATIBLE

PHONE MODEM

2. THE DSP4 HEADS UP DISPLAY ALLOWS THE USER TO VIEW DATA IN INPUT STORAGE. ALSO BUFFERS FINAL STORAGE DATA AND WRITES IT TO PRINTER OR STORAGE MODULE.

3. ALL CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC RS-232 INTERFACE PERIPHERALS HAVE A FEMALE 25 PIN RS-232 CONNECTOR.

4. THE “COMPUTER RS-232” PORT HAS A FEMALE 9 PIN CONNECTOR.

FIGURE OV6.1-1. Data Retrieval Hardware Options

OV-22

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV7. SPECIFICATIONS

Electrical specifications are valid for -25° to 50°C range unless otherwise specified. To maintain electrical specifications, yearly recalibrations are recommended.

PROGRAM EXECUTION RATE

Program is synchronized with real-time up to 100 Hz. Two fast (250 µs integration) single-ended measurements can write to final storage at 100 Hz. Burst measurements are possible at rates up to 1.5 kHz over short intervals.

CLOCK ACCURACY

±1 minute per month

ANALOG INPUTS

DESCRIPTION: 12 differential or 24 single-ended,

individually configured. Channel expansion provided through AM416 Relay Multiplexers and AM25T Thermocouple Multiplexers.

ACCURACY: ±0.025% of FSR;0° to 40°C

±0.05% of FSR;-25° to 50°C ±0.075% of FSR;-40° to 80°C (optional) ±5 µV offset voltage error is possible with SE measurements.

RANGES AND RESOLUTION

Input Resolution (µV) Accuracy (mV) Range (mV) Diff. SE (-25° to 50°C)

±5000 166 333 ±5.00 ±1000 33.3 66.6 ±1.00

±200 6.66 13.3 ±0.20

±50 1.67 3.33 ±0.05 ±10 0.33 0.66 ±0.01

INPUT SAMPLE RATES: Includes the measurement

time and conversion to engineering units. Differential measurements incorporate two integrations with reversed input polarities to reduce thermal offset and common mode errors. Fast measurement integrates the signal for 250 µs; slow measurement integrates for one power line cycle (50 or 60 Hz).

Fast single-ended voltage: 2.1 ms Fast differential voltage: 3.1 ms Slow single-ended voltage (60 Hz): 18.3 ms Slow differential voltage (60 Hz): 35.9 ms Fast differential thermocouple: 6.9 ms

INPUT REFERRED NOISE: Typical for ±10 mV Input

Range;digital resolution dominates for higher ranges.

Fast differential 0.60 µV rms Slow differential (60 Hz) 0.15 µV rms Fast single-ended 1.20 µV rms

Slow single-ended (60 Hz) 0.30 µV rms COMMON MODE RANGE: ±5 V. DC COMMON MODE REJECTION:>100 dB. NORMAL MODE REJECTION:70 dB (60 Hz with slow

diff.measurement). SUSTAINED INPUT VOLTAGE WITHOUT DAMAGE:

±16 VDC max. INPUT CURRENT:±2.5 nA typ., ±10 nA max.at 50°C. INPUT RESISTANCE: 20 Gohms typical.

ANALOG OUTPUTS

DESCRIPTION: 4 switched, active only during

measurement one at a time;2 continuous. RANGE: Programmable between ±5 V RESOLUTION: 333 µV ACCURACY: ±5 mV;±2.5 mV (0° to 40°C). CURRENT SOURCING: 50 mA for switched;15 mA

for continuous.

CURRENT SINKING: 50 mA for switched, 5 mA for

continuous (15 mA for continuous with Boost selected in P133).

FREQUENCY SWEEP FUNCTION: The switched

outputs provide a programmable swept frequency, 0 to 5 V square wave for exciting vibrating wire transducers.

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

MEASUREMENT TYPES: The CR23X provides ratio-

metric measurements of 4- and 6-wire full bridges, and 2-, 3-, and 4-wire half bridges.Precise, dual polarity excitation using any of the 4 switched outputs eliminates DC errors. Conductivity measurements use a dual polarity 0.75 ms excitation to minimize ionic polarization errors.

ACCURACY: ±0.02% of FSR (±0.015%, 0° to 40°C)

plus bridge resistor error.

PERIOD AVERAGING MEASUREMENTS

DESCRIPTION: The average period for a single

cycle is determined by measuring the duration of a specified number of cycles. Any of the 24 SE analog inputs can be used;signal attenuation and AC coupling is typically required.

INPUT FREQUENCY RANGE: Signal centered

around ground. Max.Input Min. signal (Peak to Peak)

Frequency @ Max.Freq.

10 kHz 2 mV 20 kHz 5 mV 30 kHz 10 mV

200 kHz 500 mV

RESOLUTION:12 ns divided by the number of cycles

measured.

ACCURACY:±0.03% of reading.

PULSE COUNTERS

DESCRIPTION: Four 8-bit or two 16-bit inputs

selectable for switch closure, high frequency pulse, or low-level AC. Counters read at 10 or 100 Hz.

MAXIMUM COUNT RATE: 2.5 kHz and 25 kHz, 8-bit

counter read at 10 Hz and 100 Hz, respectively;500 kHz, 16-bit counter.

SWITCH CLOSURE MODE

Minimum Switch Closed Time:5 ms. Minimum Switch Open Time:6 ms. Maximum Bounce Time:1 ms open without being counted.

HIGH FREQUENCY PULSE MODE

Minimum Pulse Width: 1 µs. Maximum Input Frequency: 500 kHz. Voltage Thresholds: Count upon transition from below 1.5 V to above 3.5 VDC. Larger transitions required at high frequencies because of 0.5 µs time constant filter. Maximum Input Voltage: ±20 V.

LOW LEVEL AC MODE

Internal AC coupling removes DC offsets up to ±0.5 V . Input Hysteresis: 15 mV. Maximum AC Input Voltage: ±20 V.

Frequency Range Min.sine wave rms

1.0 Hz to 1 kHz 20 mV

0.5 Hz to 10 kHz 200 mV

0.3 Hz to 16 kHz 1000 mV

DIGITAL I/O PORTS

DESCRIPTION: 8 ports selectable as binary inputs or

control outputs. Ports C5-C8 capable of counting switch closures and high frequency.

HIGH FREQUENCY MAX: 2.5 kHz

OUTPUT VOLTAGES (no load):high 5.0 V ±0.1 V;

low < 0.1 V. OUTPUT RESISTANCE: 500 ohms. INPUT STATE: high 3.0 to 5.5 V; low -0.5 to 0.8 V. INPUT RESISTANCE: 100 kohms.

SDI-12 INTERFACE SUPPORT

DESCRIPTION: Digital I/O Ports C5-C8 support SDI-

12 asynchronous communication;up to 10 SDI-12

sensors can be connected to each port.

EMI and ESD PROTECTION

Encased in metal with gas discharge tubes on the panel, the CR23X has EMI filtering and ESD protection on all input and output connections.

CE COMPLIANCE

APPLICATION OF COUNCIL DIRECTIVE(S):

89/336/EEC as amended by 89/336/EEC and

93/68/EEC STANDARD(S) TO WHICH CONFORMITY IS

DECLARED:

ENC55022-1:1995 and ENC50082-1: 1992

CPU AND INTERFACE

PROCESSORS:Hitachi 6303; Motorola 68HC708

supports communications. MEMORY:1 M Flash stores 500K data values;

512K Flash stores OS and user programs with

128K battery-backed SRAM. Optional 4 M Flash

available. DISPLAY: 24-character-by-2-line LCD. SERIAL INTERFACES: Optically isolated RS-232

9-pin interface for computer or modem. CS 9-pin

I/O interface for peripherals such as card storage

module or modem. BAUD RATES: Selectable at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800,

9600, 19.2K, 38.4K, and 76.8K. ASCII protocol

is one start bit, one stop bit, eight data bits, no

parity.

SYSTEM POWER REQUIREMENTS

VOLTAGE: 11 to 16 VDC. TYPICAL CURRENT DRAIN: 2 mA quiescent with

display off (2.5 mA max), 7 mA quiescent with

display on, 45 mA during processing, and

70 mA during analog measurement. INTERNAL BATTERIES: 7 Ahr alkaline or 7 Ahr

rechargeable base;low-profile base without bat-

teries optional. 1800 mAhr lithium battery for clock

and SRAM backup typically provides 10 years of

service. EXTERNAL BATTERIES: Any 11 to 16 V battery

may be connected;reverse polarity protected.

PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS

SIZE: 9.5” x 7.0” x 3.8” (24.1 cm x 17.8 cm x 9.6 cm).

Terminal strips extend 0.4” (1.0 cm) and ter minal

strip cover extends 1.3”(3.3 cm) above the panel

surface. WEIGHT: 3.6 lbs (1.6 kg) with low-profile base,

8.3 lbs (3.8 kg) with alkaline base,

10.7 lbs (4.8 kg) with rechargeable base.

WARRANTY

3 years against defects in materials and workmanship.

(as of 01/98)

OV-23

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

This is a blank page.

OV-24

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.1 DATALOGGER PROGRAMS - 1, 2, 3, AND 4 MODES

Data acquisition and processing functions are controlled by user-entered instructions contained in program tables. Programming can be separated into 2 tables, each having its own user-entered execution interval. A third table is available for programming subroutines which may be called by instructions in Tables 1 or 2 or by special interrupts. The

1and

Modes are used to access Tables 1 and 2. The

3 Mode is used to access Subroutine

Table 3. The

4 Mode Table is a table of values used in the program that someone can change while the rest of the program is protected. These values may be used for sensor calibrations or to select optional sensors. The

4 Table is only available when a special program created by EDLOG is loaded in the CR23X.

When a program table is first entered, the display shows the mode (table) number on the first line and 0000 on the second line. Keying an "A" will advance the editor to the scan interval. If there is an existing program in the table, keying an instruction location number prior to "A" will advance directly to the instruction (e.g., 5 will advance to the fifth instruction in the table).

1.1.1 SCAN (EXECUTION) INTERVAL

The scan interval is entered in units of seconds as follows:

1/100 ....1 second, in multiples of 1/100 (.01)

1 ...........6553.5 seconds, in multiples of 1/10

(0.1)

Execution of the table is repeated at the rate determined by this entry. The table will not be executed if 0 is entered.

The sample rate for a CR23X measurement is the rate at which the measurement instruction can be executed (i.e., the measurement made, scaled with the instruction's multiplier and offset, and the result placed in Input Storage).

Additional processing requires extra time. The throughput rate is the rate at which a measurement can be made and the resulting value stored in Final Storage. The maximum throughput rate for fast single-ended measurements, other than burst measurements, is 600 measurements per second (24 measurements repeated 25 times per second with the settling time set at 100 µs with Instruction P132).

If the specified execution interval for a table is less than the time required to process that table, the CR23X finishes processing the table and waits for the next occurrence of the execution interval before again initiating the table (i.e., when the execution interval has elapsed and the table is still executing, that execution is skipped). Since no advantage is gained in the rate of execution with this situation, it should be avoided by specifying an execution interval adequate for the table processing time.

NOTE: Whenever the processing time of the user's program exceeds a table's execution interval, an error is logged in memory. The number of overrun errors can be displayed and reset in the

mode (Section 1.6) or using the Telecommunications A command (Section

5.1). An overrun will also cause “

” to

appear in the lower right corner of the display. “

” will appear on the first table

overruns and continue to be displayed until table overruns stop and 0 or another

mode command is entered.

In some cases, the processing time may exceed the execution interval only when the Output Flag is set and extra time is consumed by final Output Processing. This may be acceptable. For example, suppose it is desired to sample some phenomena every 0.1 seconds and output processed data every 10 minutes. The processing time of the table which does this is less than 0.1 seconds except when output occurs (every 10 minutes). With final output the processing time is 1 second. With the execution interval set at 0.1 seconds, and a one second lag between samples once every 10 minutes, 9 measurements out of 5000 (.18%) are missed: an acceptable statistical error for most populations.

1-1

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.1.2 SUBROUTINES

Table 3 is used to enter subroutines which may be called with Program Control Instructions in Tables 1 and 2 or other subroutines. The group of instructions which form a subroutine must begin with Instruction 85, Label Subroutine, and end with Instruction 95, End (Section 12).

Subroutines 95, 96, 97, and 98 have the unique capability of being executed when a port goes high (ports 5, 6, 7, and 8 respectively). Any of these subroutines will interrupt Tables 1 and 2 (Section 1.1.3) when the appropriate port goes high. When the port goes high, the processor awakes within a few microseconds. The port triggers on the rising edge (i.e., when it goes from low to high). If the port stays high, the subroutine is not called again.

1.1.3 TABLE PRIORITY/INTERRUPTS

Table 1 execution has priority over Table 2. If Table 2 is being executed when it is time to execute Table 1, Table 2 will be interrupted. After Table 1 processing is completed, Table 2 processing resumes at the interruption point. If the execution interval of Table 2 coincides with Table 1, Table 1 is executed first, then Table 2.

created using EDLOG which allows instruction parameters to be assigned to the

In a network of datalogger stations, the

4 table.

table can be used to simplify site customization and the procedure of information entry. Once a generalized program is developed, application specific details, e.g., sensor calibration, can be entered without accessing the

2 program tables or the

1 and

subroutine table.

ASSIGNING PARAMETERS TO

4 -

EDLOG

The only way to implement the

4 mode is through EDLOG. The datalogger program is generated in EDLOG in the normal way.

To assign a parameter to a

4 location, position the cursor on the desired parameter and press the "@" key. EDLOG then prompts for the location number in the

4 table to be assigned to the associated parameter. After a valid number is entered, EDLOG marks the parameter with "@@nn" to the right of the

parameter description, where "nn" is the location number.

Interrupts by Table 1 are not allowed in the middle of an instruction or while output to Final Storage is in process (flag 0 is set high). The interrupt occurs as soon as the instruction is completed or flag 0 is set low.

Special subroutines 95, 96, 97, and 98, initiated by a port going high (Section 1.1.2), can interrupt either Table 1 or 2 or can occur when neither is being executed. These subroutines can interrupt a table while the Output Flag is set. When the port goes high during the execution of a table, the instruction being executed is completed before the subroutine is run (i.e., as if the subroutine was called by the next instruction). For more information, refer to Section 12 (P85 Label Subroutine).

1.1.4

4 PARA METER ENTRY TABLE

The CR23X

4 mode is a table with up to one hundred values. Each value corresponds to an instruction parameter in the datalogger program. When the datalogger compiles the program, values in the

4 table are transferred to the corresponding instruction parameter. The datalogger program must be

Any program parameter or execution interval can be marked for inclusion in the table, as illustrated below.

PROGRAM

* Table 1 Program

01: 0.0 Execution Interval

(seconds) @@0

01: Volts (SE) (P1)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 ±2.5 mV Slow Range 3: 1 SE Channel 4: 1 Loc [ _________ ] 5: 1 Mult @@1 6: 0 Offset @@2

In the above example,

4 location 0 is assigned to the program table execution interval, and locations 1 and 2 to the multiplier and offset of the measurement instruction. Note that a default execution interval of zero means the program will not execute until an alternative interval is entered in location 00 of

4 mode. A default multiplier and

the offset of 1 and 0 means that the measurement value is in units of millivolts. A different

1-2

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

multiplier and offset can be entered in locations 1 and 2, respectively.

4 location can be used in only one

A program parameter. For example,

locations 0, 1, and 2 used in the example cannot be reused in another instruction in the same program.

If the

4 feature is enabled in EDLOG when printing a program to a printer or disk file, the

4 list is printed at the end of the file.

Once the EDLOG created program has been sent to the CR23X, it can be saved in the Flash memory program storage area using the

D Mode (Section 1.8).

CHANGING VALUES IN

Enter the

4 Mode by keying " 4";

4 TABLE

"04:00" is then displayed. At this point it is possible to jump to any valid

4 location by keying the desired location number and pressing the A key. For example, when the display shows 04:00 and the desired location is 80, key in the number 80, press the A key and the display will show "80:XXXXX." where XXXXX. is the value stored in location 80. Pressing the "A" key advances to the next

4 location, and the "B" key backs up to

the previous location. If a

4 location is not assigned in the datalogger program, it can not be displayed in the

To enter a value in a

4 mode.

4 location, advance to the desired location, key in the number and enter it by pressing the "A" key. The value is not entered if the "A" key is not pressed.

Entering a new value causes the datalogger to stop logging. Logging resumes when the

program is compiled. Upon compiling ( or 6), all current 4 values are incorporated into the program. For this reason,

whenever changes are made in the mode, make sure that all 4 values are correct before exiting the

4 mode.

Removing or adding an instruction to a program residing in the datalogger disables the

mode. An instruction parameter may be edited without any adverse affect. If the

4 mode is disabled, it may be reactivated by downloading the program to the datalogger or, if the program was saved to Flash storage,

retrieving the program from the stored program area.

The

C mode (Section 1.7) may be used to secure the datalogger program and the mode entries. The lowest level of security prevents access to the

1, 2, and

3 modes. Higher levels of security block

The CR23X will not respond to the command if any of the following conditions exist.

• the program that was downloaded does not

contain any

4 assignments.

• a program that was downloaded has since

been hand edited.

• Security is blocking access to

1.1.5 COMPILING A PROGRAM

When a program is first loaded, or if any changes are made in the

1, 2,

3, 4, A, or C Modes, the program must be compiled before it starts running. The compile function checks for programming errors and optimizes program information for use during program execution. If errors are detected, the appropriate error codes are indicated on the display (Section 3.10). The compile function is executed when the

6, or B Modes are entered and prior to saving a program listing in the

D Mode. The compile function is only executed after a program change has been made and any subsequent use of any of these modes will return to the mode without recompiling.

When the

0 or B Mode is used to compile, all output ports and flags are set low, the timer is reset, and data values contained in Input and Intermediate Storage are reset to zero.

When

0 is used, one of the following status lines will be displayed: Running Table 1, Running Table 2, No Active Program, Running Table 1, 2, Tables Not Running.

When the

6 Mode is used to compile data values contained in Input Storage, the state of flags, control ports, and the timer (Instruction

26) are unaltered. Compiling always zeros Intermediate Storage.

1-3

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.2 SETTING AND DISPLAYING THE CLOCK - 5 MODE

The 5 Mode is used to display or set time. When "∗5" is entered, time is displayed. It is updated approximately once a second or longer depending on the rate and degree of data collection and processing taking place. The sequence of time parameters displayed in the

5 Mode is given in Table 1.2-1.

To set the year, day, or hours and minutes, enter the the appropriate value. Key in the desired number and enter the value by keying "A". When a new value for hours and minutes is entered, the seconds are set to zero and current time is again displayed. To exit the Mode, key "∗" and the mode you wish to enter.

When the time is changed, a partial recompile is done automatically to synchronize the program with real time.

Changing time affects the output and execution intervals in which time is changed. Because time can only be set with a 1 second resolution, execution intervals of 1 second or less remain constant. Averaged values will still be accurate, though the interval may have a different number of samples than normal. Totalized values will reflect the different number of samples. The pulse count instruction will use the previous interval's value if an option has been selected to discard odd intervals, otherwise it will use the count accumulated in the interval.

Key ID:DATA

∗

5 Mode and advance to display

TABLE 1.2-1. Sequence of Time

Parameters in

∗

Mode

Display

Description

HH:MM:SS Display current time Year Display/enter year

XXXX Day of Year Display/enter day of

XXXX year 1-365(366) or

or press

and enter MMDD as month and day, XXXX such as 1012 for

October 12. toggles back to Day of Year.

Time Display/enter HHMM hours:minutes

Seconds Display/enter SS seconds

1.3 DISPLAYING/ALTERING INPUT MEMORY, FLAGS, AND PORTS -

6 MODE

The 6 Mode is used to display and/or change Input Storage values and to toggle and display user flags and ports. If the is entered immediately following any changes in program tables, the program will be compiled and run.

NOTE: Input Storage data and the state of flags, control ports, and the timer (Instruction 26) are UNALTERED whenever program tables are altered and recompiled with the 6 Mode. Compiling always zeros Intermediate Storage.

TABLE 1.3-1. 6 Mode Commands

Key Action

∗

Enter 6 mode Advance to next input location or

enter new value

B C

Back-up to previous location Change value in first input location on

display (followed by keyed in value, then "A")

D 1 0 #

Display/alter user flags 1 through 8 Display/alter user flags 11 through 18 Display/alter ports Display current location and allow a

location number to be keyed in, followed by "A" to jump to that location

1.3.1 DISPLAYING AND ALTERING INPUT STORAGE

When "∗6" is entered, the keyboard/display will read "Mode 06 Enter Loc". One can advance to view the value stored in input location 1 by keying "A". To go directly to a specific location, key in the location number before keying "A". For example, to view the value contained in Input Storage location 20, key in "*6 20 A". The

left portion of the display shows the location number and the 9-character label assigned to that location in the programming portion (EDLOG) of Campbell Scientific’s PC208W datalogger support software. If the value stored in the location being monitored is the result of a program instruction, the value on the display will be the result of the most recent scan and will be

6 Mode

1-4

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

updated each time the instruction is executed. When using the

6 Mode from a remote terminal, a number (any number) must be sent before the value shown will be updated.

Input locations can be used to store parameters for use in computations. To store a value in a location, or change the current value, key "C" while monitoring the location, followed by the desired number and "A".

If an algorithm requires parameters to be manually modified during execution of the Program without interruption of the Table execution process, the

6 Mode can be used. (If parameters will not need modification, it is better to load them from the program using Instruction 30.) If initial parameter values are required to be in place before program execution commences, use Instruction 91 at the beginning of the program table to prevent the execution until a flag is set (see the next section). Initial parameter values can be entered into input locations using the

6 Mode C command.

The flag can then be set to enable the table(s).

skipped. Flag 5 can be toggled from the

6 Mode, effectively starting and stopping

the execution of Table 2.

1.3.3 DISPLAYING AND TOGGLING PORTS

NOTE: The switched 12 V port is displayed

as “control port 9.” Other port options are not available on the switched 12 volt channel.

The status of the CR23X ports can be displayed by hitting "0" while looking at an input location (e.g.,

6 A 0). Ports are displayed left to right as SW12, C8, C7, ... , C1 (opposite to the flags). A port configured as output can be toggled by hitting its number while in the port display mode. There is no effect on ports configured as inputs.

On power up all ports are configured as inputs. Instruction 20 is used to configure a port as an output. Ports are also configured as outputs by any program control commands which uses the port as an output (pulse, set high, set low, toggle).

If the program is altered and compiled with Mode, all values previously entered via 6 will be set to zero. To preserve 6 C entered values, compile with

6 after changing the

program.

1.3.2 DISPLAYING AND TOGGLING USER FLAGS

If D is keyed (for Flags 1 to 8), or 1 is keyed (for Flags 11 to 18) while the CR23X is displaying a location value, the current status of the user flags will be displayed in the following format: "0001.0010". The characters represent the flags, the left-most digit is Flag 1 (or 11) and right most is Flag 8 (or 18). A "0" indicates the flag is low and a "1" indicates the flag is high. In the above example, Flags 4 (or 14) and 7 (or 17) are set. To toggle a flag, simply press the corresponding number. To return to displaying the input location, press "A".

Entering appropriate flag tests into the program allows manual control of program execution. For example, to manually start the execution of Table 2: enter Instruction 91 as the first instruction in Table 2. The first parameter is 25 (do if Flag 5 is low), the second parameter is 0, go to end of program table. If Flag 5 is low, all subsequent instructions in Table 2 will be

1.4 COMPILING AND LOGGING DATA -

0 MODE

When the 0 Mode is entered after programming the CR23X, the program is compiled and the display shows "Running Table" followed by the active program table numbers. The display is not updated after entering

NOTE: All output ports are set low, the timer is reset, and data values in Input and Intermediate Storage are RESET TO ZERO whenever the program tables are altered and the Program is recompiled with the

0 Mode. The same is true when the

programs are compiled with B or

To minimize current drain, the CR23X should be left in the

0 Mode when logging data,

and by turning off the display by pressing

1.5 MEMORY ALLOCATION -

1.5.1 INTERNAL MEMORY

When powered up, “Hello” is displayed while a self check is performed. The total system memory is then displayed in K bytes. The size

1-5

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

of memory can be displayed in the mode. A “--“ after the number displayed means that the memory test was aborted. The number shown indicates how far the test progressed before aborted.

Input Storage is used to store the results of Input/Output and Processing Instructions. The values stored in input locations may be displayed using the

6 Mode (Section 1.3).

Intermediate Storage is a scratch pad for Output Processing Instructions. It is used to store the results of intermediate calculations necessary for averages, standard deviations, histograms, etc. Intermediate Storage is not accessible by the user.

Final Storage holds stored data for a permanent record. Output Instructions store data in Final Storage when the Output Flag is set (Section 3.7). The data in Final Storage can be monitored using the

7 Mode (Section

2.3). Each Input or Intermediate Storage location

requires 4 bytes of memory. Each Final Storage location requires 2 bytes of memory. Low resolution data points require 1 Final Storage location and high resolution data points require 2. Section 2 describes Final Storage and data retrieval in detail.

Figure 1.5-1 lists the basic memory functions and the amount of memory allotted to them.

1-6

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

Flash Memory

(EEPROM)

Total 512 Kbytes

Operating System

(128 Kbytes)

Active Program

(32 Kbytes Code)

Stored Programs

(32 Kbytes Code) (32 Kbytes Labels)

Temporary Copy of Current Progr am

Saved during download if download is aborted (64 Kbytes)

Alphanumeric Labels

(32 Kbytes)

Unassigned

(192 Kbytes)

How it works:

Operatin g System

The Flash Memory at the factory .

Memory

running for calculations, buffering data and general operating tasks.

Any time a user load s a program into the CR23X, th e program is compiled in SRAM and stored in the

Program

powered off and then on, the Active Program is loaded from Flash and run.

The Active Program is run in SRAM to maximize speed. The program accesses

Intermed iate Storage

into the user.

The Active Program ca n be copied into the program "names" are available, the number of programs stored is limited by the available memory. Stored programs can be ret rieved to beco me the active program. While programs are stored one at a time, all stored programs are erased simultaneously. That is bec ause the flash memory can only be written to once before it must be erased and can only be erased in 16 Kbytes blocks.

(Memory Areas separated by dashed lines: can be re-sized by the user.)

1 byte per character stored. 9 bytes per input location label. All final storage label characters plus 2 bytes per table name (array ID name) and field name.

is used while the CR23X is

areas. If th e CR23X is

Input Storage

Final Storage

Stored Programs

is loaded into

System

Active

and

and stores data

for later retrieval by

area. While 98

SRAM/FLASH

Total 1152 Kbytes

32K SRAM

System Memory

4096 Bytes

Active Program

Default

2048 Bytes

Input Storage

Default

112 Bytes

28 Locations

Intermediate Storage

Default

256 Bytes

64 Locations

96K SRAM

Final Storage 1 and 2

98,304 Bytes

49,154 Locations

1M FLASH

Final Storage 1 and 2

917,504 Bytes

458,752 Locations

4M FLASH

Final Storage 1 and 2

4,292,610 Bytes

2,146,305 Loca tions Final Storage 1 Only

131,072 Bytes

65,536 Locations

Memory av a i l able only t o system

Memory s hared between Program, Input Storage, and Intermediate Storage

Memory al locable t o Final Storage 1 and 2 only

Memory av a i l able only t o Final Storage area 1

FIGURE 1.5-1. CR23X Memory

1-7

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.5.2

A MODE

CAUTION: Reallocating memory will result

in all data being lost.

The A Mode is used to 1) determine the number of locations allocated to Input Storage, Intermediate Storage, Final Storage Area 2, Final Storage Area 1, and Program Memory; 2) repartition this memory; 3) check the number of bytes remaining in Program memory; 4) erase Final Storage; and 5) to completely reset the datalogger.

A second Final Storage area (Storage Area 2) can be allocated in the

A Mode. The default number of locations allocated for Storage Area 2 is 0. Final Storage Area 1 is the source from which memory is taken when Final Storage Area 2 is increased. When Final Storage Area 2 is reduced, Final Storage Area 1 memory is increased.

TABLE 1.5-2. Description of

Keyboard Display ID: Entry Data

∗

01: Input Locations Input Storage Locations. Default 28, minimum of 1, maximum

Description of Data

XXXX of 7138. This value can be changed by keying in the desired

number.

02: Intermediate Locs Intermediate Storage Locations. Default 64, maximum of XXXX 7137. This value can be changed by keying in the desired

number. Enter 0 then recompile, and the CR23X will assign the exact number needed. Entering 0 may also result in the CR23X erasing all data whenever the program is changed and compiled.

03: Final Storage 2 Final Storage Area 2 Locations (CR23X-4M). Default 0, XXXXX minimum of 0, maximum of 507,905 (2,080,769). Valid inputs

are 0…32,769 or 49,153 and 32,768*N, where N is an integer. Changing this number automatically reallocates Final Storage Area 1.

04: Final Storage 1 Final Storage Area 1 Locations (CR23X-4M). Default 573,441 XXXXX (2,146,305), minimum of 65,536, maximum of 573,441 (2,146,305).

This number is automatically altered when the memory allocation for Final Storage Area 2 is changed.

05: Alloc. Program Bytes Bytes allocated for user program. Default 2048, minimum +XXXXX 116, maximum 28,552. The number of bytes to assign to

program memory can be keyed in to change the size of program memory. Changing the size of program memory results in all data being erased. Enter 0 and the CR23X will assign the exact number needed above 116. Entering 0 will also result in the CR23X erasing all data whenever the program is changed and compiled. Key in 98765 to completely reset

datalogger.

When

A is entered, the first number displayed is the number of memory locations allocated to Input Storage. The "A" key is used to advance through the next 6 windows. Table

1.5-2 describes what the values in the Mode represent.

Memory allocation defaults at reset to the values in Table 1.5-1.

The sizes of Input, Intermediate, Final Storage Area 2, and Program Memory may be altered by keying in the desired value and entering it by keying "A".

The maximum size of Input and Intermediate Storage and the minimum size of Final Storage are determined by the memory installed (Table

1.5-1). A minimum 64 Input location and 65,536 Final Storage Area 1 locations will ALWAYS be retained. The size of Intermediate Storage may be reduced to 0.

∗

Mode Data

1-8

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

06: Prog. Bytes Unused Bytes free in program memory. The user cannot change +XXXXX this window. It is a function of window 5 and the program.

07: Prog. Bytes Available The user cannot change this window. It is a function of Window +XXXXX 5 and total available memory.

08: Label Bytes Used The user cannot change this window. It is a function of the +XXXXX program.

09: Label Bytes Free The user cannot change this window. It is a function of Window +XXXXX 8 and the program.

Input Storage, Intermediate Storage, and Final Storage are erased when memory is repartitioned. This feature may be used to clear memory without altering programming. The number of locations does not actually need to be changed; the same value can be keyed in and entered.

If Intermediate Storage size is too small to accommodate the programs or instructions entered, the "E:04" ERROR CODE will be displayed in the

0, 6, and

Modes. The user may remove this error code by entering a larger value for Intermediate Storage size. Intermediate Storage and Program Memory can be automatically allocated by entering 0 for their size. When automatic allocation is used, all data are erased any time the program is exchanged and recompiled. Final Storage size is maximized by limiting Intermediate Storage and Program Memory to the minimum necessary. The size of Final Storage and the rate at which data are stored determines how long it will take for Final Storage to fill, at which point new data will write over old.

After repartitioning memory, the program must be recompiled. Compiling erases Intermediate Storage. Compiling with Storage; compiling with

0 erases Input

6 leaves Input

Storage unaltered. ENTERING 98765 for the number of bytes to

allocate for program memory COMPLETELY RESETS THE CR23X. All memory is erased including any stored programs and memory is checked. Memory allocation returns to the default. The reset operation requires approximately 5 minutes for a CR23X. Memory reset can be aborted by pressing any key on the keypad, or raising the ring line high.

1.6 MEMORY TESTING AND SYSTEM STATUS -

The B Mode is used to check the status of the program’s operating system, memory, and lithium battery. Table 1.6-1 describes what the values seen in the

A signature is a number which is a function of the data and the sequence of data in memory. It is derived using an algorithm which assures a

99.998% probability that if either the data or its sequence changes, the signature changes. The algorithm used to calculate the signature is described in Appendix C.

The signature of the program memory is used to determine if the program tables have been altered. The program signature is calculated only at compile time. In the background FLASH memory of the program is periodically checked against RAM memory of the program. If a byte is different, an E08 watchdog error is flagged.

During the self check on reset, the signature computed for the OS is compared with a stored signature to determine if a failure has occurred. The operating system (OS) signature is calculated in the background of 8 bytes per second and is updated at least once every three days. It is also done when memory is reset or a new operating system is downloaded.

The contents of windows 6 and 7, Operating System (OS) version and version revision, are helpful in determining what OS is in the datalogger. As different versions are released, there may be operational differences. When calling Campbell Scientific for datalogger assistance, please have these numbers available.

Window 13 is a real time display (updated every

0.1 seconds) of the “Program Time”, the time it takes Table 1 to execute. The resolution is

0.407 µs, and the range is 6.826 seconds. To read this time as part of a datalogger program, see the description for Instruction P130.

B Mode represent.

1-9

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

TABLE 1.6-1. Description of

Keyboard Display ID: Entry Data

∗

01: Program memory Signature. The value is dependent upon the +XXXXX programming entered and memory allotment. If the program has

02: Operating System (OS) Signature +XXXXX

03: Memory Size, Kbytes (Flash + SRAM). "--" indicates that a full XXXXX memory reset was aborted.

04: Number of E08 occurrences (Key in 88 to reset) XX

05: Number of table overrun occurrences (Key in 88 to reset) XX

06: Operating System version number +X.XXXX

07: Version revision number XXXX.

08: Lithium battery voltage (measured daily) +X.XXXX

09: Low 12 V battery detect counter (Key in 88 to reset) XX

10: Extended memory error counter (Key in 88 to reset) XX

11: Extended Memory time of erase, seconds. If >5 at room +X.XXXX temperat ure, flash memory may be wearing out. Contact CSI

12: Low 5 V counter (Key 88 to reset) XX

13: Program Time (0.407 µsec resolution, range is 6.826 seconds, +X.XXXX above 6.826, time = 6.826 + displayed value)

14: Panel Temperature (updated at least every 1 to 2.8 minutes) +X.XXXX

15: Coprocessor Revision XX

16: Coprocessor Status XX

17: CPLD Revision XX

B Mode Data

Description of Data

not been previously compiled, it will be compiled and run.

for replacement information.

1-10

Keyboard Display ID: Entry Data

∗

01: Non-zero password blocks entry to 1, 2, 3, XXXX

02: Non-zero password blocks 4, 5, and 6 except XXXX

03: Non-zero password blocks 5, 6, 7, 8, XXXX

Keyboard Display ID: Entry Data

∗

12: Enter password. If correct, security is temporarily unlocked 0000 through that level.

01: Level to which security has been disabled. XX 0 -- Password 1 entered (everything unlocked)

TABLE 1.7-1.

∗

SECURITY DISABLED

Description

A, and D Modes, telecommunication S command.

for display.

9, B, and all telecommunications commands except

A, L, N, and E.

SECURITY ENABLED

Description

1 -- Password 2 entered 2 -- Password 3 entered

Mode Entries

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.7 C MODE -- SECURITY

The C Mode is used to block access to the user's program information and certain CR23X functions. There are 3 levels of security, each with its own 4 digit password. Setting a password to a non-zero value "locks" the functions secured at that level. The password must subsequently be entered to temporarily unlock security through that level. Passwords are part of the program. If security is enabled in the active program, it is enabled as soon as the program is run when the CR23X is powered up.

When security is disabled, directly to the window containing the first password. A non-zero password must be entered in order to advance to the next window. Leaving a password 0, or entering 0 for the password disables that and subsequent levels of security.

Security may be temporarily disabled by entering a password in the using the telecommunications L command (Section 5.1). The password entered determines what operations are unlocked (e.g., entering password 2 unlocks the functions secured by passwords 2 and 3). Password 1

C will advance

C Mode or

(everything unlocked) must be entered before any passwords can be altered.

When security is temporarily disabled in the

C Mode, entering 0 will automatically re-enable security to the level determined by the passwords entered.

The telecommunications L command temporarily changes the security level. After hanging up, security is reset.

1.8 D MODE -- SAVE OR LOAD PROGRAM

The D Mode is used to save or load CR23X programs, to set the degree to which memory is cleared on powerup, to set the datalogger ID, to set communication to full or half duplex, and to set the display’s contrast level.

Programs (

A, C, and D Mode data) may be stored to and from computers, internal flash memory, and Storage Modules. Several programs can be stored in the CR23X Flash Memory and later recalled and run using the

Mode or Instruction 111.

1, 2, 3, 4,

1-11

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

PC208W automatically makes use of the Mode to upload and download programs from a computer. Appendix C gives some additional information on Commands 1 and 2 that are used for these operations.

When "∗D" is keyed in, the CR23X will display "13: Enter Command". A command (Table 1.8-

1) is entered by keying the command number and "A".

1.8.1 INTERNAL FLASH PROGRAM STORAGE

Several programs can be stored in the CR23X Flash Memory and later recalled and run using

D Mode. The Flash Electrically

the Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is non-volatile memory that can only be erased in 16K blocks. The CR23X has 512K of Flash EEPROM memory, one 16K block is reserved for storing extra programs.

TABLE 1.8-1.

D Mode Commands

Command Description

1 Send (Print) ASCII Program 2 Load ASCII Program,

Compile

2-- Load ASCII Program,

6 Compile (canceled by

D 1

mode)

6 Store Program in Flash 7 Load Program from Flash 7N Save/Load/Clear Program from

Storage Module N

8 Set Datalogger ID 9 Set Full/Half Duplex 10 Set Powerup Options 11 Set Display Contrast Level 12 Set Initial Baud/Set RS232 Power 13 Set Compile Option

If the CR23X program has not been compiled when the command to save a program is entered, it will be compiled before the program is saved. When a program is loaded, it is immediately compiled and run. When a command is complete, "13:0000" is displayed;

D must be entered

again before another command can be given. If a program download is aborted, the CR23X will

reload the program in its flash into RAM, compile it, and run it.

TABLE 1.8-2. Progr am Load Error Codes

E 94 Program Storage Area full E 95 Program does not exist in flash E 96 Storage Module not connected or

wrong address E 97 Data not encountered within 30 sec. E 98 Uncorrectable errors detected E 99 Wrong type of file or Editor Error

When a program is loaded and compiled, it is saved as the active program. The active program will be automatically loaded and run when the CR23X is powered up. Automatic loading of the program can be aborted by pressing any key while “Hello” is showing on the CR23X display; the display will show “Program Aborted.” (If a Storage Module with a program 8 is connected when the CR23X powers-up, the Storage Module program 8 will be loaded into the CR23X and become the active program.)

The active program can be stored in internal

flash memory program storage with command 6 (Table 1.8-3). Programs can be retrieved with

D command 7 (Table 1.8-4).

TABLE 1.8-3. Storing Program in

Internal Flash

Key entry Display

13: Enter Command 00

06: Program ID

00 You may now enter one of the following options: xx

Save active program

as number xx, xx may

be 1-98.

A B

Scroll forward and

backward through

saved program

numbers. The

numbers are displayed

in the order saved.

9 9

Clear all saved

programs.

Display number of

bytes free in saved

program area.

1-12

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

TABLE 1.8-4. Retrieving a Program from

Internal Flash

Key entry Display

13: Enter Command 00

07: Program ID 00

You may now enter one of the following options:

Retrieve program number xx (the most recent xx saved). To have the program compile like

6 (no resetting of input locations, flags, or ports) press C (xx--) before A.

Erase active program (i.e., load a blank program; memory allocation and Final Storage are reset).

A B

Scroll forward and backward through saved program numbers.

Scrolling through the program names begins with the oldest program. "A" advances to the next newer program, "B" backs up to the next older program. While scrolling, at any time typing in a number (xxA) will cause a save or a retrieve operation.

Each program saved takes up the memory required for the program + 6 bytes.

Flash memory can only be written to once before being erased. Because it can only be erased in 16K blocks, if one stored program is to be erased, all must be erased. To allow revising a program and storing it with the same number (name) as an earlier version, the same number can be used by more than one saved program. When retrieving a program, the programs are searched beginning with the last program saved; the most recently saved version will be retrieved. An older program with a duplicate name cannot be retrieved. When the flash program memory is full, all programs must be erased before any more can be added (error 94 will be displayed).

1.8.2 PROGRAM TRANSFER WITH STORAGE MODULE

Storage Modules can store up to eight separate programs. The Storage Module and Keyboard/Display or Modem/Terminal must both be connected to the CR23X. After keying

D, the command 7N, is entered (N is the Storage Module address 1-8, Section 4.4.1). Address 1 will work with any Storage Module address; the CR23X will search for the lowest address Storage Module that is connected. The command to save, load, or clear a program and the program number (Table 1.8-5) is entered. After the operation is finished "13:0000" is displayed. Error 96 indicates that the Storage Module is not connected or the wrong address was given.

TABLE 1.8-5 Transferring a Program using a

Storage Module

Key entry Display

13: Enter Command 00

7N: Save, Load, Clr

00 (N is Storage Module address 1-8) You may now enter one of the following options:

x Save Program x to Storage

Module (x = 1-8)

x Load Program x from Storage

Module (x = 1-8)

x Erase Program x in Storage

Module (x = 1-8) The datalogger can be programmed on power-

up using a Storage Module. If a program is stored as program number 8, and the Storage Module is connected to the datalogger I/O at power-up, program number 8 is automatically loaded into the active program area of the datalogger and run.

1.8.3 SET DATALOGGER ID

Command 8 is used to set the datalogger ID. The ID can be moved to an input location with Instruction 117 and can then be sampled as part of the data.

TABLE 1.8-6 Setting Datalogger ID

Key Entry Display

13: Enter Command

08: Datalogger ID

0XXX Where XXX are 0s or the current ID. You may

now key in the ID (1-12, 14-254).

1-13

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.8.4 FULL/HALF DUPLE X

The

D Mode can also be used to set communications to full or half duplex. The default is full duplex, which works best in most situations.

TABLE 1.8-7. Setting Duplex

Key entry Display

13: Enter Command 00

09: Comm Duplex 0x

If x=0 the CR23X is set for full duplex. If x=1 the CR23X is set for half duplex.

You may now change the option:

Set full duplex Set half duplex

1.8.5 SETTING POWERUP OPTIONS

Setting options for the Program on Powerup allows the user to specify what information to retain from when the datalogger was last on. This allows Flag/Port status, the User Timer, and the Input/Intermediate Storage to be cleared or not cleared.

Table 1.8-8. Setting Powerup Options

Key entry Display

13: Enter Command 00

1 0

10: Power Up Option 0X

Where X is the powerup option currently selected. You may now change the option:

Clears input locations, ports, flags, user timer, and intermediate storage locations.

Clears intermediate storage only (leaves Input Storage, Flags/Ports, and User Timer as is).

Doesn’t clear anything.

1.8.6 SETTING DISPLAY CONTRAST

The CR23X automatically adjusts the LCD display contrast for temperature within two seconds after power-up. If necessary, the user can fine tune the default contrast in the mode. The user entered adjustment is valid only for the specific temperature range wherein the adjustment was made. If the CR23X temperature moves out of that range, the default setting for the next range controls the contrast. See “Telecommunications” R command information on changing default settings in each temperature range.

TABLE 1.8-9.

Key Entry

1 1

Display Comments 13: Enter Command

00 11: Program Stopped

11: Dsply Contrast xxxx

11: D Dark C Light xxxx

LOG Save setting,

xxxx is the current setting. Key in new setting followed by an A or . . .

Press A to darken, B to lighten

restart program

1.8.7 SET INITIAL BAUD / SET RS232 POWER

Table 1.8-11 shows the option codes available for setting the initial baud rate. Setting the initial baud rate forces the CR23X to try the selected baud rate first when connecting with a device. By indexing the option, the “Computer RS232” port can be powered up. Power up of the RS232 port puts 9 volts on pins 1 (DTR) and 8 (RTS), and 8 volts on pin 2 (TX).

1-14

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

TABLE 1.8-10. Set Initial Baud Rate / Set

RS232 Power

Key Entry Display

∗

13:Enter Command

Comments

1 2 A

12: Connect Baud Rate 00

X C A

12: Connect Baud Rate Enter Baud 0X-- Rate Code X

(Table 1.8-11). Index (--) is optional.

TABLE 1.8-11. Baud Rate Codes

X = 0 300 Baud X = 1 1200 Baud X = 4 2400 Baud X = 5 4800 Baud X = 2 9600 Baud X = 6 19.2 K Baud X = 7 38.4 K Baud X = 3 76.8 K Baud X-- = RS232 Power On

TABLE 1.8-12. Set Program Compile Option

Key Entry Display

∗

13:Enter Command

Comments

1 3 A

13: Compile Option 00

1 A

13: Compile Option Sets Compile

01 like

∗

TABLE 1.8-13. Compile Option Codes

0 Compile like ∗ 0 (See Section 1.4) 1 Compile like

∗

6 (See Section 1.3)

2 Do not clear intermediate storage

1.8.8 SET PROGRAM COMPILE OPTION

Table 1.8-13 shows the option codes available for setting the program compile option. This setting will affect the program compile when the program is downloaded from the PC or a SM192/716 Storage Module. It also affects compiling with

command. Keyboard or Remote Keyboard

compiling with

B and the arcane

6 and 0 is not affected by this setting. If a .DLD file has this setting, it will affect the compile operation AFTER the .DLD file is downloaded.

1-15

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

This is a blank page.

1-16

SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE

2.1 FINAL STORAGE AREAS, OUTPUT ARRAYS, AND MEMORY POINTERS

Final Storage is the memory where final processed data are stored. Final Storage data are transferred to your computer or external storage peripheral.

The size of Final Storage is expressed in terms of memory locations or bytes. A low resolution data point (4 decimal characters) occupies one memory location (2 bytes), whereas a high resolution data point (5 decimal characters) requires two memory locations (4 bytes). Table

1.5-1 shows the default allocation of memory locations to Program, Input, Intermediate, and the two Final Storage areas. The used to reallocate memory or erase Final Storage (Section 1.5).

The default size of Final Storage with standard memory is 586,568 low resolution memory locations.

Final Storage can be divided into two parts: Final Storage Area 1 and Final Storage Area 2.

A Mode is

Final Storage Area 1 is the default storage area and the only one used if the operator does not specifically allocate memory to Area 2.

Two Final Storage Areas may be used to:

1. Output different data to different devices.

2. Separate archive data from real time display data. In other words, you can record a short time history of real time data and separately record long term, archive data.

3. Record both high speed data (fast recording interval) and slow data without having the high speed data write over the slow data.

Each Final Storage Area can be represented as ring memory (Figure 2.1-1) on which the newest data are written over the oldest data.

The Data Storage Pointer (DSP) is used to determine where to store each new data point in the Final Storage area. The DSP advances to the next available memory location after each new data point is stored.

FIGURE 2.1-1. Ring Memory Representation of Final Data Storage

2-1

SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE

Output Processing Instructions store data into Final Storage only when the Output Flag is set. The string of data stored each time the Output Flag is set is called an OUTPUT ARRAY. The first data point in the output array is a 3 digit OUTPUT ARRAY ID. This ID number is set in one of two ways:

1. In the default condition, the ID consists of the program table number and the Instruction Location Number of the instruction which set the Output Flag for that particular array of data. For example, the ID of 118 in Figure 2.1-2 indicates that the 18th instruction in Table 1 set the Output Flag.

2. The output array ID can be set by the user with the second parameter of Instruction 80 (Section 11). The ID can be set to any positive integer up to 511. This option allows the user to make the output array ID independent of the programming. The program can be changed (instructions added or deleted) without changing the output array ID. This avoids confusion during data reduction, especially on long term projects where program changes or updates are likely.

Data are stored in Final Storage before being transmitted to an external device. There are 4 pointers for each Final Storage Area which are used to keep track of data transmission. These pointers are:

1. Display Pointer (DPTR)

2. Printer Pointer (PPTR)

3. Telecommunications (Modem) Pointer (MPTR)

4. Storage Module Pointer (SPTR) The DPTR is used to recall data to the keyboard/

display. The positioning of this pointer and data

recall are controlled from the keyboard ( Mode).

The PPTR is used to control data transmission to a printer or other serial device. Whenever on-line printer transfer is activated (Instruction

96), data between the PPTR and DSP are transmitted. The PPTR may also be positioned via the keyboard for manually initiated data

transmission (

Mode).

The MPTR is used in transmitting data over a telecommunications interface. When telecommunications is first entered, the MPTR is set to the same location as the DSP. Positioning of the MPTR is then controlled by commands from the external calling device (Section 5.1).

FIGURE 2.1-2. Output Array ID

NOTE: If Instruction 80 is used to

designate the active Final Storage Area and parameter 2 is 0, the output array ID is determined by the position of Instruction 80 or by the position of the instruction setting the Output Flag, whichever occurs last.

A start-of-array marker ($ in Figure 2.1-1) is written into Final Storage with the Output Array ID. This marker is used as a reference point from which to number the data points of the output array. The start of array marker occupies the same Final Storage location as the Array ID and is transparent for all user operations.

The SPTR is used to control data transmission to a Storage Module. When on-line transfer is activated by Instruction 96, data is transmitted each time an output array is stored in Final Storage IF THE STORAGE MODULE IS CONNECTED TO THE CR23X. If the Storage Module is not connected, the CR23X does not transmit the data nor does it advance the SPTR to the new DSP location. It saves the data until the Storage Module is connected. Then, during the next execution of Instruction 96, the CR23X outputs all of the data between the SPTR and the DSP and updates the SPTR to the DSP location (Section 4.1)

The SPTR may also be positioned via the keyboard for manually initiated data transfer to

the Storage Module (

Mode, Section 4.2).

NOTE: All memory pointers are set to the DSP location when the datalogger compiles a program. ALWAYS RETRIEVE UNCOLLECTED DATA BEFORE MAKING PROGRAM CHANGES.

2-2

SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE

2.2 DATA OUTPUT FORMAT AND

RANGE LIMITS

Data are stored internally in Campbell Scientific's Binary Final Storage Format (Appendix C.2). Data may be sent to Final Storage in either LOW RESOLUTION or HIGH RESOLUTION format.

2.2.1 RESOLUTION AND RANGE LIMITS

Low resolution data is a 2 byte format with 4 significant digits and a maximum magnitude of +6999. High resolution data is a 4 byte format with 5 significant digits and a maximum possible output value of +99999 (see Table 2.2-1 below).

TABLE 2.2-1. Resolution Range Limits of

CR23X Data

Minimum Maximum

Resolution Zero

Low 0.000 +0.001 +6999. High 0.0000 + .00001 +99999.

The resolution of the low resolution format is reduced to 3 significant digits when the first (left most) digit is 7 or greater. Thus, it may be necessary to use high resolution output or an offset to maintain the desired resolution of a measurement. For example, if water level is to be measured and output to the nearest 0.01 ft., the level must be less than 70 ft. for low resolution output to display the

0.01 ft. increment. If the water level was expected to range from 50 to 80 ft. the data could either be output in high resolution or could be offset by 20 ft. (transforming the range to 30 to 50 ft.).

Magnitude Magnitude

A precise calculation of the resolution of a number may be determined by representing the number as a mantissa between .5 and 1 multiplied by 2 raised to some integer power. The resolution is the product of that power of 2 and

-24

. For example, representing 478 as .9336 ∗

, the resolution is 29 ∗ 2

-24

= 2

-15

= 0.0000305. A description of Campbell Scientific's floating point format may be found in the description of the J and K Telecommunications Commands in Appendix C.

2.3 DISPLAYING STORED DATA -

MODE

(Computer/terminal users refer to Section 5 for instructions on entering the Remote Keyboard State.)

Final Storage may be displayed by using the

Mode. Key

If you have allocated memory to Final Storage Area 2, the display will show:

Mode 07: Storage Area

Select which Storage Area you wish to view:

00 or 01 = Final Storage Area 1

02 = Final Storage Area 2

If no memory has been allocated to Final Storage Area 2, this first window will be skipped.

2.2.2 INPUT AND INTERMEDIATE STORAGE DATA FORMAT

While output data have the limits described above, the computations performed in the CR23X are done in floating point arithmetic. In Input and Intermediate Storage, the numbers are stored and processed in a binary format with a 23 bit binary mantissa and a 6 bit binary exponent. The largest and smallest numbers that can be stored and processed are 9 x 10 and 1 x 10

-19

, respectively. The size of the

number determines the resolution of the arithmetic. A rough approximation of the resolution is that it is better than 1 in the seventh digit. For example, the resolution of 97,386,924 is better than 10. The resolution of

0.0086731924 is better than 0.000000001.

The next window displays the current DSP location. Pressing

advances you to the Output array ID of the oldest Array in the Storage Area. To locate a specific Output Array, enter a location number that positions the Display Pointer (DPTR) behind the desired data and press the "A" key. If the location number entered is in the middle of an Output Array, the DPTR is automatically advanced to the first data point of the next Output Array. Repeated use of the "A" key advances through the Output Array. Data and the alphanumeric label assigned by EDLOG are displayed. The "B" key backs the DPTR through memory.

The memory location of the data point is displayed by pressing the "#" key. At this point, another memory location may be entered, followed by the "A" key to jump to the start of

2-3

SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE

the Output Array equal to or just ahead of the location entered. Whenever a location number is displayed by using the "#" key, the corresponding data point can be displayed by pressing the "C" key.

The same element in the next Output Array with the same ID can be displayed by hitting

# A

The same element in the previous array can be

# B

displayed by hitting (Array ID), then array and

array.

0 A backs up to the start of the

# A

# B

backs up to the previous

. If the element is 1

advances to the next

current array.

The keyboard commands used in the Mode are summarized in Table 2.3-1.

Advancing the DPTR past the Data Storage Pointer (DSP) displays the oldest data point. Upon entering the

7 Mode, the oldest Output Array can be accessed by pressing the "A" key.

TABLE 2.3-1.

7 Mode Command

Summary

Key Action

A B

Advance to next data point Back-up to previous data point Display location number of currently

displayed data point value

C # A

Display value of current location Advance to same element in next

Output Array with same ID

# B

Back-up to same element in previous Output Array with same ID

# 0 A

Back-up to the start of the current Final Data Storage Array

∗

Exit 7 Mode

2-4

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

The instructions used to program the CR23X are divided into four types: Input/Output (I/O), Processing, Output Processing, and Program Control. I/O Instructions are used to make measurements and store the readings in input locations or to initiate analog or digital port output. Processing Instructions perform mathematical operations using data from Input Storage locations and place the results back into specified Input Storage locations. Output Processing Instructions provide a method for generating time or event dependent data summaries from processed sensor readings residing in specified Input Storage locations. Program Control Instructions are used to direct program execution based on time and or conditional tests on input data and to direct output to external devices.

Instructions are identified by a number. There are a fixed number of parameters associated with each instruction to give the CR23X the information required to execute the instruction. The set of instructions available in the CR23X is determined by the CR23X Operating System.

3.1 PARAMETER DATA TYPES

There are 3 different data types used for Instruction parameters: Floating Point (FP), 4 digit integers (4), and 2 digit integers (2). The parameter data type is identified in the listings of the instruction parameters in Sections 9-12. Different data types are used to allow the CR23X to make the most efficient use of its memory.

Floating Point parameters are used to enter numeric constants for calibrations or mathematical operations. While it is only possible to enter 5 digits (magnitude +.00001 to +99999.), the internal format has a much greater range (1x10

2.2.1). Instruction 30 can be used to enter a number in scientific notation into an input location.

-19

to 9x1018, Section

3.2 REPETITIONS (Reps)

The repetitions parameter on many of the I/O, Processing, and Output Processing Instructions is used to repeat the instruction on a number of sequential Input Channels or Input Storage locations. For example, if you are making 4 differential voltage measurements on the same voltage range, wire the inputs to sequential channels and enter the Differential Voltage Measurement Instruction once with 4 repetitions, rather than entering 4 separate measurement instructions. The instruction will make 4 measurements starting on the specified channel number and continuing through the 3 succeeding differential channels. The results will be stored in the specified input location and the 3 succeeding input locations. Averages for all 4 measurements can be calculated by entering the Average Instruction with 4 repetitions.

When several of the same type of measurements will be made, but the calibrations of the sensors are different, it requires less time to make the measurements using one measurement with repetitions and then apply the calibrations with a scaling array (Inst. 53) than it does to enter the instruction several times in order to use a different multiplier and offset. This is due to set up and calibration time for each measurement instruction. However, if time is not a constraint, separate instructions may make the program easier to follow.

3.3 ENTERING NEGATIVE NUMBERS

Before or after keying in a number, press C or "-" to change the number's sign. On floating point numbers a minus sign (-) will appear to the left of the number. Excitation voltages in millivolts for I/O Instructions are 4 digit integers; when appear to the right of the number indicating a negative excitation. Even though this display is the same as that indicating an indexed input location, (Section 3.4) there is no indexing effect on excitation voltage.

is keyed 2 minus signs (--) w ill

3.4 INDEXING INPUT LOCATIONS AND CONTROL PORTS

When used within a loop, the parameters for input locations and the commands to set, toggle, or pulse a port can be Indexed to the loop counter. The loop counter is added to the indexed value to determine the actual Input Location or Port the instruction acts on. Normally the loop counter is incremented by 1 after each pass through the loop. Instruction 90, Step Loop Index, allows the increment step

3-1

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

to be changed. See Instructions 87 and 90, Section 12, for more details.

To index an input location (4 digit integer) or set port command (2 digit integer) parameter, or "-" is pressed after keying the value but before entering the parameter. Two minus signs (--) will be displayed to the right of the parameter.

3.5 VOLTAGE RANGE AND OVERRANGE DETECTION

The voltage RANGE code parameter on Input/Output Instructions is used to specify the full scale range of the measurement and the integration period for the measurement (Table

3.5-1). The full scale range selected should be the

smallest that will accommodate the full scale output of the sensor being measured. Using the smallest possible range will result in the best resolution for the measurement.

Four different integration sequences are possible. The relative immunity of the integration sequences to random noise is: Slow 60 Hz rej. = Slow 50 Hz rej. > Fast 60 Hz rej. = Fast 50 Hz rej. > 250 µs integ. The 60 Hz rejection integration rejects noise from 60 Hz AC line power. The 50 Hz rejection is for countries whose electric utilities operate at 50 Hz (Section 13.1).

When a voltage input exceeds the range programmed, the value which is stored is set to the maximum negative number and displayed as -99999 in high resolution or -6999 in low resolution.

An input voltage greater than +8 volts on one of the analog inputs will result in errors and possible overranging on the other analog inputs.

Voltages greater than 16 volts may permanently damage the CR23X.

3.6 OUTPUT PROCESSING

Most Output Processing Instructions have both an Intermediate Data Processing operation and a Final Data Processing operation. For example, when the Average Instruction, 71, is initiated, the intermediate processing operation increments a sample count and adds each new Input Storage value to a cumulative total residing in Intermediate Storage. When the Output Flag is set, the final processing operation divides the cumulative total by the number of samples to find the average. The average is then stored in final storage and the cumulative total and number of samples are set to zero in Intermediate Storage.

Final Storage Area 1 (Sections 1.5, 2.1) is the default destination of data output by Output Processing Instructions. Instruction 80 may be used to direct output to either Final Storage Area 2 or to Input Storage.

Output Processing Instructions requiring intermediate processing sample the specified input location(s) each time the Output Instruction is executed, NOT each time the location value is updated by an I/O Instruction. For example: Suppose a temperature measurement is initiated by Table 1 which has an execution interval of 1 second.

TABLE 3.5-1. Input Voltage Ranges and Codes

Resolution

Range Code Full Scale Range Differential*

Fast Slow Slow 250 µs 60 Hz 50 Hz

. Integ. Reject. Reject. .

10 20 30 Autorange** 11 21 31 ±10 mV 0.33 µV 12 22 32 ±50 mV 1.67 µV 13 23 33 ±200 mV 6.66 µV 14 24 34 ±1000 mV 33.3 µV 15 25 35 ±5000 mV 166. µV

* Differential measurement, resolution for single-ended measurement is twice value shown. **Autoranging may not adequately measure inputs with extremely noisy or rapidly changing signals.

Autoranging channels may occasionally measure on a higher range than is required.

3-2

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

The instructions to output the average temperature every 10 minutes are in Table 2 which has an execution interval of 10 seconds. The temperature will be measured 600 times in the 10 minute period, but the average will be the result of only 60 of those measurements because the instruction to average is executed only one tenth as often as the instruction to make the measurement.

Intermediate Processing can be disabled by setting Flag 9 which prevents Intermediate Processing without actually skipping over the Output Instruction.

All of the Output Processing Instructions store processed data values when and only when the Output Flag is set (Section 3.7.1). The Output Flag (Flag 0) is set at desired intervals or in response to certain conditions by using an appropriate Program Control Instruction (Section 12).

3.7 USE OF FLAGS: OUTPUT AND PROGRAM CONTROL

There are 18 flags which may be used in CR23X programs. Two of the flags are dedicated to specific functions: Flag 0 causes Output Processing Instructions to write to Final Storage, and Flag 9 disables intermediate processing. Flags 1-8 and 11-18 may be used as desired in programming the CR23X. Flags 0 and 9 are automatically set low at the beginning of each execution of the program table. Flags 1-8 and 11-18 remain unchanged until acted on by a Program Control Instruction or until manually toggled from the

TABLE 3.7-1. Flag Description

Flag 0 - Output Flag Flag 1 to 8 - User Flags Flag 11 to 18 - User Flags Flag 9 - Intermediate Processing

Disable Flag

Flags are set with Program Control Instructions. The Output Flag (Flag 0) and the Intermediate Programming Disable Flag (Flag 9) will always be set low if the set high condition fails. The status of flags 1 through 8 and 11 through 18 does not change when a conditional test is false.

6 Mode.

3.7.1 THE OUTPUT FLAG

A group of processed data values is placed in Final Data Storage by Output Processing Instructions when the Output Flag (Flag 0) is set high. This group of data is called an Output Array. The Output Flag is set using Program Control Instructions according to time or event dependent intervals specified by the user. The Output Flag is set low at the beginning of each execution of the program table.

Output is most often desired at fixed intervals; this is accomplished with Instruction 92, If Time. Output is usually desired on the even interval, so Parameter 1, time into the interval, is 0. The time interval (Parameter 2), in minutes, is how often output will occur; i.e., the Output Interval. The command code (Parameter 3) is 10, causing Flag 0 to be set high. The time interval is synchronized to 24 hour time; output will occur on each integer multiple of the Output Interval starting from midnight (0 minutes). If the Output Interval is not an even divisor of 1440 minutes (24 hours), the last output interval of the day will be less than the specified time interval. Output will occur at midnight and will resume synchronized to the new day. Instruction 92 is followed in the program table by the Output Instructions which define the Output Array desired.

Each group of Output Processing Instructions creating an Output Array is preceded by a Program Control Instruction that sets the Output Flag.

NOTE: If the Output Flag is already set high and the test condition of a subsequent Program Control Instruction acting on Flag 0 fails, the flag is set low. This eliminates entering another instruction to specifically reset the Output Flag before proceeding to another group of Output Instructions with a different output interval.

3.7.2 THE INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING DISABLE FLAG

The Intermediate Processing Disable Flag (Flag

9) suspends intermediate processing when it is set high. This flag is used to restrict sampling for averages, totals, maxima, minima, etc., to times when certain criteria are met. The flag is automatically set low at the beginning of each execution of the program table.

3-3

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

As an example, suppose it is desired to obtain a wind speed rose incorporating only wind speeds greater than or equal to 4.5 m/s. The wind speed rose is computed using the Histogram Instruction 75, and wind speed is stored in input location 14, in m/s. Instruction 89 is placed just before Instruction 75 and is used to set Flag 9 high if the wind speed is less than 4.5 m/s:

TABLE 3.7-2. Example of the Use of Flag 9

Inst. Param. Loc. No.

Entry Description

X P 89 If wind speed < 4.5 m/s

1 14 Wind speed location 2 4 Comparison: < 3 4.5 Minimum wi nd

speed for histogram

4 19 Set Flag 9 high X+1 P 75 Histogram X+2 P 86 Do

1 29 Set Flag 9 Low

NOTE: Flag 9 is automatically reset the same as Flag 0. If the intermediate processing disable flag is already set high and the test condition of a subsequent Program Control Instruction acting on Flag 9 fails, the flag is set low. This feature eliminates having to enter another instruction to specifically reset Flag 9 before proceeding to another group of test conditions.

3.7.3 USER FLAGS

Flags 1 through 8 and 11 through 18 are not dedicated to a specific purpose and are available to the user for general programming needs. The user flags can be manually toggled from the keyboard in the

6 Mode (Section 1.3) or through telecommunications with PC208W datalogger support software. By inserting the flag test (Instruction 91) at appropriate points in the program, the user can use the

6 Mode to

manually direct program execution.

TABLE 3.8-1. Command Codes

0 Go to end of program table 1-9, 79-99 Call Subroutine 1-9, 79-99

10-19 Set Flag 0-9 high 111-118 Set Flag 11-18 high 20-29 Set Flag 0-9 low 211-218 Set Flag 11-18 low 30 Then Do 31 Exit loop if true 32 Exit loop if false 41-48 Set Port 1-8 high 49 Set Switched 12 V high 51-58 Set Port 1-8 low 59 Set Switched 12 V low 61-68 Toggle Port 1-8 71-78 Pulse Port 1-8

95, 96, 97, and 98 are special subroutines

which can be called by Control ports 6, 7, and 8 going high; see Instruction 85 for details (Section 12).

The ports can be indexed to the loop counter (Section 8.4).

If this command is executed while in a subroutine, execution jumps directly to the end of the table that called the subroutine.

3.8.1 IF THEN/ELSE COMPARISONS

Program Control Instructions can be used for If then/else comparisons. When Command 30 (Then do) is used with Instructions 83 or 88-92, the If Instruction is followed immediately by instructions to execute if the comparison is true. The Else Instruction (94) is optional and is followed by the instructions to execute if the comparison is false. The End Instruction (95) ends the If then/else comparison and marks the beginning of the instructions that are executed regardless of the outcome of the comparison (see Figure 3.8-1).

3.8 PROGRAM CONTROL LOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Most of the Program Control Instructions have a command code parameter which is used to specify the action to be taken if the condition tested in the instruction is true. Table 3.8-1 lists these codes.

3-4

FIGURE 3.8-1. If Then/Else

Execution Sequence

FIGURE 3.8-2. Logical AND Construction

If Then/Else comparisons may be nested to form logical AND or OR branching. Figure 3.82 illustrates an AND construction. If conditions A and B are true, the instructions included between IF B and the first End Instruction will be executed.

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

then used to compare the value in the location with fixed values. When the value in the input location is less than the fixed value specified in Instruction 83, the command in that Instruction 83 is executed, and execution branches to the END Instruction 95 which closes the case test (see Instruction 93, Section 12).

3.8.2 NESTING

A branching or loop instruction which occurs before a previous branch or loop has been closed is nested. The maximum nesting level is 11 deep. Loop Instruction 87 and Begin Case Instruction 93 both count as 1 level. Instructions 83, 86, 88, 89, 91, and 92 each count as one level when used with the Command "30" which is the "Then Do" command. Use of Else, Instruction 94, also counts as one nesting level each time it is used. For example, the AND construction above is nested 2 deep while the OR construction is nested 3 deep.

If either of the conditions is false, execution will jump to the corresponding End Instruction, skipping the instructions between.

A logical OR construction is also possible. Figure 3.8-3 illustrates the instruction sequence that will result in subroutine X being executed if either A or B is true.

IF A (88-92 with command 30)

Call subroutine X (86, command=X)

ELSE (94)

IF B (88-92 with command 30)

Call subroutine X (86, command=X)

END B (95)

END A (95)

FIGURE 3.8-3. Logical OR Construction

NOTE: A logical OR can also be

constructed by setting a user flag if a comparison is true. (The flag is cleared before making comparisons.) After all comparisons have been made, execute the desired instructions if the flag is set.

Subroutine calls do not count as nesting with the above instructions, though they have their own nesting limit (maximum of 7, see Instruction 85, Section 12). Branching and loop nesting start at zero in each subroutine.

Any number of groups of nested instructions may be used in any of the three Programming Tables. The number of groups is only restricted by the program memory available.

3.9 INSTRUCTION MEMORY AND EXECUTION TIME

Each instruction requires program memory and uses varying numbers of Input, Intermediate, and Final Storage locations. Tables 3.9-1 to

3.9-4 list the memory used by each instruction and the approximate time required to execute it.

When attempting to make a series of measurements and calculations at a fast rate, it is important to examine the time required for the automatic calibration sequence and possibly make use of the program controlled calibration, Instruction 24. Section 13.9 describes the calibration process.

The Begin Case Instruction 93 and If Case Instruction 83 allow a series of tests on the value in an input location. The case test is started with Instruction 93 which specifies the location to test. A series of Instruction 83s are

3-5

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

Fast 60Hz 50Hz Fast 60Hz Fast 50Hz

Inst.

Desc. InLoc Bytes 1-4 or NA 10 11-12 13- 14 15 20 21-22 23-24 25 30 31-32 33-34 35 40 41-42 43-45 50 51-52 53-551VOLT (SE) R 15 (-1.8)+11.8*R 1. 5+1.6R 0.5+1.6R 0.5+1.6R 4.4+117.8*R 17.5+18.2R 0.1+18.2R 0. 4+9.9R (-8.3+140.0*R 21.0+21.6R 0.0+21.6R 0.4+11.6R 7.5+52.5*R 1.4+9.9R 0.4+9.9R 4.7+61.0*R 1.4+11.6R 0.4+11.6R2VOLT (DIFF) R 15 0.4+14.4*R 0.5+2.6R 0.5+2.6R 0.5+2.6R 4.5+161.7*R 0.0+35.9R 0.0+35.9R 0. 0+19.7R 3.2+191.9*R 0.0+42.5R 0.0+42.5R 0.0+23.0R 4.4+97.2*R 0.0+19.7R 0.0+19.7R 3.2+114.6*R 0.0+23.0R 0.0+23.0R3PULSE R 15 0.8+0.8R4EX - DEL - SE R 20

0.3 + 12.4 * R

1.6+1.6R 0.6+1.6R 0.6+1.6R

4.5 + 118.5 * R

17.7+18.3R 0.2+18.3R 0.5+10.0R

3.0 + 140.1 * R

21.2+21.6R 0.2+21.6R 0.5+11.7R

4.7 + 53.2 * R

1.5+10.0R 1. 5+10.0R

5.4 + 61.6 * R

1.5+11.7R 0. 5+11.7R

(with delay)

0.3+R*(12.4+5*

Delay)

4.5+R*(118.5+5*

Delay)

3.0+R*(140.1+5*

Delay)

4.7+R*(53.2+5*

Delay)

5.4+R*(61.6+5*

Delay)

1.5+11.7R 0. 5+11.7R

AC HALF BR R 18

12.2 + 24.2 * R

3.5+3.0R 2.4+3.2R 2.4+3.2R

3.5 + 205.1 * R

19.2+36.1R 2.2+36.1R 1.9+20.1R

4.6 + 241.4 * R

23.0+42.8R 2.0+42.8R 1.6+23.6R

6.1 + 106.8 * R

3.1+19.9R 1. 9+20.1R

4.8 + 123.6 * R

2.8+23.4R 1. 6+23.6R

FULL-BR R 18

12.0 + 32.8 * R

2.6+5.1R 2.6+5.1R 2.6+5.1R

13.6 + 327.5 * R

0.6+71.3R 1. 6+71.6R 1.6+39.1R

2.8 + 389.5 * R

1.7+84.8R 1. 7+84.8R 1.5+45.8R

4.9 + 200.4 * R

1.9+39.1R 1. 6+39.1R

4.8 + 233.8 * R

20.+45.6R 1. 5+45.8R

3W HALF BR R 18

16.6 + 34.1 * R

4.3+5.8R 3.2+7.0R 3.2+7.0R

148.9 + 314.6 * R

19.1+72.8R 2.7+72.4R 1.5+41.5R

176.0 + 360.9 * R

22.5+86.2R 1.9+86.2R 2.1+47.9R

47.0 + 181.4 * R

1.5+41.5R 1. 5+41.5R

56.6 + 210.7 * R

3.2+46.7R 2. 1+47.9R

EX - DEL - DIFF R 20

0.4 + 12.2 * R

1.7+1.7R 0.7+1.7R 0.7+1.7R

3.6 + 118.7 * R

17.7+18.3R 0.2+18.3R 0.5+10.0R

3.6 + 140.5* R

21.2+21.6R 0.3+21.6R 1.3+12.2R

2.9 + 53.9 * R

1.6+10.0R 0. 5+10.0R

5.4 + 62.0 * R

1.6+11.7R 0. 5+11.6R

(with delay)

0.4+2*R*(12.2+5*

Delay)

3.6+2*R*(118.7+5*

Delay)

3.6+2*R*(140.5+5*

Delay)

2.9+2*R*(53.9+5*

Delay)

5.4+2*R*(62.0+5*

Delay)

FULL BR-MEX R 19

15.1 + 45.8 * R

2.0+10.7R 1.3+11.1R 2.5+11.2R

3.9 + 679.3 * R

0.0+144.0R 0.0+144.0R 0.0+79.2R

4.4 + 805.8 * R

0.0+170.5R 0.0+171.4R 0.0+93.1R

78.5 + 332.5 * R

0.4+78.9R 0. 0+79.2R

57.5 + 411.5 * R

0.0+92.3R 0. 0+93.1R

V1 = 15 3.0+10.9R 3.0+10.9R 3.0+10.9R 1.3+77.8R 1.3+77.8R 0. 0+45.9R 0.8+91.3R 0.0+91.7R 0.0+52.3R 0.0+45.8R 0.0+45.9R 0.0+52.2R 0.0+52.2R

V1 = 25 0.4+46.1R 0.4+46.1R 0.4+46.1R 1.3+111.7R 1.3+111.7R 0.0+79.2R 0.9+125.6R 0.9+125.6R 0.2+86.5R 0.8+79.4R 0. 0+79.2R 0.4+86.3R 0.2+86.5R10BATT VOLT 1 4 2.511TEMP (107) R 15 3.2+3.6R 3.2+3.6R 17.8+56.9R 21.1+63.6R 17.8+56.9R 21.1+63.6R12RH (207) R 17 3.0+4.3R13TEMP-TC SE R 18

(-1.3) + 17.2 * R

3.0+3.6R 2.0+3.6R 2.0+3.7R

5.6 + 98.6 * R

19.2+20.2R 1.7+20.2R 2.0+12.0R

5.6 + 115.2 R

22.6+23.6R 1.7+23.6R 2.0+13.7R

4.0 + 41.5 * R

3.1+11.9R 2. 0+12.0R

2.7 + 46.9 * R

3.1+13.6R 2. 0+13.6R

TEMP-TE DIF R 18

(-0.5) + 18.1 * R

2.2+4.7R 2.2+4.7R 1.8+4.7R

5.4 + 115.4 * R

1.6+37.9R 1. 6+37.9R 1.3+21.7R

5.6 + 134.9 R

1.7+44.6R 1. 7+44.6R 1.6+25.0R

3.1 + 67.4 * R

1.6+21.7R 1. 6+21.8R

4.3 + 76.9 * R

2.0+25.0R 2. 0+25.0R

SERIAL I/O NOT READY YET16TEMP-RTD R 15 0.8+1.3R17TEMP-PANEL 1 4 2.818TIME 1 OR 5 7 219SIGNATURE 1 4 40. 220PORT SET 0 6 6.621PULSE PORT 0 10 0.8 +10H22DELAY-EXCITE 0 9 0.5+ del(ms)23BURST X 3524CALIBRATION 19 425READ PORT 1 6 0.326TIMER 1 OR 0 427PERIOD AVG R 1928VIBR. WIRE R 2129INW PS9105 2 88 157

100

TDR

101

SDM-INT8 2.7+2.7R

102

SDM-SW8A

103

SDM-AO4 1.7+1.0R

104

SDM-CD16 0.9+2.1R

105

SDI-12 REC. NOT READY YET

106

SDI-12 SEN. NOT READY YET

107

SDM CSAT3 4.4

108

SDM-UDG01 135

109

SDMX50

110

SDM GRP TRIG

113

SDM-SIO4

114

SET TIME

115

SDM BAUD

116

GENERIC SDM

117

DATALOG ID

118

SDM-OBDII

130

STATUS MON

131

SLOPE IND VW

132

SETTLING TIME

133

CAO

134

AM25T MX

(-8.0) + 49.0 * R (-10.0) + 195.0 * R 5.0 + 226.0 * R (-30.0) + 133.0 * R (-10.0) + 150.0 * R

220

DISPLAY OUT

TABLE 3.9-1. CR23X Input/Output Instruction Execution Time (ms)

3-6

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

TABLE 3.9-2. Processing Instruction Memory and Execution Times R = No. of Reps.

INPUT MEMORY PROG.

INSTRUCTION LOC.

INTER. LOC. BYTES EXECUTION TIME (ms)

30 Z=F 1 0 9 + = 0.5 + 0.1 ∗ exponent

- = 0.5 + 0.3 * exponent 31 Z=X 1 0 6 0.4 32 Z=Z+1 1 0 4 0.4 33 Z=X+Y 1 0 8 0.7 34 Z=X+F 1 0 10 0.6 35 Z=X-Y 1 0 8 0.7 36 Z=X∗Y1080.7 37 Z=X∗F10100.7 38 Z=X/Y 1 0 8 1.5 39 Z=SQRT(X) 1 0 6 4.5 40 Z=LN(X) 1 0 6 4.3 41 Z=EXP(X) 1 0 6 3.4 42 Z=1/X 1 0 6 1.5 43 Z=ABS(X) 1 0 6 0.6 44 Z=FRAC(X) 1 0 6 0.6 45 Z=INT(X) 1 0 6 0.7 46 Z=X MOD F 1 0 10 1.8 47 Z=X

1087.7 48 Z=SIN(X) 1 0 6 4.1 49 SPA. MAX 1 or 2 0 8 0.6 + 0.5 * swath 50 SPA. MIN 1 or 2 0 8 0.8 + 0.5 * swath 51 SPA. AVG 1 0 8 1.2 + 0.5 * swath 52 RUNNING AVG 1 (R ∗ par 4) + R + 1 11 0.3 + 2.7R 53 A∗X+B 4 0 36 2.3 54 BLOCK MOVE R 0 10 0.2 + 0.1R 55 POLYNOMIAL R 0 31 0.3 + (0.2 ∗ order + 0.7)*R 56 SAT. VP 1 0 6 2.2 57 WDT-VP 1 0 10 3.9 58 LP FILTER R R + 1 13 0.5 + 1.5R 59 X/(1-X) 1 0 9 0.1 + 1.4R 60 FFT see instruction see instruction 13 see instruction 61 INDIR. MOVE 1 0 6 0.5 62 COV/COR see instruction see instruction 18 see instruction 63 PARA.EXTN. 0 0 10 0.1 64 PAROSCIENTIFIC 3 0 6 7.5 65 BULK LOAD 8 0 36 2.5 66 ARC TAN 1 0 8 4.4 67 DYNAGAGE 2 or 6 0 43 7.6 68 4 DIG PARA. EXTN. 0 0 18 0.1

3-7

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

TABLE 3.9-3. CR23X Output Instructions R = No. of Reps.

FINAL

INTER. MEMORY FLAG O FLAG 0

INSTRUCTION LOC.

VALUES BYTES OPTION LOW HIGH

69 WIND VECTOR 2+9R 2R 12 00, 2.7+8.3R 3.9+38.7R

3R 01, 2.7+8.3R 4.5+15.6R 4R 02, 2.4+8.8R 3.8+34.7R 2R 10, 2.1+8.2R 0.0+27.3R 3R 11, 2.1+8.2R 3.7+15.8R

4R 12, 1.6+6.4R 3.1+27.4R 70 SAMPLE 0 R 6 0.1 0.5+0.2R 71 AVERAGE 1+R R 7 0.6+0.3R 1.4+1.7R 72 TOTALIZE R R 7 0.4+0.3R 0.9+0.6R 73 MAXIMUM 1R R 8 0, 0.6+0.5R 1.6+1.4R

2R 2R, 3R 01,10,11 0.6+0.5R 1.6+2.8R

74 MINIMUM 1R R 8 0, 0.6+0.5R 1.6+1.4R

2R 2R, 3R 01,10,11 0.6+0.5R 1.6+2.8R 75 HISTOGRAM 1+bins∗R BINS*R 24 0.7+1.7R 0.8+(2.8+0.7*BIN)R 77 REAL TIME 0 1 TO 4 4 0.1 2.2 78 RESOLUTION 0 0 3 0.4 0.4 79 SMPL ON MM R R 7 0.2 0.7+0.3R

80 STORE AREA

007 0.2 0.2 81 RAINFLOW HIST see

instruction 42 82 STD. DEV. 1+3R R 7 0.8+1.0R 3.3+7.0R

TABLE 3.9-4. Program Control Instruction Memory and Execution Times

MEMORY

INTER. PROG.

INSTRUCTION LOC. BYTES EXECUTION TIME (ms)

83 IF CASE <F 0 10 0.23 85 LABEL SUBR. 0 3 0.08 86 DO 0 6 0.17 87 LOOP 1 10 0.16 88 IF X<=>Y 0 11 0.42 89 IF X<=>F 0 13 0.32 90 LOOP INDEX 0 3 0.40 91 IF FLAG/PORT 0 7 0.22 92 IF TIME 1 12 0.21 93 BEGIN CASE 1 8 0.16 94 ELSE 0 4 0.16 95 END 0 4 0.22 96 SERIAL OUT 0 3

97 INIT.TELE. 7 17 98 SEND CHAR. 0 3 120 GOES SAT 0 or 2 5 121 ARGOS SAT 0 8

3-8

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

3.10 ERROR CODES

There are four types of errors flagged by the CR23X: Compile, Run Time, Editor, and Mode. Compile errors are errors in programming which are detected once the program is entered and compiled for the first time (

B Mode entered). If a programming error is detected during compilation, an E is displayed with the 2 digit error code. The Instruction Location Number of the Instruction which caused the error is displayed to the right of the error code (e.g., E23 105; 105 indicates that the fifth instruction in Table 1 caused error 23). Error 22, missing END, will indicate the location of the instruction which the compiler cannot match with an END instruction.

Run time errors are detected while the program is running. The number of the instruction being executed at the time the error is detected is displayed to the right of the error code (e.g., E09 06 indicates that an Instruction 6 in the program is attempting to store data in input locations beyond those allocated). Run time errors 9 and 31 are the result of programming errors. While E08 will display the number of the instruction that was being executed when the error occurred, it is unlikely that the instruction has anything to do with the error.

If there is a run time error in a table with a fast execution interval, the error may be written to the display so frequently that it seems the CR23X is not responding to the keyboard. Once the program is stopped, normal function will return. To stop the program some entry must be changed which requires recompiling (Section 1.1.4). For example, enter 0 for the execution interval of Table 1 (i.e., enter

1 A 0 A as fast as possible). The program can easily be stopped by pressing any key while the CR23X is displaying “Hello” after applying power (turn the CR23X off and then on again). This delays program execution for about two minutes, allowing the program to be changed.

Error 8 is the result of a hardware and software "watchdog" that checks the processor state, software timers, and program related counters. The watchdog will attempt to reset the processor and program execution if it finds that the processor has bombed or is neglecting standard system updates, or if the counters are out of allowable limits. Error code 08 is flagged when the watchdog performs this reset. E08 is

0, 6, or

occasionally caused by voltage surges or transients. Frequent repetitions of E08 are

indicative of a dead lithium battery, a hardware problem, or a software bug. Check the lithium battery voltage (

B). If the lithium battery voltage is good (2.4 volts or higher), contact Campbell Scientific for assistance as a hardware or software bug is indicated. The CR23X keeps track of the number of times (up to 99) that E08 has occurred. The number can be displayed and reset in the

B Mode (Section 1.6) or with the Telecommunications A command (Section 5.1).

Error 10 is displayed if the primary power drops below 11 volts. When this happens, the CR23X stops executing programs. The low voltage counter (

B Window 9, Section 1.6) counts the number of times the voltage drops below 11 volts and displays a double dash (--) if the CR23X is currently in a low voltage shut down. Low voltage shut down terminates when voltage is raised above 11 volts.

Editor errors are detected as soon as an incorrect value is entered and are displayed immediately.

B Mode errors indicate

problems with saving or loading a program.

TABLE 3.10-1. Error Codes

Code Type Description

03 Editor Program table full 04 Compile Intermediate Storage full 05 Compile Storage Area #2 not

allocated

08 Run Time CR23X reset by

watchdog timer 09 Run Time Insufficient Input Storage 10 Run Time Low battery voltage 11 Editor Attempt to allocate more

Input or Intermediate

Storage than is available 12 Compile Duplicate

4 ID 13 Run Time Low 5 V supply 20 Compile SUBROUTINE encountered

before END of previous subroutine

21 Compile END without IF, LOOP or

SUBROUTINE 22 Compile Missing END 23 Compile Nonexistent

SUBROUTINE 24 Compile ELSE in SUBROUTINE

without IF

3-9

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

25 Compile ELSE without IF 26 Compile EXIT LOOP without

LOOP

27 Compile IF CASE without BEGIN

CASE

30 Compile IF and/or LOOP nested

too deep

31 Run Time SUBROUTINES nested

too deep

32 Compile Instruction 3 and interrupt

subroutine use same port 40 Editor Instruction does not exist 41 Editor Incorrect execution

interval 60 Compile Insufficient Input Storage 61 Compile Burst Measurement Scan

Rate too short 62 Compile N<2 in FFT 68 Compile Instruction 118 without

enough Instructions 68 or 63 80 Compile Valid entries for parameter 1

of P80 are 1, 2, 3 (-- is illegal) 92 Compile Instruction 92, intervals in

seconds: Time into Interval

> 59 or Interval > 60 93 Compile Save labels full

Mode Program Storage Area

full

Mode Program does not exist in

Flash memory

Mode Addressed device not

connected or wrong

address (see Table 1.8-2)

Mode Data not received within

30 seconds

Mode Uncorrectable errors

detected

Mode Wrong file type or editor

error 101 TGT1 No response 102 TGT1 Bad Star Pound entry 105 Illegal Baud C5-C8 106 Illegal Channel C5-C8 107 Compile Second CSAT3

Instruction not nested

3-10

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

External data storage devices are used to provide a data transfer medium that the user can carry from the test site to the lab and to supplement the internal storage capacity of the CR23X, allowing longer periods between visits to the site. The standard data storage peripheral for the CR23X is the Storage Module (Section 4.4). Output to a printer or related device is also possible (Section 4.3).

Data output to a peripheral device can take place ON-LINE (automatically, as part of the CR23X’s routine operation) or it can be MANUALLY INITIATED. On-line data transfer is accomplished with Instruction 96 (Section 4.1). Manual initiation is done in the (Section 4.2).

The CR23X can output data to multiple peripherals. The CR23X activates the peripheral it sends data to in one of two ways (Section 6.2):

1. A specific pin in the CS I/O connector is dedicated to that peripheral; when that pin goes high, the peripheral is enabled. This is referred to as "PIN-ENABLED" or simply "ENABLED".

2. The peripheral is synchronously addressed by the CR23X. This is referred to as "ADDRESSED".

Modems are pin-enabled. Only one modem device may be connected to the CR23X at any one time.

Mode

The SM192, SM716, and CSM1 Storage Modules are addressed. The CR23X can tell when the addressed device is present. The CR23X will not send data meant for the Storage module if the Storage Module is not present (Section 4.4.2).

The and to perform several functions, including review of data, battery test, review of Storage Module status, etc.

Cassette tape data storage is not supported by the CR23X.

Mode (Section 4.5) allows the user to communicate directly with the Storage Module

4.1 ON-LINE DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTION 96

All on-line data output to a peripheral device is accomplished with Instruction 96. (Instruction 96 can also be used to transfer data from one Final Storage Area to the other, Section 8.8,

12). This instruction must be included in the datalogger program for on-line data transfer to take place. Instruction 96 should follow the Output Processing Instructions, but only needs to be included once in the program table unless both Final Storage areas are in use. The suggested programming sequence is:

1. Set the Output Flag.

2. If both Final Storage Areas are in use or if you wish to set the Output Array ID, enter Instruction 80 (Section 11).

3. Enter the appropriate Output Processing Instructions.

4. Enter Instruction 96 to enable the on-line transfer of Final Storage data to the specified device. If outputting to more than one device, Instruction 96 must be entered separately for each device.

5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 if you wish to output data to the other Final Storage Area and the peripheral.

4-1

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

Instruction 96 has a single parameter which specifies the peripheral to send output to. Table

4.1-1 lists the output device codes.

TABLE 4.1-1. Output Device and

Baud Rate Codes

Code Baud Rate

0 300 1 1200 2 9600 3 76800 4 2400 5 4800 6 19200 7 38400

PARAM. DATA NUMBER TYPE DESCRIPTION

01: 2 Option Device ADDRESSED PRINT DEVICE, y = Baud code

1y = Printable ASCII 2y = Comma Separated ASCII 3y = Binary Final Storage Format 7N = Storage Module N (N=1-8; Section 4.4.2)

(Stored in Binary Format)

7N-- = Output File Mark to Storage Module N SERIAL PRINTER, COMPUTER, OR

PIN-ENABLED PRINT DEVICE, y = Baud code (SDE pulled high) 4y = Printable ASCII (CS I/O) 4y--= Printable ASCII (RS-232) 5y = Comma Separated ASCII (CS I/O) 5y--= Comma Separated ASCII (RS-232) 6y = Binary Final Storage Format (CS I/O) 6y--= Binary Final Storage Format (RS-232)

TRANSFER DATA TO OTHER FINAL STORAGE AREA 80 = New data only 81 = All data

The source of data for Instruction 96 is the currently active Final Storage Area as set by Instruction 80 (the default is Final Storage Area 1 at the beginning of each program table execution).

If the CR23X is using a port (CS I/O or RS-232) for other I/O tasks when Instruction 96 is executed, the output request is put in a queue and program execution continues. As the port becomes available, each device in the queue gets its turn.

An output request is not put in the queue if the same device is already in the queue. The data contained in the queue (and which determine a unique entry) are the device, baud rate (if applicable), and the Final Storage Area.

When an entry reaches the top of the queue, the CR23X sends all data accumulated since the last transfer to the device up to the location of the DSP at the time the device became active.

Printer output can be either pin-enabled or addressed. However, there is not a pin specifically dedicated to print enable. When a pin-enabled print output is specified, the SDE line, which is normally used in the addressing sequence, is used as a print enable. This allows some compatibility with the CR21, 21X, and CR7 dataloggers which have a Print Enable line. The pin-enabled print option will result in garbage being sent to the print peripheral if an addressed device is also connected to the CR23X (i.e., SM192 or SM716 etc.). The SDC99 Synchronous Device Interface can convert a print device to an Addressed peripheral (Section 6.2).

The STORAGE MODULE address is important only when using more than one Storage Module. The universal address that will find the Storage Module with lowest number address is "1". If a Storage Module is not connected, the CR23X will not advance the SPTR (Section 2.1) and the Storage Module drops out of the queue until the next time Instruction 96 is executed. Section 4.4 contains specifics on the Storage Modules.

4-2

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

TABLE 4.2-1.

Mode Entries

Display ID:

Key DATA

∗

8Mode 08: Storage Area Key 1 or 2 for Storage Area. (This window is skipped if no memory

Description

00 has been allocated to Final Storage Area 2.)

01: Device Code Key in Output Device Option. See Table 4.1-1. XX

02: Start Location Start of dump location. Initially the SPTR or PPTR location; a XXXXX different location may be entered if desired.

03: End Location End of dump location. Initially the DSP location; a different location XXXXX may be keyed in if desired.

04: Number Starts Ready to dump. To initiate dump, key any number, then A. While 00 dumping, "04 activated; key aborts" and the location number will be

displayed. “Output complete” will be displayed when the dump is complete. (Any key aborts transmission after completion of the current data block.)

4.2 MANUALLY INITIATED DATA OUTPUT - 8 MODE

Data transfer to a peripheral device can be manually initiated in the

8 Mode allows the user to retrieve a specific block of data, on demand, regardless of whether or not the CR23X is programmed for on-line data output.

If external storage peripherals are not left online, the maximum time between collecting data must be calculated to ensure that data in Final Storage are not lost due to write-over. To calculate this time it is necessary to know: (1) the size of Final Storage, (2) the number of Output Arrays being generated, (3) the number of low and/or high resolution data points per Output Array, and (4) the rate at which Output Arrays are placed into Final Storage. When calculating the number of data points per Output Array, remember to add 1 data point per array for the Output Array ID.

For example, assume that 586,568 locations are assigned to Final Storage ( that 1 Output Array, containing the Array ID (1 memory location), 9 low resolution data points (9 memory locations) and 5 high resolution data points (10 memory locations), is stored each hour. In addition, an Output Array with the Array ID and 5 high resolution data points (11 memory locations) is stored daily. This is a total of 491 memory locations per day ((20 x 24) + 11). 586,568 divided by 491 = 1194 days. Therefore, the CR23X would have to be visited every 1194 days to retrieve data, because write-over would

8 Mode. The

A Mode), and

begin on the 1195th day. The site should be visited more frequently than this for routine maintenance. Thus data storage capacity would not be a factor in determining how frequently to visit the site.

The output device codes used with the Mode are the same as those used with Instruction 96 (Table 4.1-1), with the exception of the option to transfer data from one Final Storage area to the other (80, 81). Table 4.2-1 lists the keystrokes required to initiate a data dump.

4.3 PRINTER OUTPUT FORMATS

Printer output can be sent in binary Final Storage Format (Appendix C.2), Printable ASCII, or Comma Separated ASCII. These ASCII formats may also be used when data from the Storage Modules or Telecommunications are stored on disk with Campbell Scientific's PC208W software.

4.3.1 PRINTABLE ASCII FORMAT

In the Printable ASCII format, each data point is preceded by a 2 digit data point ID and a (+) or (−) sign. The ID and fixed spacing of the data points make particular points easy to find on a printed output. This format requires 10 bytes per data point to store on disk.

Figure 4.3-1 shows both high and low resolution data points in a 12 data point Output Array. The example data contains Day, Hour-Minute, and Seconds in the 2nd - 4th data points. REMEMBER! You must specifically program

4-3

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

the CR23X to output the date and time values. The Output Array ID, Day, and Time are always 4 character numbers, even when high resolution output is specified. The seconds resolution is

0.1 seconds. Each full line of data contains 8 data points (79

characters including spaces), plus a carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF). If the last data point in a full line is high resolution, it is followed immediately with a CR and LF. If it is low resolution, the line is terminated with a space, CR and LF. Lines of data containing less than 8 data points are terminated similarly after the last data point.

4.3.2 COMMA SEPARATED ASCII

Comma Separated ASCII strips all IDs, leading zeros, unnecessary decimal points and trailing zeros, and plus signs. Data points are separated by commas. Arrays are separated by Carriage Return Line Feed. Comma Separated ASCII requires approximately 6 bytes per data point. Example:

1,234,1145,23.65,-12.26,625.9 1,234,1200,24.1,-10.98,650.3

4.4 STORAGE MODULE

The Storage Module stores data in battery backed RAM. Backup is provided by an internal lithium battery. The RAM is internal on the SM192/716 and on a PCMCIA card in the CSM1. Operating power is supplied by the CR23X over pin 1 of the CS I/O port. Whenever power is applied to the CS I/O port (after having been off), the Storage Module places a File Mark in the data (if a File Mark is not the last data point already in storage).

The File Mark separates data. For example, if you retrieve data from one CR23X, disconnect the Storage Module and connect it to a second CR23X, a File Mark is automatically placed in the data. This mark follows the data from the first CR23X but precedes the data from the second.

The SM192 has 192K bytes of RAM storage; the SM716 has 716K bytes. Both can be configured as either ring or fill and stop memory. The size of memory in the CSM1 depends on the PC Card used. The CSM1 is always fill and stop.

4-4

FIGURE 4.3-1. Example of CR23X Printable ASCII Output Format

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

4.4.1 STORAGE MODULE ADDRESSING

The CSM1 does not support individual addresses. Use address "1" when sending data to the CSM1.

The SM192/716 Storage Modules can have individual addresses. Different addresses allow 1) up to 8 Storage Modules to be connected to the CR23X during on-line output, 2) different data to be output to different Modules, and 3) transfer of data from a Module that is left with the CR23X to a Module that is hand carried to the site for data transfer (

9 Mode).

Storage Modules are assigned addresses (1-8) either through the

Mode or with the PC208W software. The default address when the Storage Module is reset is "1". Unless you are using one of the features which require different addresses, you need not assign any other address.

Address 1 is also a universal address when sending data or commands to a storage module

with Instruction 96, address 1 is entered in the

, or

Mode

. When

(default) or in the device code (71, Table 4.2-1) for Instruction 96 or the

8 Mode, The CR23X searches for the Storage Module with the lowest address that is not full (fill and stop configuration only) and addresses it. In other words, if a single Storage Module is connected, and it is not full, address 1 will address that Storage Module regardless of the address that is assigned to the Module.

Address 1 would be used with Instruction 96 if several Storage Modules with different addresses were connected to the CR23X and were to be filled sequentially. The Storage modules would be configured as fill and stop. When the lowest addressed Module was full data would be written to the next lowest addressed Module, etc.

4.4.2 STORAGE MODULE USE WITH INSTRUCTION 96

When output to the Storage Module is enabled with Instruction 96, the Storage Module(s) may be either left with the CR23X for on-line data transfer and periodically exchanged, or brought to the site for data transfer.

USE OF STORAGE MODULE TO PICK UP DATA

The CR23X is capable of recognizing whether or not the Storage Module is connected. Each time Instruction 96 is executed and there is data to output, the CR23X checks for the presence of a Storage Module. If one is not present, the CR23X does not attempt to output data. Instead, the CR23X saves the data and continues its other operations without advancing the Storage Module Pointer (SPTR, Section 2.1).

When the user finally does connect the Storage Module to the CR23X, two things happen:

1. Immediately upon connection, a File Mark is placed in the Storage Module Memory following the last data stored (if a File Mark wasn't the last data point already in storage).

2. During the next execution of Instruction 96, the CR23X recognizes that the Storage Module (SM) is present and outputs all data between the SPTR and the DSP location.

The File Mark allows the operator to distinguish blocks of data from different dataloggers or from different visits to the field.

To be certain that the Storage Module has been connected to the CR23X during an execution of P96, the user can:

• Leave the Storage Module connected for a time period longer than an execution interval or

• Use the SC90 9-Pin Serial Line Monitor. The SC90 contains an LED which lights up during data transmission. The user connects the SM to the CR23X with the SC90 on the line and waits for the LED to light. When the light goes off, data transfer is complete and the SM can be disconnected from the CR23X.

4.4.3

8 DUMP TO STORAGE MODULE

In addition to the on-line data output procedures described above, output to the Storage Module can be manually initiated in the

8 Mode. The procedure for setting up and transferring data is as follows:

1. Connect the Storage Module to the CR23X

using the SC12 cable.

4-5

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

2. Key in the appropriate commands as listed in Table 4.2-1.

4.5

MODE -- SM192/716

STORAGE MODULE COMMANDS

The CSM1 does not support the Commands.

The

Mode is used to issue commands to the SM192/716 Storage Module, from the CR23X. These commands are like

Modes for the Storage Module and in some cases are directly analogous to the CR23X

Modes. Command 7 enters a mode used to review stored data, and 8 is used to transfer data between two Storage Modules connected to the CR23X. The operations with the Storage Module are not directly analogous as may be seen in Table 4.5-1 which lists the

TABLE 4.5-1.

COMMAND DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

1 01: 0000 RESET, enter 248 to erase all data and programs. While erasing,

01: XX displayed (6 for SM192, 22 SM716).

3 03: 01 INSERT FILE MARK, 1 indicates that the mark was inserted, 0 4 04: XX DISPLAY/SET MEMORY CONFIGURATION enter the 5 DISPLAY STATUS (A to advance to each window)

01: ABCD Window 1:

AB Storage pointer location (chip no.)

CD Total good RAM chips (1-22)

02: ABCD Window 2:

AB Display pointer location (chip no.)

C Unloaded Batt. Chk. 0=low, 1=OK

D No. of Programs stored (Max=8)

03: A0CD Window 3:

A Errors logged (up to 9)

0 Not Used

C Memory Config. (0=ring, 1=fill&stop)

D Memory Status (0=not full, 1=full)

04: XXXXX PROM signature (0 if bad PROM) 6 06: 0X BATTERY CHECK UNDER LOAD (0=low, 1=OK) 7 07: 00 DISPLAY DATA, Select the Storage Module Area with these codes:

Mode

the SM checks memory. The number of good chips is then

that it was not. appropriate code to change configuration 0=ring, 1=fill & stop

commands (e.g., when reviewing data, #A advances to the start of the next Output Array rather than to the same element in the next array with the same ID).

When

is keyed, the CR23X responds: 09:01

1 is the default address for the Storage Module (Section 4.4.1). If you have more than 1 Storage Module connected, enter the address of the desired Storage Module. Address 1 will always work if only one Module is connected. Key A and the CR23X responds: 9N:00 Where N is the address which was entered.

You may now enter any of the commands in Table 4.5-1 (key in the command number and enter with A). Most commands have at least one response. Advance through the responses and return to the

Commands for Storage Module

command state by keying A.

0 Dump pointer to SRP 1 File 1, current file 2 File 2, previous to file 1 3 File 3, previous to file 2 4 File 4, previous to file 3 5 File 5, previous to file 4 7 Display pointer to SRP 9 Oldest data to SRP

1-5 will loop within file boundaries, 0,7,9 allow display to

cross boundaries

4-6

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

07:XXXXXX SM location at end of area selected. Key A to advance to first

data. If another location is keyed in SM will jump to 1st start of array following that location. Review data with:

A Advance and display next data point B Back-up one data point # Display location, C to return to data #A Advance to next start of Array #B Back-up to start of Array

#D Return to

command mode

8 DUMP TO ANOTHER STORAGE MODULE

08:00 Select Area as in 7 above 01:XXXXXX First Loc. in area selected/Enter Loc. to start dump 02:XXXXXX Final Loc. in area selected/Enter Loc. to end dump 03:XX Enter destination SM address

9 DISPLAY ADDRESSES OF CONNECTED SM

XXXXXXXX 1 = occupied, 0 = unoccupied 87654321 (Addresses 8-1 from left to right)

10 CHANGE ADDRESS

10:0X X is current address, enter address to change to (1-8)

4-7

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

This is a blank page.

4-8

SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Campbell Scientific has developed a software package which automates data retrieval and facilitates the programming of Campbell Scientific dataloggers and the handling of data files. This package, PC208W, has been designed to meet most needs in datalogger support and telecommunications. Therefore, information in this section is not necessary for most datalogger applications.

Telecommunications is used to retrieve data from Final Storage directly to a computer/terminal and to program the CR23X. Any user communication with the CR23X that makes use of a computer or terminal is done through Telecommunications.

Telecommunications can take place over a variety of links including:

• SC32A and ribbon cable/SC929 cable

• Telephone

• Cellular phone

• Radio frequency

• Short haul modem and twisted pair wire

• Multi-drop interface and coax cable

This section does not cover the technical interface details for any of these links. Those details are covered in Section 6 and in the individual manuals for the devices.

Data retrieval can take place in either BINARY or ASCII. The BINARY format is 5 times more compact than ASCII. The shorter transmission times for binary result in lower long distance costs if the link is telephone and lower power consumption with an RF link. On "noisy" links shorter blocks of data are more likely to get through without interruption.

For more efficient data transfer, binary data retrieval makes use of a signature for error detection. The signature algorithm assures a 99.998% probability that if either the data or its sequence changes, the signature changes. Campbell Scientific’s PC208W Datalogger Support Software uses the binary format for data transfer.

This section does not furnish sufficient detail to write telecommunications software. Appendix C contains some details of binary data transfer and Campbell Scientific’s binary data format. The emphasis of this section is on the commands that a person would use when manually (i.e., keyed in by hand) interrogating or programming the CR23X via a computer/terminal. These commands and the responses to them are sent in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).

The telecommunications commands allow the user to perform several operations including:

• trouble shoot a problematic communications link

• check the datalogger’s status

• monitor data in Input Storage and review data in Final Storage

• retrieve Final Storage data in either ASCII or BINARY

• open communications with the Storage Module

• remote keyboard programming

The Remote Keyboard State (Section 5.2) allows the user with a computer/terminal to use the same commands as on the CR23X keypad.

5.1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMANDS

When a modem/terminal rings the CR23X, the CR23X should answer almost immediately. Several carriage returns (CR) must be sent to the CR23X to allow it to set its baud rate to that

of the modem/terminal (300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19.2K, 38.4K, or 76.8K). Once the baud rate is set, the CR23X will send back the prompt, "∗∗∗∗", signaling that it is ready to receive a command.

5-1

SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

GENERAL RULES governing the telecommunications commands are as follows:

1. ∗∗∗∗ from datalogger means "ready for command".

2. All commands are of the form: [no.]letter, where the number may or may not be optional.

3. Valid characters are the numbers 0-9, the capital letters A-U, the colon (:), and the carriage return (CR).

4. An illegal character increments a counter and zeros the command buffer, returning a ∗∗∗∗.

5. CR to datalogger means "execute".

6. A carriage return followed immediately by a line feed character (CRLF) from datalogger means "executing command".

7. ANY character besides a CR sent to the datalogger with a legal command in its buffer causes the datalogger to abort the command sequence with CRLF∗∗∗∗ and to zero the command buffer.

8. All commands return a response code, usually at least a checksum.

9. The checksum includes all characters sent by the datalogger since the last ∗∗∗∗, including the echoed command sequence, excluding only the checksum itself. The checksum is formed by summing the ASCII values, without parity, of the transmitted characters. The largest possible checksum value is 8191. Each time 8191 is exceeded, the CR23X

starts the count over; e.g., if the sum of the ASCII values is 8192, the checksum is 0.

10. Commands that return Campbell Scientific binary format data (i.e., F and K commands) return a signature (see Appendix C.3).

The CR23X sends ASCII data with 8 bits, no parity, one start bit, and one stop bit.

After the CR23X answers a ring, or completes a command, it waits about 40 seconds (127 seconds in the Remote Keyboard State) for a valid character to arrive. It "hangs up" if it does not receive a valid character in this time interval. Some modems are quite noisy when not on line; it is possible for valid characters to appear in the noise pattern. To insure that this situation does not keep the CR23X in telecommunications, the CR23X counts all the invalid characters it receives from the time it answers a ring, and terminates communication after receiving 150 invalid characters.

The CR23X continues to execute its measurement and processing tasks while servicing the telecommunication requests. If the processing overhead is large (short Execution Interval), the processing tasks will slow the telecommunication functions. In a worst case situation, the CR23X interrupts the processing tasks to transmit a data point every

0.1 second.

The best way to become familiar with the Telecommunication Commands is to try them from a terminal connected to the CR23X via the SC32A (Section 6.7.1) or other interface. Commands used to interrogate the CR23X in the Telecommunications Mode are described in the following Table.

5-2

SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

TABLE 5.1-1. Telecommunications Commands

Command Description

[F.S. Area]A SELECT AREA/STATUS - If 1 or 2 does not precede the A to select

the Final Storage Area, the CR23X will default to the Area last used (initially this is Area 1). All subsequent commands other than A will address the area selected. Datalogger returns Reference, the DSP location; the number of Filled Final Storage locations; Version of datalogger; Final Storage Area; Location of MPTR (the location number may be 1 to 7 characters long); Errors #1, #2, #3, and #4 where #1 is the number of E08's, #2 is the number of overrun errors, #3 is the number of times the program stopped due to low voltage, and #4 is the number of times the 5 V supply dropped below 5V (all are cleared by entering 8888A; #2 is also cleared at time of program compilation); size of total Memory in CR23X in Kbytes; the lithium Battery voltage; and Checksum. All in the following format:

R+xxxxx. F+xxxxx. Vxx Axx L+xxxxxxx. Exx xx xx xx Mxxxx B+x. xxxx Cxxxx

If data is stored while in telecommunications, the A command must be issued to update the Reference to the new DSP.

[no. of arrays]B BACK-UP - MPTR is backed-up the specified number of Output

Arrays (no number defaults to 1) and advanced to the nearest start of array. CR23X sends the Area, MPTR Location, and Checksum:

Ax L+xxxxxxx Cxxxx

[YR:DAY:HR:MM:SS]C RESET/SEND TIME - If time is entered the time is reset. If only 2

colons are in the time string, HR:MM:SS is assumed; 3 colons means DAY:HR:MM:SS. If only the C is entered, time is unaltered. CR23X returns year, Julian day, hr:min:sec, and Checksum:

Yxx Dxxxx Txx:xx:xx Cxxxx

[no. of arrays]D ASCII DUMP - If necessary, the MPTR is advanced to the beginning

of the next array. CR23X sends the number of arrays specified (no number defaults to 1) or the number of arrays between MPTR and Reference, whichever is smaller, CRLF, FSA, Location, Checksum.

E End call. Datalogger sends CRLF only.

[no. of loc.]F BINARY DUMP - Used by CSI software for data retrieval. See

Appendix C.

[F.S. loc. no.]G MOVE MPTR - MPTR is moved to specified Final Storage location.

The location number must be entered. CR23X sends Area, Location, and Checksum:

Ax L+xxxxxxx Cxxxx

7H or 2718H REMOTE KEYBOARD - CR23X sends the prompt ">" and is ready

to execute standard keyboard commands (Section OV3). Aborted by pressing any key (except *, D , #) on local keypad.

5-3

SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

[loc. no.]I Display/change value at Input Storage location. CR23X sends the

value stored at the location. A new value and CR may then be sent. CR23X sends checksum. If no new value is sent (CR only), the location value will remain the same.

3142J TOGGLE FLAGS AND SET UP FOR K COMMAND - Used i n the

Monitor Mode and with the Heads Up Display. See Appendix C for details.

2413J SET UP FOR K COMMAND - Used in the Monitor Mode and with the

Heads Up Display. Similar to the 3142J command but does not toggle flags and ports. See Appendix C for details. (Available first in CR23X OS Version 1.7; also indicated by “V4” returned to the A command, see above.)

K CURRENT INFORMATION - In response to the K command, the

CR23X sends datalogger time, user flag status, the data at the input locations requested in the J command, and Final Storage Data if requested by the J command. Used in the Monitor Mode and with Heads Up Display. See Appendix C for details.

[Password]L Unlocks security (if enabled) to the level determined by the

password entered (See * C Mode, Section 1.7). CR23X sends security level (0-3) and checksum:

Sxx Cxxxx

[X]M Connect to Storage Module with address 'X' and enter the Storage

Module's Telecommunications Mode (see Storage Module manual). The Storage Module can also be accessed through the * 9 Commands while in the Remote Keyboard Mode (Section 4.5 and the Storage Module manual).

1N Connect phone modem to RF modem at phone to RF base station.

P Command to set 9.8304 MHz crystal coefficients. Coefficients are

set at the factory and normally should not be altered. Displays: E clock Hz - 2.4576 MHz to give better resolution. Also, gets rid of out of bounds check that

used to load default back in. If not set, P27 and other timing instructions will have problems.

19287P will display the 2 coefficient numbers for you (e.g. 0.8944 .8133). If the 2 numbers are -99999, the datalogger needs to be calibrated.

19287:1600P will calibrate it for you if your crystal is exactly 2.4576 MHz E Clock. This temporary fix will improve the performance of a datalogger that failed the 19287P test.

5-4

R Command to set the display’s contrast dependence on temperature.

Typing R alone will display the current settings to you (## ## ## ##

SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

## ## ## ##). Typing 8 numbers, separated by colons, followed by an R, will reset the default settings. Example:

140:110:90:65:50:45:34:30R <crlf>

The setting of the eight contrast temperature bins is initially done at Campbell Scientific. Below are the contrast settings of one type of LCD screen for temperatures from <-15 to >+50 °C. A user can also adjust the value of the current bin by entering the * D mode while in Remote Keyboard Mode. The minimum contrast setting is 0. The maximum setting is 255.

Contrast Setting

140 < -15 110 -10 to -15

90 -5 to -10 65 -5 to +5 50 +5 to +30 45 +30 to +40 35 +40 to +50 30 > +50

S Returns Mode A Memory Allocation registers (first group of 01: to 09:)

and Mode B Status/On-board Firmware registers (second group of 01: to 17:)

T SDM-SIO4 talk through command

Address: Port T

Address = 0..15 Port = 0..4

nnnnU Returns V[value] C[checksum] where nnnn refers to an input

location, port, or flag, V is the value at the input location, port or flag, and C is the checksum. For nnnn = 90ff, then nnnn refers to flag ff. For nnnn = 91pp, then nnnn refers to port pp. For nnnn<9000, then nnnn refers to input location nnnn.

Temperature °°°°C

Examples (xxxx is checksum, true or high for flags is non-zero, false or low is zero): 2U<CR> returns V+73.650 Cxxxx. (input location 2 equals 73.650)

9003U<CR> returns V+1.0000 Cxxxx (flag 3 is high).

9107U<CR> returns V+0.0000 Cxxxx (port 7 is low)

nnnn:[value]:[checksum]U Loads the input location, port, or flag referred to by nnnn with value if

the checksum is correct. nnnn refers to input location, flag, or port as above. The datalogger returns the same as the nnnnU command.

5-5

SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Examples: 14:-3.2450:xxxxU<CR> returns V-3.2450 C1357 (sets input location 14 to -3.2450)

9003:1:xxxxU<CR> returns V1.0000 Cxxxx (sets flag 3 high)

9105:0:xxxxU<CR> returns V0.0000 Cxxxx (sets port 5 low)

5.2 REMOTE PROGRAMMING OF THE CR23X

Remote programming of the CR23X can be accomplished with the PC208W software or directly through the Remote Keyboard State.

The PC208W Datalogger Support Software was developed by Campbell Scientific for use with IBM or compatible PC's. Datalogger programs are developed on the computer using the program editor (Edlog in PC208W or the separate Short Cut program generator) and downloaded to the datalogger using PC208W’s Connect screen.

Alternatively, a terminal session can be opened using any terminal program (e.g., Microsoft’s Hyperterminal) and connecting via serial cable to the CR23X. PC208W’s Connect screen also offers such a Terminal window. The CR23X can be placed in the Remote Keyboard State by sending either "7H" or "2718H" and a carriage return (CR). The CR23X responds by sending a CR, line feed (LF), and the prompt '>'. The CR23X is then ready to receive the standard keyboard commands; it recognizes all the standard CR23X keyboard characters plus several additional characters, including the decimal point, the minus sign, and Enter (CR) (Section OV3.2).

Remember that entering * 0 will compile and run the CR23X program if program changes have been made.

The 7H Command is generally used with a terminal for direct entry since H makes use of a destructive backspace and does not send control Q between each entry. The 2718H Command functions the same as it does for other Campbell Scientific dataloggers (deleting an entry causes the entire entry to be sent, "control Q" is sent after each user entry).

It is important to remember that the Remote Keyboard State is still within Telecommunications. Entering * 0 exits the Remote Keyboard State and returns the datalogger to the Telecommunications Command State, awaiting another command. The user can step back and forth between the Telecommunications Command State and the Remote Keyboard State.

NOTE: Entering * 0 returns the CR23X to the telecommunications command state.

Telecommunications Remote

Command Keyboard

State State

5-6

7H (or 2718H)

∗ 0

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

CS I/O

COMPUTER

RS232

(OPTICALLY ISOLATED)

External communication peripherals normally connect to the CR23X through two 9-pin subminiature D-type socket connectors located on the front panel (Figure 6.1-1). An optically isolated RS-232 port is provided for direct connection to RS-232 devices such as a PC. Optical isolation provides immunity from ground loop problems that can degrade single-ended measurement accuracy in systems with multiple ground connections. The CS I/O interface utilizes (0 - 5) V signal levels and is to be used to connect to Campbell Scientific communications peripherals. Either 9-pin interface can be used for telecommunications, however, only one of these two interfaces can be active at once. The first 9-pin interface to receive a RING becomes the active interface until a telecommunications sequence is terminated. When either port is active, "Busy with COM" will show on the CR23X display. If "Busy with COM" is displayed after disconnecting the telecommunications device, pressing any key will activate the key pad after a 2 to 3 second delay.

NOTE: Serial communications is not reliable over cable greater than 50 feet in length.

6.1 COMPUTER RS-232 9-PIN DESCRIPTION

Direct connection of the CR23X to a PC is most conveniently done through the "Computer RS232" port (Figure 6.2-1). Table 6.1-1 gives a brief description of each "Computer RS232" pin.

The Computer RS-232 port is a DCE device when connected to a PC with a serial cable. It also doubles as a DTE device when connected to a modem device through a null-modem cable.

Maximum input = ± 25V Minimum Output = ± 5V Typical Output = ± 7V

TABLE 6.1-1. Computer RS-232 Pin-Out

ABR = Abbreviation for the function name PIN = Pin number O = Signal Out of the CR23X to a RS-232

device

I = Signal Into the CR23X from a RS-232

device

The CR23X is supplied with a six foot 9 pin to 9 pin serial cable and a 9 to 25 pin adapter to facilitate connection to a PC RS-232 port.

Pin 5

Pin 9

FIGURE 6.1-1. Serial Communication

Interfaces

6.2 CS I/O 9-PIN DESCRIPTION

All Campbell Scientific communication peripherals connect to the CR23X through the 9-pin subminiature D-type socket connector located on the front of the Wiring Panel labeled “CS I/O” (Figure 6.1-1). Table 6.2-1 gives a brief description of each pin.

Pin 1

Pin 6

PIN ABR

1 DTR O data terminal ready 2 TX O asynchronous transmit 3 RX I asynchronous receive 4 not used 5 GND isolated ground 6 not used 7 CTS I clear to send 8 RTS O request to send 9RINGIring

I/O Description

6-1

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

TABLE 6.2-1. Pin Description

ABR = Abbreviation for the function name. PIN = Pin number. O = Signal Out of the CR10X to a peripheral. I = Signal Into the CR10X from a peripheral.

PIN ABR

1 5 V O 5V: Sources 5 VDC, used to power peripherals. 2 SG Signal Ground: Provides a power return for pin 1 (5V), and is used as a

3 RING I Ring: Raised by a peripheral to put the CR10X in the telecommunications mode. 4 RXD I Receive Data: Serial data transmitted by a peripheral are received on pin 4. 5 ME O Modem Enable: Raised when the CR10X determines that a modem raised the

6 SDE O Synchronous Device Enable: Used to address Synchronous Devices (SDs), and

7 CLK/HS I/O Clock/Handshake: Used with the SDE and TXD lines to address and transfer

8 +12 VDC 9 TXD O Transmit Data: Serial data are transmitted from the CR10X to peripherals on pin

I/O Description

reference for voltage levels.

ring line.

can be used as an enable line for printers.

data to SDs. When not used as a clock, pin 7 can be used as a handshake line (during printer output, high enables, low disables).

9; logic low marking (0V) logic high spacing (5V) standard asynchronous ASCII, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, 300, 1200, 9600, 76,800 baud (user selectable).

6-2

(ME)

MODEM

(COM200

RF95

SC32A)

FIGURE 6.2-1. Hardware Enabled and Synchronously Addressed Peripherals

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

6.2.1 ENABLING AND ADDRESSING PERIPHERALS

While several peripherals may be connected in parallel to the CS I/O port, the CR23X has only one transmit line (pin 9) and one receive line (pin 4, Table 6.2-1). The CR23X selects a peripheral in one of two ways: 1) A specific pin is dedicated to that peripheral and the peripheral is enabled when the pin goes high; we will call this pinenabled or simply enabled. 2) The peripheral is addressed; the address is sent on pin 9, each bit being synchronously clocked using pin 7. Pin 6 is set high while addressing.

6.2.1.1 PIN-ENABLED PERIPHERALS

Modem Enable (pin 5) is dedicated to a specific device. Synchronous Device Enable (pin 6) can either be used as a Print Enable or it can be used to address Synchronous Devices (Section

6.2.5). Modem Enable (ME), pin 5, is raised to enable

a modem that has raised the ring line. Modem/terminal peripherals include Campbell Scientific phone modems and computers or terminals using the SC32A or SC929 interface. The CR23X interprets a ring interrupt (Section

6.2.2) to come from a modem if the device raises the CR23X's Ring line, and holds it high until the CR23X raises the ME line. Only one modem/ terminal may be connected to the CR23X.

Print Peripherals are defined as peripherals which have an asynchronous serial communications port used to RECEIVE data transferred by the CR23X. In most cases the print peripheral is a printer, but could also be an on-line computer or other device.

Synchronous Device Enable (SDE), pin 6, may be used to enable a print peripheral only when no other addressable peripherals are connected to the CS I/O connector. Use of the SDE line as an enable line maintains CR23X compatibility with printer-type peripherals which require a line to be held high (Data Terminal Ready) in order to receive data.

If output to both a print peripheral and an addressable peripheral is necessary the SDC99 Synchronous Device Interface is required. With the SDC99 the print peripheral functions as an addressable peripheral. If the SDC99 is not used, the print peripheral receives the address

and data sent to the addressed peripheral. Synchronous addressing appears as garbage characters on a print peripheral.

6.2.1.2 ADDRESSED PERIPHERALS

The CR23X has the ability to address Synchronous Devices (SDs). SDs differ from enabled peripherals in that they are not enabled solely by a hardware line (Section 6.2.1.1); an SD is enabled by an address synchronously clocked from the CR23X (Section 6.2.5).

Up to 16 SDs may be addressed by the CR23X. Unlike an enabled peripheral, the CR23X establishes communication with an addressed peripheral before data are transferred. During data transfer an addressed peripheral uses pin 7 as a handshake line with the CR23X.

Synchronously addressed peripherals include Storage Modules, SDC99 Synchronous Device Interface (SDC99), and RF95 RF Modem when configured as a synchronous device. The SDC99 interface is used to address peripherals which are normally modem enabled (Figure 6.2-1).

6.2.2 RING INTERRUPTS

There are two peripherals that can raise the CR23X's ring line; modems and the RF Modem configured for synchronous device for communication (RF-SDC). The RF-SDC is used when the CR23X is installed at a telephone to RF base station.

When the Ring line is raised, the processor is interrupted, and the CR23X determines which peripheral raised the Ring line through a process of elimination (Figure 6.2-3). The CR23X raises the CLK/HS line forcing all SDs to drop the ring line. If the ring line is still high the peripheral is a modem, and the ME line is raised. If the ring line is low the CR23X addresses the Keyboard Display and RF-SDC to determine which device to service. (Section 6.2.5)

After the CR23X has determined which peripheral raised the Ring line, the hierarchy is as follows:

A modem which raises the Ring line will interrupt and gain control of the CR23X. A ring from a modem aborts data transfer to pin-enabled and addressed peripherals.

6-3

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

FIGURE 6.2-3. Servicing of Ring Interrupts

6.2.4 MODEM/TERMINAL PERIPHERALS

The CR23X considers any device with an asynchronous serial communications port which raises the Ring line (and holds it high until the ME line is raised) to be a modem peripheral. Modem/terminals include Campbell Scientific phone modems, and most computers, terminals, and modems using the SC32A Optically Isolated RS-232 Interface, the SC932 RS-232 DCE Interface, or the SC929 cable.

When a modem raises the Ring line, the CR23X responds by raising the ME line. The CR23X must then receive carriage returns spaced at least 50 ms apart until it can establish baud rate. When the baud rate has been set, the CR23X sends a carriage return, line feed, "∗".

The ME line is held high until the CR23X receives an "E" to exit telecommunications. The ME is also lowered if a character is not received after 40 seconds in the Telecommunications Command State (2 minutes in the Remote Keyboard State).

Some modems are quite noisy when not on line; it is possible for valid characters to appear in the noise pattern. For this reason, the CR23X counts all the invalid characters it receives from the time it answers a ring, and terminates communication (lowers the ME line and returns to the Mode) after receiving 150 invalid characters.

6.2.5 SYNCHRONOUS DEVICE COMMUNICATION

Synchronous Devices (SDs) differ from enabled peripherals (Section 6.2.1) in that they are not enabled solely by a hardware line. An SD is enabled by an address synchronously clocked from the CR23X. Up to 16 SDs may be addressed by the CR23X, requiring only three pins of the 9-pin connector.

Synchronous Device Communication (SDC) discussed here is for those peripherals which connect to the 9-pin serial port. This should not be confused with Synchronous Device for Measurement (SDM) peripherals connected to control ports 1, 2, and 3. (Although the communication protocol for SDMs is very similar, their addressing is independent of SDC addresses and they do not have a ring line.)

SD STATES The CR23X and the SDs use a combination of

the Ring, Clock Handshake (CLK/HS) and Synchronous Device Enable (SDE) lines to establish communication. The CR23X can put the SDs into one of six states.

STATE 1, the SD Reset State The CR23X forces the SDs to the reset/request

state by lowering the SDE and CLK/HS lines. The SD cannot drive the CLK/HS or RXD lines in State 1, however, it can raise the Ring line if service is needed. The SD can never pull the Ring low if a Modem/Terminal is holding it high. Data on TXD is ignored by the SD.

STATE 2, the SD Addressing State The CR23X places the SDs in the addressing

state by raising CLK/HS followed by or simultaneously raising SDE (Figure 6.2-4). TXD must be low while SDE and CLK/HS are changing to the high state.

State 2 requires all SDs to drop the Ring line and prepare for addressing. The CR23X then synchronously clocks 8 bits onto TXD using CLK/HS as a clock. The least significant bit is transmitted first and is always logic high. Each bit transmitted is stable on the rising edge of CLK/HS. The SDs shift in bits from TXD on the rising edge of CLK/HS provided by the CR23X.

The CR23X can only address one device per State 2 cycle. More than one SD may respond

6-4

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

to the address, however. State 2 ends when the 8th bit is received by the SD.

SDs implemented with shift registers decode the 4 most significant bits (bits 4, 5, 6, and 7) for an address. Bit 0 is always logic high. Bits 1, 2, and 3 are optional function selectors or commands. Addresses established to date are shown in Table 6.2-2 and are decoded with respect to the TXD line.

TABLE 6.2-2. SD Addresses

B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 VS1 0110XXX1 SDC99 Printer 0000XXX1 Storage Module 0001XXX1 RF95 Modem 0011XXX1

STATE 3, the SD Active State The SD addressed by State 2, enters State 3.

All other SDs enter State 4. An active SD returns to State 1 by resetting itself, or by the CR23X forcing it to reset.

Active SDs have different acknowledgment and communication protocols. Once addressed, the SD is free to use the CLK/HS, TXD, and RXD lines according to its protocol with the CR23X. The CR23X may also pulse the SDE line after addressing, as long as the CLK/HS and SDE are not low at the same time.

STATE 4, the SD Inactive State The SDs not addressed by State 2 enter State

4, if not able to reset themselves (e.g., SM192 Storage Module). Inactive SDs ignore data on the TXD line and are not allowed to use the CLK/HS or RXD lines. Inactive SDs may raise the Ring line to request service.

STATE 5

State 5 is a branch from State 1 when the SDE line is high and the CLK/HS line is low. The SDs must drop the Ring line in this state. This state is not used by SDs. The CR23X must force the SDs back to the reset state from State 5 before addressing SDs.

STATE 6

State 6 is a branch from State 1, like State 5, except the SDE line is low and the CLK/HS line is high. The SDs must drop the Ring line in this state.

6.2.6 MODEM/TERMINAL AND COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS

The CR23X considers any device with an asynchronous serial communications port which raises the Ring line (and holds it high until the ME line is raised) to be a modem peripheral. Modems include Campbell Scientific phone modems, and most computers, terminals, and modems using the SC32A Optically Isolated RS-232 Interface.

FIGURE 6.2-4. Addressing Sequence for the RF Modem

6-5

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

6.2.6.1 SC32A INTERFACE TO COMPUTER

Most computers require the SC32A Optically Isolated RS-232 Interface to communicate to the CS I/O port. (Direct connection to the CR23X is allowed through the “Computer RS-232” port.) The SC32A can pass data up to 19.2 K baud. The SC32A raises the CR23X's ring line when it receives characters from a modem, and converts the CR23X's logic levels (0 V logic low, 5V logic high) to RS-232 logic levels.

The SC32A 25-pin port is configured as Data Communications Equipment (DCE) (see Table

6.2-3) for direct connection to Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), which includes most PCs and printers.

When the SC32A receives a character from the terminal/computer (pin 2), 5 V is applied to the datalogger Ring line (pin 3) for one second or until the Modem Enable line (ME) goes high. The CR23X waits approximately 40 seconds to receive carriage returns, which it uses to establish baud rate. After the baud rate has been set the CR23X transmits a carriage return, line feed, "∗", and enters the Telecommunications Command State (Section 5). If the carriage returns are not received within the 40 seconds, the CR23X "hangs up".

TABLE 6.2-3. SC32A Pin Description

PIN = Pin number O = Signal Out of the SC32A to a peripheral I = Signal Into the SC32A from peripheral

25-PIN FEMALE PORT:

NOTE: The SC32A has a jumper, which

when used, passes data only when the ME line is high and the SDE line is low. The function of the jumper is to block data sent to SDs from being received by a computer/terminal used to initiate data transfer. Synchronous data will appear as garbage characters on a computer/terminal.

6.2.6.2 SC932 INTERFACE TO MODEMS

Most modems have an RS-232 port configured as DCE. For connection of the CS I/O port to DCE devices such as modems and some computers, the SC932 9-pin to RS-232 DCE Interface should be used. The SC932 supports baud rates up to

19.2 K. Faster baud rates may be possible, depending on the device being interfaced.

6.2.6.3 COMPUTER/TERMINAL REQUIREMENTS

Computer/terminal peripherals are usually configured as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE). Pins 4 and 20 are used as handshake lines, which are set high when the serial port is enabled. Power for the SC32A RS-232 section is taken from these pins. For equipment configured as DTE (see Table 6.2-4) a direct ribbon cable connects the computer/terminal to the SC32A. Clear to Send (CTS) pin 5, Data Set Ready (DSR) pin 6, and Data Carrier Detect (DCD) pin 8 are held high by the SC32A (when the RS-232 section is powered) which should satisfy hardware handshake requirements of the computer/terminal.

PIN #

1 GROUND 2ITX 3ORX 4 I RTS (POWER) 5OCTS 6ODSR 7 GROUND 8 O DCD 20 I DTR (POWER)

9-PIN MALE PORT: PIN #

1 +5V INPUT 2 GROUND 3RING 4RX 5ME 6SDE 9TX

6-6

I/O ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATION

Table 6.2-4 lists the most common RS-232 configuration for Data Terminal Equipment.

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

TABLE 6.2-4. DTE Pin Configuration

PIN = 25-pin connector number ABR = Abbreviation for the function name O = Signal Out of terminal to another device I = Signal Into terminal from another device

PIN ABR

2 TD O Transmitted Data: Data

3 RD I Received Data: Data is

4 RTS O Request to Send: The

5 CTS I Clear to Send: The

20 DTR O Data Terminal Ready:

6 DSR I Data Set Ready: The

8 DCD I Data Carrier Detect: The

22 RI I Ring Indicator: The

7 SG Signal Ground: Voltages

I/O FUNCTION

is transmitted from the terminal on this line.

received by the terminal on this line.

terminal raises this line to ask a receiving device if the terminal can transmit data.

receiving device raises this line to let the terminal know that the receiving device is ready to accept data.

The terminal raises this line to tell the modem to connect itself to the telephone line.

modem raises this line to tell the terminal that the modem is connected to the phone line.

modem raises this line to tell the terminal that the modem is receiving a valid carrier signal from the phone line.

modem raises this line to tell the terminal that the phone is ringing.

are measured relative to this point.

6.2.6.3 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL/TROUBLE SHOOTING

The ASCII standard defines an alphabet consisting of 128 different characters where each character corresponds to a number, letter, symbol, or control code.

An ASCII character is a binary digital code composed of a combination of seven "bits", each bit having a binary state of 1 (one) or 0 (zero). For example, the binary equivalent for the ASCII character "1" is 0110001 (decimal 49).

ASCII characters are transmitted one bit at a time, starting with the 1st (least significant) bit. During data transmission the marking condition is used to denote the binary state 1, and the spacing condition for the binary state 0. The signal is considered marking when the voltage is more negative than minus three volts with respect to ground, and spacing when the voltage is more positive than plus three volts.

Most computers use 8-bits (1 byte) for data communications. The 8th bit is sometimes used for a type of error checking called paritychecking. Even parity binary characters have an even number of 1's, odd-parity characters have an odd number of 1's. When parity checking is used, the 8th bit is set to either a 1 or a 0 to make the parity of the character correct. The CR23X ignores the 8th bit of a character that is receives, and transmits the 8th bit as a binary 0. This method is generally described as "no parity".

To separate ASCII characters, a Start bit is sent before the 1st bit and a Stop bit is sent after the 8th bit. The start bit is always a space, and the stop bit is always a mark. Between characters the signal is in the marking condition.

Figure 6.2-5 shows how the ASCII character "1" is transmitted. When transmitted by the CR23X using the SC32A RS-232 interface spacing and marking voltages are positive and negative, as shown. Signal voltages at the CS I/O port are 5V in the spacing condition, and 0V in the marking condition.

6-7

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

FIGURE 6.2-5. Transmitting the ASCII Character 1

BAUD RATE BAUD RATE is the number of bits transmitted

per second. The CR23X can communicate at 300, 1200, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, and 76800 baud. In the Telecommunications State, the CR23X will set its baud rate to match the baud rate of the computer/terminal. Some baud rates, particularly those above 9600, may not be supported by all CSI communications equipment.

Typically the baud rate of the modem/computer/ terminal is set either with dip switches, or programmed from the keyboard. The instrument's instruction manual should explain how to set it.

DUPLEX Full duplex means that two devices can

communicate in both directions simultaneously. Half duplex means that the two devices must send and receive alternately. Full duplex should always be specified when communicating with Campbell Scientific peripherals and modems. However, communication between some Campbell Scientific modems (such as the RF95 RF modem) is carried out in a half duplex fashion. This can affect the way commands should be sent to and received from such a modem, especially when implemented by computer software.

To overcome the limitations of half duplex, some communications links expect a terminal sending data to also write the data to the screen. This saves the remote device having to echo that data back. If, when communicating with a Campbell Scientific device, characters are displayed twice (in pairs), it is likely that the terminal is set to half duplex rather than the correct setting of full duplex.

IF NOTHING HAPPENS If the CR23X is connected to the SC32A RS-

232 interface and a modem/terminal, and an "∗" is not received after sending carriage returns:

1. Verify that the CR23X has power AT THE 12V AND GROUND INPUTS, and that the cables connecting the devices are securely connected.

2. Verify that the port of the modem/terminal is an asynchronous serial communications port configured as DTE (see Table 6.2-4). The most common problems occur when the user tries to use a parallel port, or doesn't know the port assignments, i.e. COM1 or COM2. IBM, and most compatibles come with a Diagnostic disk which can be used to identify ports, and their assignments. If the serial port is standard equipment, then the operators manual should give you this information.

3. Verify that there is 5 volts between the CR23X 5V and G terminals. Call Campbell Scientific technical support if the voltage is less than 4.8 volts.

Some serial ports, e.g., the Super Serial Card for Apple computers, can be configured as DTE or DCE with a jumper block. Pin functions must match Table 6.2-4.

If you are using a computer to communicate with the datalogger, communication software must be used to enable the serial port and to make the computer function as a terminal. The port should be enabled for 300, 1200, or 9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity. Campbell Scientific's PC208W provides this function.

If you are not sure that your computer/terminal is sending or receiving characters, there is a simple way to verify it. Make sure that the duplex is set to full. Next, take a paper clip and connect one end to pin 2, and the other end to pin 3 of the serial port. Each character typed on the keyboard will be displayed only if transmitted from the terminal on pin 2, and received on pin 3 (if duplex is set to half, the character will be displayed once if it is not transmitted, or twice if it is transmitted).

6-8

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

IF GARBAGE APPEARS If garbage characters appear on the display,

check that the baud rate is supported by the CR23X. If the baud rate is correct, verify that the computer/terminal is set for 8 data bits, and no parity. Garbage will appear if 7 data bits and no parity are used. If the computer/terminal is set to 8 data bits and even or odd parity, communication cannot be established.

6.3 USE OF INSTRUCTION 96

Instruction 96 is used for on-line data transfer to peripherals (Section 4.1). Each peripheral connected to the CR23X requires an Instruction 96 with the appropriate parameter. If the CR23X is already communicating on the 9-pin connector when Instruction 96 is executed, the instruction puts the output request in a "queue" and program execution continues. As the 9-pin connector becomes available, each device in the queue will get its turn until the queue is empty.

TABLE 6.3-1. CS I/O Pin Description

ABR = Abbreviation for the function name. PIN = Pin number. O = Signal Out of the CR23X to a peripheral. I = Signal Into the CR23X from a peripheral.

PIN ABR

1 5 V O 5V: Sources 5 VDC, used 2 SG Signal Ground: Provides

3 RING I Ring: Raised by a

4 RXD I Receive Data: Serial

5 ME O Modem Enable: Raised

I/O Description

to power peripherals. a power return for pin 1

(5V), and is used as a reference for voltage levels.

peripheral to put the CR23X in the telecommunications mode.

data transmitted by a peripheral are received on pin 4.

when the CR23X determines that a modem raised the ring line.

Instruction 96 is aborted if a modem raises the Ring line. Data transfer to an addressed peripheral is aborted if the ring line is raised by an RF Modem configured as a synchronous device. Transfer of data is not resumed until the next time Instruction 96 is executed and the datalogger has exited telecommunications.

The

8 Mode is used to manually initiate data transfer from Final Storage to a peripheral. An abort flag is set if any key on the CR23X or terminal is pressed during the transfer. Data transfer is stopped and the memory location

displayed when the flag is set. During data transfer the abort flag is checked as follows:

1. Comma separated ASCII - after every 32

characters.

2. Printable ASCII - after every line.

3. Binary - after every 256 Final Storage locations.

PIN ABR

I/O Description

6 SDE O Synchronous Device

Enable: Used to address Synchronous Devices (SDs), and can be used as an enable line for printers.

7 CLK/HS I/O Clock/Handshake: Used

with the SDE and TXD lines to address and transfer data to SDs. When not used as a clock, pin 7 can be used as a handshake line (during printer output, high enables, low disables).

8 12 V O 12 V: Sources 12 VDC,

used to power 12 VDC peripherals.

9 TXD O Transmit Data: Serial

data are transmitted from the CR23X to peripherals on pin 9; logic low marking (0V) logic high spacing (5V) standard asynchronous ASCII, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, 300, 1200, 9600, 76,800 baud (user selectable).

6-9

SECTION 6. 9-PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

This is a blank page.

6-10

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

This section gives some examples of Input Programming for common sensors used with the CR23X. These examples detail only the connections, Input, Program Control, and Processing Instructions necessary to perform measurements and store the data in engineering units in Input Storage. Output Processing Instructions are omitted. It is left for the user to program the necessary instructions to obtain the final data in the form desired. NO OUTPUT TO FINAL STORAGE WILL TAKE PLACE WITHOUT ADDITIONAL PROGRAMMING.

The examples given in this section would likely be only fragments of larger programs. In general, the examples are written with the measurements made by the lowest numbered channels, the instructions at the beginning of the program table, and low number Input Storage locations used to store the data. It is unlikely that an application and CR23X configuration exactly duplicates that assumed in an example. THESE EXAMPLES ARE NOT MEANT TO BE USED VERBATIM; SENSOR CALIBRATION AND INPUT LOCATIONS SELECTED MUST BE ADJUSTED FOR THE ACTUAL CIRCUMSTANCES. UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED, ALL EXCITATION CHANNELS ARE SWITCHED ANALOG OUTPUT.

7.1 SINGLE-ENDED VOLTAGE/ SWITCHED 12 V TERMINAL - CS500

The CS500 is a modified Vaisala 50Y Humitter temperature and relative humidity sensor. It has high level linear output of 0 to 1 V for the temperature range of -40° to +60°C and relative humidity of 0 to 100%. It is measured with Instruction 1 (Volts SE). The multiplier for temperature is found with the following relationship [60°C - (-40°C)] / [1000 mV - 0 mV] = 0.1°C/mV. The offset is -40°C. The multiplier for relative humidity is [100 % - 0 %] / [1000 mV

- 0 mV] = 0.1 %/mV and the offset is 0 %. The CS500 is powered by the CR23X’s 12 V battery and draws <2 mA of current while on. Battery power can be conserved by turning the CS500 on just prior to making the measurement and turning it off after the measurement is completed. This is done with the Switched 12 V terminal on the CR23X wiring panel.

CONNECTIONS The CS500 output is measured using two

single-ended voltage measurements on analog inputs 5 and 6. Single-ended analog inputs are labeled in blue on the CR23X wiring panel. A wiring diagram on connections between the CR23X and the CS500 is given in Figure 7.1-1.

CAUTION: The Switched 12 V Control terminal will be permanently damaged if 12 V is applied to it. Do not connect 12 V to the Switched 12 V Control terminal.

PROGRAM

;Turn CS500 on. ;

01: Do (P86)

1: 49 Set Switched 12 V High

;Allow CS500 to warm up and stabilize on ;the Temperature and Relative Humidity. ;

02: Excitation with Delay (P22)

1: 3 Ex Channel 2: 0 Delay W/Ex (units = 0.01 sec) 3: 10 Delay After Ex (units = 0.01 sec) 4: 0 mV Excitation

;Measure Temperature. ;

03: Volts (SE) (P1)

1: 1 Reps 2: 25 ±5000 mV Slow 60 Hz

Rejection Range 3: 5 SE Channel 4: 1 Loc [ Temp_C ] 5: .1 Mult 6: -40 Offset

7-1

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

;Measure Relative Humidity. ;

04: Volts (SE) (P1)

1: 1 Reps 2: 25 ±5000 mV Slow 60 Hz

Rejection Range 3: 6 SE Channel 4: 2 Loc [ RH_pct ] 5: .1 Mult 6: 0 Offset

CR23X

SE 5 SE 6

SWITCHED 12V

;Turn CS500 off. ;

05: Do (P86)

1: 59 Set Switched 12 V Low

INPUT LOCATIONS

1 Temp_C 2 RH_pct

Temperature (Black) Relative Humidity (Brown) 12 V (Red) Power Ground (Green) Shield (Clear)

FIGURE 7.1-1. Wiring Diagram for CS500

CS500

CR23X

FIGURE 7.1-2. Typical Connection for Active Sensor with External Battery

7-2

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

7.2 DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

Some sensors either contain or require active signal conditioning circuitry to provide an easily measured analog voltage output. Generally, the output is referenced to the sensor ground. The associated current drain usually requires a power source external to the CR23X. A typical connection scheme where AC power is not available and both the CR23X and sensor are powered by an external battery is shown in Figure 7.2-1. Since a single-ended measurement is referenced to the CR23X ground, any voltage difference between the sensor ground and CR23X ground becomes a measurement error. A differential measurement avoids this error by measuring the signal between the 2 leads without reference to ground. This example analyzes the potential error on a differential CO CO

The wire used to supply power from the external battery is 18 AWG with an average resistance of

6.5 ohms/1000 ft. The power leads to the CR23X and LI-6262 are 2 ft and 10 ft, respectively. Typical current drain for the LI-6262 is 1000 mA. When making measurements, the CR23X draws about 35 mA. Since voltage is equal to current multiplied by resistance (V=IR), ground voltages at the LI-6262 and the CR23X relative to battery ground are:

Ground at the LI-6262 is 0.065 V higher than ground at the CR23X. The LI-6262 can be programmed to output a linear voltage (0 to 100 mV) that is proportional to differential CO scale, or 1 µmol/mol/mV. If the output is measured with a single-ended voltage measurement, it is

0.065 V or 65 µmol/mol high. If this offset remained constant, it could be corrected in programming. However, it is better to use a differential voltage measurement which does not rely on the current drain remaining constant. The program that follows illustrates the use of Instruction 2 to make the measurement. A multiplier of 1 is used to convert the millivolt output into µmol/mol.

O analyzer, model LI-6262.

2/H2

1A ∗ 6.5 ohms/1000 ft ∗ 10 ft = +0.065 V

0.035A ∗ 6.5 ohms/1000 ft ∗ 2 ft = +0.0005 V

measurement using a LI-COR

LI-6262 ground =

CR23X ground =

, 100 µmol/mol full

PROGRAM

01: Volt (Diff) (P2)

1: 1 Reps 2: 23 ±200 mV 60 Hz Rejection

Range 3: 1 DIFF Channel 4: 1 Loc [ umol_mol ] 5: 1 Mult 6: 0 Offset

7.3 THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURES USING CR23X REFERENCE

The use of the built in CR23X thermocouple reference thermistor is described in the introductory programming example (Section OV4).

7.4 THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURES USING AN EXTERNAL REFERENCE JUNCTION

When a number of thermocouple measurements are made at some distance from the CR23X, it is often better to use a reference junction box located at the site rather than using the CR23X panel for the reference junction. This reduces the required length of expensive thermocouple wire as regular copper wire can be used between the junction box (J-box) and CR23X. In addition, if the temperature gradient between the J-box and the thermocouple measurement junction is smaller than the gradient between the CR23X and the measurement junction, thermocouple accuracy is improved. In the following example, an external reference junction is used on 5 thermocouple measurements. A Campbell Scientific 107 Temperature Probe is used to measure the reference temperature. The connection scheme is shown in Figure 7.4-1.

CR23X

FIGURE 7.4-1. Thermocouples with External

Reference Junction

7-3

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

The temperature of the 107 Probe is stored in input location 1 and the thermocouple temperatures in Locations 2-6.

PROGRAM

1: Temp (107) (P11)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 SE Channel 3: 1 Excite w/E1+reps 4: 1 Loc [ REF_TEMP ] 5: 1.0 Mult 6: 0 Offset

2: Thermocouple Temp (DIFF) (P14)

1: 5 Reps 2: 21 10 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow

Range 3: 1 DIFF Channel 4: 1 Type T (Copper-Constantan) 5: 1 Ref Temp (Deg. C) Loc [

REF_TEMP ] 6: 2 Loc [ TC_1 ] 7: 1.0 Mult 8: 0.0 Offset

7.5 107 TEMPERATURE PROBE

Instruction 11 is designed to excite and measure the Campbell Scientific 107 Thermistor Probe (or the thermistor portion of the 207 temperature and relative humidity probe) and convert the measurement into temperature ( example, temperatures are obtained from three 107 probes. The measurements are made on single-ended channels 1-3, and the temperatures are stored in input locations 1-3.

C). In this

7.6 ANEMOMETER WITH PHOTOCHOPPER OUTPUT

An anemometer with a photochopper transducer produces a pulsed output which is monitored with the Pulse Count Instruction, configured for High Frequency Pulses. The anemometer used in this example is the R.M. Young Model No. 12102D Cup Anemometer which has a 10 window chopper wheel. The photochopper circuitry is powered from the CR23X 12V supply. Supplemental charging, AC or solar, should be used with the CR23X. If a charging source is not practical, back-up batteries should be used to compensate for the increased current drain.

Wind speed is desired in meters per second. There is a pulse each time a window in the chopper wheel, which revolves with the cups, allows light to pass from the source to the photoreceptor. Because there are 10 windows in the chopper wheel, there are 10 pulses per revolution. Thus, 1 rpm is equal to 10 pulses per 60 seconds (1 minute) or 6 rpm = 1 pulse per second. The manufacturer's calibration for relating wind speed to rpm is:

Wind speed (m/s) =

0.01632 m/s/rpm x rpm + 0.2 m/s

Pulse count instruction has the option of converting counts to frequency in Hz (counts/second). The multiplier and offset to convert Hz to meters per second are:

m/s =

0.01632 m/s/rpm x 6 rpm/Hz x XHz + 0.2 m/s

CONNECTIONS The black leads from the probes go to excitation

channel 1, the purple and clear leads go to a channel, and the red leads go to single- ended channels 1, 2, and 3 (high and low sides of differential channel 1 and high side of 2).

PROGRAM

1: Temp (107) (P11)

1: 3 Reps 2: 1 SE Channel 3: 1 Excite all reps w/E1 4: 1 Loc [ TEMP_1 ] 5: 1.0 Mult 6: 0.0 Offset

7-4

= 0.0979 m/s/Hz x XHz + 0.2 m/s

CR23X

FIGURE 7.6-1. Wiring Diagram for

Anemometer

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

PROGRAM

1: Pulse (P3)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 Pulse Channel 1 3: 20 High Frequency, Output Hz 4: 1 Loc [ WS_m_s ] 5: .0979 Mult 6: .2 Offset

7.7 TIPPING BUCKET RAIN GAUGE WITH LONG LEADS

A tipping bucket rain gauge is measured with the Pulse Count Instruction configured for Switch Closure. Counts from long intervals will be used (an option in Parameter 3), as the final output desired is total rainfall (obtained with Instruction 72, Totalize). If counts from long intervals were discarded, less rainfall would be recorded than was actually measured by the gauge (assuming there were counts in the long intervals). Output is desired in millimeters of precipitation. The gauge is calibrated for a 0.01 inch tip; a multiplier of 0.254 is used.

CR23X

FIGURE 7.7-1. Wiring Diagram for Rain

Gauge with Long Leads

In a long cable there is appreciable capacitance between the lines, which is discharged across the switch when it closes. In addition to shortening switch life, a transient may be induced in other wires, packaged with the rain gauge leads, each time the switch closes. The 100 ohm resistor protects the switch from arcing and the associated transient from occurring, and should be included any time leads longer than 100 feet are used with a switch closure.

PROGRAM

1: Pulse (P3)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 Pulse Channel 1 3: 2 Switch Closure, All Counts 4: 1 Loc [ InchRain ] 5: .254 Mult 6: 0.0 Offset

7.8 100 OHM PRT IN 4 WIRE HALF BRIDGE

Instruction 9 is the best choice for accuracy where a 100 ohm Platinum Resistance Thermometer (PRT) is separated from other bridge completion resistors by a lead length having more than a few thousandths of an ohm resistance. In this example, it is desired to measure a temperature in the range of -10 to

C. The length of the cable from the CR23X

40 to the PRT is 500 feet.

CR23X

FIGURE 7.8-1. Wiring Diagram for PRT in 4

Wire Half Bridge

Figure 7.8-1 diagrams the circuit used to measure the PRT. The 10 kohm resistor allows the use of a high excitation voltage and a low input range. This insures that noise in the excitation does not have an effect on signal noise. Because the fixed resistor (R PRT (R

) have approximately the same

resistance, the differential measurement of the voltage drop across the PRT can be made on the same range as the differential measurement of the voltage drop across R

. The use of the

same range eliminates any range translation error that might arise from the 0.01% tolerance of the range translation resistors in the CR23X.

If the voltage drop across the PRT (V on the 50mV range, self heating of the PRT

should be less than 0.001

C in still air. The resolution of the measurement is increased as the excitation voltage (V

) is increased as long

as the Input Range is not exceeded. The voltage drop across the PRT is equal to V multiplied by the ratio of Rs to the total resistance, and is greatest when R

=115.54 ohms at 40oC). To find the

maximum excitation voltage that can be used, we assume V

equal to 50mV and use Ohm's

Law to solve for the resulting current, I.

) and the

) is kept

is greatest

7-5

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

I = 50mV/Rs = 50mV/115. 54 ohms = 0.433mA

Next solve for V

= I(R1+Rs+Rf) = 4.42V

If the actual resistances were the nominal values, the CR23X would not overrange with V = 4.4V. To allow for the tolerances in the actual resistances, it is decided to set V

equal to 4.2

volts (e.g., if the 10 kohms resistor is 5% low,

/(R1+Rs+Rf)=115.54/9715.54, and Vx must be

4.204V to keep V

less than 50mV).

The result of Instruction 9 when the first differential measurement (V the 5V range is equivalent to R 16 computes the temperature (

) is not made on

. Instruction

s/Rf

C) for a DIN

43760 standard PRT from the ratio of the PRT

resistance to its resistance at 0 Thus, a multiplier of R

f/R0

9 to obtain the desired intermediate, R

C (Rs/R0).

is used in Instruction

s/R0

(=Rs/Rf x Rf/Ro). If Rs and R0 were each exactly 100 ohms, the multiplier would be 1. However, neither resistance is likely to be exact. The correct multiplier is found by connecting the PRT to the CR23X and entering Instruction 9 with a multiplier of 1. The PRT is then placed in

an ice bath (0 bridge measurement is read using the

C; Rs=R0), and the result of the

Mode. The reading is Rs/Rf, which is equal to

since Rs=Ro. The correct value of the

o/Rf

multiplier, R

, is the reciprocal of this

f/R0

reading. The initial reading assumed for this example was 0.9890. The correct multiplier is:

= 1/0.9890 = 1.0111.

f/R0

PROGRAM

1: Full Bridge w/mv Excit (P9)

1: 1 Reps 2: 22 50 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow,

Ex Range

3: 22 50 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow,

4: 1 DIFF Channel

Br Range

5: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 6: 4400 mV Excitation 7: 1 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 8: 1.0111 Mult 9: 0.0 Offset

2: Temperature RTD (P16)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 R/R0 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 3: 2 Loc [ TEMP_degC ] 4: 1.0 Mult 5: 0.0 Offset

7.9 100 OHM PRT IN 3 WIRE HALF BRIDGE

The temperature measurement requirements in this example are the same as in Section 7.9. In this case, a three wire half bridge, Instruction 7, is used to measure the resistance of the PRT. The diagram of the PRT circuit is shown in Figure 7.9-1.

CR23X

The fixed 100 ohm resistor must be thermally stable. Its precision is not important because the exact resistance is incorporated, along with that of the PRT, into the calibrated multiplier.

The 10 ppm/

C temperature coefficient of the fixed resistor will limit the error due to its change in resistance with temperature to less than

C over the -10 to 40oC temperature range.

0.15 Because the measurement is ratiometric (R

s/Rf

the properties of the 10 kohm resistor do not affect the result.

A terminal input module (Model 4WPB100) can be used to complete the circuit shown in Figure

7.8-1.

7-6

FIGURE 7.9-1. 3 Wire Half Bridge Used to

Measure 100 ohm PRT

As in the example in Section 7.8, the excitation

voltage is calculated to be the maximum possible, yet allow the +50mV measurement range. The 10 kohm resistor has a tolerance of ±1%; thus, the lowest resistance to expect from it is 9.9 kohms. We calculate the maximum excitation voltage (V

) to keep the voltage drop

across the PRT less than 50mV:

0.050V > V

115.54/(9900+115.54); Vx < 4.33V

The excitation voltage used is 4.3V.

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

The multiplier used in Instruction 7 is determined in the same manner as in Section 7.8. In this example, the multiplier (R

) is assumed to be

f/R0

100.93. The 3 wire half bridge compensates for lead wire

resistance by assuming that the resistance of wire A is the same as the resistance of wire B. The maximum difference expected in wire resistance is 2%, but is more likely to be on the order of 1%. The resistance of R with Instruction 7, is actually R

calculated

plus the

difference in resistance of wires A and B. The average resistance of 22 AWG wire is 16.5 ohms per 1000 feet, which would give each 500 foot lead wire a nominal resistance of 8.3 ohms. Two percent of 8.3 ohms is 0.17 ohms. Assuming that the greater resistance is in wire B, the resistance measured for the PRT (R

100 ohms) in the ice bath would be 100.17

ohms, and the resistance at 40

115.71. The measured ratio R

C would be

is 1.1551;

s/R0

the actual ratio is 115.54/100 = 1.1554. The temperature computed by Instruction 16 from

the measured ratio would be about 0.1

C lower than the actual temperature of the PRT. This source of error does not exist in the example in Section 7.8, where a 4 wire half bridge is used to measure PRT resistance.

2: Temperature RTD (P16)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 R/R0 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 3: 2 Loc [ TEMP_degC ] 4: 1.0 Mult 5: 0.0 Offset

7.10 100 OHM PRT IN 4 WIRE FULL BRIDGE

This example describes obtaining the temperature from a 100 ohm PRT in a 4 wire full bridge (Instruction 6). The temperature being measured is in a constant temperature bath and is to be used as the input for a control algorithm. The PRT in this case does not adhere to the DIN standard (alpha = 0.00385) used in the temperature calculating Instruction

16. Alpha is defined as (R

and R0 are the resistances of the PRT at

100

C and 0oC, respectively. In this PRT,

100 alpha is equal to 0.00392.

CR23X

100/R0

-1)/100, where

The advantages of the 3 wire half bridge are that it only requires 3 lead wires going to the sensor and takes 2 single- ended input channels, whereas the 4 wire half bridge requires 4 wires and 2 differential channels.

A terminal input module (Model 3WHB10K) can be used to complete the circuit in Figure 7.9-1. It uses a ±0.01% ±8 ppm precision resistor.

PROGRAM

1: 3W Half Bridge (P7)

1: 1 Reps 2: 22 50 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow

Range 3: 1 SE Channel 4: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 5: 4300 mV Excitation 6: 1 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 7: 100.93 Mult 8: 0.0 Offset

FIGURE 7.10-1. Full Bridge Schematic for

100 ohm PRT

The result (X) given by Instruction 6 is 1000

(where Vs is the measured bridge output

s/Vx

voltage, and V

is the excitation voltage) which

is:

X = 1000 (R

The resistance of the PRT (R

/(Rs+R1)-R3/(R2+R3))

) is calculated

with the Bridge Transform Instruction 59:

= R1 X'/(1-X')

Where

X' = X/1000 + R

Thus, to obtain the value R

C) for the temperature calculating Instruction

/(R2+R3)

, (R0 = Rs @

s/R0

16, the multiplier and offset used in Instruction 6 are 0.001 and R multiplier used in Instruction 59 to obtain R

/(R2+R3), respectively. The

s/R0

is R1/R0 (5000/100 = 50).

7-7

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

It is desired to control the temperature bath at

C with as little variation as possible. High

50 resolution is desired so the control algorithm will be able to respond to minute changes in temperature. The highest resolution is obtained when the temperature range results in an output voltage (V

) range which fills the measurement

range selected in Instruction 6. The full bridge configuration allows the bridge to be balanced

= 0V) at or near the control temperature.

Thus, the output voltage can go both positive and negative as the bath temperature changes, allowing the full use of the measurement range.

The resistance of the PRT is approximately

119.7 ohms at 50

C. The 120 ohm fixed

resistor balances the bridge at approximately

C. The output voltage is:

= Vx [Rs/(Rs+R1) - R3/(R2+R3)]

[Rs/(Rs+5000) - 0.023438]

= V

The temperature range to be covered is 50

±10

C. At 40oC Rs is approximately 115.8

ohms, or:

= -802.24x10-6 V

PROGRAM

1: Full Bridge (P6)

1: 1 Reps 2: 21 10 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow

Range 3: 3 DIFF Channel 4: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 5: 5000 mV Excitation 6: 1 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 7: .001 Mult 8: .02344 Offset

2: BR Transform Rf[X/(1-X)] (P59)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 3: 50 Multiplier (Rf)

3: Temperature RTD (P16)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 R/R0 Loc [ Rs_Ro ] 3: 2 Loc [ TEMP_degC ] 4: .98214 Mult 5: 0.0 Offset

7.11 PRESSURE TRANSDUCER - 4 WIRE FULL BRIDGE

even with an excitation voltage (Vx) equal to 5000mV, V scale (40

can be measured on the ±10mV

C = 115.8 Ω = -4.01mV, 60oC = 123.6

Ω = 3.428mV). There is a change of

approximately 4mV from the output at 40

the output at 51

C, or 364µV/oC. With a

C to

resolution of 0.33µV on the ±10mV range, this means that the temperature resolution is

0.0009 The ±5 ppm per

C temperature coefficient of the fixed resistors was chosen so that their ±0.01% accuracy tolerance would hold over the desired temperature range.

The relationship between temperature and PRT resistance is a slightly nonlinear one. Instruction 16 computes this relationship for a DIN standard PRT where the nominal temperature coefficient

is 0.00385/

C. The change in nonlinearity of a

PRT with the temperature coefficient of

0.00392/

C is minute compared with the slope

change. Entering a slope correction factor of

0.00385/0.00392 = 0.98214 as the multiplier in Instruction 16 results in a calculated temperature which is well within the accuracy specifications of the PRT.

This example describes a measurement made with a Druck PDCR 10/D depth measurement pressure transducer. The pressure transducer was ordered with passive temperature compensation for use with positive or negative excitation and has a range of 5 psi or about 3.5 meters of water. The transducer is used to measure the depth of water in a stilling well.

Instruction 6, 4 Wire Full Bridge, is used to measure the pressure transducer. The high output of the semiconductor strain gauge necessitates the use of the ±50mV input range. The sensor is calibrated by connecting it to the CR23X and using Instruction 6 with a multiplier of 1 and an offset of 0, noting the readings

6 Mode) with 10 cm of water above the

( sensor and with 334.6 cm of water above the sensor. The output of Instruction 6 is 1000 V

s/Vx

or millivolts per volt excitation. At 10 cm the reading is 0.19963mV/V and at 334.6 cm the reading is 6.6485mV/V. The multiplier to yield output in cm is:

(334.6 - 10)/(6.6485-.19963) = 50.334 cm/mV/V

7-8

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

The offset is determined after the pressure transducer is installed in the stilling well. The sensor is installed 65 cm below the water level at the time of installation. The depth of water at this time is determined to be 72.6 cm relative to the desired reference. When programmed with the multiplier determined above and an offset of 0, a reading of 65.12 is obtained. The offset for the actual measurements is thus determined to be 72.6 - 65.12 = 7.48 cm.

The lead length is approximately 10 feet, so there is no appreciable error due to lead wire resistance. Example 7.13 shows a means of compensating for long lead lengths.

CR23X

one would encounter if the actual excitation voltage was not measured and shows the use of a 6 wire full bridge to measure a load cell on a weighing lysimeter (a container buried in the ground, filled with plants and soil, used for measuring evapotranspiration).

The lysimeter is 2 meters in diameter and 1.5 meters deep. The total weight of the lysimeter with its container is approximately 8000 kg. The lysimeter has a mechanically adjustable counterbalance, and changes in weight are measured with a 250 pound (113.6 kg) capacity Sensotec Model 41 tension/compression load cell. The load cell has a 4:1 mechanical advantage on the lysimeter (i.e., a change of 4 kg in the mass of the lysimeter will change the force on the load cell by 1 kg-force or 980 N).

FIGURE 7.11-1. Wiring Diagram for Full

Bridge Pressure Transducer

PROGRAM

1: Full Bridge (P6)

1: 1 Reps 2: 22 50 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow

Range 3: 1 DIFF Channel 4: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 5: 5000 mV Excitation 6: 1 Loc [ WATER_cm ] 7: 50.334 Mult 8: 7.48 Offset

7.12 LYSIMETER - 6 WIRE FULL BRIDGE

When a long cable is required between a load cell and the CR23X, the resistance of the wire can create a substantial error in the measurement if the 4 wire full bridge (Instruction 6) is used to excite and measure the load cell. This error arises because the excitation voltage is lower at the load cell than at the CR23X due to voltage drop in the cable. The 6 wire full bridge (Instruction 9) avoids this problem by measuring the excitation voltage at the load cell. This example shows the errors

FIGURE 7.12-1. Lysimeter Weighing

Mechanism

The surface area of the lysimeter is 3.1416 m

or 31,416 cm2, so 1 cm of rainfall or evaporation results in a 31.416 kg change in mass. The load cell can measure ±113.6 kg, a 227 kg range. This represents a maximum change of 909 kg (28 cm of water) in the lysimeter before the counterbalance would have to be readjusted.

There is 1000 feet of 22 AWG cable between the CR23X and the load cell. The output of the load cell is directly proportional to the excitation voltage. When Instruction 6 (4 wire half bridge) is used, the assumption is that the voltage drop in the connecting cable is negligible. The average resistance of 22 AWG wire is 16.5 ohms per 1000 feet. Thus, the resistance in the excitation lead going out to the load cell added to that in the lead coming back to ground is 33 ohms. The resistance of the bridge in the load cell is 350 ohms. The voltage drop across the load cell is equal to the voltage at the CR23X multiplied by the ratio of the load cell resistance,

, to the total resistance, RT, of the circuit. If

Instruction 6 were used to measure the load

7-9

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

cell, the excitation voltage actually applied to the load cell, V

V1 = V

would be:

Rs/RT = Vx 350/(350+33) = 0.91 V

Where Vx is the excitation voltage. This means that the voltage output by the load cell would only be 91% of that expected. If recording of the lysimeter data was initiated with the load cell output at 0 volts, and 100mm of evapotranspiration had occurred, calculation of the change with Instruction 6 would indicate that only 91mm of water had been lost. Because the error is a fixed percentage of the output, the actual magnitude of the error increases with the force applied to the load cell. If the resistance of the wire was constant, one could correct for the voltage drop with a fixed multiplier. However, the resistance of copper changes 0.4% per degree C change in temperature. Assume that the cable between the load cell and the CR23X

lays on the soil surface and undergoes a 25

C diurnal temperature fluctuation. If the resistance is 33 ohms at the maximum temperature, then at the minimum temperature, the resistance is:

(1-25x0.004)33 ohms = 29.7 ohms

The actual excitation voltage at the load cell is:

= 350/(350+29.7) Vx = .92 V

The excitation voltage has increased by 1%, relative to the voltage applied at the CR23X. In this case, where we were recording a 91mm change in water content, there would be a 1mm diurnal change in the recorded water content that would actually be due to the change in temperature. Instruction 9 solves this problem by actually measuring the voltage drop across the load cell bridge. The drawbacks to using Instruction 9 are that it requires an extra differential channel and the added expense of a 6 wire cable. In this case, the benefits are worth the expense.

The load cell has a nominal full scale output of 3 millivolts per volt excitation. If the excitation is

3.3 volts, the full scale output is 9.9 millivolts; thus, the ±10 millivolt range is selected. The calibrated output of the load cell is 3.106mV/V1 at a load of 250 pounds. Output is desired in millimeters of water with respect to a fixed point. The calibration in mV/V1/mm is:

3.106mV/V

/250lb x 2.2lb/kg x

3.1416kg/mm/4 =

0.02147mV/V

/mm

The reciprocal of this gives the multiplier to convert mV/V1 into millimeters. (The result of Instruction 9 is the ratio of the output voltage to the actual excitation voltage multiplied by 1000, which is mV/V1):

1/0.02147mV/V

/mm = 46.583mm/mV/V

The output from the load cell is connected so that the voltage increases as the mass of the lysimeter increases. (If the actual mechanical linkage was as diagrammed in Figure 7.12-1, the output voltage would be positive when the load cell was under tension.)

When the experiment is started, the water content of the soil in the lysimeter is approximately 25% on a volume basis. It is decided to use this as the reference, (i.e., 0.25 x 1500mm = 375 mm). The experiment is started at the beginning of what is expected to be a period during which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. Instruction 9 is programmed with the correct multiplier and no offset. After hooking everything up, the counterbalance is adjusted so that the load cell is near the top of its range; this will allow a longer period before readjustment is necessary. The result of Instruction 9 (monitored with the

6 Mode) is 109. The offset needed to give the desired initial value of 375mm is 266. However, it is decided to add this offset in a separate instruction so that the result of Instruction 9 can be used as a ready reminder of the strain on the load cell (range = ±140mm). When the strain on the load cell nears its rated limits, the counterbalance is readjusted and the offset recalculated to provide a continuous record of the water budget.

The program table has an execution interval of 10 seconds. The average value in millimeters is output to Final Storage (not shown in Table) every hour. The average is used, instead of a sample, in order to cancel out the effects of wind loading on the lysimeter.

7-10

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

CR23X

FIGURE 7.12-2. 6 Wire Full Bridge

Connection for Load Cell

PROGRAM

1: Full Bridge w/mv Excit (P9)

1: 1 Reps 2: 25 5000 mV, 60 Hz Reject,

Fast, Ex Range

3: 21 10 mV, 60 Hz Reject, Slow,

Br Range 4: 1 DIFF Channel 5: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 6: 3300 mV Excitation 7: 1 Loc [ RAW_MEAS ] 8: 46.583 Mult 9: 0.0 Offset

2: Z=X+F (P34)

1: 1 X Loc [ RAW_MEAS ] 2: 266 F 3: 2 Z Loc [ MEAS_OFFS ]

coefficients for a 5th order polynomial to convert block resistance to water potential in bars. There are two polynomials: one to optimize the range from -0.1 to -2 bars, and one to cover the range from -0.1 to -10 bars (the minus sign is omitted in the output). The -0.1 to -2 bar polynomial requires a multiplier of 1 in the Bridge Transform Instruction (result in kohms) and the -0.1 to -10 bar polynomial requires a multiplier of 0.1 (result in 10,000s of ohms). The multiplier is a scaling factor to maintain the maximum number of significant digits in the coefficients of the polynomial.

In this example, we wish to make measurements on 6 gypsum blocks and output the final data in bars. The soil where the moisture measurements are to be made is quite wet at the time the data logging is initiated, but is expected to dry beyond the -2 bar limit of the wet range polynomial. The dry range polynomial is used, so a multiplier of 0.1 is entered in the bridge transform instruction.

When the water potential is computed, it is written over the resistance value. The potentials are stored in input locations 1-6 where they may be accessed for output to Final Storage. If it was desired to retain the resistance values, the potential measurements could be stored in Locations 7-12 by changing Parameter 3 in Instruction 55 to 7.

7.13 227 GYPSUM SOIL MOISTURE BLOCK

Soil moisture is measured with a gypsum block by relating the change in moisture to the change in resistance of the block. An AC Half Bridge (Instruction 5) is used to determine the resistance of the gypsum block. Rapid reversal of the excitation voltage inhibits polarization of the sensor. Polarization creates an error in the output so the fast integration time is used. The output of Instruction 5 is the ratio of the output voltage to the excitation voltage; this output is converted to gypsum block resistance with Instruction 59, Bridge Transform.

The Campbell Scientific 227 Soil Moisture Block uses a Delmhorst gypsum block with a 1 kohm bridge completion resistor (there are also series capacitors to block DC current and degradation due to electrolysis. Using data supplied by Delmhorst, Campbell Scientific has computed

CR23X

FIGURE 7.13-1. 6 Gypsum Blocks

Connected to the CR23X

PROGRAM

1: AC Half Bridge (P5)

1: 6 Reps 2: 14 1000 mV, Fast Range 3: 1 SE Channel 4: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 5: 1000 mV Excitation 6: 1 Loc [ Vs_Vx_1 ] 7: 1.0 Mult 8: 0.0 Offset

7-11

SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

2: BR Transform Rf[X/(1-X)] (P59)

1: 6 Reps 2: 1 Loc [ Vs_Vx_1 ] 3: .1 Multiplier (Rf)

3: Polynomial (P55)

1: 6 Reps 2: 1 X Loc [ Vs_Vx_1 ] 3: 1 F(X) Loc [ Vs_Vx_1 ] 4: .15836 C0 5: 6.1445 C1 6: -8.4189 C2 7: 9.2493 C3 8: -3.1685 C4 9: .33392 C5

7.14 NONLINEAR THERMISTOR IN HALF BRIDGE (CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC MODEL 101)

Instruction 11, 107 Thermistor Probe, automatically calculates temperature by transforming the millivolt reading with a 5th order polynomial. Instruction 55, Polynomial, can be used to calculate temperature of any nonlinear thermistor, provided the correlation between temperature and probe output is known, and an appropriate polynomial fit has been determined. In this example, the CR23X is used to measure the temperature of 5 Campbell Scientific 101 Probes (used with the CR21). Instruction 4, Excite, Delay, and Measure, is used because the high source resistance of the probe requires a long input settling time (see Section 13.3.1). The signal voltage is then transformed to temperature using the Polynomial Instruction.

The manual for the 101 Probe gives the coefficients of the 5th order polynomial used to convert the output in millivolts to temperature (E denotes the power of 10 by which the mantissa is multiplied):

C0 -53.7842 C1 0.147974 C2 -2.18755E-4 C3 2.19046E-7 C4 -1.11341E-10 C5 2.33651E-14

The CR23X will only allow 5 significant digits to the right or left of the decimal point to be entered from the keyboard. The polynomial cannot be applied exactly as given in the 101 manual. The initial millivolt reading must be scaled if the

coefficients of the higher order terms are to be entered with the maximum number of significant digits. If 0.001 is used as a multiplier on the millivolt output, the coefficients are divided by

0.001 raised to the appropriate power (i.e., C0=C0, C1=C1/0.001, C2=C2/.000001, etc.). With this adjustment, the coefficients entered in Parameters 4-9 of Instruction 55 become:

C0 -53.784 C1 147.97 C2 -218.76 C3 219.05 C4 -111.34 C5 23.365

CR23X

FIGURE 7.14-1. 101 Thermistor Probes

Connected to CR23X

PROGRAM

1: Excite-Delay (SE) (P4)

1: 5 Reps 2: 24 1000 mV, 60 Hz Reject,

Slow Range 3: 1 SE Channel 4: 1 Excite all reps w/Exchan 1 5: 10 Delay (units 0.01 sec) 6: 400 mV Excitation 7: 1 Loc [ V_1 ] 8: 1.0 Mult 9: 0.0 Offset

2: Polynomial (P55)

1: 1 Reps 2: 1 X Loc [ V_1 ] 3: 1 F(X) Loc [ V_1 ] 4: -53.784 C0 5: 147.97 C1 6: -218.76 C2 7: 219.05 C3 8: -111.34 C4 9: 23.365 C5

7-12

Campbell Scientific CR23X User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Warranty and Assistance

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SELECTED OPERATING DETAILS

CAUTIONARY NOTES

CR23X MICROLOGGER OVERVIEW

OV1. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

OV1.1 WIRING TERMINALS

OV1.1.1 ANALOG INPUTS

OV1.1.2 EXCITATION OUTPUTS

OV1.1.3 CONTINUOUS ANALOG OUTPUTS (CAO)

OV1.1.4 PULSE INPUTS

OV1.1.5 DIGITAL I/O PORTS

OV1.1.6 GROUNDS

OV1.1.8 5V OUTPUTS

OV1.1.9 CS I/O

OV1.1.10 COMPUTER RS-232 PORT

OV1.1.11 SWITCHED 12 VOLT

OV1.2 CONNECTING POWER TO THE CR23X

OV2.1 INTERNAL MEMORY

OV2.2.1 THE EXECUTION INTERVAL

OV2.2.2. THE OUTPUT INTERVAL

OV2.3 CR23X INSTRUCTION TYPES

OV3. COMMUNICATING WITH CR23X

OV3.1 CR23X KEYPAD/DISPLAY

OV3.1.1 FUNCTIONAL MODES

OV4. PROGRAMMING THE CR23X

OV4.1 PROGRAMMING SEQUENCE

OV4.2 INSTRUCTION FORMAT

OV4.3 ENTERING A PROGRAM

OV5. PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

OV5.1 SAMPLE PROGRAM 1

OV5.2 SAMPLE PROGRAM 2

OV5.3 EDITING AN EXISTING PROGRAM

OV6. DATA RETRIEVAL OPTIONS

OV7. SPECIFICATIONS

SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES

1.1.1 SCAN (EXECUTION) INTERVAL

1.1.2 SUBROUTINES

1.1.3 TABLE PRIORITY/INTERRUPTS

1.1.5 COMPILING A PROGRAM

1.3.1 DISPLAYING AND ALTERING INPUT STORAGE

1.3.3 DISPLAYING AND TOGGLING PORTS

1.3.2 DISPLAYING AND TOGGLING USER FLAGS

1.5.1 INTERNAL MEMORY

1.8.1 INTERNAL FLASH PROGRAM STORAGE

1.8.2 PROGRAM TRANSFER WITH STORAGE MODULE

1.8.3 SET DATALOGGER ID

1.8.4 FULL/HALF DUPLE X

1.8.5 SETTING POWERUP OPTIONS

1.8.6 SETTING DISPLAY CONTRAST

1.8.7 SET INITIAL BAUD / SET RS232 POWER

1.8.8 SET PROGRAM COMPILE OPTION

SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE

2.1 FINAL STORAGE AREAS, OUTPUT ARRAYS, AND MEMORY POINTERS

2.2.1 RESOLUTION AND RANGE LIMITS

2.2.2 INPUT AND INTERMEDIATE STORAGE DATA FORMAT

SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS

3.1 PARAMETER DATA TYPES

3.2 REPETITIONS (Reps)

3.3 ENTERING NEGATIVE NUMBERS

3.4 INDEXING INPUT LOCATIONS AND CONTROL PORTS

3.5 VOLTAGE RANGE AND OVERRANGE DETECTION

3.6 OUTPUT PROCESSING

3.7 USE OF FLAGS: OUTPUT AND PROGRAM CONTROL

3.7.1 THE OUTPUT FLAG

3.7.2 THE INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING DISABLE FLAG

3.7.3 USER FLAGS

3.8.1 IF THEN/ELSE COMPARISONS

3.8 PROGRAM CONTROL LOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

3.8.2 NESTING

3.9 INSTRUCTION MEMORY AND EXECUTION TIME

3.10 ERROR CODES

SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS

4.3 PRINTER OUTPUT FORMATS

4.3.1 PRINTABLE ASCII FORMAT

4.3.2 COMMA SEPARATED ASCII