DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
Revision: 11/12
Copyright © 2002-2012
Campbell Scientific, Inc.
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Table of Contents
PDF viewers: These page numbers refer to the printed version of this document. Use the
PDF reader bookmarks tab for links to specific sections.
1. Overview......................................................................1
2. Cautionary Statements...............................................1
3. Initial Inspection .........................................................1
3.1 DMM600 Packing List.........................................................................1
4. Quickstart ....................................................................2
5. Overview......................................................................6
6. Specifications .............................................................7
6.1 Physical ................................................................................................7
6.2 Power ...................................................................................................7
6.3 Performance .........................................................................................8
7. Operation.....................................................................8
7.1 Sample Chamber..................................................................................8
7.2 Electronics............................................................................................8
7.3 Display End..........................................................................................8
7.3.1 Power Switch ................................................................................8
7.3.2 Audible Indicator ..........................................................................8
7.3.3 Display ..........................................................................................9
7.3.4 Serial Port......................................................................................9
7.4 Water Content Measurement................................................................9
7.4.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Water Content.................................9
7.4.1.1 Determining Duff Sample Bulk Density ..........................11
7.4.2 Duff Size and Water Content Heterogeneity...............................11
7.5 PCDMM Software .............................................................................11
7.5.1 Introduction.................................................................................11
7.5.2 Calibration Equation ...................................................................12
7.5.3 Description of PCDMM Functions .............................................12
7.5.3.1 Menus...............................................................................12
7.5.3.2 Indicators..........................................................................13
7.5.3.3 Command Buttons............................................................13
7.6 Calibration..........................................................................................13
7.6.1 DMM600 Standard Calibration...................................................13
7.6.2 User Calibration ..........................................................................14
7.6.2.1 Equipment Required for User Calibration........................14
7.6.2.2 Calibration Procedure.......................................................14
i
Table of Contents
7.7
Drying Samples and Calculating Volumetric Water Content............ 16
7.7.1 Conventional Oven Method ....................................................... 16
7.7.2 Microwave Oven Method........................................................... 16
8. Maintenance ..............................................................17
8.1 Changing the 9-Volt Battery.............................................................. 17
8.2 Cleaning the Sample Chamber .......................................................... 17
Figures
3-1. Ships with equipment .......................................................................... 2
4-1. DMM600 components......................................................................... 3
4-2. Duff placed in sieve............................................................................. 4
4-3. Duff placed in chamber ....................................................................... 4
4-4. Turn knob to make measurement ........................................................ 5
4-5. Bottom of DMM600............................................................................ 6
7-1. Downloading coefficients to convert to gravimetric water content... 10
7-2. PCDMM user interface display ......................................................... 12
7-3. DMM600 standard calibration........................................................... 14
ii
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
1. Overview
The DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter is the product of collaboration between
Campbell Scientific and USDA-Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research
Station, and Missoula Technology and Development Center. This portable,
battery-powered duff meter accurately measures moisture content in duff
material, which is critical to those conducting scheduled burns as well as those
attempting to battle out-of-control fires. The DMM600 is a stand-alone device
(a datalogger is not required). A sieve, carrying case, and software are
included.
Before installing the DMM600, please study
• Section 2, Cautionary Statements
• Section 3, Initial Inspection
• Section 4, Quickstart
2. Cautionary Statements
The DMM600 is a precision instrument. Please handle it with care.
3. Initial Inspection
Upon receipt of the DMM600, inspect the packaging and contents for damage.
File damage claims with the shipping company. Immediately check package
contents against the shipping documentation; the packing list is provided in
Section 3.1, DMM600 Packing List. Contact Campbell Scientific about any
discrepancies.
3.1 DMM600 Packing List
The following are included with the DMM600; also see FIGURE 3-1:
1. 15601 padded carrying case.
2. 15749 sieve case.
3. CD containing (a) video instruction, (b) PCDMM software, (c) DMM600
operating manual, and (d) a sample Excel spreadsheet for calibrations.
4. 7.5 cm (3 in) diameter #4 sieve.
5. 10873 6 foot, 9-pin female-to-9-pin male serial cable to connect the
DMM600 to a PC.
6. Phillips screwdriver.
7. Spare 9 Vdc alkaline battery.
1
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
FIGURE 3-1. Ships with equipment
4. Quickstart
This section describes the process for getting a water content measurement.
Information about the sensor components, using the software, and calibrating
the sensor is located in Section 7, Operation.
1. Unscrew the compression knob completely and loosen (don’t remove) the
chamber access thumbscrew. Remove the sample chamber cap by turning
slightly counter-clockwise and lifting (see FIGURE 4-1).
2
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
Compression
Knob
Chamber Access
Thumbscrew
Chamber Removal
Thumbscrew
Sample
Chamber
Cap
Sample
Chamber
FIGURE 4-1. DMM600 components
3
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
2. Place duff in the sieve and place the sieve atop the sample chamber (see
FIGURE 4-2 and FIGURE 4-3).
FIGURE 4-2. Duff placed in sieve
FIGURE 4-3. Duff placed in chamber
4
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
3. Finger-work the duff in the sieve until it moves through the sieve and into
the sample chamber. The sieve may need to be filled more than once to
fill the chamber. The sample should fill the sample chamber to about the
beginning of the bevel on the top edge. Don’t overfill the chamber or the
compression piston may bind.
4. Remove the sieve. Ensure that the compression knob is fully out and
replace the sample chamber cap by aligning the slots of the cap with the
pins of the sample chamber. Turn the cap slightly clockwise and tighten
the chamber access thumbscrew.
5. Flip the toggle switch on the bottom of the DMM600. Turn the
compression knob clockwise until the double-beep audible signal indicates
the measurement has been made (see FIGURE 4-4 and FIGURE 4-5).
FIGURE 4-4. Turn knob to make measurement
5
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
6. View the volumetric water content from the display at the bottom of the
DMM600 (see FIGURE 4-5). If user calibrations are loaded, the display
will toggle between factory and user values. Water content is only
displayed while the sample is compressed.
Toggle
Switch
5. Overview
9-Pin Serial
Port
FIGURE 4-5. Bottom of DMM600
7. Turn the knob counter-clockwise to stop. A single beep indicates the
sample is no longer compressed and the measured water content value is
no longer displayed. Loosen the thumbscrew, and remove the sample
chamber cap. Remove the sample from the sample chamber. If residual
water is apparent on the sample chamber surfaces, wipe dry.
The DMM600 measures volumetric water content of organic forest floor
material. It is a portable, battery-powered device that uses measurement
methods that are sensitive to the dielectric permittivity of the material being
measured. The dielectric permittivity is strongly dependent on the water
content of the forest floor material.
The forest floor can contain several kinds of organic material including a litter
layer, the recognizable plant debris that has not decomposed; the fermentation
layer, partially decomposed litter often bound with fungus; and the humus
layer, extensively decomposed unrecognizable organic material. Duff is an
inclusive term that refers to the fermentation and humus layers. Duff thickness
and duff water content strongly influence duff consumption and soil heating
during fires.
The parts of the DMM600 include a cylinder that houses the electronics, a
sample chamber, and an LCD readout. To measure duff water content, the
6
sample is placed in the sample chamber, the lid is attached, and the sample is
compressed to a density determined by precision springs. When proper density
is reached, an audible indicator sounds and the result is displayed on the
readout. Readings are displayed in real time. There is no memory for
measurement storage.
A standard calibration converts the output of the measurement circuit to
volumetric water content. Alternatively, a user-defined calibration can be
downloaded using PC software PCDMM which is supplied with the DMM600.
When user-defined calibrations are used, measurements derived from the
standard calibration and the user-defined calibration are alternately displayed
on the LCD.
PCDMM is software supplied with the DMM600 and provides an interface
using serial communications. PCDMM allows downloading and uploading of
calibration coefficients, checking battery voltage and resetting the DMM600.
The DMM600 comes with a 7.5 cm (3 inch) diameter sieve, and a case for easy
carrying and storage for small items including a spare battery, screwdriver and
pencil.
6. Specifications
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
6.1 Physical
6.2 Power
Features:
• Measures duff water content in the field
• Compact and easy to carry
• Simple to use
Dimensions: 8.9 cm (3.5 in) diameter, 25.4 cm (10 in) length
Weight: 1.7 kg (3.7 lb)
Sieve description: #4, mesh = 0.187 in
Power supply: 9 Vdc alkaline battery. Battery should be
replaced when voltage is ≤7 volts. Battery
voltage is checked using PCDMM software
supplied with DMM600. The DMM600
automatically turns off after 5 minutes of
inactivity.
Current demand
between measurements: approximately 3 mA
Sleep mode current: 140 µA
Measurement current: 85 mA for approximately 1 ms
Measurements per battery: more than 2000
7
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
6.3 Performance
7. Operation
7.1 Sample Chamber
Accuracy: ±5% full scale range
Resolution: 1% volumetric water content
The DMM600 is cylindrically shaped with a sample chamber on one end and a
display on the other. Electronics for the water content measurement and serial
communications with a PC are housed in the central part of the cylinder.
The sample chamber holds the sample during measurement. The sample
chamber is accessed by loosening the chamber access thumbscrew, rotating the
sample chamber cap slightly counter-clockwise and lifting the cap away from
the sample chamber.
A piston located inside the cap is attached to the compression knob by a
threaded shaft. With the sample in the sample chamber, the compression knob
is turned to compress the sample for measurement. The knob is also used to
relax the sample for removal.
The bottom of the sample chamber is a printed circuit board containing a
waveguide attached to piston. A high frequency signal is coupled to the
waveguide from the electronics in the main cylinder. The presence of water in
the sample determines the response of the circuit which is converted to water
content using a calibration equation. The waveguide is attached to a piston
which moves against precision springs to obtain correct compression of
sample.
7.2 Electronics
The electronics for the measurement are located below the sample chamber.
The electronics for display and serial communications are located behind the
display.
7.3 Display End
7.3.1 Power Switch
A toggle switch that turns the DMM600 on and off is on the bottom of the
DMM600 next to the display. When the switch is toggled on, a single beep
indicates the DMM600 is turned on. To conserve battery power, the DMM600
will automatically turn off after about 5 minutes of inactivity. If the DMM600
is in the power-saving mode, toggling the power switch or compressing the
sample will restore the measurement mode.
7.3.2 Audible Indicator
The audible indicator uses a port to the side of the power switch.
8
7.3.3 Display
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
A two-line, 16-character LCD provides measurement results. When the
DMM600 is initially turned on, the display shows:
DMM600
Compress sample
The following is displayed after the sample is compressed and measured.
Std Cal: xx%
Freq: xx.xMHz
The water content measurement using the standard calibration is listed next to
StdCal. The frequency from the measurement circuit is listed next to Freq.
If a user-defined calibration is loaded in the DMM600, the following will also
be displayed:
name Cal: xx%
Freq: xx.xMHz
Where name is the name entered for the user-defined calibration as specified in
the PCDMM software. The display will alternate every 3 seconds between the
standard and user-defined calibration.
7.3.4 Serial Port
The DMM600 serial port is used for direct connection to the serial port of a
computer using a 9-pin serial cable. The port should be kept covered with the
plastic cover to protect from damage when not being used. PCDMM is the
interface software.
7.4 Water Content Measurement
7.4.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Water Content
The DMM600 is sensitive to water content on a volume basis, i.e. volumetric
water content. Volumetric water content is the volume of water in a given
volume of material. Gravimetric water content is a weight-basis parameter and
is the ratio of the mass of water to the mass of the material with no water.
Volumetric and gravimetric water content are related by the bulk density of the
material. Multiplying gravimetric water content by material bulk density
yields volumetric water content.
The choice of water content description, whether gravimetric or volumetric, is
largely traditional in different professions. It is important to understand the
difference and how to convert between them.
9
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
=
+
=
+
The DMM600 presents water content measurement results in volumetric terms
because that is what the DMM600 measures. Conversion to gravimetric
requires knowledge of the material bulk density. Bulk density of duff tends to
be similar for many forest types. If the bulk density of a particular material is
known or measured, the displayed volumetric water content value is easily
converted to gravimetric by adjusting the calibration coefficients.
NOTE
As an example, consider that the bulk density of a lodgepole pine was
determined to be 0.25 g/cm
3
. The calibration equation to convert circuit output
frequency to volumetric water content is
2
VolumetricWater Content freq freq
..* .*
−5 288 5 905 0142
To convert to gravimetric water content, each calibration equation coefficient is
divided by the bulk density. Applying for this example gives
2
GravimetricWater Content freq freq
..*.*
−21152 23620 0 568
This is not a general calibration equation but an example.
PCDMM can be used to load the modified calibration equation (see FIGURE
7-1). When downloaded, the DMM600 will alternately display volumetric
water content using standard calibration and gravimetric water content using
the modified equation.
FIGURE 7-1. Downloading coefficients to convert to gravimetric water
10
content
7.4.1.1 Determining Duff Sample Bulk Density
=
−
The bulk density of the sample at time of measurement is determined as
follows.
1. After the measurement is made, count the number of compression knob
rotations required to move compression piston from measurement position
to completely out.
2. Use following equation to calculate volume of sample at time of
measurement.
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
Volume rotations
3. Dry then weigh the sample used for the measurement.
4. The bulk density in g/cm
157 97 7 25..*
3
is the dry weight divided by the volume.
7.4.2 Duff Size and Water Content Heterogeneity
There is considerable variability in both the physical characteristic and water
content distribution in duff. Because this variability can be significant over a
small area or even within a handful-sized sample, several measurements of the
material are needed to obtain reliable estimates of the water content for the area
of interest.
Duff commonly varies in fragment size, and it may be necessary to grind or
chop the material to improve measurement accuracy and repeatability. A #4
sieve is included with the DMM600 for this purpose. Forcing the sample
material through the sieve will improve measurement accuracy and
repeatability.
The heterogeneity of material size can be characterized by making repeated
measurements of the same material. Place the duff in the sample chamber and
make a measurement. Remove the duff from the chamber and restore its
natural structure by working it by hand. Put the duff back in the sample
chamber and make another measurement. Repeat this process several times. If
the measurements vary by more than about 5% water content, this indicates
that the material should be sieved before measuring to reduce the effect of the
fragment size variation.
7.5 PCDMM Software
7.5.1 Introduction
PCDMM is PC software used to download user defined calibrations, retrieve
calibration coefficients from DMM600, reset DMM600 and monitor battery
voltage.
11
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
=
+
FIGURE 7-2. PCDMM user interface display
7.5.2 Calibration Equation
The frequency output of the DMM600 is converted to water content using a
calibration equation. The response of the DMM600 to changing water content
is best described with a quadratic calibration equation. A factory calibration is
part of the DMM600 operating system and will always be displayed.
The factory calibration to convert frequency (MHz) to volumetric water
content is:
VolumetricWaterContent freq freq
User derived calibrations are easily loaded to the DMM600 using PCDMM.
The coefficients from the calibrations are entered into the appropriate box then
Send Calibration button is used to transfer the values to the DMM600.
7.5.3 Description of PCDMM Functions
This information is also available from the HELP menu.
7.5.3.1 Menus
Options/Comx selects computer serial communications port x.
Options/Disconnect terminates serial communications.
..* .*
−5 288 5 905 0142
2
Options/Exit terminates program PCDMM.
12
7.5.3.2 Indicators
Three circles provide serial communications information.
The left circle indicates which serial communications port is selected. The
circle is green when the connection is successfully made.
The TX circle is green during transmission from the computer to the DMM600.
The RX circle is red during transmission from the DMM600 to the computer.
7.5.3.3 Command Buttons
Send Calibration Coefficients sends calibration name (maximum of 4
characters) and the user-specified calibration coefficients to the DMM600.
Receive Calibration Coefficients receives and displays calibration name and
calibration coefficients from DMM600.
Read Battery Voltage reads voltage of 9 volt battery in DMM600 and displays
value.
Reset DMM600 calibration removes any user-defined calibration and sets
calibration to factory default.
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
7.6 Calibration
7.6.1 DMM600 Standard Calibration
FIGURE 7-3 shows the response of the DMM600 as described using the
standard calibration that was derived by Campbell Scientific using duff from
lodgepole pine, spruce, Douglas fir, larch and oak vegetation types. The error
bars indicate that the measurement accuracy decreases as water content
increases. The accuracy is approximately ± 4.0% at 60% volumetric water
content and approximately ± 1.5% at 30% volumetric water content.
Measurements on materials that are highly heterogeneous in fragment size will
provide less accurate results.
13
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
70
60
50
40
30
20
volumetric water content (%)
10
0
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
DMM600 calibration
frequency (MHz)
FIGURE 7-3. DMM600 standard calibration
7.6.2 User Calibration
7.6.2.1 Equipment Required for User Calibration
• plastic bags to store samples
• a scale to measure sample weight
• containers to hold samples for weighing and while drying in oven
• a drying oven or microwave to dry samples
7.6.2.2 Calibration Procedure
The calibration requires duff samples with a range of water contents. The
collected sample will be measured with the DMM600, removed from the
DMM600 and weighed, then dried and weighed. Water will be added to the
samples to obtain samples with a range of water contents, and the measurement
process repeated on the wetted samples.
Spreadsheet file DMM600 calibration spreadsheet.xls is provided with the
DMM600 to assist with calibration calculations.
1. Collect a sample of the material to be used in the calibration that is four to
five times the volume of the sample chamber. Sample chamber volume is
approximately 140 cm
sealed to prevent drying and let the sample set for 8 to 12 hours. This
3
. Place the material in a plastic bag that can be
14
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
=
−
sitting time will allow the water content to equilibrate throughout the
sample.
2. Load a portion of the sample into the chamber and take a measurement.
See Section 7.4.2, Duff Size and Water Content Heterogeneity, for
discussion of sample heterogeneity. Record the frequency in MHz that is
displayed as “Raw”.
3. Unscrew the compression knob counting the number of turns from the
position of measurement to fully out. Use the index on the compression
knob and the radial lines on the sample chamber cap for this. Record the
number of turns.
4. Remove the material from the sample chamber to a container of known
weight. Weigh the sample and container. Repeat steps 2 and 3 at least
three times using different portions of the sample.
5. Dry the samples and then weigh. See Section 7.7, Drying Samples and
Calculating Volumetric Water Content, for guidance on drying samples.
6. Using the dried samples repeat steps 2 through 4. The dried sample
measurements are zero water content values.
7. Use the following equation to calculate volume of sample at time of
measurement.
Volume rotations
8. Calculate the bulk density (g/cm
sample by the volume.
9. Estimate the amount of water to add to the dry samples to obtain 50%
volumetric water content using the following equation.
wet sampleweight dry sample weight
The value 50 is the target volumetric water content.
10. Place the sample(s) in sealable plastic bag(s) and add water. Work water
into sample. Set aside for 8 hours to allow equilibration.
11. Repeat steps 2 through 8.
12. Repeat steps 9 through 11 for other target volumetric water contents to
provide a range of calibration water contents.
157 97 7 25..*
3
) by dividing the dry weight of the
=+
⎛
*
⎜
100
⎝
50
bulk density
*
⎞
1
⎟
⎠
13. Derive the calibration equation using polynomial curve fitting such as the
trendline function of Microsoft Excel.
15
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
7.7 Drying Samples and Calculating Volumetric Water
Content
7.7.1 Conventional Oven Method
For this method a thermostatically controlled oven is required and sample
containers suitable for oven temperature of 105°C.
Procedure
1. Weigh and record the weight of sample container
2. Place the sample in the container and record the weight of the container
and sample.
3. Place the container with sample in the drying oven and dry at 105°C for 12
to 16 hours or until the sample weight does not decrease with drying time.
4. Remove sample from oven, and allow the material and container to cool to
room temperature. Determine and record the weight of the dried sample
and the container using the same balance.
Calculation of gravimetric water content of the sample using spreadsheet or as
follows:
⎛
massof container and wet sample massof container and dry sample
water content
⎜
=
⎝
Multiply gravimetric water content by bulk density to obtain volumetric water
content.
7.7.2 Microwave Oven Method
For this method a microwave oven is required and sample containers suitable
for use in microwave oven.
Procedure
1. Weigh and record the weight of sample container.
2. Place the sample in the container and record the weight of the container
and sample.
3. Place the container with sample in the microwave oven with the heat sink
and turn the oven on for 3 min. The heat sink can be a cup of water
covered with a paper towel. The heat sink absorbs microwave energy once
the sample is dry.
−
mass of container and dry sample massof container
−
⎞
⎟
⎠
*100
4. After the set time has elapsed, remove the container from the oven. Allow
5. Carefully stir the sample, taking special precautions not to lose any.
16
to cool so that it can be handled and then weight the sample and record the
weight.
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
6. Return the container with the sample to the oven, and reheat for 1 min.
7. Repeat steps 4 through 6, until the weight does not change.
8. Use the final weight determination in calculating the gravimetric water
content.
Calculation of gravimetric water content of the sample using spreadsheet or as
follows:
Multiply gravimetric water content by bulk density to obtain volumetric water
content.
8. Maintenance
8.1 Changing the 9-Volt Battery
The 9-volt battery is installed behind the display. To replace the battery,
remove the three outer screw from the display end cap and slide out of the
main cylinder. A screwdriver or small coin can be inserted into small slots on
the edge of the cylinder to assist separation.
8.2 Cleaning the Sample Chamber
The sample chamber can be removed for cleaning by removing the chamber
removal thumbscrew and rotating the sample chamber slightly counterclockwise.
water content
⎛
massof container and wet sample mass of container and dry sample
⎜
=
⎝
massof container and dry sample mass of container
−
−
⎞
⎟
⎠
*100
17
DMM600 Duff Moisture Meter
18
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