Campbell CR3000 Micrologger Operator's Manual

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OPERATOR'S MANUAL

Revision: 12/16

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CR3000 Micrologger®

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Assistance

Products may not be returned without prior authorization. The following contact information is for Canadian and international clients residing in countries served by Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corp. directly. Affiliate companies handle repairs for clients within their territories. Please visit

www.campbellsci.ca to determine which Campbell Scientific company serves

your country.

To obtain a Returned Materials Authorization (RMA), contact CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC (CANADA) CORP., phone (780) 454-2505. After a measurement consultant determines the nature of the problem, an RMA number will be issued. Please write this number clearly on the outside of the shipping container. Campbell Scientific’s shipping address is:

CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC (CANADA) CORP. RMA#_____ 14532 131 Avenue NW Edmonton, Alberta T5L 4X4 Canada

For all returns, the client must fill out a “Statement of Product Cleanliness and Decontamination” form and comply with the requirements specified in it. The form is available from our web site at www.campbellsci.ca/repair. A completed form must be either emailed to repair@campbellsci.ca or faxed to (780) 454-2655. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corp. is unable to process any returns until we receive this form. If the form is not received within three days of product receipt or is incomplete, the product will be returned to the client at the client’s expense. Campbell Scientific (Canada) Corp.f reserves the right to refuse service on products that were exposed to contaminants that may cause health or safety concerns for our employees.

Precautions

DANGER — MANY HAZARDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INSTALLING, USING, MAINTAINING, AND WORKING ON OR AROUND

TRIPODS, TOWERS, AND ANY ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC. FAILURE TO PROPERLY AND COMPLETELY ASSEMBLE, INSTALL, OPERATE, USE, AND MAINTAIN TRIPODS,

TOWERS, AND ATTACHMENTS, AND FAILURE TO HEED WARNINGS, INCREASES THE RISK OF DEATH, ACCIDENT, SERIOUS INJURY, PROPERTY DAMAGE, AND PRODUCT FAILURE. TAKE ALL REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID THESE HAZARDS. CHECK WITH YOUR ORGANIZATION'S SAFETY COORDINATOR (OR POLICY) FOR PROCEDURES AND REQUIRED PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PRIOR TO PERFORMING ANY WORK.

Use tripods, towers, and attachments to tripods and towers only for purposes for which they are designed. Do not exceed design limits. Be familiar and comply with all instructions provided in product manuals. Manuals are available at www.campbellsci.ca or by telephoning (780) 454-2505 (Canada). You are responsible for conformance with governing codes and regulations, including safety regulations, and the integrity and location of structures or land to which towers, tripods, and any attachments are attached. Installation sites should be evaluated and approved by a qualified personnel (e.g. engineer). If questions or concerns arise regarding installation, use, or maintenance of tripods, towers, attachments, or electrical connections, consult with a licensed and qualified engineer or electrician.

General

 Prior to performing site or installation work, obtain required approvals and permits.  Use only qualified personnel for installation, use, and maintenance of tripods and towers, and

any attachments to tripods and towers. The use of licensed and qualified contractors is highly recommended.

 Read all applicable instructions carefully and understand procedures thoroughly before

beginning work.

 Wear a hardhat and eye protection, and take other appropriate safety precautions while

working on or around tripods and towers.

 Do not climb tripods or towers at any time, and prohibit climbing by other persons. Take

reasonable precautions to secure tripod and tower sites from trespassers.

 Use only manufacturer recommended parts, materials, and tools.

Utility and Electrical

 You can be killed or sustain serious bodily injury if the tripod, tower, or attachments you are

installing, constructing, using, or maintaining, or a tool, stake, or anchor, come in contact with overhead or underground utility lines.

 Maintain a distance of at least one-and-one-half times structure height, 6 meters (20 feet), or

the distance required by applicable law, whichever is greater, between overhead utility lines and the structure (tripod, tower, attachments, or tools).

 Prior to performing site or installation work, inform all utility companies and have all

underground utilities marked.

 Comply with all electrical codes. Electrical equipment and related grounding devices should

be installed by a licensed and qualified electrician.

Elevated Work and Weather

 Exercise extreme caution when performing elevated work.  Use appropriate equipment and safety practices.  During installation and maintenance, keep tower and tripod sites clear of un-trained or non-

essential personnel. Take precautions to prevent elevated tools and objects from dropping.

 Do not perform any work in inclement weather, including wind, rain, snow, lightning, etc.

Maintenance

 Periodically (at least yearly) check for wear and damage, including corrosion, stress cracks,

frayed cables, loose cable clamps, cable tightness, etc. and take necessary corrective actions.

 Periodically (at least yearly) check electrical ground connections.

WHILE EVERY ATTEMPT IS MADE TO EMBODY THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF SAFETY IN ALL CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTS, THE CLIENT ASSUMES ALL RISK FROM ANY INJURY RESULTING FROM IMPROPER INSTALLATION, USE, OR MAINTENANCE OF TRIPODS, TOWERS, OR ATTACHMENTS TO TRIPODS AND TOWERS SUCH AS SENSORS, CROSSARMS, ENCLOSURES, ANTENNAS, ETC.

PLEASE READ FIRST

About this manual

Please note that this manual was originally produced by Campbell Scientific Inc. (CSI) primarily for the US market. Some spellings, weights and measures may reflect this origin.

Some useful conversion factors:

Area: 1 in Length: 1 in. (inch) = 25.4 mm

1 ft (foot) = 304.8 mm 1 yard = 0.914 m 1 mile = 1.609 km Mass: 1 oz. (ounce) = 28.35 g 1 lb (pound weight) = 0.454 kg

Pressure: 1 psi (lb/in2) = 68.95 mb Volume: 1 US gallon = 3.785 litres

In addition, part ordering numbers may vary. For example, the CABLE5CBL is a CSI part number and known as a FIN5COND at Campbell Scientific Canada (CSC). CSC Technical Support will be pleased to assist with any questions.

(square inch) = 645 mm

About sensor wiring

Please note that certain sensor configurations may require a user supplied jumper wire. It is recommended to review the sensor configuration requirements for your application and supply the jumper wire is necessary.

1. Introduction .............................................................. 31

1.1 HELLO .............................................................................................. 31

1.2 Typography ....................................................................................... 32

1.3 Capturing CRBasic Code .................................................................. 32

2. Precautions .............................................................. 33

3. Initial Inspection ....................................................... 35

4. Quickstart ................................................................. 37

4.1 Sensors — Quickstart ...................................................................... 37

4.2 Datalogger — Quickstart ................................................................... 38

4.2.1 CR3000 Module ......................................................................... 38

4.2.1.1 Wiring Panel — Quickstart.............................................. 38

4.3 Power Supplies — Quickstart ........................................................... 39

4.3.1 Internal Battery — Quickstart .................................................... 40

4.4 Data Retrieval and Comms — Quickstart ......................................... 40

4.5 Datalogger Support Software — Quickstart ...................................... 41

4.6 Tutorial: Measuring a Thermocouple ................................................ 42

4.6.1 What You Will Need .................................................................. 42

4.6.2 Hardware Setup .......................................................................... 42

4.6.2.1 Connect Internal Power Supply ....................................... 43

4.6.2.2 Connect External Power Supply ...................................... 43

4.6.2.3 Connect Comms .............................................................. 44

4.6.3 PC200W Software Setup ............................................................ 44

4.6.4 Write CRBasic Program with Short Cut .................................... 46

4.6.4.1 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 1 to 5) ................................. 46

4.6.4.2 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 6 to 7) ................................. 47

4.6.4.3 Procedure: (Short Cut Step 8) .......................................... 47

4.6.4.4 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 9 to 12) ............................... 48

4.6.4.5 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 13 to 14) ............................. 48

4.6.5 Send Program and Collect Data ................................................. 49

4.6.5.1 Procedure: (PC200W Step 1) ........................................... 49

4.6.5.2 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 2 to 4) .................................. 50

4.6.5.3 Procedure: (PC200W Step 5) ........................................... 51

4.6.5.4 Procedure: (PC200W Step 6) ........................................... 52

4.6.5.5 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 7 to 10) ................................ 53

4.6.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 11 to 12) .............................. 54

4.6.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 13 to 14) .............................. 54

4.7 Data Acquisition Systems — Quickstart ........................................... 55

5. Overview ................................................................... 57

5.1 Datalogger — Overview.................................................................... 58

5.1.1 Wiring Panel — Overview ......................................................... 59

5.1.1.1 Switched Voltage

5.1.1.2 Voltage and Current Excitation — Overview ................ 62

5.1.1.3 Power Terminals .............................................................. 63

5.1.1.3.1 Power In Terminals ............................................... 63

Output — Overview ........................... 62

Table of Contents

5.1.1.3.2 Power Out Terminals ............................................ 63

5.1.1.4 Communication Ports — Overview ................................. 64

5.1.1.4.1 CS I/O Port............................................................ 65

5.1.1.4.2 RS-232 Ports ......................................................... 65

5.1.1.4.3 Peripheral Port ...................................................... 65

5.1.1.4.4 SDI-12 Ports ......................................................... 65

5.1.1.4.5 SDM Port .............................................................. 66

5.1.1.4.6 CPI Port and CDM Devices — Overview ............ 66

5.1.1.4.7 Ethernet Port ......................................................... 66

5.1.1.5 Grounding — Overview .................................................. 66

5.2 Measurements — Overview .............................................................. 67

5.2.1 Time Keeping — Overview ....................................................... 67

5.2.2 Analog Mea s urements — Overview .......................................... 67

5.2.2.1 Voltage Measurements — Overview ............................... 68

5.2.2.1.1 Single-Ended Measurements — Overview ........... 70

5.2.2.1.2 Differential Measurements — Overview .............. 71

5.2.2.2 Current Measurements — Overview ............................... 72

5.2.2.3 Resistance Measurements — Overview .......................... 72

5.2.2.3.1 Voltage Excitation ................................................ 72

5.2.2.3.2 Current Excitation ................................................. 73

5.2.2.4 Strain Measurements — Overview .................................. 74

5.2.3 Pulse Measurements — Overview ............................................. 74

5.2.3.1 Pulses Measured .............................................................. 74

5.2.3.2 Pulse Input Channels ....................................................... 75

5.2.3.3 Pulse Sensor Wiring......................................................... 75

5.2.4 Period Averaging — Overview .................................................. 76

5.2.5 Vibrating Wire Measurements — Overview .............................. 77

5.2.6 Reading Smart Sensors — Overview ......................................... 77

5.2.6.1 SDI-12 Sensor Support — Overview .............................. 78

5.2.6.2 RS-232 — Overview ....................................................... 78

5.2.7 Field Calibration — Overview ................................................... 79

5.2.8 Cabling Effects — Overview ..................................................... 79

5.2.9 Synchronizing Measurements — Overview ............................... 79

5.2.9.1 Synchronizing Measurements in the CR3000 —

Overview ...................................................................... 80

5.2.9.2 Synchronizing Measurements in a Datalogger

Network — Overview .................................................. 80

5.3 Data Retrieval and Comms — Overview .......................................... 80

5.3.1 Data File Formats in CR3000 Memory ...................................... 80

5.3.2 Data Format on Computer .......................................................... 80

5.3.3 Mass-Storage Device .................................................................. 80

5.3.4 Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Overview ................................. 81

5.3.4.1 Comms ............................................................................. 81

5.3.4.2 Direct with Adapter to PC ............................................... 81

5.3.5 Comms Protocols ....................................................................... 82

5.3.5.1 PakBus Comms — Overview .......................................... 82

5.3.6 Alternate Comms Protocols — Overview .................................. 82

5.3.6.1 Modbus — Overview....................................................... 83

5.3.6.2 DNP3 — Overview .......................................................... 83

5.3.6.3 TCP/IP — Overview ........................................................ 84

5.3.7 Comms Hardware — Overview ................................................. 84

5.3.8 Keyboard/Display — Overview ................................................. 84

5.3.8.1 Integrated Keyboard/Display ........................................... 85

5.3.8.2 Character Set .................................................................... 85

5.3.8.3 Custom Menus — Overview ........................................... 85

Table of Contents

5.4 Measurement and Control Peripherals — Overview ......................... 86

5.5 Power Supplies — Overview ............................................................ 86

5.6 CR3000 Setup — Overview .............................................................. 87

5.7 CRBasic Programming — Overview ................................................ 87

5.8 Security — Overview ........................................................................ 88

5.9 Maintenance — Overview ................................................................. 89

5.9.1 Protection from Moisture — Overview ...................................... 89

5.9.2 Protection from Voltage Trans ie nts — Overview ...................... 89

5.9.3 Factory Calibration — Overview ............................................... 89

5.9.4 Internal Battery — Overview ..................................................... 90

5.10 Datalogger Support Software — Overview ....................................... 90

5.11 PLC Control — Overview ................................................................. 91

5.12 Auto Self-Calibration — Overview ................................................... 92

5.13 Memory — Overview ....................................................................... 93

6. Specifications ........................................................... 95

7. Installation ................................................................ 97

7.1 Enclosures — Details ........................................................................ 97

7.2 Power Supplies — Details ................................................................. 98

7.2.1 CR3000 Power Requirement ...................................................... 99

7.2.2 Calculating Power Consumption ................................................ 99

7.2.3 Power Sources ............................................................................ 99

7.2.3.1 Vehicle Power Connections ........................................... 100

7.2.4 Uninterrup table Po wer Supply (UP S ) ...................................... 101

7.2.5 External Power Supply Installation .......................................... 101

7.2.6 External Al kaline Po wer Supply .............................................. 101

7.2.7 Integrated Batteries .................................................................. 101

7.2.7.1 Alkaline-Battery Base .................................................... 102

7.2.7.2 Sealed Rechargeable-Battery Base ................................ 103

7.2.7.3 Low Profile (No Battery) Base ...................................... 106

7.3 Grounding — Details ...................................................................... 106

7.3.1 ESD Protection ......................................................................... 107

7.3.1.1 Lightning Protection ...................................................... 108

7.3.2 Single-Ended Measurement Reference .................................... 109

7.3.3 Ground Potential Differences ................................................... 110

7.3.3.1 Soil Temperature Thermocouple ................................... 110

7.3.3.2 External Signal Conditioner........................................... 110

7.3.4 Ground Looping in Ionic Measurements ..................................

7.4 Protection from Moisture — Details ............................................... 112

7.5 CR3000 Setup — Details ................................................................ 112

7.5.1 Tools — Setup .......................................................................... 113

7.5.1.1 DevConfig — S etup Tools ............................................ 113

7.5.1.2 Network Pla nner — Setup Tools ................................... 114

7.5.1.2.1 Overview — Network Planner ............................ 115

7.5.1.2.2 Basics — Network Planner ................................. 116

7.5.1.3 Info Tables and Settings — Setup Tools ....................... 117

7.5.1.4 CRBasic Program — Setup Tools ................................. 118

7.5.1.5 Executable CPU: Files — Set up Tools .......................... 118

7.5.1.5.1 Default.cr3 File ................................................... 119

7.5.1.5.2 "Include" File ...................................................... 119

7.5.1.5.3 Executable File Run Priorities ............................ 122

111

Table of Contents

7.5.2 Setup Tasks .............................................................................. 123

7.5.2.1 Operating System (OS) — Details ................................. 123

7.5.2.1.1 OS Update with DevConfig Send OS Tab .......... 124

7.5.2.1.2 OS Update with File Control .............................. 125

7.5.2.1.3 OS Update with Send Program Command .......... 126

7.5.2.1.4 OS Update with External Memory and

PowerUp.ini File.............................................. 127

7.5.2.2 Factory Defaults — Installation ..................................... 128

7.5.2.3 Saving and Restoring Configurations — Installation .... 128

7.6 CRBasic Programming — Details ................................................... 129

7.6.1 Program Structure..................................................................... 129

7.6.2 Writing and Editing Programs .................................................. 132

7.6.2.1 Short Cut Programming Wizard .................................... 132

7.6.2.2 CRBasic Editor .............................................................. 132

7.6.2.2.1 Inserting C omments into Program ...................... 133

7.6.2.2.2 Conserving Program Memory ............................. 134

7.6.3 Programmi ng S yntax ................................................................ 134

7.6.3.1 Program Statements ....................................................... 134

7.6.3.1.1 Multiple Statements on One Line ....................... 135

7.6.3.1.2 One Statement on Multiple Lines ....................... 135

7.6.3.2 Single-Statement Declarations ....................................... 135

7.6.3.3 Declaring Variables ....................................................... 136

7.6.3.3.1 Declaring Data Types ......................................... 137

7.6.3.3.2 Dimensioning Numeric Variables ....................... 141

7.6.3.3.3 Dimensioning String Variables ........................... 142

7.6.3.3.4 Declaring Flag Variables .................................... 142

7.6.3.4 U sin g Variable Pointers ................................................. 143

7.6.3.5 Declaring Arrays ............................................................ 144

7.6.3.5.1 Advanced Array Declaration .............................. 145

7.6.3.6 Declaring Local and Global Variables ........................... 146

7.6.3.7 Initializing Variables...................................................... 146

7.6.3.8 D e c la r ing Constants ....................................................... 147

7.6.3.8.1 Predefined Constants .......................................... 148

7.6.3.9 D e c la r ing Aliases and Units........................................... 148

7.6.3.10 Numerical Formats ........................................................ 149

7.6.3.11 Multi-Statement Declarations ........................................ 150

7.6.3.11.1 Declaring Data Tables ......................................... 151

7.6.3.11.2 Declaring S ubroutines ......................................... 158

7.6.3.11.3 Declaring S ubroutines ......................................... 159

7.6.3.11.4 Declaring Incidental Sequences .......................... 159

7.6.3.12 Execution and Task Priority........................................... 160

7.6.3.12.1 Pipeline Mode ..................................................... 161

7.6.3.12.2 Sequential Mode ................................................. 162

7.6.3.13 Execution Timing .......................................................... 163

7.6.3.13.1 Scan() / NextScan ............................................... 163

7.6.3.13.2 SlowSequence / EndSequence ............................ 164

7.6.3.13.3 SubScan() / NextSubScan ................................... 165

7.6.3.13.4 Scan Priorities in Sequential M ode ..................... 165

7.6.3.14 Programming Instructions .............................................. 167

7.6.3.14.1 Measurement and Data Storage Processing ........ 167

7.6.3.14.2 Argument Types.................................................. 168

7.6.3.14.3 Names in Arguments ........................................... 168

7.6.3.15 Expressions in Arguments ............................................. 169

7.6.3.16 Programming Expression Types .................................... 170

7.6.3.16.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic ................................... 170

Table of Contents

7.6.3.16.2 Arithmetic Operations ......................................... 171

7.6.3.16.3 Expressions with Numeric Data Types ............... 171

7.6.3.16.4 Logical Exp ressions ............................................ 173

7.6.3.16.5 String Expr essions .............................................. 176

7.6.3.17 Programming Access to Data Tables ............................. 177

7.6.3.18 Programming to Use Sig natures .................................... 179

7.6.3.19 Functions (with a capital F) ........................................... 179

7.6.4 Sending CRBasic Programs ..................................................... 180

7.6.4.1 Preserving Data at Program Send .................................. 180

7.7 Programming Resource Library ...................................................... 181

7.7.1 Advanced Programming Techniques ....................................... 181

7.7.1.1 C apturing Eve nts ........................................................... 181

7.7.1.2 Co nd itional Output ........................................................ 182

7.7.1.3 Gr o undwater Pump Test ................................................ 183

7.7.1.4 Miscellaneous Features .................................................. 186

7.7.1.5 PulseCountReset Instruction .......................................... 188

7.7.1.6 Sc aling Arra y ................................................................. 189

7.7.1.7 Signatures: Example Programs ...................................... 190

7.7.1.7.1 Text Signat ure ..................................................... 190

7.7.1.7.2 Binary Runt ime Signatur e................................... 190

7.7.1.7.3 Executable Code Signatures ............................... 190

7.7.1.8 U se of Multiple Scans .................................................... 191

7.7.2 Data Input: Loading Large Data Sets ....................................... 192

7.7.3 Data Input: Array-Assig ne d Expression ................................... 193

7.7.4 Data Output : Calculating Running Average ............................. 197

7.7.5 Data Output: Two Intervals in One Data Table ........................ 201

7.7.6 Data Output: Triggers and Omittin g Samples .......................... 202

7.7.7 Data Output: Using Data Type B ool8 ...................................... 203

7.7.8 Data Output: Using Data Type NSEC ...................................... 208

7.7.8.1 NSEC Options ............................................................... 208

7.7.9 Data Output: Wind Vector ....................................................... 211

7.7.9.1 O utputOpt Parameters ................................................... 212

7.7.9.2 Wind Vector Processing ................................................ 212

7.7.9.2.1 Measured Raw Data ............................................ 213

7.7.9.2.2 Calculations ........................................................ 214

7.7.10 Data Output: Writing High-Frequency Data to Memory

Cards ..................................................................................... 217

7.7.10.1 TableFile() with Option 64 ............................................ 218

7.7.10.2 TableFile() with Option 64 Replaces CardOut()............ 218

7.7.10.3 TableFile() with Option 64 Programming ..................... 219

7.7.10.4 Converting TOB3 Files with CardConvert .................... 220

7.7.10.5 TableFile() with Option 64 Q & A ................................ 220

7.7.11 Displaying Data: Custom Menus — Details ............................ 222

7.7.12 Field Calibration — Details ..................................................... 229

7.7.12.1 Field Calibration CAL Files ..........................................

229

7.7.12.2 Field Calibration Programming ..................................... 229

7.7.12.3 Field Calibration Wiza rd Overview ............................... 230

7.7.12.4 Field Calibration N umeric Monitor Procedures............. 230

7.7.12.4.1 One-Point Calibrations (Zero or Offset) ............. 231

7.7.12.4.2 Two-Point Calibrations (gain and o ffset) ............ 232

7.7.12.4.3 Zero Basis Point Calibration ............................... 232

7.7.12.5 Field Calibration Examples ........................................... 232

7.7.12.5.1 FieldCal() Zero or Tare (Opt 0) Example ........... 233

7.7.12.5.2 FieldCal() Offset (Opt 1) Example ..................... 235

Table of Contents

7.7.12.5.3 FieldCal() Slope and Offset (Op t 2) Example ..... 238

7.7.12.5.4 FieldCal() Slope (Opt 3) Example ...................... 240

7.7.12.5.5 FieldCal() Zero Basis (Opt 4) Example .............. 243

7.7.12.6 Field Calibration Strain Examples ................................. 243

7.7.12.6.1 FieldCalStrain() Shunt Calibra tion Concepts ...... 243

7.7.12.6.2 FieldCalStrain() Shunt Calibra tion Example ...... 244

7.7.12.6.3 FieldCalStrain() Quarter-Bridge Shunt

Example ........................................................... 246

7.7.12.6.4 FieldCalStrain() Quarter-Bridge Zero ................. 247

7.7.13 Measurement: Fast Analog Voltage ......................................... 248

7.7.13.1 Tips — Fast Analog Voltage ......................................... 252

7.7.14 Measurement: Excite, Delay, Measure ..................................... 254

7.7.15 Serial I/O: SDI-12 Sensor Support — Details .......................... 255

7.7.15.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode ............................................. 255

7.7.15.1.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode Commands ............... 256

7.7.15.2 SDI-12 Recorder Mode .................................................. 261

7.7.15.2.1 Alternate Start Concurrent Measurement

Command ........................................................ 263

7.7.15.2.2 SDI-12 Extended Command Support.................. 267

7.7.15.3 SDI-12 Sensor Mode ..................................................... 268

7.7.15.4 SDI-12 Power Considerations........................................ 270

7.7.16 Compiling: Conditional Code................................................... 271

7.7.17 Measurement: RTD, PRT, PT100, PT1000 .............................. 273

7.7.17.1 Measurement Theory (PRT) .......................................... 274

7.7.17.2 General Procedure (PRT) ............................................... 275

7.7.17.3 Example: 100 Ω PRT in Four-Wire Half Bridge with

Voltage Excitation (PT100 / BrHalf4W() ) ................ 277

7.7.17.4 Example: 100 Ω PRT in Three-Wire Half Bridge with

Voltage Excitation (PT100 / BrHalf3W() ) ................ 281

7.7.17.5 Example: 100 Ω PRT in Four-Wire Full Bridge with

Voltage Excitation (PT100 / BrFull() ) ...................... 285

7.7.17.6 Example: 100 Ω PRT in Four-Wire Basic Circuit

(PT100 / Basic Resistance() ) ..................................... 290

7.7.17.7 Example: 100 Ω PRT in Four-Wire Full Bridge with Current Excitation (PT100 / Full-Bridge

Resistance() ).............................................................. 296

7.7.17.8 PRT Callendar-Van Dusen Coefficients ........................ 300

7.7.17.9 Self-Heating and Resolution .......................................... 303

7.7.18 Serial I/O: Capturing Serial Data ............................................. 303

7.7.18.1 Introduction.................................................................... 304

7.7.18.2 I/O Ports ......................................................................... 305

7.7.18.3 Protocols ........................................................................ 306

7.7.18.4 Glossary of Serial I/O Terms ......................................... 306

7.7.18.5 Serial I/O CRBasic Pr ogramming .................................. 308

7.7.18.5.1 Serial I/O Programming Basics ........................... 309

7.7.18.5.2 Serial I/O Input Programming Basics ................. 311

7.7.18.5.3 Serial I/O Output Progra mming Basics ............... 312

7.7.18.5.4 Serial I/O Translating B ytes ................................

313

7.7.18.5.5 Serial I/O Memory Considerations ..................... 314

7.7.18.5.6 Serial I/O Example I ........................................... 315

7.7.18.6 Serial I/O Application Testing ....................................... 316

7.7.18.6.1 Configure HyperTerminal ................................... 316

7.7.18.6.2 Create Send-Text File ......................................... 319

7.7.18.6.3 Create Text-Capture File ..................................... 319

7.7.18.6.4 Serial I/O Example II .......................................... 319

Table of Contents

7.7.18.7 Serial I/O Q & A ............................................................ 325

7.7.19 String Operations...................................................................... 327

7.7.19.1 String Operator s ............................................................. 328

7.7.19.2 String Concatenation ..................................................... 329

7.7.19.3 String NULL Character ................................................. 331

7.7.19.4 Inserting String C haracters ............................................ 332

7.7.20 Subroutines ............................................................................... 332

8. Operation ................................................................ 335

8.1 Measurements — Details ................................................................ 335

8.1.1 Time Keeping — Details .......................................................... 335

8.1.1.1 Time Stamps .................................................................. 335

8.1.2 Analog Mea s urements — Details ............................................. 337

8.1.2.1 Vo ltage Measurement Quality ....................................... 337

8.1.2.2 Thermocouple Measurements — Details ....................... 355

8.1.2.2.1 Thermocouple Error Analysis ............................. 356

8.1.2.2.2 Use of External Reference Junction .................... 366

8.1.2.3 Resistance Measurements — Details ............................. 367

8.1.2.3.1 Ac Excitation ...................................................... 371

8.1.2.3.2 Accuracy — Resistance Measurements .............. 371

8.1.2.4 Auto Self-Calibration — Details ................................... 373

8.1.2.4.1 Auto Self-Calibr a tion Process ............................. 373

8.1.2.5 Strain Measurements — Details .................................... 378

8.1.2.6 Current Measurements — Details .................................. 380

8.1.2.7 Vo ltage Measurements — Details ................................. 380

8.1.2.7.1 Voltage Measurement Limitatio ns ...................... 380

8.1.2.7.2 Voltage Measurement Mechanics ....................... 383

8.1.2.7.3 Voltage Measurement Quality ............................ 386

8.1.3 Pulse Measurements — Details ................................................ 404

8.1.3.1 Pulse Measurement Terminals ....................................... 407

8.1.3.2 Low-Level Ac Measurements — Details ...................... 407

8.1.3.3 High-Frequency Measurements ..................................... 408

8.1.3.3.1 Frequency Resolution ......................................... 409

8.1.3.3.2 Frequency Measurement Q & A ......................... 410

8.1.3.4 Switch Closure and Open-Collector Measurements ...... 410

8.1.3.5 Edge Timing .................................................................. 411

8.1.3.6 Edge Counting ............................................................... 412

8.1.3.7 Timer Input on I/O NAN Conditions ............................. 412

8.1.3.8 Pulse Measurement Tips ................................................ 412

8.1.3.8.1 Pay Attention to Specifications ........................... 414

8.1.3.8.2 Input Filters and Signal Attenuatio n ................... 415

8.1.4

8.1.5 Period Averaging — Details .................................................... 418

8.1.6 Reading Smart Sensors — Details ........................................... 419

8.1.7 Field Calibration — Overview ................................................. 420

8.1.8 Cabling Effects — Details ........................................................ 421

Vibrating Wire Measurements — Details ................................ 417

8.1.4.1 Time-Domain Measurement .......................................... 417

8.1.6.1 RS-232 and TTL — Details ........................................... 419

8.1.6.2 SDI-12 Sensor Support — Details ................................. 420

8.1.8.1 Analog Sensor Cabling .................................................. 421

8.1.8.2 Curr e nt Excitation Cabling ............................................ 421

8.1.8.3 Pulse Sensor Cabling ..................................................... 421

8.1.8.4 RS-232 Sensor Cabling .................................................. 422

Table of Contents

8.1.8.5 SDI-12 Sensor Cabling .................................................. 422

8.1.9 Synchronizing Measurements — Details ................................. 422

8.1.9.1 Synchronizing Measurement in the CR3000 —

Details ........................................................................ 422

8.1.9.2 Synchronizing Measurements in a Datalogger

Network — Details .................................................... 422

8.2 Switched-Voltage Output — Details ............................................... 424

8.2.1 Switched-Voltage Excitation .................................................... 425

8.2.2 Switched-Current Excitation (IX Terminals) ........................... 425

8.2.3 Continuous-Regulated (5V Terminal) ...................................... 426

8.2.4 Continuous-Analog Out ( CAO Ter minal ) ................................ 426

8.2.5 Continuous-Unregulated Voltage (12V Terminal) ................... 426

8.2.6 Switched-Unregulated Voltage (SW12 Terminal) ................... 426

8.3 PLC Control — Details ................................................................... 427

8.3.1 Terminals Configured for Control ............................................ 428

8.4 Measurement and Control Peripherals — Details ........................... 429

8.4.1 Analog Input Modules .............................................................. 429

8.4.2 Analog Output Modules ........................................................... 430

8.4.3 PLC Control Modules — Overview ......................................... 430

8.4.3.1 R elays and Rel ay Drivers .............................................. 430

8.4.3.2 Component-Built Rela ys ................................................ 430

8.4.4 Pulse Input M odules ................................................................. 431

8.4.4.1 Low-Level Ac Input Modules — Overview .................. 431

8.4.5 Serial I/O Modules — Details .................................................. 432

8.4.6 Terminal-Input Modules ........................................................... 432

8.4.7 Vibrating Wire Modules ........................................................... 432

8.5 Datalogger Support Software — Details ......................................... 432

8.6 Program and OS File Compression Q and A ................................... 433

8.7 Security — Details .......................................................................... 436

8.7.1 Vulnerabilities .......................................................................... 437

8.7.2 Pass-Code Lockout ................................................................... 438

8.7.2.1 Pass-Code Lockout By-Pass .......................................... 439

8.7.3 Passwords ................................................................................. 440

8.7.3.1 .csipasswd ...................................................................... 440

8.7.3.2 PakBus Instr uctions ....................................................... 440

8.7.3.3 TCP/IP Instructions........................................................ 440

8.7.3.4 Settings — Passwords .................................................... 441

8.7.4 File Encryption ......................................................................... 441

Communication Encryption...................................................... 441

8.7.5

8.7.6 Hiding Files .............................................................................. 441

8.7.7 Signatures ................................................................................. 442

8.7.8 Read Only Variables ................................................................ 442

8.8 Memory — Details .......................................................................... 442

8.8.1 Storage Media .......................................................................... 442

8.8.1.1 Memory Drives — On-Board ........................................ 445

8.8.1.1.1 Data Table SRAM............................................... 446

8.8.1.1.2 CPU: Drive ......................................................... 446

8.8.1.1.3 USR: Drive ......................................................... 446

8.8.1.1.4 USB: Drive ......................................................... 447

8.8.1.2 Memory Card (CRD: Drive) .......................................... 447

8.8.2 Data File Formats ..................................................................... 449

8.8.3 Memory Cards and Record Numbers ....................................... 453

8.8.4 Resetting the CR3000 ............................................................... 454

8.8.4.1 Full Memory Reset ........................................................ 455

8.8.4.2 Program Send R eset ....................................................... 455

Table of Contents

8.8.4.3 Manual Data-Table Reset .............................................. 455

8.8.4.4 Formatting Dr ives .......................................................... 456

8.8.5 File Management in CR3000 Memory ..................................... 456

8.8.5.1 File Attributes ................................................................ 457

8.8.5.2 Files Manager ................................................................ 458

8.8.5.3 Data Preservation ........................................................... 459

8.8.5.4 Powerup.ini File — Details ........................................... 460

8.8.5.4.1 Creating and Editing Powerup.ini ....................... 461

8.8.5.5 File Management Q & A ............................................... 464

8.8.6 File Names ............................................................................... 464

8.8.7 File System Errors .................................................................... 464

8.8.8 Memo ry Q & A ........................................................................ 466

8.9 Data Retrieval and Comms — Details ............................................ 466

8.9.1 Protocols ................................................................................... 466

8.9.2 Conserving Bandwidth ............................................................. 466

8.9.3 Initiating Comms (Callback) .................................................... 467

8.10 Alternate Comms Protocols ............................................................. 468

8.10.1 TCP/IP — Details..................................................................... 468

8.10.1.1 FYIs — OS2; OS28 ....................................................... 469

8.10.1.2 DHCP ............................................................................ 469

8.10.1.3 DNS ............................................................................... 469

8.10.1.4 FTP Server ..................................................................... 469

8.10.1.5 FTP Client...................................................................... 470

8.10.1.6 HTTP Web Server ......................................................... 470

8.10.1.6.1 Default HTTP Web Server.................................. 470

8.10.1.6.2 Custom HTTP Web Server ................................. 471

8.10.1.7 Micro-Serial Server ....................................................... 473

8.10.1.8 Modbus TCP/IP ............................................................. 473

8.10.1.9 PakBus Over TCP/IP and Callback ............................... 474

8.10.1.10 Ping (IP) ......................................................................... 474

8.10.1.11 SNMP ............................................................................ 474

8.10.1.12 Telnet ............................................................................. 474

8.10.1.13 SMTP ............................................................................. 475

8.10.1.14 Web API ........................................................................ 475

8.10.1.15 Web API — Details ....................................................... 475

8.10.2 DNP3 — Details....................................................................... 475

8.10.3 Modbus — Details ................................................................... 476

8.10.3.1 Modbus Terminology .................................................... 476

8.10.3.1.1 Glossary of Modbus Terms ................................. 477

8.10.3.2 Programming for Modbus .............................................. 477

8.10.3.2.1 Declarations (Modbus Programming)

................. 477

8.10.3.2.2 CRBasic Instr uc t i ons (Modbus) .......................... 478

8.10.3.2.3 Addressing (ModbusAddr) ................................. 479

8.10.3.2.4 Supported Modbus Function Codes .................... 479

8.10.3.2.5 Reading Inverse Format Modbus Registers ........ 480

8.10.3.2.6 Timing................................................................. 480

8.10.3.3 Troubleshooting (Modbus) ............................................ 480

8.10.3.4 Modbus over IP ............................................................. 480

8.10.3.5 Modbus Security ............................................................ 481

8.10.3.6 Modbus Over RS-232 7/E/1 .......................................... 482

8.10.3.7 Converting Modbus 16-Bit to 32-Bit Longs .................. 482

8.11 Keyboard/Display — Details .......................................................... 483

8.11.1 Character Set ............................................................................ 483

8.11.2 Data Display ............................................................................. 485

Table of Contents

8.11.2.1 Real-Time Tables and Graphs ....................................... 486

8.11.2.2 Real-Time Custom ......................................................... 486

8.11.2.3 Final-Storage Data ......................................................... 488

8.11.3 Run/Stop Program .................................................................... 489

8.11.4 File Management ...................................................................... 490

8.11.4.1 File Edit ......................................................................... 490

8.11.5 PCCard (Memory Card) Management ..................................... 492

8.11.6 Port Status and Status Table ..................................................... 492

8.11.7 Settings ..................................................................................... 493

8.11.7.1 CR1000KD: Set Time / Date ......................................... 494

8.11.7.2 CR1000KD: PakBus Settings ........................................ 494

8.11.8 Configure Display .................................................................... 494

8.12 CPI Port and CDM Devices — Details ........................................... 494

9. Maintenance — Details .......................................... 497

9.1 Protection from Moisture — Details ............................................... 497

9.2 Internal Battery — Details ............................................................... 497

9.3 Factory Calibration or Repair Procedure ......................................... 500

10. Troubleshooting ..................................................... 503

10.1 Troubleshooting — Essential Tools ................................................ 503

10.2 Troubleshooting — Basic Procedure ............................................... 503

10.3 Troubleshooting — Error Sources ................................................... 504

10.4 Troubleshooting — Status Table ..................................................... 505

10.5 Troubleshooting — CRBasic Pro gr ams .......................................... 505

10.5.1 Program Does Not Compile ..................................................... 505

10.5.2 Program Compiles / Does Not Run Correctly .......................... 506

10.5.3 NAN and ±INF ......................................................................... 506

10.5.3.1 Measurements and NAN ................................................ 507

10.5.3.1.1 Voltage Measurements ........................................ 507

10.5.3.1.2 SDI-12 Measurements ........................................ 507

10.5.3.2 Floating-Point Math, NAN, and ±INF ........................... 507

10.5.3.3 Data Types, NAN, and ±INF ......................................... 507

10.5.3.4 Output Processing and NAN .......................................... 509

10.5.4 Status Table as Debug Resource .............................................. 510

10.5.4.1 CompileResults .............................................................. 510

10.5.4.2 SkippedScan .................................................................. 512

10.5.4.3 SkippedSystemScan ....................................................... 513

10.5.4.4 SkippedRecord ............................................................... 513

10.5.4.5 ProgErrors ...................................................................... 513

10.5.4.6 MemoryFree .................................................................. 513

10.5.4.7

10.5.4.8 Watchdog Errors ............................................................ 514

10.6 Troubleshooting — Operating Systems ........................................... 515

10.7 Troubleshooting — Auto Self-Calibration Errors ........................... 515

10.8 Troubleshooting — Communications .............................................. 516

10.8.1 RS-232 ...................................................................................... 516

10.8.2 Communicating with Multiple PCs .......................................... 516

10.8.3 Comms Memory Errors ............................................................ 517

10.9 Troubleshooting — Power Supplies ................................................ 517

10.9.1 Troubleshooting Power Supplies — Overview ........................ 517

VarOutOfBounds ........................................................... 513

10.5.4.8.1 Status Table WatchdogErrors ............................. 514

10.5.4.8.2 Watchdoginfo.txt File ......................................... 515

Table of Contents

10.9.2 Troubleshooting Power Supplies — Examples ........................ 518

10.9.3 Troubleshooting Power Supplies — Procedures ...................... 518

10.9.3.1 Battery Test.................................................................... 518

10.9.3.2 Charging R egulator with Solar P anel Test ..................... 519

10.9.3.3 Charging R egulator with Transformer Test ................... 521

10.9.3.4 Adjusting Charging Vo ltage .......................................... 522

10.10 Troubleshooting — Using Terminal Mode ..................................... 523

10.10.1 Serial Talk Through and Comms Watch .................................. 526

10.11 Troubleshooting — Using Logs ...................................................... 526

10.12 Troubleshooting — Data Recovery ................................................. 526

10.13 Troubleshooting — Miscellaneous Errors ....................................... 527

10.13.1 Voltage Calibration Error!........................................................ 527

10.14 Troubleshooting — Rebooting ........................................................ 528

11. Glossary ................................................................. 529

11.1 Terms ............................................................................................... 529

11.2 Concepts .......................................................................................... 563

11.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution ........................................ 563

12. Attributions ............................................................. 565

Appendices

A. Info Tables and Settings ........................................ 567

A.1 Info Tables and Settings Directories ............................................... 569

A.1.1.1 Info Tables and Settings: Frequently Used .................... 569

A.1.1.2 Info Tables and Settings: Keywords .............................. 570

A.1.1.3 Info Tables and Settings: Accessed by Keyboard/

Display ....................................................................... 572

A.1.1.4 Info Tables and Settings: Communications ................... 574

A.1.1.5 Info Tables and Settings: Programming ........................ 575

A.1.1.6 Info Tables and Settings: Other ..................................... 575

A.2 Info Tables and Settings Descr iptions ............................................. 576

B. Serial Por t Pinout s ................................................. 595

B.1 CS I/O Communication Port ........................................................... 595

B.2 RS-232 Communication Port .......................................................... 596

B.2.1 Pin Outs .................................................................................... 596

B.2.2 Power States ............................................................................. 597

C. FP2 Data Format .................................................... 599

D. Endianness ............................................................. 601

E. Supporting Pr oduc t s — List .................................. 603

E.1 Dataloggers — List ......................................................................... 603

E.2 Measurement and Control Peripherals — List ................................ 604

E.3 Sensor-Input Modules — List ......................................................... 604

Table of Contents

E.3.1 Ana log Input Modules — List .................................................. 604

E.3.2 Pulse Input Mod ules — List ..................................................... 604

E.3.3 Serial I /O M odules — List ....................................................... 605

E.3.4 Vibr a ting Wir e Input Modules — List ..................................... 605

E.3.5 Pa ssive Si gnal Conditioners — List ......................................... 605

E.3.5.1 Resistive-Bridge TIM Modules — List ......................... 606

E.3.5.2 Voltage Divider Modules — List .................................. 606

E.3.5.3 Current-Shunt Modules — List ..................................... 606

E.3.5.4 Transient Voltage Suppressors — List .......................... 606

E.3.6 Terminal Strip Covers — List .................................................. 607

E.4 PLC Control Modules — Lists ........................................................ 607

E.4.1 Digital-I/O M odules — List ..................................................... 607

E.4.2 Continuous-Analog Output (CAO) Modules — List ............... 607

E.4.3 Relay-Drivers — List ............................................................... 608

E.4.4 Current-Excitation Modules — List ......................................... 608

E.5 Sensors — Lists ............................................................................... 609

E.5.1 Wired-Sensor Types — List ..................................................... 609

E.5.2 Wireless-Network Se ns ors — List ........................................... 610

E.6 Cameras — List ............................................................................... 610

E.7 Data Retrieval and Comms Peripherals — List ............................... 610

E.7.1 Keyboard/Display — List ........................................................ 611

E.7.2 Ha rdwire, Single-Connection Comms Devices — List ............ 611

E.7.3 Ha rdwire, Networking Devic es — List .................................... 612

E.7.4 TCP/IP Links — List ................................................................ 612

E.7.5 Telephone Modems — List ...................................................... 612

E.7.6 Private-Network Radios — List ............................................... 613

E.7.7 Satellite Transceivers — List ................................................... 613

E.8 Data Storage Devices — List .......................................................... 613

E.9 Datalogger Support Software — List .............................................. 614

E.9.1 Starter Software — List ............................................................ 614

E.9.2 Datalogger Support Software — List ....................................... 615

E.9.2.1 LoggerNet Suite — List ................................

E.9.3 Software Tools — List ............................................................. 617

E.9.4 Software D evelopment Kits — List ......................................... 617

E.10 Power Supplies — List .................................................................... 618

E.10.1 Battery / Regulator Combinations — List ................................ 618

E.10.2 Batteries — List ....................................................................... 619

E.10.2.1 CR3000 Batte ry Bases — List ....................................... 619

E.10.3 Regulators — List .................................................................... 620

E.10.4 Primary Power Sources — List ................................................ 620

E.10.5 24 Vdc Power Supply Kits — List ........................................... 621

E.11 Enclosures — List ........................................................................... 621

E.12 Tripods, Towers, and Mounts — List .............................................. 622

E.13 Protection from Moisture — List .................................................... 622

................. 616

Index ............................................................................. 625

List of Figures

FIGURE 1: Wiring Panel .............................................................................. 39

FIGURE 2: Connect Power and Comms (Internal-Power Supply) ............... 43

FIGURE 3: Connect Power and Comms (External-Power Supply) .............. 44

FIGURE 4: PC200W Main Window ............................................................. 45

FIGURE 5: Short Cut Temperature Sensor Folder ....................................... 47

Table of Contents

FIGURE 6: Short Cut Outputs Tab ............................................................... 48

FIGURE 7: Short Cut Compile Con firmation Window and Results Tab ..... 49

FIGURE 8: PC200W Main Window............................................................. 50

FIGURE 9: PC200W Monitor Data Tab – Public Table ............................... 51

FIGURE 10: PC200W Monitor Data Tab — Public and OneMin Tables .... 52

FIGURE 11: PC200W Collect Data Tab ...................................................... 52

FIGURE 12: PC200W View Data Utility ..................................................... 53

FIGURE 13: PC200W View Data Table ...................................................... 54

FIGURE 14: PC200W View Line Graph ...................................................... 55

FIGURE 15: Data Acquisition System Components .................................... 56

FIGURE 16: Data Acquisition System — Overview .................................... 58

FIGURE 17: Wiring Panel ............................................................................ 60

FIGURE 18: Control and Monitoring with C te rminals ................................ 62

FIGURE 19: Analog Sensor Wired to Single-Ended Channel #1 ................. 69

FIGURE 20: Analog Sensor Wired to Differential Channel #1 .................... 69

FIGURE 21: Half-Bridge Wi ring Example — Wind Vane Potentiometer ... 73

FIGURE 22: Full-Bridge Wiring Example — Pressure Transducer ............. 73

FIGURE 23: Pulse Sensor Output Signal Types ........................................... 75

FIGURE 24: Pulse Input Wi ring Example — Anemometer ......................... 76

FIGURE 25: Terminals Configurable for RS-232 Input ............................... 78

FIGURE 26: Use of RS-232 and Digital I/O whe n R eading RS-232

Devices ................................................................................................... 79

FIGURE 27: Custom Menu Example ........................................................... 86

FIGURE 28: Enclosure ................................................................................. 98

FIGURE 29: Connecting to Vehicle Power Supply .................................... 101

FIGURE 30: Alkaline Battery Or ie ntation .................................................. 103

FIGURE 31: Sealed-Rechargeable Battery Wiring ..................................... 106

FIGURE 32: Schematic of Grounds ............................................................ 108

FIGURE 33: Lightning Protection Scheme ................................................. 109

FIGURE 34: Model of a Ground Loop with a Resistive Sensor ................. 112

FIGURE 35: Device Configura tion Utility (DevConfig) ............................ 114

FIGURE 36: Network Pla nner Setup .......................................................... 115

FIGURE 37: "Include" File Settings With DevConfig ............................... 120

FIGURE 38: "Include" File Settings With PakBusGraph ........................... 121

FIGURE 39: Summary of CR3000 Configuration ...................................... 129

FIGURE 40: Sequential-Mode Scan Priority Flow Diagrams .................... 167

FIGURE 41: CRBasic Editor Pr ogram Send File Control window ............ 181

FIGURE 42: Running-Average Frequency Response ................................. 200

FIGURE 43: Running-Average Signal Attenuation .................................... 200

FIGURE 44: Data from TrigVar Program .................................................. 203

FIGURE 45: Alarms Toggled in Bit Shift Example ................................... 205

FIGURE 46: Bool8 Data from B it Shift Example (Numeric Monitor) ....... 205

FIGURE 47: Bool8 Data from B it Shift Example (PC Data File) .............. 206

FIGURE 48: Input Sample Vectors ............................................................ 214

FIGURE 49: Mean Wind-Vector Graph ..................................................... 215

FIGURE 50: Standard Deviation of Direction ............................................ 216

FIGURE 51: Standard Deviation of Direction ............................................ 216

FIGURE 52: Custom Menu Example — Home Screen .............................. 224

FIGURE 53: Custom Menu Example — View Data Window .................... 224

FIGURE 54: Custom Menu Example — Make Notes Sub Menu ............... 224

FIGURE 55: Custom Menu Example — Predefined Notes Pick List ......... 225

FIGURE 56: Custom Menu Example — Free Entry Notes Window ..........

225

FIGURE 57: Custom Menu Example — Accept / Clear Notes Window .... 225

FIGURE 58: Custom Menu Example — Control Sub Menu ...................... 226

Table of Contents

FIGURE 59: Custom Menu Example — Control LED Pick List ............... 226

FIGURE 60: Custom Menu Example — Control LED Boolean Pick List . 226

FIGURE 61: Quarter-Bridge Strain Gage with RC Resistor Shunt ............ 245

FIGURE 62: Strain Gage Shunt Calib r a tion Start ....................................... 246

FIGURE 63: Strain Gage Shunt Calib r a tion Finish .................................... 247

FIGURE 64: Zero Procedure Start .............................................................. 247

FIGURE 65: Zero Procedure Finish ............................................................ 247

FIGURE 66: Entering SDI-12 Transparent Mode ....................................... 256

FIGURE 67: PT100 BrHalf4W() Four-Wire Half-Bridge Schematic ......... 277

FIGURE 68: PT100 BrHalf3W() Three-Wire Half-Bridge Schematic ....... 281

FIGURE 69: PT100 BrFull() Four-Wire Full-Bridge Schematic ................ 285

FIGURE 70: PT100 Resistance() Basic-Circuit Schematic ........................ 291

FIGURE 71: PT100 Resistance() Basic-Circuit Series Sche matic .............. 295

FIGURE 72: PT100 Resistance() Four-Wire Full-Bridge Schematic ......... 296

FIGURE 73: HyperTerminal New Connection Description ....................... 317

FIGURE 74: HyperTerminal Connect-To Settings ..................................... 317

FIGURE 75: HyperTerminal COM Port Settings Tab: Click File |

Properties | Settings | ASCII Setup... and set as shown. ....................... 318

FIGURE 76: HyperTerminal ASCII Setup ................................................. 318

FIGURE 77: HyperTerminal Send-Text File Example ............................... 319

FIGURE 78: HyperTerminal Text-Capture File Example .......................... 319

FIGURE 79: Ac Power Noise Rejection Techniques .................................. 340

FIGURE 80: Input voltage rise and tr a nsient decay .................................... 343

FIGURE 81: Settling Time for Pressure Transducer ................................... 345

FIGURE 82: Example voltage measurement accuracy band, including

the effects of percent of reading and offset, for a differential

measurement with input reversal at a temperature between 0 to

40 °C. ................................................................................................... 354

FIGURE 83: Panel Temperature Error Summary ....................................... 358

FIGURE 84: Panel Temperature Gradients (low temperature to high) ....... 358

FIGURE 85: Panel Temperature Gradients (high temperature to low) ....... 359

FIGURE 86: Input Error Calculation .......................................................... 361

FIGURE 87: Diagram of a Thermocouple Junction Box ............................ 367

FIGURE 88: PGIA with Input Signal Decomposition ................................ 383

FIGURE 89: Simplified voltage measurement sequence. ........................... 383

FIGURE 90: Programmable Ga in Inp ut Amplifier (PGIA): H to V+, L to

V–, VH to V+, VL to V– correspond to text. ....................................... 384

FIGURE 91: Ac Power Noise Rejection Techniques .................................. 390

FIGURE 92: Input voltage rise and tr a nsient decay .................................... 392

FIGURE 93: Settling Time for Pressure Transducer ................................... 395

FIGURE 94: Example voltage measurement accuracy band, including

the effects of percent of reading and offset, for a differential

measurement with input r eversal at a temperature between 0 to

40 °C. ................................................................................................... 403

FIGURE 95: Pulse Sensor Output Signal Types ......................................... 405

FIGURE 96: Switch Closure Pulse Sensor ................................................. 405

FIGURE 97: Terminals Configurable for Pulse Input ................................. 406

FIGURE 98: Amplitude reduction of pulse count waveform (before and

after 1 µs µs time-co nstant filter ) ......................................................... 416

FIGURE 99: Vibrating Wire Sensor ........................................................... 417

FIGURE 100: Input Conditioning Circuit for Period Averaging ................ 419

FIGURE 101: Circuit to Limit C Terminal Input to 5 Vdc ......................... 420

FIGURE 102: Current-Limiting Resistor in a Rain Gage Circuit ............... 421

FIGURE 103: Current sourcing from C terminals configured for control .. 429

FIGURE 104: Relay Driver Circ uit with Relay .......................................... 431

Table of Contents

FIGURE 105: Power Switching without Relay........................................... 431

FIGURE 106: Preconfigured HTML Home Page ....................................... 470

FIGURE 107: Home Page Created Using WebPageBegin() Instruction .... 471

FIGURE 108: Customized Numeric-Monitor Web Page ............................ 472

FIGURE 109: Keyboard and Display: Navigation ...................................... 484

FIGURE 110: Keyboard and Display: Displaying Data ............................. 485

FIGURE 111: CR1000KD Real-Time Tables and Graphs. ........................ 486

FIGURE 112: CR1000KD Real-Time Custom ........................................... 487

FIGURE 113: Keyboard and Display: Final Storage Data .......................... 488

FIGURE 114: Keyboard and Display: Run/Stop Program .......................... 489

FIGURE 115: Keyboard and Display: File Management ........................... 490

FIGURE 116: Keyboard and Display: File Edit.......................................... 491

FIGURE 117: Keyboard and Display: PCCard (Memory Card)

Management ......................................................................................... 492

FIGURE 118: Keyboard and Display: Port Status and Status Table ........... 493

FIGURE 119: Keyboard and Display: Settings........................................... 493

FIGURE 120: Keyboard and Display: Configure Display .......................... 494

FIGURE 121: Loosen Thumbscrews .......................................................... 498

FIGURE 122: Remove Back Cover Retainer Screw ................................... 499

FIGURE 123: Remove and Replace Battery ............................................... 500

FIGURE 124: Potentiometer R3 on PS100 and CH100 Charger /

Regulator .............................................................................................. 523

FIGURE 125: DevConfig Terminal Tab ..................................................... 525

FIGURE 126: Relationships of Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution ........ 564

List of Tables

PC200W EZSetup Wizard Prompt s ............................................ 45

CR3000 Wiring Panel Terminal Definitions, 1 ........................... 60

CR3000 Wiring Panel Terminal Definitions, 2 ........................... 61

Differential and Single-Ended Input Terminals .......................... 69

Pulse Input Terminals and Measurements ................................... 75

Alkaline Battery Temperatures and Service .............................. 103

CR3000 Base Sealed-Rechargeable Battery Specifications ...... 105

CR3000 Ac-Transformer Specifications ................................... 106

Info Tables and Settings Interfaces ........................................... 117

Common Configuration Actions and Tools............................. 123

Program Send Command Locations ........................................ 126

CRBasic Program Structure .................................................... 130

Data Types in Variable Memory ............................................. 137

Data Types in Final-Storage Memory ..................................... 138

Formats for Entering Nu mbers in CRB asic ............................. 149

Typical Data Table .................................................................. 152

TOA5 Environment Line ......................................................... 152

DataInterval() Lapse Parameter Options ................................. 156

Program T asks ......................................................................... 161

Program Timing Instructions ................................................... 163

Rules for Names ...................................................................... 169

Binary Conditions of TRUE and FALSE ................................ 174

Logical Expression Examples ................................................. 175

Data Process Abbreviations..................................................... 178

Program Send Options That Reset Memory1 .......................... 181

WindVector() OutputOpt Optio ns ........................................... 212

FieldCal() Codes ..................................................................... 231

Table of Contents

Calibration Report for Relative Humidity Sensor ................... 233

Calibration Report for Salinity Sen sor .................................... 236

Calibration Report for Flow Meter .......................................... 238

Calibration Report for Water Co ntent Sensor ......................... 241

Maximum Measurement Speeds Using VoltSE() .................... 248

Voltage Measurement Instruction Parameters for Dwell

Burst ..................................................................................................... 252

SDI-12 Commands for Transparent Mode .............................. 257

SDI-12 Commands for Programmed (SDIRecorder()) Mode . 261 SDI-12 Sensor Configuration CRBasic Example — Results .. 270 Example Power Usage Profile for a Network of SDI-12

Probes ................................................................................................... 271

PRT Measurement Circuit Overview ...................................... 275

PT100 Temperature and ideal resistances (RS); α =

0.00385

............................................................................................... 276

Callandar-Van Dusen Coefficients for PT100, α = 0.00385 ... 276

Input Ranges (mV) .................................................................. 276

Input Limits (mV) ................................................................... 277

Excitation Ranges .................................................................... 277

BrHalf4W() Four-Wire Half-Bridge Equations ....................... 277

Bridge Resistor Values (mΩ) .................................................. 277

BrHalf3W() Three-Wire Half-Bridge Equations ..................... 281

Bridge Resistor Values (mΩ) .................................................. 282

Resistance() Basic Circuit Equa tion ........................................ 291

Number of PT100 .................................................................... 294

Four-Wire Half-Bridge Equations for PRT Example .............. 296

Bridge Resistor Values (mΩ) .................................................. 296

Resistance() Four-Wire Full-Bridge Bridge-Resistance (RB)

Values .................................................................................................. 297

PRTCalc() PRTType = 1, α = 0.003851 .................................. 301

PRTCalc() PRTType = 2, α = 0.003921 ................................ 301

PRTCalc() PRTType = 3, α = 0.003911 .................................. 302

PRTCalc() PRTType = 4, α = 0.0039161 ................................ 302

PRTCalc() PRTType = 5, α = 0.003751 .................................. 302

PRTCalc() PRTType = 6, α = 0.0039261 ................................ 303

ASCII / ANSI Equivalents ...................................................... 304

CR3000 Serial Ports ................................................................ 305

String Operators ...................................................................... 328

String Conca tenation Examples .............................................. 329

String NULL Characte r Examples .......................................... 331

Analog Measurement Integration ............................................ 340

Ac Noise Rejection on Small Signals1 .................................... 341

Ac Noise Rejection on Large Signals1 .................................... 341

CRBasic Measurement Settling Times .................................... 343

First Six Values of Settling Ti me Data .................................... 346

Range-Code Option C Over-Voltages ..................................... 347

Offset Voltage Compensation Options .................................... 349

Analog Voltage Measurement Accuracy1 ............................... 352

Analog Voltage Measurement Offsets .................................... 352

Analog Voltage Measurement Resolution ............................... 353

Limits of Error for Thermocouple Wire (Reference Junction

at 0°C) .................................................................................................. 360

Voltage Range for Maximum Thermocouple Resolution1 ...... 361

Limits of Error on CR3000 Thermocouple Polynomials......... 364

Reference Temperature Compensation Range and Error ........ 365

Table of Contents

Thermocouple Error Examples ............................................... 366

Resistive-Bridge Cir c uits with Voltage Excitation ................. 368

Resistive-Bridge Cir c uits with Current Excitation1 ................. 370

Ratiometric-Resistance Measurement Accuracy ..................... 372

CalGain() Field Descriptions ................................................... 375

CalSeOffset() Field Descriptions ............................................ 375

CalDiffOffset() Field Descriptions .......................................... 376

Calibrate() Instruction Results ................................................. 377

StrainCalc() Instruction Equations .......................................... 379

Analog Voltage Input Ranges and Options ............................. 381

Parameters that Control Measurement Sequence and

Timing .................................................................................................. 385

Analog Measurement Integration ............................................ 389

Ac Noise Rejection on Small Signals1 .................................... 390

Ac Noise Rejection on Large Signals1 .................................... 391

CRBasic Measurement Settling Times .................................... 392

First Six Values of Settling Ti me Data .................................... 395

Range-Code Option C Over-Voltages ..................................... 396

Offset Voltage Compensation Options .................................... 399

Analog Voltage Measurement Accuracy1 ............................... 401

Analog Voltage Measurement Offsets .................................... 402

Analog Voltage Measurement Resolution ............................... 402

Pulse Measurements: T erminals and Programming ................ 406

Example: E for a 10 Hz input signal ..................................... 409

Frequency Reso l ut io n Co mpa r ison ....................................... 410

Switch Closures and Open Collectors on P Terminals .......... 413

Switch Closures and Open Collectors ................................... 413

Three Specifications Differing Between P and C

Terminals ............................................................................................. 415

Time Constants (τ) ................................................................ 416

Low-Level Ac Pules Input R anges ........................................ 416

Current Source and Sink Limits ............................................ 424

Typical Gzip File Compression Resul ts ................................ 436

CR3000 Memory Allocation ................................................. 443

CR3000 SRAM Memory....................................................... 444

CR3000 Memory Drives ....................................................... 445

Memory Card States .............................................................. 449

TableFile() Instruction Data File Formats ............................. 449

File Control Functions ........................................................... 456

CR3000 File Attributes ......................................................... 458

Powerup.ini Script Commands and Applications .................. 462

File System Error Codes........................................................ 464

Modbus to Campbell Scientific Equivalents ......................... 476

Modbus Registers: CRBasic Port, Flag, and Variable

Equivalents ........................................................................................... 478

Supported Modbus Function Codes ...................................... 479

Special Keyboard/Display Key Functions ............................. 483

Internal Lithium Battery Specifications ................................ 498

Math Expressions and CRBasic Results ................................ 508

Variable and Final-Storage Data Types with NAN and

±INF ..................................................................................................... 509

Warning Message Examples ................................................. 511

CR3000 Terminal Comm ands ............................................... 524

Log Locations ........................................................................ 526

Table of Contents

Program Send Command ....................................................... 551

Info Tables and Settings Interfaces ....................................... 567

Info Tables and Settings: Directories .................................... 569

Info Tables and Settings: Frequentl y Used ............................ 569

Info Tables and Settings: Keywords ...................................... 570

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings | Data logger .............. 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings | Comports ................ 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings | Ethernet .................. 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings | PPP ......................... 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings | C S I/O IP ................ 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings (TCP/IP) on

CR1000KD Keyboard/Display ............................................................ 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Settings | Advanced ................ 572

Info Tables and Settings: KD Status Table Fields ................. 573

Info Tables and Settings: Settings Only in Settings Editor ... 573

Info Tables and Settings: Communications, General ............ 574

Info Tables and Settings: Communications, PakBus ............. 574

Info Tables and Settings: Communications, TCP_IP I .......... 574

Info Tables and Settings: Communications, TCP_IP II ........ 574

Info Tables and Settings: Communications, TCP_IP III ....... 574

Info Tables and Settings: CRBasic Program I ....................... 575

Info Tables and Settings: CRBasic Program II ...................... 575

Info Tables and Settings: Auto Self-Calibration ................... 575

Info Tables and Settings: Data .............................................. 575

Info Tables and Settings: Data Table Information Table

(DTI) Keywords ................................................................................... 575

Info Tables and Settings: Memory ........................................ 575

Info Tables and Settings: Miscellaneous ............................... 575

Info Tables and Settings: Obsolete ........................................ 576

Info Tables and Settings: OS and Hardware Versioning ....... 576

Info Tables and Settings: Po wer Monitor s ............................ 576

Info Tables and Settings: Security ......................................... 576

Info Tables and Settings: Signatures ..................................... 576

Info Tables and Settings: B ................................................... 577

Info Tables and Settings: C ................................................... 577

Info Tables and Settings: D ................................................... 580

Info Tables and Settings: E .................................................... 581

Info Tables and Settings: F .................................................... 581

Info Tables and Settings: H ................................................... 582

Info Tables and Settings: I ..................................................... 582

Info Tables and Settings: L .................................................... 583

Info Tables and Settings: M .................................................. 584

Info Tables and Settings: N ................................................... 585

Info Tables and Settings: O ................................................... 586

Info Tables and Settings: P .................................................... 586

Info Tables and Settings: R ................................................... 588

Info Tables and Settings: S .................................................... 589

Info Tables and Settings: T .................................................... 591

Info Tables and Settings: U ................................................... 592

Info Tables and Settings: V ................................................... 592

Info Tables and Settings: W .................................................. 593

Pinout of CR3000 CS I/O D-Type Connector Port ............... 595

Pin Out of CR3000 RS-232 D-Type Connector Port ............ 596

Standard N ull-Modem Cable Pin Out ................................... 597

FP2 Data-Format Bit Descriptio ns ........................................ 599

Table of Contents

FP2 Decimal Locater Bits ..................................................... 599

Endianness in Campbell Scientific I nstruments .................... 601

Dataloggers ........................................................................... 603

Analog Input Modules ........................................................... 604

Pulse Input Modules .............................................................. 605

Serial I/O Modules List ......................................................... 605

Vibrating Wire Input Modules .............................................. 605

Resistive Brid ge TIM1 Modules ............................................ 606

Voltage Divider Modules ...................................................... 606

Current-Shu nt M od ul es ......................................................... 606

Transient Voltage Suppressors .............................................. 606

Terminal-Strip Covers ........................................................... 607

Digital I/O Modules .............................................................. 607

Continuous-Analog Output (CAO) Modules ........................ 608

Relay-Drivers — Products .................................................... 608

Current-Excitation Modules .................................................. 608

Wired Sensor Types .............................................................. 609

Wireless Sensor Modules ...................................................... 610

Sensors Types Available for Connection to CWS900 ........... 610

Cameras ................................................................................. 610

Datalogger Keyboard/Displays1 ............................................ 611

Hardwire, Single-Connection Comms Devices ..................... 611

Hardwire, Networking Devices ............................................. 612

TCP/IP Li nks — List ............................................................. 612

Telephone Modems ............................................................... 612

Private-Network Radios ........................................................ 613

Satellite Transceivers ............................................................ 613

Mass-Storage Devices ........................................................... 613

CF Card Storage Module ....................................................... 614

Starter Software ..................................................................... 614

Datalogger Support Software ................................................ 615

LoggerNet Suite — List

1,2

..................................................... 616

Software Tools ...................................................................... 617

Software Development Kits .................................................. 617

Battery / Regulator Combinatio ns ......................................... 619

Batteries................................................................................. 619

CR3000 Battery Bases........................................................... 620

Regulators ............................................................................. 620

Primary Power Sources ......................................................... 620

24 Vdc Power Supply Kits .................................................... 621

Enclosures — Products ......................................................... 621

Prewired Enclosures .............................................................. 621

Tripods, Towers, and Mounts ................................................ 622

Protection from Moisture — Products .................................. 622

List of CRBasic Examples

Simple Default.cr3 File to Control SW12

Terminal ............................................................................................... 119

Using an " Include" File ........................................ 121

'Include' File to Control SW12 Terminal. ............ 122

Inserting Comments ............................................. 134

Data Type Declarations ........................................ 140

Using Variable Array Dimension Indices ............ 142

Table of Contents

Flag Declaration and Use ..................................... 143

Using a Variable Array in Calculations ................ 145

Initializing Variables ............................................ 147

Using the Const Declaration ............................... 148

Load binary information into a variable ............. 150

Declaration and Use of a Data Table .................. 153

Use of the Disable Variable ................................ 158

BeginPro g / Scan() / NextScan / EndP rog

Syntax .................................................................................................. 164

Measurement Instruction Syntax ........................ 168

Use of Move() to Conserve Code Space ............ 171

Use of Variable Arrays to Conserve Code

Space .................................................................................................... 171

Conversion of FLOAT / LONG to Boolean ....... 172

Evaluatio n of Integers ........................................ 173

Constants to LONGs or FLOATs ....................... 173

String and Variable Concatenation ..................... 176

BeginPro g / Scan / NextScan / EndProg

Syntax .................................................................................................. 182

Conditional Output ............................................. 183

Groundwater Pump Test ..................................... 184

Miscellaneous Program Features ........................ 186

Scaling Arra y...................................................... 189

Program Si gnatures ............................................ 191

Use of Multiple Scans ........................................ 192

Loading Large Data Sets .................................... 193

Array Assigned Expression: Sum Columns

and Rows .............................................................................................. 195

Array Assi gned Expression: Transpose an

Array .................................................................................................... 195

Array Assi gned Expression: Comparison /

Boolean Evaluation .............................................................................. 196

Array Assigned Expression: Fill Array

Dimension ............................................................................................ 197

Two Data-Output Intervals in One Data Table .. 201

Using TrigVar to Trigger Data Stora ge .............. 203

Bool8 and a Bit Shift Operator ........................... 206

NSEC — One Element Time Array ................... 209

NSEC — Two Element Time Array .................. 209

NSEC — Seven and Nine Element Time

Arrays ................................................................................................... 210

NSEC —Convert Timestamp to Universal

Time ..................................................................................................... 211

Using TableFile() with Option 64 wit h

Memory Card ....................................................................................... 219

Custom Menus.................................................... 227

FieldCal() Zero ................................................... 234

FieldCal() Offset ................................................ 237

FieldCal() Two-Point Slope and Offset .............. 239

FieldCal() Multiplier .......................................... 242

FieldCalStrain() Calibration ............................... 245

Fast Analog Voltage Measurement: Fast

Scan() ................................................................................................... 249

Analog Voltage Measurement: Cluster Burst ..... 250

Dwell Burst Measurement .................................. 251

Table of Contents

Measurement with Excitation and Delay ........... 254

Using SDI12Sensor() to Test Cv Command ...... 265

Using Alternate Concurrent Comma nd (aC) ...... 266

Using an SDI-12 Extended Command ............... 268

SDI-12 Sensor Setup .......................................... 269

Conditional Code ............................................... 272

PT100 BrHalf4W() Four-Wire Half-Bridge

Calibration ........................................................................................... 280

PT100 BrHalf4W() Four-Wire Half-Bridge

Measurement ........................................................................................ 280

PT100 BrHalf3W() Three-Wire Half-Bridge

Calibration ........................................................................................... 284

PT100 BrHalf3W() Three-Wire Half-Bridge

Measurement ........................................................................................ 284

PT100 BrFull() Four-Wir e Full-Bridge

Calibration ........................................................................................... 287

PT100 BrFull() Four-Wir e Full-Bridge

Calibration ........................................................................................... 288

PT100 BrFull() Four-Wir e Full-Bridge

Measurement ........................................................................................ 289

PT100 Resistance() Basic-Circuit Calibra tion ... 293 PT100 Resistance() Basic-Circuit

Measurement ........................................................................................ 293

PT100 Resistance() Basic-Circuit

Measurement ........................................................................................ 295

PT100 Resi s tance() Fo ur-Wire Full-Bridge

Calibration ........................................................................................... 299

PT100 Resi s tance() Fo ur-Wire Full-Bridge

Measurement ........................................................................................ 299

Receiving an RS-232 String ............................... 315

Measure Sensors / Send RS-232 Data ................ 320

Concatenation of Numbers and Strings .............. 329

Subroutine with Global and Local Variables ..... 333

Time Stamping with System Time ..................... 336

Measuring Settling Time .................................... 344

Four-Wire Full-Bridge Measurement and

Processing ............................................................................................ 371

Measuring Settling Time .................................... 394

Custom Web Page HTML .................................. 472

Concatenating Modbus Long Variables ............. 482

Using NAN to Filter Data .................................. 510

Reboot under program control with Restart

instruction ............................................................................................ 528

Reboot under program control with

FileManage() instruction: ..................................................................... 528

1. Introduction

1.1 HELLO

Whether in extreme cold in Antarctica, scorching heat in Death Valley, salt spray from the Pacific, micro-gravity in space, or the harsh environment of your office, Campbell Scientific dataloggers support research and operations all over the world. Our customers work a spectrum of applications, from those more complex than any of us imagined, to those simpler than any of us thought practical. The limits of the CR3000 are defined by our customers. Our intent with this operator's manual is to guide you to the tools you need to explore the limits of your application.

You can take advantage of the advanced CR3000 analog and digital measurement features by spending a few minutes wo rking throu gh the Quickstart Overview

(p. 57). For more demanding applications, the remainder of the manual

(p. 37) and the

and other Campbell Scientific publications are available. If you are programming with CRBasic, you will need the extensive help available with the CRBasic Editor software. Formal CR3000 trainin g is also available from Campbell Scientific.

This manual is organized to take you progressively deeper into the complexity of CR3000 functions. You may not find it necessary to progress beyond the Quickstart or Overview. Quickstart is a cursory view of CR3000 dataacquisition and walks you through a procedure t o set up a simple system. Overview

reviews salient topics that are c overed in-depth in subsequent sections

and appendices. Review the exhaustive table of contents to learn how the manual is organized ,

and, when looking for a topic, use the index and PDF reader search. More in-depth study requires other Ca mpbell Scientific publications, most of

which are available on-line at www.campbellsci.com. Generally, if a particular feature of the CR3000 requires a peripheral hardware device, more information is available in the manual written for that device.

Don't forget the Glossary

(p. 529) when you run across a term that is unfamiliar.

Many specialized terms are hyperlinked in this manual to a glossary entry. If you are unable to find the information you need, need assistance with ordering,

or just wish to speak with one of our many product experts about your application, please call us:

Technical Support (435) 227-9100 Sales and Application

Engineering

(435) 227-9120

Orders (435) 227-9090 Accounts Receivable (435) 227-9092 Repairs (435) 227-9105 General Inq uiries (435) 227-9000

Section 1. Introduction

1.2 Typography

In earlier days, Campbell Scientific dataloggers greeted our customers with a cheery HELLO at the flip of the ON switch. While the user interface of the CR3000 datalogger has advanced beyond those simpler days, you can still hear the cheery HELLO echoed in voices you hear at Campbell Scientific.

The following type faces are used throughout the CR3000 Operator's Manual. Type color other than black on white does not appear in printed versions of the manual:

• Underscore — information specifically flag ged as unverified. Usually

found only in a draft or a preliminary released version.

• Capitalization — beginning of sentences, phrases, titles, names,

Campbell Scientific product model numbers.

• Bold — CRBasic instructions within the body text, input commands,

output responses, GUI commands, text on product labels, names of data tables.

• Italic — glossary entries and titles of publications, software, sectio ns,

tables, figures, and examples.

• Bold italic — CRBasic instruction parameters and arguments within the

body text.

8 pt blue — cross reference page numbers. In the PDF version of the

•

manual, click on the page number to jump to the cross referenced page.

Lucida Sans Typewriter — blocks of CRBasic code. Type colors are

•

as follows:

○ instruction

○ 'comments

○ all other code

1.3 Capturing CRBasic Code

Many examples of CRBasic code are found throughout this manual. The manual is designed to make using this code as easy as possible. Keep the following in mind when copying code from this manual into CRBasic Editor:

If an example crosses pages, select and copy only the contents of one page at a time. Doing so will help avoid unwanted characters that may originate from page headings, page numbers, and hidden characters.

2. Precautions

• DANGER: Fire, explosion, and severe-burn hazard. Misuse or improper

installation of the internal lithium battery can cause severe injury. Do not recharge, disassemble, heat above 100 °C (212 °F), solder directly to the cell, incinerate, or expose contents to water. Dispose of spent lithium batteries properly.

• WARNING:

o Protect from over-voltage o Protect from water o Protect from ESD

• IMPORTANT: Note the following about the internal battery:

o When primary power is continuously connected to the CR3000, the

battery will last up to 10 years or more.

o When primar y power is NOT connected to the CR3000, the battery

will last about three years.

o o See section Internal Battery — Details

• IMPORTANT: Maintain a leve l of calibration appropriate to the

application. Campbell Scientif ic recommends factory recalibration of the CR3000 every three years.

(p. 107)

(p. 497) for more information.

3. Initial Inspection

• Check the Ships With tab at http://www.campbellsci.com/CR3000 for a

list of items shipped with the CR3000. Among other things, the following are provided for immediate use:

o Screwdriver to connect wires to terminals o Type-T thermocoup le for use in t he Quickstart o A datalogger program pre-loaded into the CR3000 that measures

power-supp l y vol tage and wir i ng -panel temperature.

o A serial communication cable to connect the CR3000 to a PC o A ResourceDV D that contains produc t manuals and the following

starter software:

— Short Cut — PC200W — DevConfig

• Upon receipt of the CR3000, inspect the packaging and contents for

damage. File damage claims with the shipping company.

• Immediately check package contents. Thoroughly check all packaging

material for product that may be concealed. Check model numbers, part numbers, and product descriptions against the shipping documents. Model or part numbers are found on each product. On cabled items, the number is often found at the end of the cable that connects to the measurement device. The Campbell Scientific number may differ from the part or model number printed on the sensor by the sensor vendor. Ensure that the you received the expected cable lengths. Contact Campbell Scientific immediately about discrepancies.

(p. 37) tutorial

• Check the operating syst em version in the CR3000 as outlined in the

Operating System (OS) — Installation

(p. 123) and update as needed.

4. Quickstart

4.1 Sensors — Quickstart

The following tutorial introduces the CR3000 by walking you through a programming and data retrieval exercise.

Related Topics:

• Sensors — Quickstart (p. 37)

• Measurements — Overview

• Measurements — Details

• Sensors — Lists

(p. 609)

(p. 67)

(p. 335)

Sensors transduce phenomena into measurable electrical forms by modulating voltage, current, resistance, status, o r pulse output signals. Suitable se nsors do this accurately and precisely

(p. 563). Smart sensors have internal meas urement

and processing components and simply output a digital value in binary, hexadecimal, or ASCII character form. The CR3000, sometimes with the assistance of various peripheral devices, can measure or read nearly all electronic sensor output types.

Sensor types supported include:

• Analog

o Voltage o Current o Thermocouples o Resistive bridge s

• Pulse

o High frequency o Switch closure o Low-level ac

• Period average

• Vibrating wire

• Smart sensors

o SDI-12 o RS-232

Section 4. Quickstart

o Modbus o DNP3 o RS-485

Refer to the Sensors — Lists

(p. 609) for a list of specific sensors available from

Campbell Scientific. This list may not be comprehensive. A library of sensor manuals and application notes are available at www.campbellsci.com to assist in measuring many sensor types.

4.2 Datalogger — Quickstart

Related Topics:

• Datalogger — Quickstart (p. 38)

• Datalogger — Overview

• Dataloggers — List

(p. 58)

(p. 603)

The CR3000 can measure almost any sensor with an electrical response. The CR3000 measures electrical signals and converts the measurement to engineering units, performs calculations and reduces data to statistical values. Most applications do not require that e very measurement be stored. Instead, individual measurements can be combined into statistical or computational summaries. The CR3000 will store data in memory to await transfer to the PC with an external storage devices or telecommunication device.

4.2.1 CR3000 Module

The CR3000 module integrates measurement electronics with an integrated keyboard and multi-line display.

4.2.1.1 Wiring Panel — Quickstart

4.3 Power Supplies — Quickstart

Related Topics:

• Power Input Terminals — Specifications

• Power Supplies — Quickstart

• Power Supplies — Overview (p. 86)

• Power Supplies — Details (p. 98)

• Power Supplies — Products (p. 618)

• Power Sources (p. 99)

• Troubleshooting — Power Supplies (p. 517)

The CR3000 requires a power supply. Be sure that power supply components match the specifications of the device to which they are connected. When connectin g power, first switch off t he power supply, make the connection, then turn the power supply on.

(p. 39)

Section 4. Quickstart

4.3.1 Internal Battery — Quickstart

CR3000s may be ordered with an integrated power supply base. Power to a power supply base is controlled by a manual switch on the right side of the case, below the keyboard display.

Power conne cts through the green POWER IN con nector on the face of the CR3000. The positive power lead connects to 12V. The negative lead connects to G. The connection is internally reverse-polarity protected.

The CR3000 is internally protected against accidental polarity reversal on the power inputs.

Related Topics:

• Internal Battery — Quickstart (p. 40)

• Internal Battery — Details

(p. 497)

Warning Misuse or improper installation of the internal lithium battery can cause severe injury. Fire, explosion, and severe burns can result. Do not recharge, disassemble, heat above 100 °C (212 °F), solder directly to the cell, incinerate, or expose contents to water. Dispose of spent lithium batteries properly.

A lithium battery backs up the CR3000 clock, program, and memory.

4.4 Data Retrieval and Comms — Quickstart

Related Topics:

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Quickstart (p. 40)

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Overview (p. 80)

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Details (p. 466)

• Data Retrieval and Comms Peripherals — Lists (p. 610)

If the CR3000 datalogger sits near a PC, direct-connect serial communication is usually the best solution. In the field, direct serial, a data storage device, can be used during a site visit. A remote comms option (or a combination of comms options) allows you to collect data from your CR3000 over long distances. It also allows you to discover system problems early.

A Campbell Scientific sales engineer can help you make a shopping list for any of these comms options:

• Standard o RS-232 serial

Section 4. Quickstart

• Options

o Ethernet o CompactFlash, Mass Storage o Cellular, Telephone o iOS, Android o PDA o Multidrop, Fiber Optic o Radio, Satellite

Some comms options can be combined.

4.5 Datalogger Support Software — Quickstart

Related Topics:

• Datalogger Support Software — Quickstart (p. 41)

• Datalogger Support Software — Overview

• Datalogger Support Software — Details

• Datalogger Support Software — Lists

(p. 90)

(p. 432)

(p. 614)

Campbell Scientific datalogger support software is PC or Linux soft wa re that facilitates comms between the computer and the CR3000. A wide array of software are available. This section focuses on the following:

• Short Cut Program Generator for Windows (SCWin)

• PC200W Datalogger Starter Software for Windows

• LoggerLink Mobile Datalogger Starter software for iOS and Android

A CRBasic program must be loaded into the CR3000 to enable it to make measurements, read sensors, and store data. Use Short Cut to write simple CRBasic programs without the need to learn the CRBasic programming language. Short Cut is an easy-to-use wizard that steps you through the program building process.

After the CRBasic program is written, it is loaded onto the CR3000. Then, after sufficient time has elapsed for measurements to be made and data to be stored, data are retrieved to a computer. These functions are supported by PC200W and

LoggerLink Mobile.

Short Cut and PC200W are available at no charge at www.campbellsci.com/downloads.

Section 4. Quickstart

4.6 Tutorial: Measuring a Ther m oc ouple

Note More information about software available from Campbell Scientific

can be found at www.campbellsci.com.

This exerci s e guides you through the following:

• Attaching a sensor to the CR3000

• Creating a program for the CR3000 to measure the sensor

• Making a simple measurement

• Storing measurement data on the CR3000

• Collecting data from the CR300 0 with a PC

• Viewing real-time and historic a l data with the PC

4.6.1 What You Will Need

The following items are used in this exercise. If you do not have all of these items, you can provide suitable substitutes. If you have questions about compatible power supplies or serial cables, review and Power Supplies — Details

(p. 98) or contact Campbell Scientific.

• CR3000 datalogger

• Power supply with an output between 10 to 16 Vdc

• Thermocouple, 4 to 5 inches long; one is shipped with the CR3000

• Personal computer (PC) with an availab le nine-pin RS-232 serial port, or

with a USB port and a USB-to-RS-232 adapter

• Nine-pin fe male to nine-pin male RS-232 cable; one is shipped with the CR3000.

• PC200W software, which is available on the Campbell Scientific resource DVD or thumb drive, or at www.campbellsci.com.

4.6.2 Hardware Setup

Note The thermocouple is attached to the CR3000 later in this exercise.

Section 4. Quickstart

4.6.2.1 Connect Internal Power Supply

With reference to figure Connect Power and Serial Comms (p. 43) some CR3000 dataloggers are shipped with a power supply internal to the removable base. This internal power supply may use alkaline batteries or sealed-rechargeable batteries. For more information and installation procedures, refer to Alkaline-Battery Base

(p. 102) or Sealed Rechargeable-Battery Base (p. 103).

When the bas e is in place, move the ON/OFF switch on the side of the CR3000 base to ON. If using the sealed-rechargeable battery base, do not to leave the CR3000 running without the primary power source connected.

FIGURE 2: Connect Power and Comms (Internal-Power Supply)

4.6.2.2 Connect External Power Supply

With reference to FIGURE: Connect Power and Serial Comms (external power supply)

1. Remove the green power connector from the CR3000 wiring panel.

2. Switch power supply to OFF.

3. Connect the positive lead of the power supply to the 12V terminal of the green

4. Confirm the power supply connections have the correct polarity then insert the

(p. 43), proceed as follows:

power connector. Connect the negative (ground) lead of the power supply to the G terminal of the green connector.

green power connector into its receptacle on the CR3000 wiring panel.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 3: Connect Power and Comms (External-Power Supply)

4.6.2.3 Connect Comms

Connect the serial cable between the RS-232 port on the CR3000 and the RS-232

port on the PC.

Switch the power supply ON.

4.6.3 PC200W Software Setup

1. Install PC200W software onto the PC. Follow on-screen prompts during the installation process. Use the d e fau lt folders.

2. Open PC200W. Your PC should display a window similar to figure PC200W

Main Window

automatically in a new window. T his will configure the software to communicate with the CR3000 datalogger. The table PC200W EZSetup Wizard Prompts wizard. Click Next at the lower portion of the window to advance.

Note A video tutorial is available at

https://www.campbellsci.com/videos?video=80 (https://www.campbellsci.com/videos?video=80). Other video tutorials are available at www.campbellsci.com/videos.

(p. 45). When PC200W is first run, the EZSetup Wizard will run

(p. 45) indicates what information to enter on each screen of the

After exiting the wizard, the main PC200W window becomes visible. This window has several tabs. The Clock/Program tab displays clock and program

Section 4. Quickstart

information. Monitor Data and Collect Data tabs are also available. Icons across the top of the window access additional functions.

FIGURE 4: PC200W Main Window

PC200W EZSetup Wiz ard Prompts

Screen Name Information Needed

Provides an introduction to the EZSetup Wizard

Introduction

along with instructions on how to navigate through the wizard.

Datalogger Type and Name

Select the CR3000 from the list box. Accept the default name of CR3000.

Select the correct PC COM port for the serial connection. Typically, this will be COM1, but other COM numbers are possible, especially when using a USB cable.

Leave COM Port Communication Delay at 00 seconds.

Note When using USB serial cables, the COM

COM Port Selection

number may change if the cable is moved to a different USB port. This will pr e vent da ta tr a nsfer between the software and CR3000. Should this occur, simply move the cable back to the original port. If this is not possible, close then reopen the PC200W software to refresh the available COM ports. Click on Edit Datalogger Setup and change the COM port to the new port number.

Section 4. Quickstart

PC200W EZSetup Wiz ard Prompts

Screen Name Information Needed

Configures how the CR3000 communicates with

Datalogger Settings

the PC. For this tutorial, accept the default settings.

Datalogger Settings — Security

Communication Setup Summary

For this tutorial, Security Co de should be set to 0 and PakBus Encryption Key should be left blank.

Summary of settings in previous screens. No changes are needed for this tutorial. Press

Finish to

exit the wizard.

4.6.4 Write CRBasic Program with Short Cut

Following are the objectives for this Short Cut programming exercise:

• Create a program to measure the voltage of the CR3000 power supply,

temperature of the CR3000 wiring panel, and ambient air temperature using a thermocouple.

• When the program is downloaded to the CR3000, it will take samples

once per second and store averages of the samples at one-minute intervals.

NOTE A video tutorial is available at

https://www.campbellsci.com/videos?video=80 https://www.campbellsci.com/videos?video=80. Other video resources are available at www.campbellsci.com/videos.

4.6.4.1 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 1 to 5)

1. Click on t he Short Cut icon in the upper-right corner of the PC200W window. The icon resembles a clock face.

2. The Short Cut window is shown. Click New Program.

3. In the Datalogger Model drop-down list, select CR3000.

4. In the Scan Interval box, enter 1 and select Seconds in the drop-down list box. Click Next.

Note The first time Short Cut is run, a prompt will appear asking for a choice of ac noise rejection. Select 60 Hz for the United States and other areas using 60 Hz ac voltage. Select 50 Hz for most of Europe and other areas that operate at 50 Hz. A second prompt lists sensor support options. Campbell Scientific, Inc. (US) is probably the best fit if you are outside Europe.

Section 4. Quickstart

5. The next window displays Available Senso r s and Devices as shown in the following fi gure. Expand the Sensors folder by clicking on the symbol. This shows s everal sub-folders. Expand the Temperature folder to view available sensors. Note that a wiring panel temperature (PTemp_C in the Selected column) is selected by default.

FIGURE 5: Short Cut Temperature Sensor Folder

4.6.4.2 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 6 to 7)

6. Double-click Type T (copper-constantan) Thermocouple to add it into the Selected column. A dialog window is pre sented with several fields. By immediately clicking OK, you accept default options that include selection of 1 sensor and PTemp_C as the reference temperature measurement.

Note BattV (battery voltage) and PTempC (wiring panel temperature) are default measurements. During normal operations, battery and temperature can be recorded at least daily to assist in monitoring system status.

7. In the le ft pane of the main Short Cut window, click Wiring Diagram. Attach the physical type-T thermocouple to the CR3000 as shown in the diagram. Click on 3. Senso r s in the left pane to return to the sensor selection screen.

4.6.4.3 Procedure: (Short Cut Step 8)

8. As sho wn in the following figure, click Next to advance to the Outputs tab, which displays the list Selected Sensors to the left and data storage tables to the right und er Selected Outputs.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 6: Short Cut Outputs Tab

4.6.4.4 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 9 to 12)

9. As shown in the right-most pane of the previous figure, two output tables (1 Table1 and 2 Table2 tabs) are initially configured. Both tables have a Store Every field and a drop-down list from which to select the time units. These

are used to set the time intervals when data are stored.

10. Only one table is needed for this tutor ia l, so remove Table 2. Click 2 Table2 tab, then click Delete Table.

11. Change the name of the re maining table from Table1 to OneMin, and the n change the Store Every interval to 1 Minutes.

12. Add measurements to the table by selecting BattV under Selected Sensors in the center pane. Click Average in the center column of buttons. Repeat this procedure for PTemp_C and Temp_C.

4.6.4.5 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 13 to 14)

13. Click Finish at the bottom of t he Short Cut window to compile the program. At the prompt, name the pr ogram MyTemperature. A summary screen, like the one in the following figure, will appear showing the pre-co mpiler re sults. Pre-compile errors, if any, are displayed here.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 7: Short Cut Compile Confirmation Window and Results Tab

14. Close this window by clicking on X in the upper right corner.

4.6.5 Send Program and Collect Data

PC200W Datalogger Support Software objectives:

• Send the CRBasic program created by Short Cut in the previous

procedure to the CR3000.

• Collect data from the CR3000.

• Store the data on the PC.

4.6.5.1 Procedure: (PC200W Step 1)

1. From the PC200W Clock/Program tab, click on Connect (upp e r left) to connect the CR3000 to the PC. As shown in the foll owing figure, when connected, the Connect button changes to Disconnect.

CAUTION This procedure assumes there are no data already on the CR3000. If there are data that you want to keep on the CR3000, you should collect it before proceeding to the next step.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 8: PC200W Main Window

4.6.5.2 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 2 to 4)

2. Click Set Cloc k (right pane, center) to synchronize the CR3000 clock with the computer clock.

3. Click Send Program... (right pane, bottom). A warning appears that data on the datalogger will be erased. Click Yes. A dialog box will open. Browse to the C:\CampbellSci\SCWin folder. Select the MyTemperature.cr3 file. Click Open. A status bar will appear while the program is sent to the CR3000 followed by a confirmation that the transfer was successful. Click OK to close the confirmation.

4. After sending a program to the CR3000, a good practice is to monitor the measurements to ensure they are reasonable. Select the Monitor Data tab. As shown in the following figure, PC200W now displays data found in the CR3000 Public table.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 9: PC200W Monitor Data Tab – Public Table

4.6.5.3 Procedure: (PC200W Step 5)

5. To vie w the OneMin table, select an empty cell in the display area. Click Add. In the Add Select ion window Tables field, click on OneMin, then click Paste. The OneMin table is now displayed.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 10: PC200W Monitor Data Tab — Public and OneMin Tables

4.6.5.4 Procedure: (PC200W Step 6)

6. Click on t he Collect Data tab and select data to be collected and the storage location on the PC.

FIGURE 11: PC200W Collect Data Tab

Section 4. Quickstart

4.6.5.5 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 7 to 10)

7. Click the OneMin b o x so a check mark appears in the box. Under What to Collect, select New data from datalogger.

8. Click on a table in the list to highlight it, then click Change Tabl e 's Output File... to change the name of the destination file.

9. Click on Collect. A progress bar will appear as data are collected, followed by a Collection Complete message. Click OK to continue.

10. To view data, click the icon at the top of the PC200W window to open the View utility.

FIGURE 12: PC200W View Data Utility

Section 4. Quickstart

4.6.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 11 to 12)

11. Click on to open a file for viewing. In the dialog box, select the CR3000_OneMin.dat file and click Open.

12. The collected data are now shown.

FIGURE 13: PC200W View Data Table

4.6.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 13 to 14)

13. Click the heading of any data column. To display the data in that column in a line graph, click the icon.

14. Close the Graph and View windows, and then close the PC200W program.

Section 4. Quickstart

FIGURE 14: PC200W View Line Graph

4.7 Data Acquisition Systems — Quickstart

Related Topics:

• Data Acquisition Systems — Quickstart (p. 55)

• Data Acquisition Systems — Overview

Acquiring data with a CR3000 da ta logger requires integration of the follo wing into a data acquisition system:

• Electronic sensor technology

• CR3000 datalogger

• Comms link

• Datalogger support software

(p. 90)

A failure in any part of the system can lead to bad data or no data. The concept of a data acquisition system is illustrated in figure Data Acquisition System Components

• Sensors

(p. 56) Following is a list of typical s ystem components:

(p. 37) — Electronic sensors convert the state of a phenomenon to

an electrical signal.

(p. 58)

• Datalogger

(p. 38) — The CR3000 measures electrical signals or reads

serial characters. It converts the measurement or reading to engineering units, performs calculations, and r e duces data to statistical values. Data are stored in memory to await transfer to a PC by way of an external storage device or a comms link.

Section 4. Quickstart

• Data Retrieval and Comms (p. 40) — Data are copied (not moved) from

the CR3000, usually to a PC, by one or more methods using datalogger support software. Most of these comms options are bi-directional, which allows programs and settings to be sent to the CR3000.

• Datalogger Support Software

(p. 41) — Software retrieves data and sends

programs and settings. The software manages the comms link a nd has options for data display.

• Programmable Logic Control

(p. 91) — Some data acquisition systems

require the control of external devices to facilitate a measurement or to control a device based on measurements. The CR3000 is adept at programmable logic control.

• Measurement and Control Peripherals

(p. 86) — Someti m es, s y s t em

requirements exceed the capacity of the CR3000. The excess can usually be handled by addition of input and output expansion modules.

FIGURE 15: Data Acquisit ion Sys tem C ompo ne nt s

5. Overview

You have just received a big box (or several big boxes) from Campbell Scientific, opened it, spread its contents acr oss the floor, and now you sit wondering what to do.

Well, that depends.

Probably, the first thing you should understand is the basic architecture of a data acquisition system. O nce that frame work is in mind, you can b egin to conceptualize what to do next. So, job one, is to go back to the Quickstart

(p. 37)

section of t his manual and work through the tutor ial. When you have done tha t, and then read the following, you should have the needed frame work.

A Campbell Scientific data acq uisition system is made up of the following five basic components:

• Sensors

• Datalogger, which includes:

o Clock o Measurement and control circuitry o Memory o Hardware and firmware to communicate with comms devices o User-entered CRBasic program

• Power supply

• Comms link or external storage device

• Datalogger support software

(p. 535)

The figure Data Acquisition Systems — Overview (p. 58) illustrates a common CR3000-based data acquisition system.

Section 5. Overview

FIGURE 16: Data Acquisition Sys tem — Overview

5.1 Datalogger — Overview

The CR3000 datalogger is the mai n p a rt of the system. It is a precision instrument designed to withstand demanding environments and to use the smallest amount of power possible. It has a central-processing u ni t (CPU), analog and digital measurement inputs, ana log and digital outputs, and memory. An operating system (firmware) coordinates the functions of these parts in conjunction with the on-board clock and the CRBasic application program.

Section 5. Overview

The application program is written in CRBasic, which is a programming language that includes measurement, data processing, and analysis r outines and t he standard BASIC instruction set. For simpler applications, Short Cut

(p. 555), a user-

friendly program generator, can be used to write the progam. For more demanding programs, use CRBasic Editor

(p. 534).

After measurements are made, data are stored in non-volatile memory. Most applications do not require that every measurement be recorded. Instead, the program usually combines several measurements into computational or statistical summaries, such as averages and standard deviations.

Programs are run by the CR3000 in either sequential mode efficient pipeline mode

(p. 549). In sequential mode, each instruction is executed

(p. 554) or the more

sequentially in the order it appears in the program. In pipeline mode, the CR3000 determines the order of instruction execution.

5.1.1 Wiring Panel — Overview

In the following figure, the CR3000 wiring panel is illustrated. The wiring panel is the interface to most CR3000 functions so studying it is a good way to get acquainted with the CR3000. Functions of the terminals are broken down into the following categories. The wiring terminals on some CR3000s are removable. For applications wherein shock or vibration is expected, or where strain may exist on the wiring harness, be sure to loc k down the ter minals with the screws provided at each end of the blocks.

• Analog input

• Analog output

• Pulse counting

• Digital I/O input

• Digital I/O output

• Digital I/O communications

• Dedicated power output terminal

• Power input terminal

• Ground terminals

Section 5. Overview

Labels

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

DIFF

┌ 1 ┐

┌ 2 ┐

┌ 3 ┐

┌ 4 ┐

┌ 5 ┐

┌ 6 ┐

┌ 7 ┐

┌ 8 ┐

┌ 9 ┐

┌ 10 ┐

┌ 11 ┐

┌ 12 ┐

┌ 13 ┐

┌ 14 ┐

H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H L H

Analog Input

Single-ended

Differe ntial (high/low)

            

Analog period average

Vibrating wire2

Analog Output

Switched Precision Voltage

Switched Precision Current

Continuous Voltage

Pulse Counting

Switch closure

High frequ e ncy

Low-level Vac

Dig ital I/O

Control

Status

General I/O (TX,RX)

Pulse-wi d th modulat io n

Timer I/O

Interrupt

Continuous Regulated3

5 Vdc

Continu ous Unre gulated3

12 Vdc

FIGURE 17: Wiring Panel

CR3000 Wiring Panel Terminal Definitions, 1

                           



                           

Function

Section 5. Overview

Switched Regulated3

5 Vdc

Switched Unregulated3

12 Vdc

UART

True RS-232 (TX/RX)

TTL RS-232 (TX/RX)

SDI-12

SDM (Data/Clock/Enable)

Terminal expansion modules are available. See sect ion

(p. 86).

COM1

COM2

COM3

COM4

VX1 VX2 VX3 VX4 IX1 iX2 IX3 CAO1 CAO2 P1 P2 P3 P4 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 5V 12V 12V SW12V

SW12V

CS I/O Max Number

Analog Input

Single-ended

Differe ntial (high/low)

Analog period average

Vibrating wire2

Analog Output

Switched Precision Voltage

Switched Precision Current

  

Continuous Voltage

 

Pulse Counting

Switch closure

            12

High frequ e ncy

            12

Low-level Vac

    4

Dig ital I/O

Control

        8

Status

        8

General I/O (TX,RX)

    4

Pulse-wi d th modulat io n

 

 3 Timer I/O

        8

Interrupt

        8

Continuous Regulated3

5 Vdc



Continu ous Unre gulated3

12 Vdc   2 Switched Regulated3

5 Vdc

        8

Switched Unregulated3

12 Vdc   1 UART True RS-232 (TX/RX)



2 TTL RS-232 (TX/RX)

    4

SDI-12



 4 SDM (Data/Clock/Enable)



Terminal expansion modules are available. See sect ion Measurement and Control Peripherals — Overview (p. 86).

1 2

Static, time domain measurement. Obsolete. S ee section Vibrating Wire Measurements — Overview (p. 77).

Check the table Current Source and Sink Limits (p. 424).

Requires an interfacing device for sensor input. See section Data Retrieval and Comms Peripherals — Lists (p. 610).

Measurement and Control Peripherals — Overview

CR3000 Wiring Panel Terminal Definitions, 2

Labels

   

-1

-2

-232

Function

Static, time domain measurement. Obsolete. S ee section Vibrating Wire Measurements — Overview (p. 77).

Check the table Current Source and Sink Limits (p. 424).

Requires an interfacing device for sensor input. See section Data Retrieval and Comms Peripherals — Lists (p. 610).



Section 5. Overview

5.1.1.1 Switched Voltage Output — Overview

Related Topics:

• Switched Voltage Output — Specifications

• Switched Voltage Output — Overview

(p. 62)

• Switched Voltage Output — Details (p. 424)

• Current Source and Sink Limits (p. 424)

• PLC Control — Overview (p. 91)

• PLC Control Modules — Overview (p. 430)

• PLC Control Modules — Lists (p. 607)

C terminals are selectable as binary inputs, control outputs, or communication ports. See Measurements — Overview

(p. 67) for a summar y of measurement

functions. Other functions in c lud e device-driven inte rrupts, asynchronous communications and SDI-12 communications. T able CR3000 Terminal Definitions

(p. 60) summarizes available options.

Figure Control and Monitoring with C Terminals

(p. 62) illustrates a si mple

application wherein a C terminal configured for digital input and another configured for control output are used to control a device (turn it on or off) and monitor the state of the device (whether the device is on or off).

FIGURE 18: Control and Monitoring with C terminals

5.1.1.2 Voltage and Current Excitation — Overview

Related Topics:

• Voltage and Current Excita (p. 62)tion — Specifications

• Voltage and Current Excitation — Overview

(p. 62)

Section 5. Overview

The CR3000 has several terminals designed to supply switched voltage and current to peripherals, sensors, or control devices:

• Voltage Excitation (switched-analog output ) — Vx terminals supply

precise voltage. These terminals are regularly used with resistive-bridge measurements..

• Digital I/O — C terminals configured for on / off and PWM (pulse width

modulation) or PDM (pulse duratio n modulation) on C4, C5 and C7.

• Switched 12 Vdc — SW12 terminals. Primary battery voltage under

program control to control external devices (such as humidity sensors) requiring nominal 12 Vdc. SW12 terminals can source up to 900 mA. See the table Current Source and Sink Limits

(p. 424).

• Continuous Analog Output (CAO) — two CAO ter minals (CAO1 and

CAO2) capable of driving voltages from –5000 mV to 5000 mV at ±15

mA. The number of CAO terminals can be expanded with peripheral CAO devices available from Campbell Scientific. Refer to the appendix

Continuous-Analog Output (CAO) Modules — List

(p. 607) for more

information.

• Switched Current Excitation — three s witched current excitation

terminals (IX1, IX2, IX3) with return t o IXR terminal. These terminals are regularly used with resistive-bridge measurements.

5.1.1.3 Power Terminals

5.1.1.3.1 Power In Terminals

The POWER IN connector is the connection point for external power supply components.

5.1.1.3.2 Power Out Terminals

Note Refer to Switched-Voltage Output — Details (p. 424) for more information about using the CR3000 as a power supply for sensors and peripheral devices.

The CR3000 can be used as a power source for sensors and peripherals. The following voltages are available:

• 12V terminals: unregulated nominal 12 Vdc. This supply closely tracks

the primary CR3000 supply voltage, so it may rise above or drop below the power requirement of the sensor or peripheral. Precautions should be taken to prevent damage to sensors or peripherals from over- or under-voltage conditio ns, and to minimize the error associa te d with the measurement of underpowered sensors. See Power Supplies —

Overview

(p. 86).

Section 5. Overview

5.1.1.4 Communication Ports — Overview

• 5V terminals: regulated 5 Vdc at 300 mA. The 5 Vdc supply is

regulated to within a few millivolts of 5 Vd c so long as the main power supply for the CR3000 does not drop below <MinPwrSupplyVolts>.

Related Topics:

• Communication Ports — Overview (p. 64)

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Overview (p. 80)

• CPI Port and CDM Devices — Overview (p. 66)

• PakBus — Overview (p. 82)

• RS-232 and TTL (p. 419)

The CR3000 is equipped with hardware ports that allow communication with other devic es and networks, such as:

• PC

• Smart sensors

• Modbus and DNP3 networks

• Ethernet

• Modems

• Campbell Scientific PakBus networks

• Other Campbell Scientific dataloggers

• Campbell Scientific datalogger peripherals

Communication ports include:

• CS I/O

• RS-232

• SDI-12

• SDM

• CPI (requires a peripheral device)

• Ethernet (requires a peripheral device)

• Peripheral Port — supports Ethernet and CompactFlash memory card

modules

Section 5. Overview

5.1.1.4.1 CS I/O Port

Read More See Serial Port Pinouts (p. 595).

• One nine-pin port, labeled CS I/O, for communicating with a PC or

modem through Campbell Scientific communication interfaces, modems, or peripherals. CS I/O comms interfaces are listed in the appendix

Serial I/O Modules — List

(p. 605).

Note Keep CS I/O cables short (maximum of a few feet).

5.1.1.4.2 RS-232 Ports

Note RS-232 communications normally operate well up to a transmission cable capacitance of 2500 picofarads, or approximately 50 feet of commonly available serial cable.

• One nine-pin DCE port, labeled RS-232, normally used to communicate

with a PC running datalogger support software third-party modem. With a null-modem adapter attached, it serves as a DTE device.

(p. 90), or to connect a

5.1.1.4.3 Peripheral Port

Provided for connection of some Campbell Scientific CF memory card modules and IP network link hardware. See the appendices TCP/IP Links — List

(p. 612)

and Data Storage Devices — List (p. 613). See Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Overview

5.1.1.4.4 SDI-12 Ports

Read More See the section Serial I/O: SDI-12 Sensor Support — Details

(p. 255).

Section 5. Overview

5.1.1.4.5 SDM Port

5.1.1.4.6 CPI Port and CDM Devices — Overview

SDI-12 is a 1200 baud protocol that supports many smart sensors. Each port requires one terminal and supports up to 16 individually addressed sensors.

• Up to four ports configured from C terminals.

SDM is a protocol proprietary to Campbell Scientific that suppor ts severa l Campbell Scientific digital sensor a nd comms input and output expansion peripherals and select smart sensors.

• One SDM port configured from SDM-C1, SDM-C2, and SDM-C3

terminals.

Related Topics:

• CPI Port and CDM Devices — Overview (p. 66)

• CPI Port and CDM Devices — Details (p. 494)

CPI is a new proprietary protocol that supports an expanding line of Campbell Scientific CDM modules. CDM modules are higher-speed input- and outputexpansion peripherals. CPI ports also enable networking between compatible Campbell Scientific dataloggers. Consult the manuals for CDM modules for more information.

• Connection to CDM devices requires the SC-CPI interface.

5.1.1.4.7 Ethernet Port

Read More See the section TCP/IP — Details (p. 468).

• Ethernet capability requires a peripheral Ethernet interface device, as

listed in Network Links — List

(p. 612).

5.1.1.5 Grounding — Overview

Related Topics:

• Grounding — Overview (p. 66)

• Grounding — Details (p. 106)

Proper grounding lends stabili ty and protection to a data acquisition system. It is the easiest and least expensive insurance against data loss — and often the most neglected. The following terminals are provided for connection of sensor and CR3000 datalogger grounds:

• Signal ground r eference for s ingle-ended analog inputs , pulse

inputs, excitation returns, and as a ground for sensor shield wires. Signal returns for pulse inputs should use terminals loca te d next to the pulse

Section 5. Overview

input terminal. Current loop sensors , however, should be grounded to power ground.

• G Power ground return for 5V, SW12, 12V terminals, current loop

sensors, and C configured for control. Use of G grounds for these outputs minimizes potentially large current flow through the analogvoltage-measurement section of the wiring panel, which can cause single-ended voltage measurement errors.

• Earth ground lug connection point for a heavy-gage earth-ground

wire. A good earth connection is necessary to secure the ground potential of the CR3000 and shunt transients away from electronics. Minimum 14 AWG wire is recommended.

5.2 Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Sensors — Quickstart (p. 37)

• Measurements — Overview

• Measurements — Details

• Sensors — Lists

(p. 609)

(p. 67)

(p. 335)

Most electronic sensors, whet her or not they are supplied by Campbell Scientific, can be connected directly to the CR3000.

Manuals that discuss alternative input routes, such as external multiplexers, peripheral measurement devices, or a wireless sensor network, can be found at www.campbellsci.com/manuals.

This section discusses direct s ensor-to-datalogger connections and applicable CRBasic programming to instruct the CR3000 how to make, process, and store the measurements. The CR3000 wiring panel has t erminals for the following measurement inputs:

5.2.1 Time Keeping — Overview

Related Topics:

• Time Keeping — Overview (p. 67)

• Time Keeping — Details (p. 335)

Measurement of time is an essential function of the CR3000. Time measurement with the on-boar d clo ck enables the CR3000 to attach time stamps to data, measure the interval between events, and time the initiation of control functions.

5.2.2 Analog Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Analog Measurements — Overview (p. 67)

• Analog Measurements — Details

(p. 337)

Section 5. Overview

5.2.2.1 Voltage Measurements — Overview

Analog sens ors output a continuous voltage or curr e nt signal that varies with the phenomena measured. Sensors compatible with the CR3000 output a voltage. The CR300 0 can also measure analog current output when the current is converted t o voltage by using a resistive shunt.

Sensor connection is to H/L terminals configured for differential ( DIFF) or single-ended (SE) inputs. For example, differential channel 1 is comprised of terminals 1H and 1L, wit h 1H as high and 1L as low.

Related Topics:

• Voltage Measurements — Specifications

• Voltage Measurements — Overview

• Voltage Measurements — Details

(p. 68)

(p. 380)

• Maximum input voltage range: ±5000 mV

• Measurement resolution range: 0.67 µV to 1333 µV

Single-ended and differential connections are illustrated in the figures Analog Sensor Wired to Single-Ended Channel #1 Differential Channel #1 Terminals

(p. 69) lists CR3000 analog input cha nnel terminal assignments.

(p. 69). Table Differential and Single-Ended Input

(p. 69) and Analog Sensor Wired to

Conceptually, analog voltage sensors output two signals: high and low. For example, a sensor that o utputs 1000 mV on the high lead and 0 mV on the low has an overall output of 1000 mV. A sensor that outputs 2000 mV on the high lead and 1000 mV on the low also has an overall output of 1000 mV. Sometimes, the low signal is si mply sensor ground (0 mV). A single-ended measurement measures t he high signal with referenc e to ground, with the low signal tied to ground. A differential measurement measures the high signal with reference to the low signal. Each c onfiguratio n has a purpose, but the differential configuration is usually preferr ed.

A differential configuration m ay significantly improve the voltage measurement. Following are conditions that often indicate that a differential measurement should be used:

• Ground curr ents cause vo l tage dro p between the sensor and the s ignal-

ground terminal. Currents >5 mA are usually considered undesirable. These curr ents may result from resistive-bridge se nso r s usi ng vo lt age excitation, but these currents o nly flow when the voltage excitation is applied. Return currents asso c ia te d with voltage excitation cannot influence other single-ende d measurements of small voltage unless the same voltage -excitation terminal is enabled during the unrela te d measurements.

• Measured voltage is less than 200 mV.

Section 5. Overview

FIGURE 19: Analog Sensor Wired to

Single-Ended Channel #1

FIGURE 20: Analog Sensor Wired to

Differential Channel #1

Differential and Single-Ended Input

Terminals

Differential

DIFF Terminals

Single-Ended

SE Terminals

1H 1 1L 2 2H 3 2L 4 3H 5 3L 6

Section 5. Overview

Differential and Single-Ended Input

Terminals

Differential

DIFF Terminals

4H 7 4L 8 5H 9 5L 10 6H 11 6L 12 7H 13 7L 14 8H 15 8L 16

9H 17 9L 18

10H 19

10L 20

11H 21

Single-Ended SE Terminals

11L 22

12H 23

12L 24

13H 25

13L 26

14H 27

14L 28

5.2.2.1.1 Single-Ended Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Single-Ended Measurements — Overview (p. 70)

• Single-Ended Measurements — Details

A single-ended measurement measures the difference in voltage between the terminal configured for single-ended input and the reference ground. While differential measurements are usually preferred, a single-ended measurement is often adequate in applications wherein some types of noise are not present and care is taken to avoid problems caused by ground currents applications wherein a single-ended measurement may be preferred include:

(p. 385)

(p. 541). Examples of

Section 5. Overview

• Not enough differential terminals available. Differential measurements

use twice as many H/L terminals as do single-ended measurements.

• Rapid sampling is requir ed. Single-e nded measurement time is about half

that of differential measurement time.

• Sensor is not de signed for differential measure ments. Many Campbell

Scientific sensors are not designed for differential measurement, but the draw backs of a single-ended measurement are usually mitigated by large programmed excitation and/or sensor output voltages.

However, be aware that because a single-ended measurement is referenced to CR3000 ground, any difference in ground potential between the sensor and the CR3000 will result in error, as emphasized in the following examples:

• If the measuring junction of a thermocouple used to measure soil

temperature is not insulated, and the p otential of earth ground is greater at the sensor than at the point where the CR3000 is grounded, a measurement error will result. For example, if t he difference in grounds is 1 mV, with a copper-constantan thermocouple, the error will be approximately 25 °C.

• If signal conditioning circuitry, such as might be found in a gas analyzer,

and the CR3000 use a common power supply, differences in current drain and lead resistance often result in different ground potentials at the two instruments despite the use of a common ground. A differential measurement should be made on the analog output fr om the exter nal signal conditioner to avoid error .

5.2.2.1.2 Differential Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Differential Measurements — Overview (p. 71)

• Differential Measurements — Details

(p. 386)

Summary Use a differential configuration when making voltage measurements, unless constrained to do otherwise.

A differential measurement measures the difference in voltage between two input terminals. Its autosequence is characterized by multiple measurements, the results of which are autoaveraged before the final value is reported. For example, the sequence on a differential measurement using the VoltDiff() instruction involves two measurements — first with the high input referenced to the low, then with the inputs reversed. Reversing the inputs before the second measurement cancels noise common to both leads as well as small errors caused by junctions of different metals that are throughout the measurement electronics.

Section 5. Overview

5.2.2.2 Current Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.3 Resistance Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Current Measurements — Overview (p. 72)

• Current Measurements — Details

(p. 380)

A measurement of current is accomplished through the use of external resistors to convert current to voltage, then measure the voltage as explained in the se ction

Differential Measurements — Overview

(p. 71). The voltage is measured with the

CR3000 voltage measurement circuitry. IX terminals supply precise current excitation for use with resistive bridges.

Related Topics:

• Resistance Measurements — Specifications

• Resistance Measurements — Overview

(p. 72)

• Resistance Measurements — Details (p. 367)

• Measurement: RTD, PRT, PT100, PT1000 (p. 273)

Many analog sensors use some kind of variable resistor as the fundamental sensing element. As examples, wind vanes use potentiometers, pressure transducers use strain gages, and temperature sensors use t hermistors. These elements are placed in a Wheatstone bridge or related circuit. With the exception of PRTs, another type of variable resistor. See Measurement: RTD, PRT, PT100, PT1000

(p. 273). This man ual does not gi ve instruction on how to build variab l e

resistors into a resistor bridge. Sensor manufacturers consider many criteria when deciding what type of resistive bridge to use for their sensors. The CR3000 can measure most bridge circuit configurations.

5.2.2.3.1 Voltage Excitation

Bridge resistance is determined by measuring the difference between a known voltage applied to the excitatio n (inp ut) a rm of a resistor bridge and the voltage measured on the output arm. The CR3000 supplies a precise-voltage excitation via Vx terminals . Return voltage is measured on H/L terminals configured for single-ended or differential input. Examples of bridge-sensor wiring using voltage excitation are illustrat e d in figures Half-Bridge Wiring — Wind Vane

Potentiometer

(p. 73) and Full-Bridge Wiring — Pressure Transducer (p. 73).

Section 5. Overview

FIGURE 21: Half-Bridge Wiring

Example — Wind Vane Potentiometer

FIGURE 22: Full-Bridge Wiring Example

— Pressure Transducer

5.2.2.3.2 Current Excitation

Resistance can also be measured by supplying a precise current and measuring the return voltage. The CR3000 supplies a precise current from IX terminals . Return voltage is measured on numbered SE or DIFF terminals. Examples of bridge-sensor wiring us ing current excitation are illustrated in FIGURE: PT100 Resistance() Basic-Circuit Schematic

Note When using long leads with current excitation, consult Settling Error

343).

(p. 291).

(p.

Section 5. Overview

5.2.2.4 Strain Measurements — Overview

5.2.3 Pulse Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Strain Measurements — Overview (p. 74)

• Strain Measurements — Details

• FieldCalStrain() Examples

(p. 378)

(p. 243)

Strain gage measurements are usually associated with structural-stress analysis.

Related Topics:

• Pulse Measurements — Specifications

• Pulse Measurements — Overview

(p. 74)

• Pulse Measurements — Details (p. 404)

The output signal generated by a pulse sensor is a series of voltage waves. The sensor couples its output signal to the measured phenomenon by modulating wave frequency. The CR3000 detects the state transition as each wave varies between voltage extremes (high-to-low or low-to-high). Measurements are processed and presented as counts, frequency, or timing data.

P terminals are configurable for pulse input to measure counts or frequency from the followi ng signal types:

• High-frequency 5 Vdc square-wave

• Switch closure

• Low-level ac

C terminals configurable for input for the following:

• State

• Edge counti ng

• Edge timing

Note A period-averaging sensor has a frequency output, but it is connected to a SE terminal configured for period-average input and measured with the PeriodAverage() instruction. See Period Averaging — Overview

(p. 76).

5.2.3.1 Pulses Measured

The CR3000 measures three types of pulse outputs, which are illustrated in the figure Pulse Sensor Output Signal Types

(p. 75).

Section 5. Overview

FIGURE 23: Pulse Sensor Output Signal Types

5.2.3.2 Pulse Input Channels

Table Pulse Input Terminals and Measurements (p. 75) lists devices, channels and options for measuring pulse signals .

Pulse Input Terminals and Measurements

Pulse Input

Terminal

P Terminal

• Low-level ac

• High-

• Switch-closure

Input Type

frequency

Data Option

• Counts

• Frequency

• Run

average of frequency

CRBasic

Instruction

PulseCount()

• Counts

• Low-level ac

with LLAC4

604)

C Terminal

• High-

module

frequency

• Switch-closure

• Frequency

(p.

• Running

• Interval

• Period

• State

average of frequency

PulseCount()

TimerIO()

5.2.3.3 Pulse Sensor Wiring

Read More See Pulse Measurement Tips (p. 412).

An example of a pulse sensor connection is illustr ated in figure Pulse Input Wiring Example — Anemometer Switch

wires, one of which is gro und. Connect the ground wire to a (signal gro und) terminal. Connect the other wire to a P terminal. Sometimes the sensor will require power from the CR3000, so there may be two added wires — one of which will be power ground. Connect power ground to a G terminal. Do not

(p. 76). Pulse sensors have two active

Section 5. Overview

confuse the pulse wire with the positive power wire, or damage to the sensor or CR3000 may result. Some switch closure sensors may require a pull-up resistor.

FIGURE 24: Pulse Input Wiring

Example — Anemometer

5.2.4 Period Averaging — Overview

Related Topics:

• Period Average Measurements — Specifications

• Period Average Measurements — Overview

• Period Average Measurements — Details (p. 418)

CR3000 SE terminals can be configured to measure period average.

Note Both pulse count and period average measurements are used to measure frequency output sensors. Yet pulse count and period average measurement methods are different. Pulse count measurements use dedicated hardware — pulse count accumulators, which are always monitoring the input signal, even when the C R30 00 is between program scans. In contrast, period average measurement instructions only monitor the input signal during a program scan. Consequently, pulse count scans can usually be much less frequent than period average scans. Pulse counters may be more susceptible to low-frequency noise because they are always "listening", whereas period averaging may filter the noise by reason of being "asleep" most of the time. Pulse count measurements are not appropriate for sensors that are powered off between scans, whereas period average measurements work well since they can be placed in the scan to execute only when the sensor is powered and transmitting the signal.

(p. 76)

Period average measurements use a high-frequency digital clock to measure time differences between signal transitions, whereas pulse count measurements simply accumulate the number of counts. As a result, period average measurements offer much better frequency resolution per

Section 5. Overview

measurement interval, as compared to pulse count measurements. The frequency resolution of pulse count measurements can be improved by extending the measurement interval by increasing the scan interval and by averaging. For information on frequency resolution, see Frequency

Resolution

(p. 409).

5.2.5 Vibrating Wire Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Vibrating W ire Measurements — Specifications

• Vibrating Wire Measurements — Overview

• Vibrating Wire Measurements — Details

Vibrating wire sensors are the sensor of choice in many environmental and industrial applications that need sensors that will be stable over very long periods, such as years or even decades. The CR3000 can measure these sensors either directly or through interface modules.

A thermistor included in most sensors can be measured to compensate for temperature errors.

(p. 77)

(p. 417)

Measuring the resonant frequency by means of period averaging is the classic technique, but Campbell Scientific has developed static and dynamic spectralanalysis techniques (VSPECT

(p. 562)) that produce superior noise rejection, higher

resolution, diagnostic data, and, in the case of dynamic VSPECT, measurements up to 333.3 Hz.

SE terminals are configurable for time-domain vibr ating wire measur e me nt, which is a technique now super seded in most applications by VSPECT

(p. 562)

vibrating wire analysis. See Vibrating Wire Input Modules — List (p. 605) for more information

Dynamic VSPECT measurements require addition of an interface module.

5.2.6 Reading Smart Sensors — Overview

Related Topics:

• Reading Smart Sensors — Overview (p. 77)

• Reading Smart Sensors — Details

A smart sensor is equipped with independent measurement circuitry that makes the basic measurement and sends measurement and measurement related data to the CR3000. Smart sensors vary widely in output modes. Many have multiple output options. Output options supported by the CR3000 include SDI-12

(p. 303), Modbus (p. 476), and DNP3 (p. 475).

RS-232

(p. 419)

(p. 255),

The following smart sensor types can be measured on the indicated terminals:

• SDI-12 devices: C

• Synchrono us Devices for Measurement (SDM): C

Section 5. Overview

5.2.6.1 SDI-12 Sensor Support — Overview

• Smart sensors: C terminals, RS-232 port, and CS I/ O port with the

appropriate interface.

• Modbus or DNP3 network: RS-232 port and CS I/O port with the

appropriate interface

• Other serial I/O devices: C terminals, RS-232 port, and CS I/O port with

the appropriate interface

Related Topics:

• SDI-12 Sensor Support — Overview (p. 78)

• SDI-12 Sensor Support — Details (p. 420)

• Serial I/O: SDI-12 Sensor Support — Progr amm in g Res our c e (p. 255)

SDI-12 is a smart-sensor protocol that uses one input port on the CR3000 and is powered by 12 Vdc. Refer to the chart CR3000 Terminal Definitions

(p. 60), which

indicates C terminals that can be configured for SDI-12 input.

5.2.6.2 RS-232 — Overview

The CR3000 has 6 ports available for RS-232 input as shown in figure Terminals Configurable for RS-232 Input

As indicated in figure Use of RS-232 and Digital I/O when R eadi ng RS-232 Devices

(p. 79), RS-232 sensors can often be connected to C terminal pairs

configured for serial I/O, to the RS-232 port, or to the C S I/ O port with the proper adapter. Ports can be set up for baud rate, parity, stop-bit, and so forth as described in CRBasic Editor Help.

FIGURE 25: Terminals Configurable for

RS-232 Input

(p. 78).

Section 5. Overview

FIGURE 26: Use of RS-232 and Digital I/O when Reading RS-232

Devices

5.2.7 Field Calibration — Overview

Related Topics:

• Field Calibration — Overview (p. 79)

• Field Calibration — Details

(p. 229)

Calibration increases accuracy of a measurement device by adjusting its output, or the measurement of its output, to match independently verified quantities. Adjusting sensor output directly is preferred, but not always possible or practical. By adding FieldCal() or FieldCalStrain() instructions to the CR3000 CRBasic program, measurements of a linear sensor can be adjusted by modifying the programmed multiplier and offset ap plied to the measurement without modifying or recompiling the CRBasic program.

5.2.8 Cabling Effects — Overview

Related Topics:

• Cabling Effects — Overview (p. 79)

• Cabling Effects — Details

Sensor cabling can have significant effects on sensor response and accuracy. This is usually only a concern with sensors acquired from manufacturers other than Campbell Scientific. Campbel l Sc ie ntific sensors are engineered for optimal performance with factory-installed cables.

(p. 421)

5.2.9 Synchronizing Measurements — Overview

Related Topics:

• Synchronizing Measurements — Overview (p. 79)

• Synchronizing Measurements — Details

(p. 422)

Section 5. Overview

5.2.9.1 Synchronizing Measurements in the CR3000 — Overview

5.2.9.2 Synchronizing Measurements in a Datalogger Network — Overview

5.3 Data Retrieval and Comms — Overview

Large numbers of sensors, cable length restrictions, or long distances between measurement sites may require use of multiple CR3000s.

Related Topics:

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Quickstart (p. 40)

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Overview (p. 80)

• Data Retrieval and Comms — Details (p. 466)

• Data Retrieval and Comms Peripherals — Lists (p. 610)

The CR3000 communicates with external devices to receive programs, send data, or join a network. Data are usually moved through a c omms link consisting of hardware and a protocol using Campbell Scientific datalogger support software

615). Data can also be shuttled with external memory such as a CompactFlash (CF)

(CRD: drive) or a Campbell Scientific mass storage media (USB: drive) to

card

(p.

the PC.

5.3.1 Data File Formats in CR3000 Memory

Routine CR3000 operations store data in binary data tables. However, when the TableFile() instruction is used, data are also stored in one of several formats in discrete text files in internal or external memory. See Memory Drives — On-

(p. 445) for more information on the use of the TableFile() instruction.

board

5.3.2 Data Format on Computer

CR3000 data stored on a PC with datalogger support software (p. 615) are formatted as either ASCII or binary depending on the file type selected in the support software. Consult the software manual for details on available data-file formats.

5.3.3 Mass-Storage Device

Caution When removing a Campbell Scientific mass storage device

(thumb drive) from the CR3000, do so only when the LED is not lit or flashing. Removing the device while it is active can cause data corruption.

Data stored on a SC115 Campbell Scientific mass storage device can be retrieved via a comms link to the CR3000 if the device remains on the CS I/O port. Data can also be retrieved by removing the device, connecting it to a PC, and copying off files usi n g Windows File Explorer.

Section 5. Overview

5.3.4 Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Overview

Related Topics:

• Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Overview (p. 81)

• Memory Card (CRD: Drive) — Details (p. 447)

• Memory Cards and Record Numbers (p. 453)

• Data Output: Writing High-Frequency Data to Memory Cards (p. 217)

• File System Errors (p. 464)

• Data Storage Devices — List (p. 613)

• Data File Format Examples (p. 450)

• Data Storage Drives Table (p. 445)

Caution Observe the following precautions when using memory cards:

• Before removing a card from the card module, or removing the card

module from the CR3000, disable the card by pressing the Initiate Removal button (NOT the eject button), wait for t he green light.

• Do not remove a memory card while the drive is active or data

corruption and damage to the card may result.

• Prevent data loss by collecting data before sending a program from the

memory card to the CR3000. Sending a program from the card to the CR3000 often erases all data.

Data stored on a memory card are collected to a PC through a comms link with the CR3000 or by removing the card and collecting it directly using a third-party adapter on a PC.

5.3.4.1 Comms

The CR3000 accesses data on the card as needed to fill data-collection requests initiated with the datalogger sup port software Collect

(p. 532) command. An

alternative, if care is taken, is to collect data in binary form. Binary data are collected using the datalogger support software File Control | Retrieve

(p. 539)

command. Before collecting data this way, stop the CR3000 program to ensure data are not written to the card while data are retrieved, or data will be corrupted.

5.3.4.2 Direct with Adapter to PC

Data transfer is much faster through an adapter than through a comm link. This speed difference is especially noticeable with large files.

The format of data files collected by direct connection of the card with a PC may be different than the standard Campbell Scientific data file formats (binary — format depends on the instruction used to write to the card). See section Data File Format Examples converted to a Campbell Scientific fo rmat using CardConvert

(p. 450) for more information. Binary data files can be

(p. 531) software.

Section 5. Overview

5.3.5 Comms Protocols

5.3.5.1 PakBus Comms — Overview

The primary communication pr otocol is PakBus (p. 548). PakBus is a protocol proprietary to Campbell Scien tific.

Related Topics:

• PakBus Comms — Overview (p. 82)

• PakBus Networking Guide (available at

www.campbellsci.com/manuals)

The CR3000 communicates with datalogger support software (p. 615), comms peripherals

(p. 610), and ot her dataloggers (p. 603) with PakBus, a propriet ary

network communication protocol. PakBus is a protocol similar in concept to IP (Internet Protocol). By using signatured data packets, PakBus increases the number of communication and networking options available to the CR3000. Communica tion can occur via TCP/ IP, on the RS-232 port, CS I/O port, and C terminals.

Advantages of PakBus are as follows:

• Simultaneous communication between the CR3000 and other devices.

• Peer-to-peer communication — no PC required. Special CRBasic

instructions simplify transferring data between dataloggers for distributed decision making or control.

• Data consolidation — other PakBus dataloggers can be used as sensors

to consolidate all data into one Campbell Scientific datalogger.

• Routing — the CR3000 can act as a router, passing on messages

intended for another Campbell Scientific datalogger. PakBus supports automatic route detection and selection.

• Short distance networks — with no extra hardware, a CR3000 can talk to

another CR3000 over distances up to 30 feet by connecting transmit, receive and ground wires between the dataloggers.

In a PakBus network, each datalogger is set to a unique address. The default PakBus addre ss i n most devices is 1. To communicate with the CR3000, the datalogger support software address is changed using the CR1000KD Keyboard/Display

(p. 113), CR3000 Status table (p. 567), or PakBus Graph (p. 548) software.

utility

must know the CR3000 PakBus address. The PakBus

(p. 483), DevConfig

5.3.6 Alternate Comms Protocols — Overview

Related Topics:

• Alternate Comms Protocols — Overview (p. 82)

• Alternate Comms Protocols — Details (p. 468)

Section 5. Overview

Other comms protocols are also included:

• Web API

• Modbus

(p. 475, p. 475)

(p. 83)

• DNP3 (p. 83)

Refer to Specifications (p. 95) for a complete list of supported protocols. See Data Retrieval and Comms Peripherals — Lists

(p. 610) for devices available from

Campbell Scientific.

Keyboard displays also communicate with the CR3000. See Keyboard/Display — Overview

(p. 84) for more information.

5.3.6.1 Modbus — Overview

Related Topics:

• Modbus — Overview (p. 83)

• Modbus — Details

The CR3000 supports Modbus master and Modbus slave communications for inclusion in Modbus SCADA networks. Modbus is a widely used SCADA communication protocol that facilitates exchange of information and data between computers / HMI software, instruments (RTUs) and Modbus-compatible sensors. The CR3000 communicates with Modbus over RS-232, (with a RS-232 to RS485 such as an MD485 adapter), and TCP.

(p. 476)

Modbus systems consist of a master (PC), RTU / PLC slaves, field instruments (sensors), and the communication-network hardware. The communication port, baud rate, data bits, stop bits, and parity are set in the Modbus driver of the master and / or the sl aves. The CR3000 supports RTU and ASCII communication modes on RS-232 and RS485 connections. It exclusively uses the TCP mode on IP connections.

Field instruments can be queried by the CR3000. Because Modbus has a set command structure, programming the CR3000 to get data from field instruments is much simpler than from serial sensors. Because Modbus uses a common bus and addresses each node, field instruments are effectively multiplexed to a CR3000 without additional hardware.

5.3.6.2 DNP3 — Overview

Related Topics:

• DNP3 — Overview (p. 83)

• DNP3 — Details (p. 475)

The CR3000 supports DNP3 slave communications for inclusion in DNP3 SCADA ne t wo r k s .

Section 5. Overview

5.3.6.3 TCP/IP — Overview

Related Topics:

• TCP/IP — Overview

• TCP/IP — Details

(p. 468)

• TCP/IP Links — List (p. 612)

The following TCP/IP protocols are supported by the CR3000 when using

network links

(p. 612) that use the resident IP stack or when using a cell modem with

the PPP/IP key enabled. The following sections include information on some of these protocols:

• DHCP

• DNS

• FTP

• HTML

• HTTP

•

• Micro-serial server

• Modbus TCP/IP

• NTCIP

• NTP

• POP3

• SMTP

• SNMP

• Telnet

• Web AP I

• XML

• UDP

• IPv4

• IPv6

•

• PakBus over TCP/IP

• Ping

•

5.3.7 Comms Hardware — Overview

The CR3000 can accommodate, in one way or another, nearly all comms options. Campbell Scientific specializes in RS-232, USB, RS-485, short haul (twisted pairs), Wi-Fi, radio (single frequency and spread spectrum), land-line telephone, cell phone / IP modem, satellite, ethernet/internet, and sneaker net (external memory).

The most common comms hardware is an RS-232 cable or USB cable. These are short-distance direct-connect devices that require no configuration of the CR3000. All other comms methods require peripheral devices; some require that CR3000 settings be configured differently than the defaults.

5.3.8 Keyboard/Display — Overview

The CR1000KD Keyboard/Display is a powerful tool for field use.

The keyboard/display is an essential installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting tool for many applications. It allows interro gatio n and configuration of the CR3000 datalogger independent of other comms links. More information on the use of the keyboard/display is available in Custom

Section 5. Overview

Menus — Overview (p. 85). The keyboard/display will not op e rate when a USB cable is plugged into the USB port.

5.3.8.1 Integrated Keyboard/Display

The keyboa rd display, illustrated in figure Wiring Panel (p. 39), is an integrated feature of the CR3000.

5.3.8.2 Character Set

The keyboard display character set is accessed using one of the following three procedures:

• The 16 keys default to ▲, ▼, ◄, ►, Home, PgUp, End, PgDn, Del,

and Ins.

• To enter numbers, first press Num Lock. Num Lo ck stays set until

pressed again.

• Above all keys, except Num Lock and Shift, are characters printed in

blue. To enter one of these characters, press Shift one to three times to select the position of the character as shown above the key, then press the key. For example, to enter Y, press Shift Shift Shift PgDn.

• To insert a space (Spc) or change case (Cap), press Shift one to two

times for the position, then press BkSpc.

• To insert a character not printed on the keyboard, enter Ins , scroll down

to Character, press Enter, then press ▲, ▼, ◄, ► to scroll to the desired character in the list that is presented, then press Enter.

5.3.8.3 Custom Menus — Overview

CRBasic programming in the CR3000 facilitates creation of custom menus for the CR1000KD Keyboard/Display.

Figure Custom Menu Example named DataView by the programmer. DataView appears in place of the default main menu on the keyboard display. As shown, DataView has menu item Counter, and submenus PanelTemps, TCTemps and System Menu. Counter allows selection of one of four value s . Each subme nu displays two values from CR3000 memory. PanelTemps shows the CR3000 wiring-panel temperature at each scan, and the one-minute sample of panel temperature. TCTemps displays two thermocouple temperatures.

(p. 86) shows windows fro m a simple custom menu

Section 5. Overview

FIGURE 27: Custom Menu Example

5.4 Measurement and Control Peripherals — Overview

Modules are available from Campbell Scientific to expand the number of terminals on the CR3000. These include:

Multiplexers

Multiplexers increase the input capacity of terminals configured for analoginput, and the output capacity of Vx e xcitation terminals.

SDM Devices

Serial Device for Measurement expand the input and output capacity of the CR3000. These devices connect to the CR3000 through terminals SDM-C1, SDM-C2, and SDM-C3.

CDM Devices

Campbell Distributed Modules measurement and control modules that use

the high speed CAN Peripheral Interface (CPI) bus technology. These connect thr ough the SC-CPI interface.

5.5 Power Supplies — Overview

The CR3000 is powered by a nominal 12 Vdc source. Acceptable power range is 10 to 16 Vdc.CR3000s may be ordered with an integrated power supply base. Power to a power supply base is controlled by a manual switch on the right side of the case, below the keyboard display.Power connects through the green POWER

IN connector on the face of the CR3000. The positive power lead connects to 12V. The negative lead connects to G. The connection is internally reverse-

polarity protected.

Section 5. Overview

The CR3000 is internally protected against accidental polarity reversal on the power inputs.

The CR3000 has a modest-input power r equirement. F or example, in low-power applications, it can operate for several months on non-rechargeable batteries. Power s ystems for longer-term remote applications typically consist of a charging source, a charge controller, and a rechargeable battery. When ac line power is available, a Vac-to-Vac or Vac-to-Vdc wall adapter, a peripheral charging regulator, and a rechargeable battery can be used to construct a UPS (uninterruptible power supply).

5.6 CR3000 Setup — Overview

Related Topics:

• CR3000 Setup — Overview (p. 87)

• CR3000 Setup — Details (p. 112)

• Status, Settings, and Data Table Information (Info Tables and Settings)

(p. 567)

The CR3000 is shipped factory-ready with an operating system (OS) installed. Settings default to those necessary to communicate with a PC via RS-232 and to accept and execute application programs. For more complex applications, some settings may need adjustment. Sett ings can be changed with the following:

• DevConfig (Device Configu ration Utility)

• CR1000KD Keyboard/Display

• Datalogger support software

OS files are sent to the CR3000 with DevConfig or through the program Send button in datalogger sup port software. When the OS is sent wit h DevConfig, mo s t settings are cleared, whereas, when sent with datalogger support software, most settings are retained. Operating systems can also be transferred to the CR3000 with a Campbell Scientific mass stor a ge device or memory card. OS and settin gs remain intact when power is cycled.

OS updates are occasionally made available at www.campbellsci.com.

5.7 CRBasic Programming — Overview

Related Topics:

• CRBasic Programming — Overview (p. 87)

• CRBasic Programming — Details (p. 129)

• Programming Resource Library (p. 181)

• CRBasic Editor Help

A CRBasic program directs the CR3000 how and when sensors are to be measured, calculations made, and data stored. A program is created on a PC and sent to the CR3000. The CR3000 can store a number of programs in memory, but

Section 5. Overview

5.8 Security — Overview

only one program is active at a given time. Two Campbell Scientific software applications, Short Cut and CRBasic Editor, are used to create CR3000 programs.

• Short Cut creates a datalogger program and wiring diagram in four easy

steps. It supports most sensors sold by Campbell Scientific and is recommended for creating simple programs to measure sensors and store data.

• Programs generated by Short Cut are easily imported into CRBasic

Editor for additional editing. Fo r complex applications, experienced

programmers often create essential measurement and data storage code with Short Cut, then add more complex code with CRBasic Editor.

Note Once a Short Cut generated program has been edited with CRBasic Editor , it can no longer be modified with Short Cut.

The CR3000 is supplied void of active security measures. By default, RS-232, Telnet, FTP and HTTP services, all of which give high level access to CR3000 data and CRBasic programs, are enabled without password protection.

You may wish to secure your CR3000 from mistakes or tampering. The following may be reasons to concern yourself with datalogger security:

• Collection of sensitive data

• Operation of critical systems

• Networks accessible by many individuals

If you are concerned about security, especially TCP/IP threats, you should send the latest operating system to the CR3 000, disable un-used services, and secure those that are used. Security actions to ta ke may include the following:

• Set passcode lockouts

• Set PakBus/TCP password

• Set FTP username and password

• Set AES-12 8 PakBus encryption key

• Set .csipasswd file for securing HTTP and web API

• Track signatures

• Encrypt program files if they contain sensitive information

• Hide program files for extra protec tion

• Secure the physical CR3000 and power supply under lock and key

Section 5. Overview

Note All security features can be subverted through physical access to the CR3000. If absolute security is a requirement, the physical CR3000 must be kept in a secure location.

5.9 Maintenance — Overview

Related Topics:

• Maintenance — Overview (p. 89)

• Maintenance — Details

(p. 497)

With reasonable care, the CR3000 should give many years of reliable service.

5.9.1 Protection from Moisture — Overview

Protection from Moisture — Overview (p. 89) Protection from Moisture — Details (p. 112) Protection from Moisture — Products (p. 622)

The CR3000 and most of its peripherals must be protected from moisture. Moisture in the electronics will seriously damage, and probably render unrepairable, the CR3000. Water can come in liquid form from flooding or sprinkler irrigation, but most often it comes a s condensation. In most cases, prote c tion from water is easily accomplished by placing the CR3000 in a weather-tight enclosure with desiccant and by elevating the enclosure above the ground. The CR3000 is shipped with internal desiccant packs to reduce humidity. Desiccant in enclosures should be changed periodically.

Note Do not completely seal the enclosure if lead acid batteries are present; hydrogen gas generated by the batteries may build up to an explosive concentration.

5.9.2 Protection from Voltage Transients — Overview

The CR3000 must be grounded to minimize the risk of damage by voltage transients associated with power s urges and lightning-induced transients. Earth grounding is required to form a complete circuit for voltage clamping devices internal to the CR3000.

5.9.3 Factory Calibration — Overview

5.9.4 Internal Battery — Overview

The CR3000 uses an internal voltage reference to routinely calibrate itself. Campbell Scientific recommends factory recalibration as specified in Specifications

(p. 95). If calibration services are required, see Assistance (p. 5).

Related Topics:

• Internal Battery — Quickstart (p. 40)

• Internal Battery — Details

(p. 497)

The CR3000 contains a lithium battery that operates the clock and powers SRAM when the CR3000 is not externally powered. Voltage of the battery is monitored from the CR3000 Status table (LithiumBattery directed in Internal Battery — Details

(p. 497).

(p. 584)). Replace the battery as

The lithium battery is not rechargeable. Its design is one of the safest available and uses lithium thionyl chloride technology. Maximum discharge current is limited to a few mA. It is protected from discharging excessive current to the internal circuits (there is no direct path outside) with a 100 ohm resistor. The design is UL listed. See:

http://www.tadiran-batterie.de/download/eng/LBR06Eng.pdf.

5.10 Datalogger Support Software — Overview

Related Topics:

• Datalogger Support Software — Quickstart (p. 41)

• Datalogger Support Software — Overview

• Datalogger Support Software — Details

• Datalogger Support Software — Lists

Datalogger support software handles communication between a computer or device and the CR3000. A wide array of software are available, but the following are the most commonly used:

• Short Cut Program Generator for Windows (SCWin) — Generates

simple CRBasic programs without the need to learn the CRBasic programming language

(p. 90)

(p. 432)

(p. 614)

• PC200W Datalogger Starter Software for Windows — Supports only

direct serial connection to the CR3000 with hardwire or select Campbell Scientific radios. It supports send ing a CRBasic program, data collection, and setting the CR3000 clock; available at no charge at www.campbellsci.com/downloads

Section 5. Overview

• LoggerLink Mobile Apps — Simple tools that allow an iOS or Android

device to communicate with IP, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth enabled CR3000s; includes most PC200W functionality.

• PC400 Datalogger Support Software — Includes PC200W functions,

CRBasic Editor, and supports all Campbell Scientific communication s

hardware, except satellite, in attended mode

• LoggerNet Datalogger Support Software — Includes all PC400 functions

and supports all Campbell Scientific communication options, except satellite, attended and automatically; includes many enhancements such as graphical data displays and a d isplay builder

Note More information about software available from Campbell Scientific can be found at www.campbellsci.com.

5.11 PLC Control — Overview

Related Topics:

• PLC Control — Overview (p. 91)

• PLC Control Modules — Overview (p. 430)

• PLC Control Modules — Lists (p. 607)

• Switched Voltage Output — Specifications

• Switched Voltage Output — Overview

• Switched Voltage Output — Details (p. 424)

• Current Source and Sink Limits (p. 424)

(p. 62)

The CR3000 can control instruments and devices such as the following:

• Wireless cellular modem to conserve power.

• GPS receiver to conserve power.

• Trigger a water sampler to collect a sample.

• Trigger a camera to take a picture.

• Activate an audio or visual alarm.

• Move a head gate to regulate water flows in a canal system.

• Control pH dosing and aeration for water quality purposes.

• Control a gas analyzer to stop operation when temperature is too low.

• Control irrigation scheduling.

Controlled devices can be physically connected to C terminals, usually through an external relay driver, or the SW12V

(p. 426) terminal. C terminals can be set low (0

Vdc) or high (5 Vdc) usin g PortSet() or WriteIO() instructions. Control modules are available to expand and augment CR3000 control capacity. On / off and

Section 5. Overview

proportional control modules are available. See appendix PLC Control Modules

(p. 607).

— List

Tips for writing a control program:

• Short Cut programming wizard has provisions for simple on/off control.

• PID control can be done with the CR3000.

Control decisions can be based on time, an event, or a measured condition.

Example:

In the case of a cell modem, control is based on time. The modem requires 12 Vdc power, so connect its power wire to the CR3000 SW12V terminal. The following code snip turns the modem on for ten minutes at the top of the hour using the TimeIntoInterval() instr uction embed ded in an If/Then logic statement:

If TimeIntoInterval( 0,60,Min) Then PortSet(9,1) 'Port “9” is

the SW12V Port. Turn phone on.

If TimeIntoInterval(10,60,Min) Then PortSet(9,0) 'Turn phone

off.

TimeIsBetween() returns TRUE if the CR3000 real-time clock falls within the specified range; otherwise, the function returns FALSE. Like TimeIntoInterval(), TimeIsBetween() is often embedded in an If/Then logic statement, a s shown in the following code snip.

If TimeIsBetween(0,10,60,Min) Then

SW12(1) 'Turn phone on.

Else

SW12(0) 'Turn phone off.

EndIf

TimeIsBetween() returns TRUE for the entire interval specified whereas TimeIntoInterval() returns TRUE only for the one scan that matches the interval

specified.

For example, using the preceding code snips, if the CRBasic program is sent to the datalogger at one minute past the hour, the TimeIsBetween() instruction will evaluate as TRUE on its first scan. The TimeIntoInterval() instruction will evaluate as TRUE at the top of the next hour (59 minutes later).

Note START is inclusive and STOP is exclusive in the range of time that will return a TRUE result. For example: TimeIsBetween(0,10,60,Min) will return TRUE at 8:00:00.00 and FALSE at 08:10:00.00.

5.12 Auto Self-Calibration — Overview

5.13 Memory — Overview

Related Topics:

• Memory — Overview (p. 93)

• Memory — Details (p. 442)

• Data Storage Devices — List (p. 613)

• TABLE: Info Tables and Settings: Memory (p. 575)

The CR3000 organizes memory as follows:

• OS Flash

o Operating system (OS) o Serial number and board rev o Boot code o Erased when loading new OS (boot code only erased if changed)

• Serial Flash

o Device settings o Write protected o Non-volatile o CPU: drive

— Automatically allo c a te d — FAT32 file system — Limited write c ycles ( 100,000) — Slow (serial access)

• Main Memory

o Battery backed o OS variables o CRBasic compiled program binary structure (490 KB maximum) o CRBasic variables

Section 5. Overview

o Data memor y o Communicat io n memory o USR: drive

— User allocated — FAT32 RAM drive — Photographic images (see Cameras — List

(p. 610))

— Data files from TableFile() instruction (TOA5, TOB1, CSIXML

and CSIJSON)

o Keep memory

(p. 543) (OS variables not initialized)

o Dynamic runtime memory allocation

Memory for data can be increased with the addition of a CF (p. 532) card and CF storage module (connects to the Peripheral port) or a mass storage device (thumb drive) that connects to CS I/O or both. See Data Storage Devices — List

(p. 613)

for information on available memory expansion products.

By default , final-storage memory (memory for stored data) is organized as ring memory. When the ring is full, olde s t data are overwritten by newest data. The

DataTable() instruction, however, has an option to set a data table to Fill a nd Stop.

6. Specifications

1.1 -- 8 10 30

CR3000 specifications are valid from ─25° to 50°C in non-condensing environments unless otherwise specif ied. Recalibration is recommended every three years. Critical specifications and system

2.0 -- 8 10 30

PROGRAM EXECUTION RATE

Range (mV)1

DIFF Res, μV2

(17 bit)

Basic Res, μV (16 bit)

±5000

83.33

167

Range overhead o f ≈9% on all ranges guarantees full-scale

Resolution of DIFF measurements with input reversal.

---Total Time4---

Inte-

Code

Time

Rev

DIFF

Rev

250

_50Hz5

250 µs

20.00 ms

200 µs

3 ms

≈0.7 ms

≈23 ms

≈1.4 ms

≈46 ms

Includes 250 μs for conversion to engineering un its.

AC line noise filter

nel

Range

olution

Current

/ Sink

Compli-

Voltage

VX 1–4

CAO 1–2

±5 Vdc

0.17 mV

±50 mA

±15 mA

N/A

3.5.0 -- 8 10 30

VX FREQUENCY SW EEP FUNCTION: Switched outp uts provide a

Volt-

Input

Peak-Peak

Pulse

Max

age

Range

Min

Max

Width

Freq

mV1000

200

2.5

200

Signal to be centered around Threshold (see PeriodAvg()

for 50% of duty cycle signals.

Sine wave (mV RMS)

Range (Hz)

5000

1.0 to 20

0.3 to 20,000

7.0 -- 8 10 30

DIGITAL I/O PORTS (C 1–8, SD M 1–3)

Base Type:

Mass (kg)

Weight (lbs)

Low Prof Base

Recharge Base

1.6

4.8

3.6

10.7

of this and other user manuals.

configurations should be confirmed with a Campbell Scientific sales engineer before purchase.

2.1 -- 8 10 30

10 ms to one day a t 10 ms increme nts

3.0 -- 8 10 30

ANALOG INPUTS (SE 1–28, DIFF 1–14)

3.0.1 -- 8 10 30

Fourteen differential (DIFF) or 28 single-ended (SE) individually configured input channels. Channel expansi on provided by optional analog multiplexers.

3.1.0 -- 8 10 30

RANGES and RESOL UTION: With re ference to the following tab le,

basic resolution (Basic Res) is the resolution of a single A/D conversion. A DIFF measurement with input re versal has better (finer) resoluti on by twice than Basic Res.

3.1.1 -- 30

±1000 ±200 ±50 ±20

voltage will n ot cause over-range.

3.2 -- 30

ANALOG INPUT ACCURACY3:

±(0.04% of reading + offset), 0° t o 40°C ±(0.07% of reading + offset), -25° to 50°C ±(0.09% of reading + offset), -40° to 85°C (-XT only)

3.2.1 -- 8 10 30

Accuracy does n ot include sens or and measurement noise.

Offset definitions:

Offset = 1.5 x Basic Res + 1.0 µV (f or DIFF measurement w/ input

reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 2.0 µV (for DIFF measurement w/o input

reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 5.0 µV (for SE measurement)

3.3 -- 8 10 30

ANALOG MEASUREMENT SPEED:

3.3.1 -- 30

gration Type

_60Hz5

3.4 -- 8 10 30

3.4.1 -- 8 10 30

INPUT-NOISE VOLTAGE: For DIFF measurements with input

reversal on ±20 mV input range (digital resolut ion dominates for higher ranges):

250 μs Integrati on: 0.4 μV RMS 50/60 Hz Integrat ion: 0.19 μV RMS

3.4.2 -- 8 10 30

INPUT LIMITS: ±5 Vdc

3.4.3 -- 8 10 30

DC COMMON-MODE REJECTI ON: >100 dB

3.4.4 -- 8 10 30

NORMAL-MODE REJECTION: 70 dB @ 60 Hz when using 60 Hz

rejection

3.4.5 -- 8 10 30

INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE W/O MEASUREMENT CORRUPTION: ±8. 6

Vdc max.

3.4.6 -- 8 10 30

SUSTAINED-INPUT VOLTAGE W/O DAMAGE: ±16 Vdc max

3.4.7 -- 8 10 30

INPUT CURRENT: ±1 nA typical, ±6 nA max. @ 50°C; ±120 nA @

85°C

3.4.8 -- 8 10 30

INPUT RESISTANCE: 20 GΩ typical

3.4.9 -- 8 10 30

ACCURACY OF BUILT-IN REFERENCE JUNCTION THERMISTOR (for

thermocouple measurements):

±0.3°C, -25° to 50°C ±0.8°C, -55° to 85°C (-XT only)

4.0 -- 8 10 30

ANALOG OUTPUTS (VX 1–4, IX 1–3, CAO 1–2)

4.0.1 -- 30

Four switched v oltage and three switched curr ent outputs sequentially ac tive only during measurement. Two cont inuous outputs.

4.0.2 -- 8 10 30

RANGES AND RESOLUTION :

4.1 -- 30

Chan-

IX 1–3

4.2 -- 30

ANALOG OUTPUT ACCURACY (VX and CAO):

±(0.04% of setting + 0.5 mV, 0° to 40°C ±(0.07% of setting + 0.5 mV, -25° to 50°C ±(0.09% of setting + 0.5 mV, -40° to 85°C (-XT only)

4.3 -- 30

ANALOG OUTPUT ACCURACY (IX)

±(0.1% of setting + 0.5 µA, 0° to 40 °C ±(0.13% of setting + 0.5 µA, -25° t o 50°C ±(0.15% of setting + 0.5 µA, -40° t o 85°C (-XT only)

4.4 -- 8 10 30

Integration

16.67 ms

±2.5 mA

16.67

3.33

0.83

0.33

Settling

3 ms

Res-

0.08 µA

33.3

6.67

1.67

0.67

with no

≈20 ms

Source

N/A

with Input

≈40 ms

ance

±5 Vdc

programmable sw ept frequency, 0 to 5000 mV square waves for exciting vibrating wire transducers.

PERIOD AVERAGE

3.5.0a -- 8 10 30

Any of the 28 SE a nalog inputs can be used f or period averagi ng. Accuracy is ±(0.01% of reading + resolution), where resolution is 68 ns divided by the specified number of cycle s to be measured. INPUT AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY:

3.5.1 -- 30

Gain

Code

mV200

mV50

mV20

instruction).

Signal to be centered around ground.

The maximum freq uency = 1/(twice minimum pulse width)

5.0 -- 8 10 30

RATIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

5.1 -- 30

MEASUREMENT TYPES: The CR3000 provides ratiometric

resistance measurements using v oltage or current excitation. Four switched volta ge excitation ou tputs are availa ble for measurement of four- and six-wire full bridges, an d two-, three-, and four-wire half bridges. Three switched curre nt excitation outputs are ava ilable for direc t resistance me asurements. Optional excitation polarity reversal minimize s dc errors.

5.2 -- 30

RATIOMETRIC MEASU REMENT ACCURACY

±(0.02% of Voltage Measurement + Offset12), 0° to 40°C

±(0.025% of Volta ge Measurement + Offset ±(0.03% of Voltage Measurement + Offset12), ─40° to 85°C (-XT)

5.2.1 -- 8 10 30

Accuracy specification assumes excitation reversal for excitation

voltages < 100050 0 mV and excitation currents < 500 µA. Assumption does not include br idge resistor e rrors and sensor and measurement noise.

For Resistance() instruction, the se nsor resistance is determined

from V

/ IX, where excitat ion current IX is measured across a

1000 Ω, ±0.005% at 25˚C, 2 ppm•˚C

Estimated accurac y, ∆X (where X is value returned from

measurement wit h Multiplier =1, Offset = 0): BRHalf() Instruction: ∆X = ∆V1/VX. BRFull() Instruction: ∆X = 1000 x ∆V1/VX, expressed as mV•V Note ∆V1 is calculate d from the ratio metric measurement

accuracy. See manual section Resistance Measurements more information.

Offset definitions:

Offset = 1.5 x Basic Res + 1.0 µV (f or DIFF measurement w/ input

reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 2.0 µV (for DIFF measurement w /o input

reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 5.0 µV (for SE measurement) Note Excitation reversal reduces offsets by a factor of two.

6.0 -- 8 10 30

PULSE COUNTERS (P 1–4)

6.0.1 -- 8 10 30

Four inputs individually selecta ble for switch closure, hi ghfrequency pulse, or low-level ac. Inde pendent 24-bit counters for each input.

6.1 -- 8 10 30

MAXIMUM COUNTS PER SCAN: 16.8 x 106

6.2 -- 8 10 30

SWITCH CLOSURE MODE:

Minimum Switch Closed Time: 5 ms Minimum Switch Open Time: 6 ms Max. Bounce Time: 1 ms open without being counted

6.3 -- 8 10 30

HIGH-FREQUENCY PULSE MODE:

Maximum-Input Frequency: 250 kHz Maximum-Input Vo ltage: ±20 V Voltage Thresho lds: Count up on transition from below 0.9 V to

above 2.2 V after input filter with 1.2 μs time constant.

6.4 -- 8 10 30

LOW-LEVEL AC MODE: Internal ac coupling removes dc offsets up

to ±0.5 Vdc. Input Hysteresis: 12 mV RMS @ 1 Hz Maximum ac-Input Voltage: ±20 V Minimum ac-Inpu t Voltage:

6.4.1 -- 8 10 30

200 2000

Signal

mV6

20 5 2

2 2 2

9,10,11

TCR internal resistor.

-1

0.5 to 200

0.3 to 10,000

Min

µs

5.0

10.0 100

), ─25° to 50°C

kHz8

100 50 20

7.0.1 -- 8 10 30

Eight ports software selectable as binary inputs or control outputs.

Provide on/off, pulse width modu lation, edge timing, subroutine interrupts / wake up, switch closure pulse countin g, high-

frequency pulse counting, asynchronous commun ications (UARTs), and SDI-12 communic ations.

7.1 -- 8 10 30

LOW FREQUENCY MODE MAX: <1 kHz

7.2 -- 8 10 30

HIGH FREQUENCY MODE MAX: 400 kHz

7.3 -- 8 10 30

SWITCH-CLOSURE FREQUENCY MAX: 150 Hz

7.4 -- 8 10 30

EDGE-TIMING RESOLUTION: 136 ns

7.5 -- 8 10 30

OUTPUT VOLTAGES (no load): high 5.0 V ±0.1 V; low < 0.1 V

7.6 -- 8 10 30

OUTPUT RESISTANC E: 330 Ω

7.7 -- 8 10 30

INPUT STATE: high 3.8 to 16 V; low -8.0 to 1.2 V

7.8 -- 8 10 30

INPUT HYSTERISIS: 1.4 V

7.9 -- 8 10 30

INPUT RESISTANCE :

100 kΩ with input s < 6.2 Vdc 220 Ω with inputs ≥ 6.2 Vdc

7.10 -- 8 10 30

SERIAL DEVICE / RS-232 SUPPORT: 0 to 5 Vdc UART

7.11 -- 30

ADDITIONAL DIGITAL PO RTS: SDM-C1, SDM-C2, SDM-C3 are

dedicated for mea suring SDM devices.

7.12 -- 8 10 30

SWITCHED 12 Vdc (SW12V)

Two independent 12 Vdc unregulated terminals switched on an d off under program control. Thermal fuse hold current = 900 mA at 20°C, 650 mA at 50°C, and 360 mA at 85°C.

8.0 -- 8 10 30

COMPLIANCE

8.1 -- 8 10 30

View the EU Declaration of Conf ormity at

www.campbellsci.com/cr 3000

9.0 -- 8 10 30

COMMUNICATION

9.1 -- 8 10 30

RS-232 PORTS:

DCE nine-pin: (e lectrically is olated) for com puter connection or

connection of modems not manufactured by Campbell Scientific.

COM1 to COM4: fo ur independent Tx/Rx pairs on con trol ports

(non-isolated); 0 to 5 Vdc UART Baud Rate: selecta ble from 300 bps to 115.2 kbps. Default Format: e ight data bits; one stop bits; no parity. Optional Formats : seven data bits ; two stop bits; odd, even parity.

9.2 -- 8 10 30

CS I/O PORT: Interface with comms peripherals manufactured by

Campbell Scientific.

9.3 -- 8 10 30

SDI-12: Digital control ports C1, C3, C5, C7 are individually

configurable an d meet SDI-12 Standard v. 1.3 for datalogger mode. U p to ten SDI-12 sensors are supported per port.

9.4 -- 10 30

PERIPHERAL PORT: 40-pin interface for attaching CompactFlash or

Ethernet peripherals.

9.5 -- 8 10 30

PROTOCOLS SUPPORTED: PakBus, AES-1 28 Encrypted PakBus,

Modbus, DNP3, FTP, HTTP, XML, HTML, POP3, SMTP, Telnet,

NTCIP, NTP, w eb API, SDI-12, SDM.

10.0 -- 8 10 30

-1

SYSTEM

10.1 -- 8 10 30

for

PROCESSOR: Renesas H8S 2674 (16-bit CPU with 32-bit internal

core running at ≈21.9 MHz)

10.2 -- 8 10 30

MEMORY: 2 MB of f lash for operatin g system; 4 MB of battery-

backed SRAM for CPU, CRBasic programs, and data.

10.3 -- 8 10 30

REAL-TIME CLOCK ACCURACY: ±3 min. per year. Correction via GPS

optional.

10.4 -- 8 10 30

RTC CLOCK RESOLUTION: 10 ms

11.0 -- 8 10 30

SYSTEM POWER REQU IREMENTS

11.1 -- 8 10 30

VOLTAGE: 10 to 16 Vdc

11.2 -- 30

INTERNAL BATTERIES: 1200-mAhr lithium battery for clock and

SRAM backup. Typically provides 3 years of ba ckup. Optio nal

10-Ahr alkaline or 7-Ahr rechargeab le battery + base available as primary power supply.

11.3 -- 8 10 30

EXTERNAL BATTERIES: Optional 12 Vdc nominal alk aline and

rechargeable ava ilable. P ower connectio n is reverse polarity protected.

11.4 -- 8 10 30

TYPICAL CURRENT DRAIN at 12 Vdc:

Sleep Mode: 2 mA

1 Hz Sample Rate ( one fast SE meas.): 3 mA 100 Hz Sample Rate (one fast SE mea s.): 10 mA 100 Hz Sample Rate (one fast SE meas. with RS-232

communications) : 38 mA

Active integrated keyboard displa y adds 1 mA (42 mA with

backlight on).

12.0 -- 8 10 30

PHYSICAL

12.1

DIMENSIONS: 241 x 178 x 96 mm (9.5 x 7.0 x 3.8 in.); additional

clearance required for cables a nd leads.

12.2

MASS / WEIGHT:

12.2.1 -- 30

Alkaline Base

13.0

WARRANTY

13.1

Warranty is stated in the pu blished price list and in opening pages

3.8

8.3

7. Installation

7.1 Enclosures — Details

Related Topics:

• Quickstart (p. 37)

• Specifications (p. 95)

• Installation (p. 97)

• Operation (p. 335)

Enclosures — Details (p. 97) Enclosures — Products (p. 621)

Illustrated in figure Enclosure (p. 98) is the typical use of enclosures available from Campbell Scientific designed for housing the CR3000. This style of enclosure is classified as NEMA 4X (water tight, dust-tight, corrosion-resistant, indoor and outdoor use). Enclosures have back plates to which are mounted the CR3000 datalogger and associated peripherals. Back plates are perforated on one-inch centers with a grid of holes that are lined as needed with anchoring nylon inserts. The CR3000 base has mounting holes (some models may be shipped with rubber inserts in t hese holes) through which small screws are inserted into the nyl on anchors. Remove rubber inserts, if any, to access the mounting holes. Screws and nylon anchors are supplied in a kit that is incl uded with the enclosure.

Section 7. Installation

FIGURE 28: Enclosure

7.2 Power Supplies — Details

Related Topics:

• Power Input Terminals — Specifications

• Power Supplies — Quickstart

• Power Supplies — Overview (p. 86)

• Power Supplies — Details (p. 98)

• Power Supplies — Products (p. 618)

• Power Sources (p. 99)

• Troubleshooting — Power Supplies (p. 517)

Reliable power is the foundation of a reliable data acquisition system. When designing a power supply, consideration should be made regarding worst-case power req ui rements and environmenta l extremes. F or exampl e, when designing a solar power system, design it to operate with 14 days of reserve time at the winter solstice when the following are limiting environmental factors:

• Sunlight intensity is the l owest

• Sunlight duration is the shortest

• Battery temperatures are the lowest

(p. 39)

• System power requires are often the highest

Section 7. Installation

The CR3000 is internally protected against accidental polarity reversal on the power inputs.

The CR3000 has a modest-input power r equirement. F or example, in low-power applications, it can operate for several months on non-rechargeable batteries. Power systems for longer-term remote applications typically consist of a charging source, a charge controller, and a rechargeable battery. When ac line power is available, a Vac-to-Vac or Vac-to-Vdc wall adapter, a peripheral charging regulator, and a rechargeable battery can be used to construct a UPS (uninterruptible power supply).

Caution Voltage levels at the 12V and switched SW12 terminals, and pin 8 on the CS I/O port, are tied closely to the voltage levels of the main power supply. For example, if the power received at the POWER IN 12V and G terminals is 16 Vdc, the 12V and SW12 terminals, and pin 8 on the CS I/O port, will supply 16 Vdc to a connected peripheral. If the connected peripheral or sensor is not designed for that voltage level, it may be damaged.

7.2.1 CR3000 Power Requirement

The CR3000 operates with power from 10 to 16 Vdc applied at the POWER IN terminals of the green connector on the face of the wiring panel, or at the power input receptacle on the underside of the CR3000 module, which is reserved for interated power supplies.The CR3000 is often provided with a power supply integrated into its base. These integrated power supplies connect to the underside of the datalogger module. If an integrated supply is provided, the POWER IN connector will probably not be used. If an integrated supply is not provided, an external supply will be required.

The CR3000 is internally protected against accidental polarity reversal on the power inputs. A transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diode at the POWER IN 12V terminals provides protection from intermittent high voltages by clamping these transients to within the range of 19 to 21 V. Sustained input voltages in excess of 19 V, can damage the TVS diode.

7.2.2 Calculating Power Consumption

System operating time for batteries can be determined by dividing the battery capacity (ampere-hours) by th e average system c urrent drain (amperes). The CR3000 typically has a quiescent current drain of 0.2 mA (with display off) 0.3 mA with a 1 Hz sample rate, and 10 mA with a 100 Hz scan rate. When the CR1000KD Keyboard/Display is active, an additional 1 mA is added to the current drain while enabling the backlight for the display adds 42 mA.

7.2.3 Power Sources

Related Topics:

• Power Input Terminals — Specifications

• Power Supplies — Quickstart

• Power Supplies — Overview (p. 86)

(p. 39)

Section 7. Installation

100

• Power Supplies — Details (p. 98)

• Power Supplies — Products (p. 618)

• Power Sources (p. 99)

• Troubleshooting — Power Supplies (p. 517)

Be aware that some Vac-to-Vdc power converters produce switching noise or ac

(p. 529)

ripple as an artifact of the ac-to-dc rectification process. E xcessive switching noise on the output side of a power suppl y can increa s e measurement noise, and so increase measurement error. Noise from grid or mains power also may be transmitted through the transformer, or induced electro-magnetically from nearby motors, heaters, or power lines.

High-quality power regulators typically reduce noise due to power regulation. Using the optional 50 Hz or 60 Hz rejection arguments for CRBasic analog input measurement instructions (see Measurements — Details

(p. 335)) often improves

rejection of noise sourced from power mains. The CRBasic standard deviation instruction, SDEV(), can be used to evaluate measurement noise.

The main power for the CR3000 is provided by an internal- or external-power supply.

Options for an internal supply incl ude alkaline- and rechargeable-battery bases. While the CR3000 has a wide operating-temperature range, battery-base ranges are more limited. Exceeding the specified range may degrade battery capacity and lifetime. Battery leakage caused by too-high temperatures can result in damage to the power supply or the CR3000.

7.2.3.1 Vehicle Power Connections

If a CR3000 is powered by a motor-vehicle power supply, a second power supply may be needed. When starting the motor of the vehicle, battery voltage ofte n drops below the voltage required for CR3000 operation. This may cause the CR3000 to stop measurements until the voltage again equals or exceeds the lower limit. A second supply can be provided to prevent measurement lapses during vehicle starting. The figure Connecting to Vehicle Power Supply how a second power supply is connected to the CR3000. The diode OR connection causes the supply with the largest voltage to power the CR3000 and prevents the second backup supply from attempting to power the vehicle.

(p. 101) illustrates

Campbell CR3000 Micrologger Operator's Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual

Assistance

Precautions

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

1.1 HELLO

1.2 Typography

1.3 Capturing CRBasic Code

2. Precautions

3. Initial Inspection

4. Quickstart

4.1 Sensors — Quickstart

4.2 Datalogger — Quickstart

4.2.1 CR3000 Module

4.2.1.1 Wiring Panel — Quickstart

4.3 Power Supplies — Quickstart

4.3.1 Internal Battery — Quickstart

4.4 Data Retrieval and Comms — Quickstart

4.5 Datalogger Support Software — Quickstart

4.6 Tutorial: Measuring a Ther m oc ouple

4.6.1 What You Will Need

4.6.2 Hardware Setup

4.6.2.1 Connect Internal Power Supply

4.6.2.2 Connect External Power Supply

4.6.2.3 Connect Comms

4.6.3 PC200W Software Setup

4.6.4 Write CRBasic Program with Short Cut

4.6.4.1 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 1 to 5)

4.6.4.2 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 6 to 7)

4.6.4.3 Procedure: (Short Cut Step 8)

4.6.4.4 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 9 to 12)

4.6.4.5 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 13 to 14)

4.6.5 Send Program and Collect Data

4.6.5.1 Procedure: (PC200W Step 1)

4.6.5.2 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 2 to 4)

4.6.5.3 Procedure: (PC200W Step 5)

4.6.5.4 Procedure: (PC200W Step 6)

4.6.5.5 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 7 to 10)

4.6.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 11 to 12)

4.6.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 13 to 14)

4.7 Data Acquisition Systems — Quickstart

5. Overview

5.1 Datalogger — Overview

5.1.1 Wiring Panel — Overview

5.1.1.1 Switched Voltage Output — Overview

5.1.1.2 Voltage and Current Excitation — Overview

5.1.1.3 Power Terminals

5.1.1.3.1 Power In Terminals

5.1.1.3.2 Power Out Terminals

5.1.1.4 Communication Ports — Overview

5.1.1.4.1 CS I/O Port

5.1.1.4.2 RS-232 Ports

5.1.1.4.3 Peripheral Port

5.1.1.4.4 SDI-12 Ports

5.1.1.4.5 SDM Port

5.1.1.4.6 CPI Port and CDM Devices — Overview

5.1.1.4.7 Ethernet Port

5.1.1.5 Grounding — Overview

5.2 Measurements — Overview

5.2.1 Time Keeping — Overview

5.2.2 Analog Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.1 Voltage Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.1.1 Single-Ended Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.1.2 Differential Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.2 Current Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.3 Resistance Measurements — Overview

5.2.2.3.1 Voltage Excitation

5.2.2.3.2 Current Excitation

5.2.2.4 Strain Measurements — Overview

5.2.3 Pulse Measurements — Overview

5.2.3.1 Pulses Measured

5.2.3.2 Pulse Input Channels

5.2.3.3 Pulse Sensor Wiring

5.2.4 Period Averaging — Overview

5.2.5 Vibrating Wire Measurements — Overview

5.2.6 Reading Smart Sensors — Overview

5.2.6.1 SDI-12 Sensor Support — Overview