Cadillac 1931 Cadillac V-12 Operator's Manual
CADILLAC
OPERATOR'S
MANUAL
FILE
COPY
DO
mr
REMOVE
&
^
liMTlON NO. 370-1
lit mitring </ duplicate »/ this Mtinmil, specif} the
above number or the engine number oj the c?r.
Table
of
Contents
CHAPTER
\--Cadillac
Service
'
Cadillac-La Salle Service Stations—Service card—Service contractService charges—Repair parts—The owner's obligation- Lubrication—
Inspection.
CiiAFrER
II—Operation
8 1
Locks—Ignition switch lock—Gasoline gauge—Throttle control
- '
Carburetor choke control—Spark control—Starter pedal-
Oil
pressure
gauge—Ammetei—Clutch pedal—Transmission control -Coasting
Brakes—Lighting switch- -Danger
of
running engine
in
closed garage.
CHAPTER
311—Equipment 21
Windshield
and
ventilation- Windshield cleaner Adjustable seats
Cigar lighters—Tools—TIKES—Inllation pressure- Spare wheel carrier
—Spare tire carrier—Use
of
jack
in
changing tires—Changing tires
-
Tire balancing marks.
CHAPTER
IV—Lubrication 29
Lubrication schedule—Lubrication Notice—Lubrication chart-
LUBRICANTS— Engine oil — Gear lubricant — Chassis grease—Wheel
bearing grease—Water pump grease—ENGINE LUBRICATION—Oil
I
level—Crankcase ventilating system and oil filter—Replacing engine oil.
,
CHAPTER
V—Cold
Weather Operation
36 S
PREPARING
FOR
COLD WEATHER—Anti-freezing solutions
j
Capacity
ol
cooling system—Winter lubrication-Storage battery-
Gasoline system—STARTING
THE
ENGINE—Choke button
-
Priming
the
carburetor—Position
of
throttle hand lever—Position of
spark control—Use
of
starter—Use
of
accelerator before engine is warm.
CHAPTER
VI—
General
Care
43
Storage battery—Cooling system—Gasoline filter—Temporary brake
adjustment—BODY—Care
of
finish—Care
of the
top—Cleaning
up-
holstery—Door hardware.
CHAPTER
VII—Storing Car 49 j
Engine—Storage battery—Tires—Body
and
top—Taking
car out of ,
storage.
[
CHAPTER
VIII—Specifications
and
License Data
. . • ^ i
W
CHAPTER
lbQ m,t- £.
CADILLAC
SERVICE
HPHE
owner
of a
Cadillac
car has
purchased
not
simply a line
1
piece
of
machinery, ingeniously designed
and
carefully
built—he
has
purchased a pleasant
and
dependable mode
of
transportation.
The
car
itself
is
only
one
factor
in
securing this
transportation—the
other factor
is
Cadillac Service, which
is
built
upon a standard policy, clearly defined
to the car
owner
and
guaranteeing
him
efficient
service everywhere
at
standard prices under
factory
regulation.
Cadillac-La
Salle Service Stations
Cadillac
Service extends wherever Cadillac
and
La Salle cars
are
sold. Service stations
conducted
by
Cadillac distrib-
utors
and
dealers
are
designa-
ted
as
"Authorized Cadillac-
La
Salle Service Stations"
and
are
identified
by the
exclusive
sign
illustrated
on
this page.
Wherever
this sign is displayed,
the
owner will find
an
organ-
ization
prepared
to
service
Cadillac
cars. This means prop-
er
equipment, factory trained
personnel, a stock
of
genuine
replacement
parts
and
stand-
ardized
policies
and
methods. c- , , k • ,^ ,„ , o ,.
1
rig. 1.
Authorized Cadillac-La Salle
The
car
owner's first
and sf
rvicc .statibns display this sign
at
iiic
t,di
uwnci » nisi
aim the
service entrance.
most
frequent contact with
Cadillac
Service will naturally
be in the
service station
of the
distributor
or
dealer
who
sold
him the car and who
therefore
has
the
greatest interest
at
stake
in
assuring
him
satisfaction.
[3]
CADILLAC SERVICE CARD
Th4*i.te«.r<lfy that
Mr. Joseph Brow
Nevertheless,
he
may
feel perfectly free
to
use
his car for
ex-
tended travel without depriving himself
of
the
service benefits
to which
he is
entitled
at
his
local service station.
He
will find
other Authorized Cadillac-La Salle Service Stations able
and
willing
to
render
the
same service.
Service Card
As a means
of
introduction
at
other Authorized Cadillac-
La Salle Service Stations, every purchaser
of a
Cadillac
car
is
given credentials
in
the
form
of a
Service Card. This card
is
mailed
to
him
by the
Cadillac factory immediately after
the
delivery
of the car is
reported
by the
distributor
or
dealer.
It is
supplied
in a
celluloid case,
and
is
intended
to
be
carried
in a
holder
on the car.
Upon presentation
of
this
Service Card
to any Au-
thorized Cadillac
- La
Salle
Service Station,
the car
owner
is
entitled
to
uni-
form standard service
in
accordance with
the
Cadillac Owner Service Policy.
This Policy
is
explained
in detail
in a
certificate
issued
to
each owner
and
mailed
to him
with
his
Service Card. Briefly,
it
entitles
the
owner
to:
1.
All
adjustments, free
of all
charges, that
may
be
required
within
90
days after
the
original delivery date
(as
shown
on
the card), provided
the
mileage
of
the car
does
not
exceed 3000
and
the
adjustments
are not
made necessary
by
accident, abuse
or neglect. This includes everything except lubrication, washing
and storing.
2.
Fiee replacement
of
any
part which
has
proved
to the
Cadillac Motor
Car
Company's satisfaction
to be
defective
in
[41
ta*fc
Mwy
id
Cadillac
«ar,
EntlM No.__300j QQQ ...
i~_.CedlUaarLA_SaHe.Sales
Co-*
.. Mortonville,
N.
Y.
sfe »i,Altl« 1. XQfSQ _ andiaaniiikd tarantna
if f*OMPT7TmCli:Nf
an
d
COURTfOUS «r.i« (torn ANV
JV AOTHORUEDCAOtLLACSeUVKtSTATIOft. VnMpr.i~.i9TP tte> af tfcta card ha •• ••» •milled to racain rank* it. ward«1 aixa -Ilk th*
I*TH»
"I itw Standard Cadillac Sw.i»
FBIM*
aa
*' ' - 1 an tha
fcack
«( thU card.
CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY, Onraii. Mid..
ML
Fig.
2.
Tlic Service Card, when properly
signed, identifies a Cadillac owner
at
any
authorized Cadillac-La Salle service station.
material
or
work mans hip within
one
year after
the
delivery
date,
provided
the
mileage
of
the car
does
not
exceed 12,000
and
that
the
replacement
was not
made necessary
by
accident, abuse
or neglect. This includes material
and
labor.
The Service Card
is
not
transferable,
and the
no-charge service
set forth above
is
effective only while
the car
is in
the
hands
of
its original owner.
Standard Service Contract
Owners
may
be
assured
of
continuous satisfactory operation
and maintenance
of
their cars
at a predetermined, economical cost
by purchasing a Standard Service Contract.
Two
contracts
are
available covering complete lubrication
and
all
adjustments
and
repairs made necessary
by
normal wear.
The
first Contract covers
the first
12
months
or
12,000 miles
and the
second covers
the
second
12
months
or
second 12,000 miles.
The Standard Service Contract
is
based
on
Cadillac's principle
of preventive service
and
insures
the
owner
the
greatest amount
of satisfaction with
rhe
fewest possible interruptions. This
is
accomplished
by
complete lubrication
on
schedule
and
regular
inspection
to
anticipate
the
need
of
adjustment
and
repair,
eliminating
the
necessity
of
service between inspections.
The Contract
is
recognized
by all
authorized Cadillac-La Salle
service stations
in the
United States
and
Canada regardless
of
where
the
Contract
was
purchased.
The
owner
is
thus assured
of
all Contract service
due him
without additional charge wherever
he
may
travel,
the
same
as if
the
work
was
performed
by the
Service Station from which
the
Contract
was
purchased.
These Contracts
are
available
at all
Cadillac sales rooms
and
authorized service stations. Owners
are
urged
to
purchase
Standard Service Contracts
at
the
time
of
delivery
of
the new car.
Service Charges
Service work other than that described above
is
performed
by
Authorized Cadillac-La Salle Service Stations
on a flat-rate basis.
When a car
enters
the
service station,
it
is
promptly inspected
by
a tester,
who
then quotes
the
owner
an
exact price
for the
work
he finds necessary.
The
owner authorizes
the
work
at
this
price,
and
when
he
receives
his
bill, this
is the
price
he
pays.
[5]
Charges prevailing at Authorized Cadillac-La Salle Service
, .» Sta£jrpn$ are based on standard schedules furnished by the Cadillac
S'^y « Motor Car Company. These schedules call for methods and
tools approved by the same engineers who designed and built
the car, assuring the highest quality of work at the lowest
possible price. Standard Price Schedules are open to inspection
by owners at any Authorized Cadillac-La Salle Service Station.
Repair Parts
Genuine Cadillac parts, manufactured to the same rigid
specifications as the parts entering into the original assembly of
the car, are carried in stock by Authorized Cadillac-La Salle
Service Stations. They are sold at uniform prices throughout
the United States, and are not subject to the addition of hand-
ling, excise or other supplementary charges. Printed price lists,
published by the Cadillac Motor Car Company, are open to
inspection by owners at any authorized Cadillac distributor's
or dealer's establishment.
The Owner's Obligation
All of these service facilities are placed at the disposal of the
Cadillac owner, in order that his car may be a continuous source
of satisfaction and utility. This result cannot be guaranteed,
however, unless the owner fulfills certain definite obligations
himself,
as follows:
1.
To drive the car at moderate speeds for the first 500 miles.
2.
To operate the car in accordance with the instructions
contained in this manual.
3.
To check the engine oil level every 100 to 150 miles, and
add oil as often as necessary to keep the indicator at "full."
4.
To check the tire pressure at least every week, and keep
it up to the recommended pressure—40 pounds in front and rearon cars driven at high speeds, 45 pounds in front.
5.
To add distilled water to the storage battery every 1000
[6]
miles,
and in warm weather every 500 miles, or at least every
two weeks.
6. To have the car lubricated every 1000 miles, or once a
v month, in accordance with the lubrication schedule on page 28.
I 7. To take the car to an Authorized Service Station for
inspection every 1000 miles, or at least once a month.
Lubrication
<
I The first five items above are details which do not necessarily
) warrant a visit to the service station. For lubrication, however,
the owner is urged to patronize Authorized Cadillac-La Salle
I Service Stations, because they are prepared to furnish this service
• in a manner that cannot be duplicated elsewhere. Only approved
lubricants are used, the specifications of which have been worked
j out by Cadillac engineers to give the best possible results.
Workmen who specialize on Cadillac cars know exactly where
lubrication points are located and how much lubricant to apply.
The charge for this lubrication service is only about half a cent
a mile, which includes the cost of the lubricants.
Inspection
Preventive service is a fundamental principle of Cadillac
' Service. "Preventive service" is the practice of inspecting the
car at regular intervals and making those adjustments that need
attention before the need becomes an emergency. Inspections
should be made every 1000 miles, in order to insure transportation satisfaction. Authorized Cadillac-La Salle Service Stations
( will make such inspections without charge, provided no disI mantling of units is necessary.
| The Cadillac owner is urged to take full advantage of this,
not only while the car is new, but throughout its entire life.
i Preventive service rendered every 1,000 miles or once
i a month by an Authorized Cadillac-La Salle Service
| Station, is the surest guarantee of long life and com' plete motoring satisfaction at the least possible
expense.
W
CHAPTER II
OPERATION
O
NE
of the first things the driver of a new car should do is
to familiarize himself with the various controls described
in the following chapter.
Locks
Each car is equipped with two each of two different keys.
The handles of one set of keys are hexagonal in shape: these
keys unlock the combination ignition switch and transmission
lock, the lock on the front door, the spare wheel carrier and thfe
battery box. The keys in the other set have oval handles: these
keys unlock the rear doors of chauffeur driven cars, the rear decks
of roadsters and coupes, and the various package compartments.
The lock number is stamped on each key, but not upon the
face of the lock. The owner should make a record of the key
numbers as soon as he takes delivery of his car, so that in the
event both keys are lost, a duplicate key can easily be obtained
from a Cadillac distributor or dealer.
The right front door can be locked from the inside to prevent
intruders from forcing their way into the car. This can be
accomplished simply by turning the key to the locked position
on the outside before entering the car. The door will then be
locked from the outside, although it can be opened from the
inside in the usual manner.
Ignition Switch
Lock
The lock in the center of the instrument panel controls both
the ignition switch and the transmission lock. When the key
is turned, the cylinder of the lock will slide out about half an
[8]
inch, turning on the ignition and unlocking the transmission
by means of a cable connection to the shifter shafts. To shut
off the ignition and lock the transmission, turn the key to the
locked position and push the lock cylinder all the way in. The
car can be locked when the transmission is in neutral or in reverse.
Do not attempt to shut off" the ignition when the transmission is
in any forward gear. Be sure to remove the key before leaving
the car.
Gasoline
Gauge
The gasoline gauge, marked "Fuel," is the small dial on the
extreme left. This gauge indicates in gallons the quantity of
fuel in the tank at the
rear of the car, and is
operated electrically by
current taken from the
ignition circuit. To
read from the gauge
the quantity of fuel
in the tank, the
ignition must be
turned
on.
Throttle
Control
The throttles of the
two carburetors are
controlled by a hand •
lever and a foot pedal or accelerator. The normal position of
the hand lever for driving the car is all the way up, to "CLOSE".
In this position the throttles of the carburetors are open just
enough to permit the engine to run at idling speed after it is
warm. For starting, however, the lever should be moved approximately one-fourth the way down, and should be left in this
position until the engine is warm enough to permit the lever to
be returned to the idling position without stalling the engine.
(Also see Chapter on "Cold Weather Operation.")
^ iw>iminhi
Turn on i«nirion
to re;ul "au^e
/7¾.
3. The gasoline gauge is operated elec-
trically by current iron) the ignition circuit.
M
Carburetor Choke Control
Correct use of the choke control is essential not only to quick
starting of the engine, but also to the life of the engine. The
button must be pulled our far enough in starting to provide an
explosive mixture quickly so that the battery is not unnecessarily discharged by useless cranking. The button must also be
left out far enough during the warming-up period so that the
engine will run without missing and "popping back."
On the other hand, it should not be pulled out any further or
left out any longer than is necessary to accomplish these results,
because some of the excess liquid gasoline in the enriched mixture
does not burn and may wash off the oil on the cylinder walls,
interfering with proper lubrication of the pistons. Push the button all the way in as soon as this
can be done without causing
"popping back."
If the engine still retains heat
from previous running, the choke
control should not be used with-
Fig. 4. The choke button out first attempting to start the
must be held out while the . , .
starter is cranking the engine. engme on the normal mixture.
If the choke button is pulled out
for starting a hot engine the mixture may be made so rich that
starting will be impossible.
The choke button is not a priming device. It has no effect
whatever on the fuel or the fuel mixture unless the engine is
being cranked or is running under its own power. To have
any effect, the button must be pulled out and kept partly out
during the cranking operation.
[10]
Spark Control
Correct timing of the ignition in relation to the positions of
the pistons is controlled automatically by the timer-distributor,
which provides for all ordinary advancing and retarding of the
spark.
A hand control is also provided. This is the button at the left
on the instrument panel. This button should be pushed all the
way in (full advance) for starting and for all ordinary driving.
The button can be pulled partly out to retard the spark in case
of "ping" caused by carbon, heavy pulling, the use of regular
(not anti-knock) gasoline, or in case there should ever be occasion
to crank the engine by hand.
The Cadillac V-12 engine is a high compression engine and it
will perform most satisfactorily when an anti-knock fuel is used.
Regular gasoline can be used, although this may necessitate
driving with the spark slightly
retarded to avoid "ping." The -v ,/
spark should be retarded just i
'••
__^ \
to the point where the engine
"'pings"
slightly on rapid acceleration. This slight amount of
spark knock is absolutely harmless to the engine and is an indication to the driver that the spark is
F>g y Drjve wjth spark con
.
set at the point that will give trol as far advanced as possible.
maximum power and economy. :
Carbon deposit, which accumulates with use in all engines,
also causes spark knock and in time may require retarding the
spark. Regardless of the kind of fuel or the presence of carbon,
the correct setting of the spark control at any time is at the point
where the engine "pings" slightly on rapid acceleration.
["I
Starter Pedal
The starter pedal is at the right of the accelerator. Pushing
this pedal forward brings into action the electric motor that
cranks the engine for starting. Do not push the starter pedal
when the engine is running.
The starter pedal is only one of the controls that must be manipulated to start the engine. Unless there is an explosive mix-
ture in the cylinders and a spark to ignite it, it is useless to
crank the engine. The starter pedal should not be operated,
therefore, until the necessary preliminary steps have been taken.
The following, in their proper order, are the various steps that
must be performed when starting the engine:
1.
Place the throttle lever
about one - fourth the way
down from the "CLOSE" position.
2.
See that the spark con-
trol button is all the way in.
3.
Make sure that the transmission control lever is in
neutral.
4.
Turn on the ignition.
F/£. «. The starter pedal is only one 5 Unless the engine is Still
of the controls that must be used to °
start the engine. warm, pull out the choke
button. If the engine is still
warm, do not pull out the choke button unless the engine fails
to start on the normal mixture.
6. To start the engine, push the starter pedal forward,
releasing it as soon as the engine starts. If the engine does not
start readily, do not run the battery down by continuing to
crank the engine, but look for the trouble and correct it. (See
below for probable causes for the engine failing to start.)
7.
Push the choke button in part way as soon as the engine
[12]
stairs,
and all the wav 111 as soon as the engine is warm enough
to permit it.
8. Note whether pressure is indicated on the oil pressure
gauge ami stop the engine at once if no pressure is indicated.
9. Move the throttle lever up to the "CLOSE" position as
soon as the engine is warm enough to permit it.
In cold weather, disengage the clutch during the cranking
; operation. This relieves the starter of the necessity of turning
I the transmission gears, which are immersed in lubricant. The
J additional load is small in warm weather when the lubricant is
j thin, but in cold weather the power required to turn the gears
j through the thickened lubricant adds unnecessarily to the
j load on the starter and the battery.
What To Do If The Engine Fails To Start
If the engine does not start readily, release the starter pedal
and look for the cause.
1
i
' The ignition may not be turned on.
There may be no gasoline in the tank in the rear of the car.
There may be no gasoline in the vacuum tank on the dash.
If the fuel supply should give out on the road, so that the vacuum
tank on the dash becomes empty, it will be necessary after
refilling the tank to add gasoline to the vacuum tank.
The carburetors may be flooded by unnecessary use of the
choke when the engine is warm. To get rid of the surplus gasoline in the cylinders open the throttle wide, and, with the
ignition turned off, hold the starter pedal down for 10 to 15
> seconds. Then return the throttle lever to the usual position
I for starting, turn on the ignition and try once more to start the
I engine.
[13]
Oil Pressure Gauge
The small dial at the left of the
clock is the oil pressure gauge.
This gauge does not indicate the
quantity of oil in the engine. It
indicates only the
pressure
under
which the oil is forced to the
engine bearings.
Fig.7. The oil gauge does not
indicate ijuantity; it only shows
the pressure under which oil is
forced to the engine bearings.
I
When the engine is not running,
the pointer on the oil pressure
gauge should remain at zero, but
as soon as the engine is started and as long as it runs, the gauge
should show pressure. If no pressure is indicated when the
engine is running, stop the engine at once and determine the 1
cause. Serious damage may be done if the engine is run without
oil pressure.
Ammeter
The ammeter shows how much current the generator is furnishing the battery when the motor is running and how much the
lights and ignition are drawing from the battery when the generator is not charging. It does not register the current drawn by
the starting motor when starting the engine nor the total output
of the generator when the lights
are on.
The ammeter should indicate ,
on the "Charge" side most of '
the time, otherwise, more current
will be taken out of the battery
than is put into it and the battery
will eventually become fully dis-
charged, j
Fi%.
S.
The ammeter indicates
the amount of electrical current
flowing to or from the battery.
are in use, the ammeter should show "Charge" as soon as the
car is running ten or twelve miles per hour in high gear. If
the ammeter should show "Discharge" with all lights off,
either when the engine is not running or when the car is running
more than twelve miles per hour, the cause should be investigated.
Clutch Pedal
The clutch has two uses: First, to enable the car to be started
gradually and without jerk or jar; second, to permit shifting of
the transmission gears. The operation of the clutch is discussed
below in connection with the transmission control. Further
comment is unnecessary at this point, except the following sug-
gestions to the driver:
Do not drive with the foot resting on the clutch pedal. The
Cadillac clutch operates so easily that even the weight of the
driver's foot may unintentionally cause the clutch to slip.
Do not form the practice of disengaging the clutch whenever
the brakes are applied. Most occasions for use of the brakes
require only slowing down without stopping or even shifting
gears.
A skilled driver will not touch the clutch pedal until the
car is just about to stop or
until he is about to shift to a
lower gear. It is a mistaken
idea that applying the brakes
with the clutch engaged is
more
severe on the brake lining.
The opposite is actually the
case,
proof of which is in the
fact that in coasting down
grades, the resistance of the
engine is used to assist the
brakes in controlling the car
speed.
Ordinarily, when no lights
[H]
It will be observed in oper-
Fig.9. A good driver uses the clutch
pedal only when shifting gears or about
to stop.
[15]
m
' e?8
&l>i
tm
U3
.1»
• *
i +
$H*
;i
w
1..1
I
1 <t-
i a,
ating the clutch pedal that the pedal oilers almost no resistance until it has been moved about one inch. It is at this >
point that it actually begins to disengage the clutch. It is J
important that the pedal have this "lost motion." If the full pressure of the clutch springs is felt just as soon as
the control pedal is moved, the control rod should be read-
justed. Failure to make this adjustment will result in the
clutch slipping.
Transmission Control
The operation of the Cadillac Syncro-mesh transmission is,
in general, the same as the operation of the conventional selective sliding-gear type of transmission. The positions of the i
control lever for the various speed combinations are the same t
and the directions in which the control lever is moved are the |
same. It is also necessary to disengage the clutch before moving
the control lever, the same as with the conventional transmission.
The only difference is in the manner of moving the control
lever. With the conventional transmission, it is customary when •
shifting to a higher gear to hesitate momentarily in neutral and I
then move the lever quickly to its new position. With the I
Cadillac Syncro-mesh j
transmission there is no
necessity either for the j
hesitation in neutral or
for the rapid movement ?
of the lever during the
latter part of the shift.
Instead, the movement
of
the control lever should ,
Fig.
10.
The control lever positions are be one smooth, Continu- |
the same as for the conventional type of
transmission. . ous movement. I
[161
The synchronizing principle applies to all shifts into inter-
mediate or
high;
in other words, to the following shifts:
Low to intermediate
Intermediate to high
High to intermediate
There is no synchronizing mechanism for low or reverse
gears because shifts into these gears are usually made when the
car is standing still. When shifting from neutral to low or
reverse, therefore, it may be necessary to await an instant after
disengaging the clutch, to give the gears a chance to stop
"spinning." Do not attempt to shift from intermediate to low
unless the car is standing still or moving very slowly.
If, when descending a grade at high speed, it becomes desir-
able to shift from high to intermediate in order to use the engine
as a brake, re-engage the clutch slowly after making the shift.
This will bring the engine up to speed gradually and avoid the
sudden load that would otherwise be imposed upon the clutch.
Coasting
In coasting down grades, it is recommended that the transmission be left in gear and the clutch engaged. With the throttle
in the idling position, the car is thus made to drive the engine,
the resistance of which assists the brakes and saves wear on the
brake lining. It must be remembered that the brakes are subjected to much more severe use on grades than on the level,
because gravity acts continuously, whereas on the level, the
brakes need absorb only the momentum of the car.
Ordinarily, the resistance offered by the engine, when the
transmission is in high, supplemented by moderate use of the
brakes, is sufficient to control the speed of the car. On steep
grades, however, the transmission control should be shifted to
intermediate.
[17]
Do not turn oil the ignition when coasting with the car
driving the engine. Contrary to a common impression, this
does not appreciably increase the resistance, and is likely to
cause damage to the engine. Even with the throttle closed,
some fuel is admitted to the cylinders, and if this is not burned,
it condenses on the cylinder walls and washes away the oil
which lubricates the pistons.
Brakes
The foot brakes are internal brakes of the shoe type, applied
on all four wheels through a mechanical linkage.
When applying the brakes while driving on wet asphalt streets
or slippery roads more care should be exercised and more time
should be allowed for stopping the car than is necessary on dry
pavements. The brakes should be applied gently while the
clutch is still
engaged.
The clutch should not be released until
the car has almost stopped.
Do not attempt sudden stops. Cadillac four-wheel brakes
minimize the possibility of skidding under slippery conditions,
but their effectiveness should not induce anyone to drive less
carefully.
As the brake lining wears, the pedal must be pushed farther
down to apply the brakes. Do not wait until the pedal goes all
the way to the floor board before having the brakes readjusted.
Readjustment is recommended as soon as the pedal must be
pushed down to within one inch of the floor board. A temporary
adjustment of the brakes is explained on page 46.
For parking, the brakes are operated by the hand lever at the
right of the transmission control lever.
Lighting Switch
The lighting switch control is at the upper end of the steering
column in the center of the steering wheel. The lever has four
[18]
positions, -PARKING," "OFF," "DOWN" and "UP." Turn-
ing the lever to "PARKING" turns on the front parking lamps
and the two rear lamps. Turning the lever to "DOWN"
turns on the headlamp lower
beams and the two rear lamps,
while turning the lever to"UP"
turns on the headlamp upper
beams and the two rear lamps.
The instrument lamps are
controlled by the upper button
_.,,_.,... • , i at the extreme left of the instru-
Fig. )1. The lighting switch control
is at the hub of the steering wheel. ment panel.
The lamp bulbs which are used are as follows:
Lamp
Headlamps
Rear Lamps
Stop Light
Tail Light
Parking lamps
Instrument lamps
Closed car lamps
Step light
Vol tage
u
6-8
6-a\
6 8/
6-8V
6-81
6-8/
Candle-Power
21 (Two Filament)
Mazda No. 1110
15 Mazda No. 87
3 Mazda No. 63
Danger of Running Engine in Closed Garage
Every person having to do with the operation or care of a
motor car should be warned of the danger that attends running
the engine while the car is in a small closed garage.
Carbon monoxide, a deadly poisonous gas, is present in the
exhaust of all internal combustion engines. Most people are
already familiar with carbon monoxide in the form of illuminating gas, or in the gas produced by furnaces and stoves when
insufficient air is supplied to give complete combustion. But
[19]
illuminating gas and coal gas have an unpleasant odor, which
serves as a warning, whereas carbon monoxide, as produced in
the internal combustion engine, is colorless, tasteless and almost
odorless, so that the victim may be overcome before he is aware
of the.danger. When the engine exhausts into the open air,
the carbon monoxide is so diluted that it has no effect. It is
when the engine is run for a time in a closed room that the proportion of carbon monoxide in the air may increase to the point
at which continued breathing of it would be fatal. The United
States Public Health Service advises that the average automobile
engine warming up in a single car garage will give off enough
carbon monoxide in three minutes to endanger life.
Proper precaution must be taken in cold weather when the
natural tendency is to keep the garage doors and windows
closed. The practice of letting the engine warm up in a closed
garage before opening the doors is unsafe. The risk is made
greater By the fact that the enriching of the mixture by manipulation of the carburetor choke increases the amount of carbon
monoxide formed.
[201
CHAPTER III
EQUIPMENT
I
N
addition to the controls and instruments used in driving,
the car is equipped with various devices which are for the
convenience and comfort of the occupants, and are used only as
occasion demands. It is suggested that the driver anticipate his
use of such equipment by becoming familiar at once with the
directions contained in this chapter.
Windshield and Ventilation
Cadillac closed cars are equipped with a one-piece slanting
windshield that can be moved up and down by means of the
handle just above the windshield (Fig. 12). For the ventilation
under the cowl, the windshield should be raised not more than
one inch, so that the lower
edge of the glass is still
below the ledge over the in-
strument board. With the
windshield in this position
air is deflected into the driving compartment through an
opening in the cowl just forward of the instrument board.
If desired, the windshield can
be raised above the level of
the ledge over the instrument
board, so that air can enter
Fig.
12.
The straight type windshield
is controlled by the handle above the
windshield.
the car directly.
Cowl ventilators are also provided on the closed cars to supple-
ment the ventilation provided by the windshield. These venti-
[21]
lators are at the sides of the cowl compartment and open toward
the rear, serving as outlets for the air entering under the windshield.
In warm weather, satisfactory ventilation in the front com-
partment cannot be expected unless the hood doors are open.
Ordinarily, these should be opened at the beginning of warm
weather and left open for the season. The temperature in the
front compartment can thereafter be controlled by the windshield
and ventilators.
Windshield Cleaner
The windshield cleaner consists of two wiper blades, operated
by the suction or vacuum in the intake manifold on the engine.
The cleaner is controlled by the lower button at the extreme lefthand end of the instrument board. This button, when pulled
all the way out, will cause one blade to work on each half of the
windshield, cleaning the entire glass. Pulling the button half
way out will cause both blades to operate on the left hand half
of the windshield, cleaning only the part in front of the driver.
To park both blades at the extreme left of the windshield when
they are not needed to clean the glass, pull the control button
half way out, wait until the left-hand blade travels over to meet
the right-hand blade and returns with it to the left-hand side;
then push the button all the way in.
Adjustable Seat
The front seat is adjustable on all Cadillac closed cars, except
those that are intended to be chauffeur-driven. Except on the
five passenger coupe, the entire front seat can be moved forward
or backward. This adjustment is controlled by a handle on the
center of the seat base, just above the floorboards. As the front
seat on the five-passenger coupe is divided, only the driver's
half of the seat is adjustable.
[22]
Cigar Lighter
[Push in, hold
lift out
aa^Wi"
i, - • ?,>. ':*•»
-,¾¾¾¾
}
'^- ^mw-*^
I!<KIMII;
Cordless lighters are provided
on the instrument panel and
with the smoking sets of the
various body styles. These light-
ers have a green translucent button through which the glow of
the heating element may be seen
when the lighter is ready for use.
To use the lighter on the panel,
press it all the way into its
socket and hold it there until the
The current to the lighter in the
pressing the button beside the
Fig. 1). The
cigar
lighter
on
;he
instrument
panel
is of the
"pass
around"
type.
glow is seen; then lift it out.
smoking sets is turned on b\
lighter.
Tools
The tools are carried under the front scat. When putting tools
in their compartment be sure they are placed so that they do
not interfere with the front seat adjusting mechanism.
The standard tool equipment is listed below:
Hammer
Pliers
Monkey wrench
Huh cap
wrench
Large screw-driver Brace
wrench
(wood
and
disc
Small
screw-driver wheels)
Crescent
adjustable
wrench
Jack
handle
Oil can
Jack
Spark plug
wrench
Tool
bag
Starting
crank Lubrication
chart
Operator's
Manual
Tires
Inflation Pressure
For normal driving, the front and rear tires should be
inflated to a pressure of 40 lbs. Important—On cars driven
at high speeds, the front tires should be inflated to 45 lbs.
The tires should be checked at least weekly, and the pressure
should never be permitted to drop more than 5 lbs.
,1¼
•iV
[23]
Spare Wheel Carrier
To remove a spare wheel from the carrier, unlock the lock and
take it out, using the key as a handle. It may be necessary to
hold on to the lock while turning the key. Then unscrew the
clamping screw underneath the
lock, after which the large
dust shield can be removed
and the wheel taken off the
carrier.
To reinstall a spare wheel,
mount it on the carrier, place
the large dust shield in position and tighten the clamping
screw. Then snap the lock
back into place.
These instructions apply
both to spare wheel carriers
on the rear of the car and to
carriers in the front fenders.
Fig. 14. To remove a spare wheel,
unlock the lock, and remove the screw
and the dummy hub cap.
Spare Tire Carrier (Standard Wood Wheels)
To remove the spare tire
from the carrier, unlock the
lock and remove it, using the
key as a handle. It may be
necessary to hold on to the
lock while turning the key.
Unscrew the clamping screw
with the brace wrench furnished in the tool equipment
and remove the rim clamp,
taking care not to lose the
clamping screw. Remove the
tire with rim, by pulling it out
it off the carrier.
Fig. 15. To remove a spare tire,
unlock the lock, remove the screw and
take off the clamp.
at the bottom and then lifting
[24]
To place a tire and rim on the carrier, reverse the above order.
After tightening the clamping screw, unlock the lock and put it
into place.
Changing Tires
If an inflated tire is always carried on the spare rim or wheel,
the driver will seldom or never have to disassemble a tire from
the rim. In case of tire trouble, it is then merely necessary to
remove the rim or wheel with the flat tire and then install the
spare in its place. Illustrated directions for performing this
work on wire and on standard wood wheels are given on pages
26 and 27- Disc and demountable wood wheels are changed in
the same manner as wire wheels except that the hub caps should
not be removed.
Tire Balancing Marks
The tires are balanced to offset the weight of the valve stem.
If a tire is removed, it must be re-installed in its original position
with respect to the rim; otherwise the tire and wheel will be
unbalanced.
A
small red or black square is accordingly branded in the rubber
on the side of each tire. This mark must always be in line with
the valve stem.
[25]
,1
!
Fig. 16a. Remove the hub cap with
the wrench in the tool kit. Hub caps
are marked with arrows showing the
direction in which they screw on and
off.
Fig.
16b.
Jack up the axle until the
weight of the car is off of the wheel,
but with the tire still dragging.
Loosen the cap screws around the
wheel hub by turning them in a
counter-clockwise direction with the
wrench. Then jack the wheel up
further, remove the cap screws and
take the wheel off of the hub.
Fig.
16c.
To mount a wheel simply
sec it up on the hub and start the
cap screws by hand. Then tighten
the screws with the wrench, but do
not tighten them in rotation. After
tightening one screw, tighten the
screw directly opposite.
Fig. 16. Changing Wire Wheels
[261
tig- 17u. Jack up the wheel until
the tire clears the ground. Remove
the dust cap and clamping nut from
the valve stem. Remove the six rim
clamps, unscrewing them with the
brace wrench supplied in the tool kit.
Fig. 17b. Rotate the wheel until
the valve stem is at the top, and pull
the bottom of the rim away from the
wheel.
Fig. 17c."Then rotate the wheel
until the valve stem approaches the
bottom, when the rim and tire will roll
free from the wheel and can be removed
without lifting.
To mount a rim, rotate the wheel
until the hole for the valve stem is in
the position shown in the last illustration. Insert the valve stem and
rotate the wheel, which will carry the
rim with it, until the valve stem is at
th£ top. Then push the lower part of
the rim into place. Install the rim
clamps over the rim and turn the nuts
partly down. Go over the nuts again
and tighten them firmly. Install the
valve stem clamping nut and the dust
cap.
fie sure the clamping nut is tight.
(Standard Wood Wheels)
[27]
LUBRICATION SCHEDULE
CADILLAC
370
ENGINE
NO.
DATE DELIVERED
OO
NOT
WAIT
POR
SCHEDULE LUBRICATIONS
BEFORE ADDING ENGINE
OIL.
THE
OIL
LEVEL
SHOULD
BE
CHECKED EVERY MO
TO IM
MILES
ANO
OIL
ADDED
IF THE
INDICATOR BALL
IS
•
CLOW ••PULL." THIS
IS
ESPECIALLY
IM-
PORTANT
ON
CARS DRIVEN
AT
MICH SPEEDS.
N
0
z
<
w
(A
0
z
z
g
<
U
£
3
01
Q
Z
<
n
tf)
0
Z
z
0
h
<
o
5
a
3
J
PR
O
0
2
<
•
t
z
z
0
<
u
E
0
3
J
0
Z
<
f-
«•>
i
z
z
0
<
u
£
c
3
J
ADD LIQUID
TO
ADD ENGINE
OIL
AS NECESSARY
STARTER. GENERATOR AND
BRAKE PINS
AND
CONNECTIONS
DOOR HARDWARE
GREASE
GUN
WATER PUMP
CLUTCH RELEASE BEARING
AND BRAKE A SSI ST ER
•ADO WATER
TO
STORAGE BATTERY
CHECK TIRE INFLATION
DRAIN
AND
REPLACE
TEST
OIL
FILTER
TRANSMISSION—ADO LUBRICANT
RE
STI
EER1NG GEAR—ADO
ONT
BRAKE TRUNNIONS
AND
SPEEDOMETER DRIVE SHAFT
FAN
••REFILL SHOCK ABSORBERS
••REPLACE
OIL
FILTER CARTRIDGE
AND CLEAN
OIL PAN
AND SCREEN
LUBRICANT
WATER
OR
ANTI-PREC2E
ENGINE
OIL
ENGINE
OIL
ENGINE
OIL
ENGINE
OIL
CHASSIS
GREASE
WATER PUMP
GREASE
WHEEL BEARING
GREASE
Dl STILLED
WATER
ENGINE
OIL
GEAR
LUBRICANT
GEAR
LUBRICANT
GEAR
LUBRICANT
LIGHT
ENGINE
OH.
CHASSIS
GREASE
WHEEL BEARING
GREASE
CHASSIS
GREASE
CHASSIS
QREASB
SPECIAL ON.
LUBRICATION
NO. AND
MILEAGE
AT
WHICH
DUE
1
I
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
t
i
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1
?
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
§
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
1
0
o
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
•
1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
J
I
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
•
I
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
•
1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
10
I
o
o
o
o
u
o
o
o
o
o
o
EVERY 12.000 MILES
II
1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
11
1
o
o
u
u
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
u
o
o
o
o.
o
o
o
o
o
•IN
SUMMER INSPECT BATTERY EVERY
see
MILES
OR
AT
LEAST
EVERT t WEEKS.
•*RECOfcmFNDED BUT NOT INCLUOEO IN LUBRICATIONS 0 AND 11.
THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS CANNOT
BE
PLACED
ON A
MILEAGE BASIS
AND ARE NOT
INCLUDED
IN
THE ABOVE SCHEDULE
THIN REAR AXLE AND TRANSMISSION LUBRICANT-AS REQUfREQ
f>OR
LOW TEMPERATURES.
DRAIN
AND
REPLACE REAR AXLE
AND
TRANSMISSION LUBRICANT—AT BEGINNING
OP
MILD WEATHER
IN SPRING.
RECORD
ON
OTHER SIDE
Fig.
18.
This
is a
fac-simile
of the
Cadillac Lubrication
Schedule
and
Record
Card.
Provision
is
made
on the
back
of the
card
for
recording
when
and
where
the
car
is
lubricated. A copy
of
this
card
can be
obtained
on
request
from
Cadillac
distributors
and
dealers.
[28]
CHAPTER
IV
LUBRICATION
Lubrication Schedule
S
YSTEMATIC
lubrication,
at
regular mileage intervals,
is the
only kind that
is
effective.
On
page
28 is a
complete lubri-
cation schedule, which,
if
faithfully followed, will insure
correct lubrication
for
each wearing surface.
The unit
of the
schedule
is
12,000 miles, which
is
divided into
twelve 1000-mile intervals. Corresponding
to
these
is a
series
of twelve consecutive groups
of
lubricating operations. When
the
car has
traveled
1000
miles,
the
points enumerated under
Lubrication
No. 1
should receive attention.
At
2000 miles,
Lubrication
No.
2 is
due,
and so on
until
at
12000 miles, Lubri-
cation
No. 12
should
be
performed.
At
13000 miles,
the
schedule
begins again with Lubrication
No.
1.
It will
be
noticed from
the
schedule that there
are
actually
only four different lubrication
operations,
but
that they
are
JttKKKKtBSBBtEKL
numbered according the
^^^^I^K^KUS^BH
various times that they come
J-^^^^H^H^E^^BHSI
A metal lubrication
tag in
HHH ^•liUailiO^Br
the shape
of the
Cadillac crest Hui^M
^¾
«>iIIIMR
mmW
is provided
on
each
new car
^MS_§Sj ^^gjgppV^
for ease
in
determining
the
fll^^l
date,
the mileage and the
^BBBI
^^
schedule number
of the
next
HBRH
j^'
lubrication
due.
This
tag is
wK^m^JM»'s-t^^^^mmm1mWM
mounted
on the
left JpH^Hsfl^BBR^HsBR^Lfl
pillar, about four inches below
:^"»MBB^B^^E^B^BB»T4^^B«
the hinge
as
shown
in the
Fig M_ This noticc
Kl|s you
when
illustration.
your
car
should
be
lubricated.
[29]
I
The driver can easily check this with the speedometer mileage
by opening the left front door a few inches. Authorized CadillacLa Salle service stations, after performing each schedule operation,
post the number of the next operation due and the mileage at
which it is due. When the mileage recorded by the speedometer
is the same as the mileage marked on the notice, the car may be
taken to any authorized Cadillac-La Salle service station, and,
without further ordering other than specifying "schedule lubrication," the car will receive the exact lubrication necessary.
Although the schedule is expressed in terms of miles, it is
intended that the car be lubricated once each month if the
mileage traveled is less than 1000 since the last lubrication
operation was performed. This lubrication work can be done
while the car is in the service station for its regular monthly or
1000-mile inspection.
Lubrication Chart
The lubrication chart (18 x 24 inches in size) which accompanies this manual gives complete detailed instructions for
lubricating the car. All of the points which require lubrication
are designated on this chart, together with the kind of lubricant
to be used, the method of applying it and the frequency with
which it should be applied.
The operations are grouped on the chart in the same manner
as on the schedule sfrown in Fig. 18. If the car is lubricated at
an "Authorized Station," this schedule will be followed; if not,
whoever does the lubrication should follow the schedule and
chart exactly.
Lubricants
The selection of proper lubricants should be one of the first
concerns of the owner in his attention to the lubrication of the
[301
car. The lubricants must not only be of high quality, but their
i viscosity and other characteristics must be suited to the car.
t The owner is urged to consult the distributor or dealer from
whom he purchased his car in regard to the names of lubricants
J which have been tested and approved for use in the Cadillac car.
I Engine Oil
f
I The chart of engine oil recommendations given on page 32
I indicates the proper grades of oil to be used for average driving
) and for prolonged high speed driving.
Gear Lubricant
Lubricant conforming to the specifications for Gear Lubricant
must be used in the transmission, rear axle and steering gear.
It is particularly important that only recommended lubricants
be used in the transmission. Engine oil or soap greases will not
perform satisfactorily.
Lubricants conforming to these specifications may be used
without thinning during all weather, except winter weather
below temperatures of 20° above zero. Below this temperature,
thinning with kerosene is necessary, unless grease of sufficiently
low pour point is used to secure easier gear shifting and proper
lubrication of gears and bearings. See an authorized CadillacLa Salle service station for recommendations on this lubricant.
Important: The Gear Lubricant known as "sulphurized" oil
and designated by "E. P.," following its S. A. E. classification
is not satisfactory for use in the transmission or rear axle on
Cadillac cars and should not be used in these assemblies under
any circumstances. This lubricant is injurious to bronze parts
such as are used in gear assemblies of all higher quality cars and
is particularly injurious to the synchro-mesh transmission.
Chassis Grease
Lubricant conforming to the specifications for Chassis Grease
is recommended for all chassis points fitted with grease gun con-
[31]
' '"I
IAI?^
nections. Do not use ordinary cup grease, as such greases are
not effective enough to lubricate satisfactorily over the 1000mile interval.
Wheel Bearing Grease
Greases approved under the specifications for Wheel Bearing
Grease are suitable for lubricating the wheel bearings and the
clutch release bearing.
ENGINE OIL RECOMMENDATIONS
TYPE OF
SERVICE
AVERAGE
DRIVING
(No prolonged
high speed
driving)
PROLONGED
HIGH SPEED
DRIVING
SUMMER
All Temperatures
Above 32° F.
S. A. E.
vise.
40
or 50
WINTER
Between 32° and
15° Above
S. A. E.
vise.
20
Below 15° Above
Zero
S. A. E.
vise.
10
Ttiese oils are Hot suitable for
prolonged
high
speed
driving and if used
under such
conditions the oil level must be closely
watched^
as the rate of
consumption
will
be higher
than with
heavier
oils.
CADILLAC APPROVED 'HEAVY DUTY" OILS- j
SUMMER AND WINTER ;
These oils have an S. A. E. viscosity of 40-50-60, and arc'
required to meet certain specifications as to volatility in
order to demonstrate their fitness for prolonged high speed
driving. To make certain of using an oil approved for this;
service, consult your Cadillac distributor or dealer.
NOTE: Approved heavy duty oils vary in their suita-
bility for winter use. If an approved heavy duty oil with
|
sufficiently low cold viscosity is not available and if the car
is not kept in a heated garage, the lighter oils specified:
above for average driving must be used to avoid hard start-!
ing. In this case, be sure to watch the oil level closely as
cautioned above.
•The system used in this table to designate body or viscosity is the one recently
developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers and adopted by all oil companies. It takes the place of the old indefinite method of describing oils as
"Light," "Medium," "Heavy," etc. Oil should be called for by these numbers.
If a filling station attendant does not know the S. A. E. numbers of his oils, the
following grades can be substituted in emergency: S. A. E. 10, Extra Light;
S. A. E. 20, Light; S. A. E. 40, Heavy; S. A. E. 50-60, Extra Heavy.
[32]
This grease is not recommended for chassis lubrication, as
Chassis Grease is much more effective. Furthermore, Chassis
Grease or ordinary cup grease should not be used in the wheel
bearings as such lubricants do not have a sufficiently high melting point to render satisfactory service.
Water Pump Grease
A water-resistant calcium soap grease is recommended for use
in the water pump grease cup. Only greases that meet the
specifications for Water Pump Grease should be used; other
greases will be dissolved into the cooling system liquid.
The owner of a Cadillac car is urged to have his car put on
schedule lubrication at an authorized Cadillac-La Salle service
station; in this way he is assured of having the proper lubricants
used for all lubricating points at the proper mileage intervals.
Engine Lubrication
The supply of oil is carried in the cast aluminum oil pan that
covers the bottom of the crankcase. The oil is circulated by a
gear pump inside of the crankcase. The pump is driven by a
vertical shaft, which is, in turn, driven by a spiral gear on the
camshaft. The oil circulated by the pump lubricates the main
and connecting rod bearings, the camshaft bearings, the cylinder
walls,
pistons and piston pins, the front end chains and the
valve mechanism.
There are a few points on-the engine that are not taken care
of in the pressure system. These are the starter, generator and
distributor oil cups, the fan and the water pump. Lubricating
instructions for these points are given in the lubrication chart.
Oil Level
The normal capacity of the oil pan is nine quarts, which fills
it to the level of the screen in the pan. When the oil pan contains this amount, the oil level indicator on the left-hand side
[33]
I'l^'r
a. T
ff
(I
IP'
|V J'
ih
n
4
P
r 1
h
M
of the engine (Fig. 20) shows "Full." As the oil level descends, the indicator drops to "Fill." Oil should be added as
soon as the indicator ball has dropped to "Fill." If the indicator
Oil tillers
Starrer oiler
Wntvr ptunp
«re;iM' I'up
Oil Jr.iin
Fig. 20. Showing the location of the oil fillers, oil level indicator, oil pan drain
plug and other lubrication features.
drops down to the flange of the crankcase, under no circumstances should the engine be run until oil has been added.
The mileage interval at which oil must be added depends
upon individual circumstances. It is recommended that the oil
level indicator be checked every one hundred to one hundred and
fifty miles, although it is improbable that oil will be required as
frequently as this.
Crankcase Ventilating System and Oil Filter
Cadillac V-12 engines are equipped with a crankcase ventilating system, which prevents contamination of the lubricating
oil from seepage vapors; and an oil filter, which removes any
dirt or solid matter from the oil.
[34]
The crankcase ventilating system is entirely automatic and
functions throughout the life of the car without requiring any
attention from the owner. The oil filter, however, gradually
becomes filled with the solid matter taken from the oil until it
becomes so clogged that it ceases to function.
As oil for lubrication of the overhead valve mechanism is
taken direct from the oil filter, it is extremely important to
replace the filter cartridge before it becomes so clogged that it
will not readily pass oil. It is therefore recommended that the
filter be tested every 2000-miles so that the cartridge can be
replaced as soon as this is necessary. This test can be made by
simply removing one of the oil filler covers and noting whether
or not oil is dripping from the rocker arm bushings while the
engine is running at idling speed. If oil does not drip from the
bushings, the cartridge must be replaced.
The lubrication schedule as followed by authorized CadillacLa Salle service stations provides for this test as part of the regular
2000 mile lubrication. Filter cartridges should be replaced at
least every 12,000 miles. Replacement cartridges can be obtained
from Cadillac distributors and dealers.
The oil pan and screen should be removed and cleaned with
kerosene or gasoline whenever the oil filter cartridge is replaced.
Replacing Engine Oil
Although the crankcase ventilating system and the oil filter
described in the preceding section greatly prolong the useful life
of the oil, it is recommended that the oil be drained and replaced
with fresh oil every 2000 miles.
To drain the oil, simply remove the drain plug (Fig. 20). Be
sure to reinstall the drain plug before putting in the fresh oil.
Nine quarts of oil are required to bring the oil level indicator
ball to "Full."
135]
H
CHAPTER V
COLD
WEATHER
OPERATION
OATISFACTORY
operation of the car in freezing weather depends
^-^ upon having the car prepared for cold weather and in giving
it the special attention which is required at that time. In this
chapter has been grouped all the information relating to care
and operation of the car during cold weather. It should be
reviewed just prior to the beginning of the winter season.
Preparing
for
Cold
Weather
Anti-Freezing
Solutions
The available commercial materials for preparing anti-freezing
solutions for automobile radiators are denatured alcohol, methanol (synthetic wood alcohol), distilled glycerine, and ethylene
glycol.
Denatured alcohol and methanol solutions are, at present, the
most generally used anti-freezing solutions. These preparations
are widely distributed, afford protection against freezing, and are
not injurious to the cooling system.
There are two principal objections to denatured alcohol and
methanol—they are lost by evaporation, and are harmful to the
car finish. Any material accidentally spilled on the finish should
be flushed off immediately with a large quantity of water.
Solutions of these materials in the radiator must be tested
periodically and sufficient methanol or alcohol should be added to
replace the loss by evaporation. Otherwise, the engine or radiator, or both, are likely to be damaged by freezing. Evaporation
is much more rapid on heavy runs, and the solution should be
tested more often under such circumstances.
Methanol, for aiiti-Jrceze purposes, is sold in the United States
in the correct concentration to give the same protection against
freezing as denatured alcohol. The table below may be used for
both denatured alcohol and methanol.
Lowest
Temperature
Ex-pec tcJ
10 F.
0 F.
-10 F.
—20 F.
-30 F.
Per cent
In
Volume
30
38
45
51
57
Specific <-i
1,at 60"
Ocuamrct AKi>lml
.9668
.9567
.9475
.9350
.9260
ravitv
IV) •
MdllJH,"
.972
.964
.957
.950
.944
Qts.
Alcohol
required to make
6 pals, solution
Vx
9)
A
10?
4
12
13*.,
I
Distilled glycerine and ethylene glycol solutions are, in first
cost, more expensive than alcohol, but as they are not lost by
evaporation, only water need be added to replace evaporation
' losses, except that any solution lose mechanically, by leakage,
foaming,
etc.,
must be replaced by additional new anti-freezing
solution. These solutions under ordinary conditions are not
injurious to the car finish.
! The principal objections to glycerine and ethylene glycol arc
I the tendency of these solutions to loosen the scale and iron rust
| which forms in the water passages of the cylinder block and head,
and the difficulty of securing and maintaining tight, leak proof
connections. It is absolutely necessary to thoroughly clean and
, Hush the entire cooling system before glycerine or ethylene
glycol is used.
I It is also necessary to tighten or replace the cylinder head
I
gaskets and pump packing. The cylinder head gaskets must be
kept tight to prevent the solution from leaking into the crank-
case where it might cause gumming and sticking of the moving
( parts. The pump packing must be kept tight to prevent air
\ from being drawn into the cooling system in order to avoid
I foaming and other difficulties which may result when air is
j present.
[361
!37l
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