Cabletron Systems FN100, FN100-8FX, FN100-16, FN100-16FX, FN100-8 User Manual

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Page 1

FAST NETWORK 100

USER GUIDE

Status

Link

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NOTICE

Cabletron Systems reserves the right to make changes in speciﬁcations and other information contained in this document without prior notice. The reader should in all cases consult Cabletron Systems to determine whether any such changes have been made.

The hardware, ﬁrmware, or software described in this manual is subject to change without notice. IN NO EVENT SHALL CABLETRON SYSTEMS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL,

INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS) ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THIS MANUAL OR THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN IT, EVEN IF CABLETRON SYSTEMS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF, KNOWN, OR SHOULD HAVE KNOWN, THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.



Order Number: 9031866-01 May 1996

All product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.

Fast Network 100 User Guide i

Printed on Recycled Paper

Page 4

Notice

FCC NOTICE

This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

NOTE:

device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment uses, generates, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed in accordance with the operator’s manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.

WARNING:

party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital

Changes or modifications made to this device which are not expressly approved by the

DOC NOTICE

This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.

Le présent appareil numérique n’émet pas de bruits radioélectriques dépassant les limites applicables aux appareils numériques de la class A prescrites dans le Règlement sur le brouillage radioélectrique édicté par le ministère des Communications du Canada.

VCCI NOTICE

This equipment is in the 1st Class Category (information equipment to be used in commercial and/or industrial areas) and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology Equipment (VCCI) aimed at preventing radio interference in commercial and/or industrial areas.

Consequently , when used in a residential area or in an adjacent area thereto, radio interference may be caused to radios and TV receivers, etc.

Read the instructions for correct handling.

ii Fast Network 100 User Guide

Page 5

Notice

CABLETRON SYSTEMS, INC. PROGRAM LICENSE AGREEMENT

IMPORTANT:

This document is an agreement between you, the end user, and Cabletron Systems, Inc. (“Cabletron”) that sets forth your rights and obligations with respect to the Cabletron software program (the “Program”) contained in this package. The Program may be contained in ﬁrmware, chips or other media. BY UTILIZING THE ENCLOSED PRODUCT, YOU ARE AGREEING TO BECOME BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, WHICH INCLUDES THE LICENSE AND THE LIMITATION OF WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT , PROMPTLY RETURN THE UNUSED PRODUCT TO THE PLACE OF PURCHASE FOR A FULL REFUND.

Before utilizing this product, carefully read this License Agreement.

CABLETRON SOFTWARE PROGRAM LICENSE

1. LICENSE

package subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. You may not copy, reproduce or transmit any part of the Program except as permitted by the

2. OTHER RESTRICTIONS. You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the

Program.

3. APPLICABLE LA W. This License Agreement shall be interpreted and governed under the laws

and in the state and federal courts of New Hampshire. You accept the personal jurisdiction and venue of the New Hampshire courts.

. You have the right to use only the one (1) copy of the Program provided in this

EXCLUSION OF WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY

1. EXCLUSION OF

writing, Cabletron makes no warranty, expressed or implied, concerning the Program (including its documentation and media).

CABLETRON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, OTHER THAN THOSE SUPPLIED TO YOU BY CABLETRON IN WRITING, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WITH RESPECT TO THE PROGRAM, THE ACCOMPANYING WRITTEN MA TERIALS, AND ANY ACCOMPANYING HARDWARE.

2. NO LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL

CABLETRON OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR RELIANCE DAMAGES, OR OTHER LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS CABLETRON PRODUCT, EVEN IF CABLETRON HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, OR ON THE DURATION OR LIMITATION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, IN SOME INSTANCES THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

WARRANTY. Except as may be specifically provided by Cabletron in

Fast Network 100 User Guide iii

Page 6

Notice

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED RIGHTS

The enclosed product (a) was developed solely at private expense; (b) contains “restricted computer software” submitted with restricted rights in accordance with Section 52227-19 (a) through (d) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights Clause and its successors, and (c) in all respects is proprietary data belonging to Cabletron and/or its suppliers.

For Department of Defense units, the product is licensed with “Restricted Rights” as deﬁned in the DoD Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regulations, Section 52.227-7013 (c) (1) (ii) and its successors, and use, duplication, disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at 252.227-

7013. Cabletron Systems, Inc., 35 Industrial Way, Rochester, New Hampshire 03867-0505.

iv Fast Network 100 User Guide

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Getting Help.................................................................................1-2

1.2 Document Conventions ...............................................................1-2

1.3 Related Documentation............................................................... 1-3

1.4 Overview......................................................................................1-4

1.4.1 OSI Compliance..............................................................1-7

1.5 FN100 Architecture......................................................................1-8

1.5.1 Store and Forward Switching..........................................1-8

1.5.2 Spanning Tree Algorithm................................................1-9

1.5.3 FN100 Bridge Address Table .........................................1-9

1.6 FN100 Applications ...................................................................1-11

1.6.1 Server Farms................................................................1-11

1.6.2 High-Performance Workgroups ....................................1-12

1.6.3 Backbones....................................................................1-13

1.7 FN100 Configurations................................................................1-13

1.7.1 Trunking Configurations................................................1-14

1.7.1.1 Trunking Configuration Examples................1-15

1.7.2 Virtual Switch Configurations........................................1-16

1.7.2.1 Virtual Switch Configuration Examples ........1-17

1.7.3 Workgroups ..................................................................1-18

1.7.3.1 Workgroup Configuration Example ..............1-18

CHAPTER 2 UNPACKING AND INSTALLING THE FN100

2.1 FN100 Panels..............................................................................2-1

2.2 Power Switch...............................................................................2-2

2.3 Installing the FN100.....................................................................2-2

2.3.1 Table-Mounting the FN100.............................................2-2

2.3.2 Rack-Mounting the FN100..............................................2-3

2.3.3 Checking the Power-up Diagnostics Sequence..............2-4

2.4 Connecting the Local Console Manager .....................................2-5

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Contents

2.5 Local Console Manager Overview...............................................2-6

2.6 Command Syntax Conventions ...................................................2-6

2.6.1 Basic LCM Commands....................................................2-7

2.6.1.1 help.................................................................2-8

2.6.1.2 erase...............................................................2-8

2.6.1.3 exit..................................................................2-8

2.6.1.4 logout..............................................................2-8

2.7 Connecting the FN100 to the Network.........................................2-9

2.7.1 Punch-Down Block and Patch Panel Connections..........2-9

2.7.2 Direct Device Connections..............................................2-9

2.7.3 Wiring Considerations ...................................................2-10

CHAPTER 3 CONFIGURING THE FN100

3.1 Assigning IP Addresses...............................................................3-2

3.1.1 Displaying IP Addresses .................................................3-3

3.1.2 Deleting an IP Address....................................................3-3

3.1.3 Changing a Subnet Mask................................................3-4

3.2 Setting Port Speed.......................................................................3-4

3.3 Enabling Bridging.........................................................................3-5

3.4 Disabling Bridging........................................................................3-6

3.5 Displaying Bridging Functions......................................................3-6

3.6 Trunking.......................................................................................3-6

3.7 Disabling Trunking .......................................................................3-8

3.8 Displaying Trunking Status ..........................................................3-8

3.9 Defining and Deleting Virtual Switches......................................3-10

3.9.1 Displaying Virtual Switch Information............................3-11

3.9.2 Creating and Modifying Virtual Switches.......................3-11

3.10 Defining and Deleting Workgroups ............................................3-12

3.11 Local Address Filtering ..............................................................3-14

3.12 Assigning a Community Name...................................................3-15

3.13 Configuring Multicast Storm Protection......................................3-16

3.14 Modifying MIB Variables ............................................................3-17

3.14.1 System Contact.............................................................3-17

3.14.2 System Name................................................................3-18

3.14.3 System Location............................................................3-18

3.14.4 Authentication Password...............................................3-18

3.14.4.1 Set Password................................................3-18

3.14.4.2 Get Password ...............................................3-19

3.14.5 Aging Parameter ...........................................................3-19

vi Fast Network 100 User Guide

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Contents

CHAPTER 4 MONITORING AND MANAGING THE FN100

4.1 FN100 Management Tools.......................................................... 4-1

4.2 FN100 Statistics ..........................................................................4-2

4.2.1 Gathering Statistics.........................................................4-2

4.2.2 System Statistics ............................................................4-3

4.2.3 Ethernet Port Statistics ...................................................4-3

4.2.4 SNMP Statistics..............................................................4-5

4.3 Using LCM to Check FN100 Status.............................................4-6

4.3.1 Displaying Status............................................................4-6

4.3.2 Displaying MAC Addresses ............................................4-8

4.3.3 Displaying Manufacturing Information ..........................4-11

4.4 Using LCM to Manage the FN100............................................. 4-12

4.4.1 Disabling a Port ............................................................4-12

4.4.2 Enabling a Port .............................................................4-13

4.4.2.1 NoRIP Option...............................................4-13

4.4.3 Changing a Subnet Mask .............................................4-14

4.4.4 Changing a Community Name......................................4-14

4.4.5 Setting the Baud Rate...................................................4-15

4.4.6 Setting a Reboot Time..................................................4-16

CHAPTER 5 FN100 DIAGNOSTICS AND TROUBLESHOOTING

5.1 Power-up Diagnostics..................................................................5-1

5.1.1 Power-Up LED Sequence...............................................5-1

5.1.2 Specific Power-Up Tests ................................................5-2

5.1.3 Software Checksum Comparison ...................................5-2

5.1.4 Power-Up Diagnostics Results .......................................5-3

5.2 Responses to Failures at Power Up............................................ 5-3

5.3 Status and Activity Indicators ......................................................5-3

5.4 Troubleshooting...........................................................................5-5

5.4.1 FN100 Does Not Power Up ............................................5-5

5.4.2 Power Supply Fuse.........................................................5-6

5.4.3 Connectivity Problems....................................................5-6

5.4.4 FN100 Has Rebooted.....................................................5-7

5.4.5 FN100 Does Not Respond to NMS.................................5-7

Fast Network 100 User Guide vii

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Contents

APPENDIX A TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

A.1 FN100 Specifications.................................................................. A-1

A.2 Types/Connectors....................................................................... A-3

A.3 Cable Specifications ................................................................... A-3

A.3.1 10BASE-T Cable Specifications..................................... A-3

A.3.2 100BASE-TX Cable Specifications................................. A-4

A.3.3 100BASE-FX Cable Specifications................................. A-4

A.4 Management Cable Pin Assignments......................................... A-5

A.5 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Pin Assignments.......................... A-5

A.5.1 Connectors .....................................................................A-6

A.6 Straight-Through Wiring.............................................................. A-7

A.7 Crossover Wiring ........................................................................ A-7

A.8 Limitations and Restrictions........................................................ A-7

APPENDIX B GLOSSARY

INDEX

viii Fast Network 100 User Guide

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This manual is for system administrators responsible for installing, conﬁguring, monitoring, and maintaining the Cabletron Systems Fast Network 100 (FN100) switch. You should have a familiarity with networking concepts and principles. In addition, a basic understanding of Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is helpful.

This manual provides instructions for using the FN100’s internal Local Console Manager (LCM) to set basic conﬁguration parameters. When it is not possible to use LCM, general instructions and guidelines applicable to most Network Management Software (NMS) systems are provided.

The contents of each chapter are described below.

• Chapter 1, FN100, the features and functions of the FN100, and introduces Cabletron Systems’ Local Console Manager (LCM) for managing the FN100.

• Chapter 2, FN100 front panels, how to install the FN100, ho w to initiate an LCM session, and how to connect the FN100 to the network.

• Chapter 3, conﬁguring the FN100 using LCM. It also provides some common Management Information Base (MIB) variables that you may decide to change through your NMS.

• Chapter 4, monitor FN100 status and statistics. It also describes how to manage the FN100 ports using LCM.

• Chapter 5, FN100 diagnostics and provides information on troubleshooting common problems.

Introduction

Unpacking and Installing the FN100

Configuring the FN100

Monitoring and Managing the FN100

FN100 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

, describes the available conﬁgurations of the

, describes the

, provides instructions for

, describes how to

, describes the

Fast Network 100 User Guide Page 1-1

Page 12

Chapter 1:

Introduction

• Appendix A,

Technical Specifications

, provides the FN100 speciﬁcations and basic 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX cabling pin assignments.

• Appendix B,

Glossary

, provides a glossary of terms both speciﬁc to

the FN100 and common to the networking ﬁeld.

1.1 GETTING HELP

If you need additional support related to this device, or if you have any questions, comments, or suggestions concerning this manual, contact Cabletron Systems Technical Support:

By phone (603) 332-9400

A.M

Monday – Friday; 8 By CompuServe GO CTRON from any ! prompt By Internet mail support@ctron.com By FTP ctron.com (134.141.197.25)

anonymous

your email address

. – 8 P.M. Eastern T ime

1.2 DOCUMENT CONVENTIONS

The following conventions are used throughout this document: LCM commands, prompts, and information displayed by the computer

appear in Courier typeface, for example:

Current Number of Learned Addresses: 133

Information that you enter appears in Courier bold typeface, for example:

FN100 >

Information that you need to enter with a command is represented in capital letters and enclosed in angle brackets < >. For example, you must enter a port number and an IP address to execute the

FN100 >

Field value options appear in bold typeface. F or example, FN100 bridging options include

status

command:

ipaddr 6 192.138.217.40

off, on

, and

noBPDU

ipaddr <PORT#>

Page 1-2 Fast Network 100 User Guide

Page 13

NOTE

TIP

Related Documentation

Note

symbol. Calls the reader’s attention to any item of

information that may be of special importance.

Tip

symbol. Conveys helpful hints concerning procedures or

actions.

CAUTION

Caution

damage to the equipment.

Warning

equipment damage, personal injury or death.

symbol. Contains information essential to avoid

symbol. Warns against an action that could result in

1.3 RELATED DOCUMENTATION

You may need to refer to the following documentation:

•

Fast Network 100 MIB Reference Guide

enterprise MIB.

If you need internetworking reference material, you may ﬁnd the following books helpful:

•

Interconnections, Bridges and Routers,

– contains the

Radia Perlman, Addison

•

Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, Protocols, and Architectur e

•

The Simple Book, An Introduction to Management of TCP/IP-based internets

, Marshall T. Rose, Prentice Hall © Second Edition, 1994.

1.4 OVERVIEW

The FN100 is an intelligent Fast Ethernet switch that supports 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps connectivity on up to 16 ports over Category 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), and 100 Mbps over 62.5/125 micron Multimode

Fast Network 100 User Guide Page 1-3

Page 14

Chapter 1:

Introduction

(MM) ﬁber. The FN100 is available in the four conﬁgurations shown below.

Reset

Ready

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FN100-8

NMS Port

Status

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100

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3X 4X 5X 6X

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Figure 1-1 8 TX Ports and 1 Redundant FX (Fiber Optic) Port (FN100-8)

Status

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3X 4X 5X 6X

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13 14 15 16

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Link Status

Reset

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FN100-16

NMS Port

Figure 1-2 16 TX Ports and 2 Redundant FX Ports (FN100-16)

Figure 1-3 8 FX Ports (FN100-8FX)

TXTXRX

9101112131415

TXTXRX

Figure 1-4 16 FX Ports (FN100-16FX)

TXTXRX

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Link

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Status

Page 1-4 Fast Network 100 User Guide

Page 15

Overview

The FN100 features the following:

• Supports 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 100BASE-FX standards.

• Supports IEEE 802.3u Auto-Negotiation for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX connections.

• Provides full store and forward switching functionality.

• Supports trunking for combining up to 8 links for a total bandwidth of 800 Mbps.

• Lets you deﬁne virtual workgroups to optimize network trafﬁc.

• Allows you to conﬁgure the FN100 into four virtual switches.

• Supports 48-bit IEEE 802 MAC addressing.

• Maintains a learning database of up to 8192 MAC-address entries.

• Implements the Spanning Tree protocol (802.1d).

• Comes with factory-set defaults for plug-and-play capability.

In addition, the FN100 offers features that can help you manage and maintain your network, such as:

• Conﬁguration and management using the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) with either an in-band or out-of-band connection.

• Cabletron Systems Local Console Manager (LCM).

• Protection against multicast storms.

The FN100 contains full store-and-forward functionality and is protocol transparent. This allows the FN100 to bridge different types of network trafﬁc, regardless of the netw ork protocol. The FN100 supports o ver 8000 MAC addresses, with constant learning and aging of the entries associated with each port.

The FN100 supports IEEE 802.1(d) Spanning T ree that allows the design of fully redundant Fast Ethernet topologies. In addition, the FN100 supports Cabletron Systems port trunking feature allowing a number of parallel links to provide a higher aggregate bandwidth.

Fast Network 100 User Guide Page 1-5

Page 16

Chapter 1:

Introduction

To dynamically arbitrate between 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps on each port, the FN100 employs IEEE 802.3u Auto-Negotiation. Auto-Negotiation allows each 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX port on the FN100 to self-conﬁgure to 100 Mbps when the device on the other end of the wire is also capable of self-conﬁguration to 100 Mbps. This is performed automatically via information exchanged between devices sharing the same link without management intervention. The FN100 also pro vides the ability to disable Auto-Negotiation if desired, locally or through remote management.The FN100 is fully SNMP compliant for comprehensive monitoring and control by all popular network management systems. Finally, the FN100 has LEDs for each port indicating link, transmit activity, receive activity, collisions, and port speeds (10/100 Mbps).

1.4.1 OSI Compliance

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO), identiﬁes the levels of functionality inherent in each of its seven layers. The FN100 operates at the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer of the Data Link layer. Figure 1-5 shows the OSI Reference Model.

Application Presentation

6 5

Session Transport

4 3

Network

Data Link

Physical

Figure 1-5 OSI Reference Model

FN100 operates at Layer 2

Because the FN100 does not process any Network Layer information, it provides a high level of performance in terms of packet throughput. In addition, the FN100 does not need to learn network topology, requiring less programming and conﬁguration time.

Page 1-6 Fast Network 100 User Guide

Page 17

FN100 Architecture

1.5 FN100 ARCHITECTURE

The FN100 is based on an architecture that utilizes a high speed switch engine coupled with an AMD 29200 RISC processor for management functions. This architecture provides an efﬁcient mix of optimal performance and intelligence.

The non-blocking design of the FN100 provides wire-speed ﬁltering and forwarding rates for all Fast Ethernet ports, allo wing the device to keep up with incoming packets even when the packet rates on all LANs are at the maximum possible rate.

The high speed scalable switch fabric at the core of the FN100 allows packets to be forwarded through the FN100 at very high rates with minimal latency. The switch fabric in the FN100 supports data rates up to

2.56 Gbps - more than enough for sixteen 100 Mbps ports.

The Address Database Engine is used by the FN100 to make ﬁltering and forwarding decisions. Each time a packet is received, it is placed into packet memory, analyzed for errors, compared against the MAC address and ﬁltering entries in the database, and sent to the appropriate destination port.

1.5.1 Store and Forward Switching

The FN100 is an intelligent Fast Ethernet switch that uses full store and forward switching. Store and forward switching allows the FN100 to temporarily store packets until network resources, typically an unused link, are available for forwarding. This allows for complete error checking, and limits the amount of time between when a device requests access to the network and when it is granted permission to transmit. In addition, full store and forward switching ensures data integrity and prevents error conditions from being generated throughout the network.

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Chapter 1:

Introduction

1.5.2 Spanning Tree Algorithm

The FN100 supports the IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree algorithm. The Spanning Tree algorithm converts multiple LANs into a “spanning tree” of networks that prevents bridging loops. This standard deﬁnes a logical (not physical) network conﬁguration consisting of one extended LAN without active duplicate paths between spanning tree bridges.

The FN100, along with other IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree compliant bridges or switches in the network, dynamically conﬁgure the network topology into a single Spanning T ree by exchanging Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). Typically, each LAN segment is sent one BPDU every two seconds.

When there are multiple FN100 switches connecting LANs in a loop, the Spanning Tree algorithm determines which FN100 should forward packets to the LAN. If there is a cable break or a port failure, the network topology is automatically reconﬁgured by the Spanning Tree protocol to create an alternate path to the LAN.

1.5.3 FN100 Bridge Address Table

The FN100 creates and maintains a dynamic database of addresses called the Bridge Address Table. The FN100 examines every packet to determine its source address and LAN segment origin. It then compares the source address and segment information to the entries in the Bridge Address Table.

If a packet’ s address is not already stored in the Bridge Address Table, the FN100 adds general information including learned address, associated segment number , trunk group information, and virtual switch information. Consequently, the FN100 knows the address and associated segment number the next time it sees that address. By using the information stored in the Bridge Address Table, the FN100 is able to quickly forward each packet to the correct LAN segment.

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Page 19

FN100 Architecture

The FN100 learns addresses from all packets, including data transmissions and “keep alive” packets (packets sent by an idle station to let other stations know it is present and functional). When devices are added to the network, removed from it, or relocated, you do not have to reconﬁgure the FN100. The FN100 automatically learns new device addresses, and recognizes when a previously used address is missing, or when a device has been moved to a new LAN segment.

An address stored in the Bridge Address Table is discarded if there is no subsequent activity from that address after a conﬁgured length of time (ﬁve minutes by default). This aging process ensures that the Bridge Address Table is continually updated.

Each dynamic entry includes:

• An Ethernet MAC address

• A single port number of the LAN on which the address resides

• Trunk group information

• Virtual switch information

The FN100 stores over 8,000 dynamic (learned) entries in its Bridge Address Table.

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Chapter 1:

Introduction

1.6 FN100 APPLICATIONS

The FN100 provides the network designer with complete ﬂexibility and has many applications including:

• Server farms

• High-performance workgroups

• Backbones

1.6.1 Server Farms

FN100

Fast Ethernet

Server Farm

Figure 1-6 Using the FN100 to Create Server Farms

As shown in Figure 1-6, the FN100 replaces conventional Ethernet 10BASE-T hubs and switches to provide each ﬁleserver a dedicated 100 Mbps pipe. The increased bandwidth of switched Fast Ethernet allo ws the FN100 to instantly multiply the available bandwidth, virtually eliminating all collisions and providing a means of dramatically increasing the bandwidth where needed most - at the ﬁleservers.

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Page 21

1.6.2 High-Performance W orkgroups

FN100 Applications

FN100

Figure 1-7 Creating High-Performance Workgroups

FN100

As workstation performance continues to grow, F ast Ethernet switching is the perfect choice for addressing the new bandwidth requirement. Providing the most cost-effective bandwidth compared to other high-speed technologies, the FN100 provides dedicated 100 Mbps to each workstation.

In addition, the FN100 provides the ﬂexibility of allowing workstations with 10BASE-T adapters to be combined in the same workgroup, as shown in Figure 1-7. This allows ﬂexible workgroup networks to be constructed with minimal impact to the design of the rest of the network.

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Chapter 1:

Introduction

1.6.3 Backbones

Studies indicate that backbone congestion is the number one issue facing most networks. The FN100 reduces congestion by increasing the overall aggregate bandwidth between existing routers, switches or hubs.

A Fast Ethernet backbone consisting of one or more FN100 switches that consolidate the trafﬁc needed to traverse to the backbone is shown in Figure 1-8. The FN100 provides the increased bandwidth required to “inter-switch” the existing Ethernet and Token Ring switches.

TXTXRX

Link

Status

9X 10X 11X 12X 13X 14X 15X

Link

Status

14X

13X

15X 16X

X2X3X4X 5X

AUI 1

17X 18X

6X 7X8X9X

3X 4X 5X 6X

20X 21X 22X 23X 24X

19X

10X

11X

1415161718

Link

231456 789101112AB

12X

1920 2122 23

Segment Status

Select

RX Act Col

Usr

9101112

13 1415 16

Link

Port Status Mode

TX Act

100

RX Col Usr

2314567

Status

FN100-16

Select

Ready

Reset

Pwr

NMS Port

Link Status

16X

ResetReady

Pwr

NMS Port

Figure 1-8 Using the FN100 in the Backbone

1.7 FN100 CONFIGURATIONS

This section describes the ways in which the FN100 can be conﬁgured in your network, including

• Trunking conﬁgurations

• Virtual switch conﬁgurations

• Workgroup conﬁgurations

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FN100 Conﬁgurations

1.7.1 Trunking Conﬁgurations

If your network conﬁguration requires you to connect two or more FN100 switches together, but the applications you are running over the network require more than 100 Mbps of bandwidth per connection, you can use the built-in trunking feature to increase bandwidth up to 800 Mbps, without installing additional hardware on your network. The FN100 supports up to 8 trunk groups with 2 to 8 ports per trunk group.

Trunking is a Cabletron Systems proprietary extension to the 802.1D Spanning Tree algorithm. It enables you to use multiple 100BASE-TX or 100BASE-FX Ethernet segments to connect FN100 switches together, while maintaining ﬁrst-in, ﬁrst-out ordering of Ethernet packets. In addition, if any of the Ethernet segments conﬁgured for trunking become inoperable, those Ethernet segments are automatically bypassed.

Figure 1-9 shows two FN100 switches connected by four 100BASE-TX crossover cables. You can connect up to eight ports for sharing the traffic load. Any additional connected ports become standby ports. The connections must be point-to-point. That is, there cannot be any other devices on the Ethernet segments.

FN100

100 Mbps

100BASE-TX Crossover Cables (providing 400 Mbps of bandwidth)

100 Mbps

Figure 1-9 Trunk Connections

100 Mbps

FN100

100 Mbps

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Chapter 1: Introduction

In some wiring closets, it may be easier to connect two FN100

NOTE

switches via an Ethernet concentrator. However, you must make sure that there are no other devices connected to the Ethernet concentrator.

1.7.1.1 Trunking Conﬁguration Examples

The FN100 allows multiple trunk groups with up to eight ports each to be connected between the FN100 and other network devices. This capability provides a scalable dedicated bandwidth of up to 800 Mbps.

For example, local trafﬁc, such as the Manufacturing Department’s internal trafﬁc, can be easily handled by a single, 100 Mbps connection. However, when the Manufacturing Department needs access to the corporate database, the trafﬁc travels over a trunk line, thereby increasing the speed of transmission.

Figure 1-10 illustrates the trunking of multiple FN100 ports to increase the bandwidth.

LAN segments

FN100

LAN segments

Up to 400 Mbps Bandwidth

100 Mbps

100 Mbps 100 Mbps

100 Mbps

Trunk Lines

100 Mbps

Figure 1-10 FN100 Trunking Conﬁguration Example #1

Figure 1-11 illustrates how the FN100 can be used in a backbone network conﬁguration.

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Page 25

Servers

FN100 Conﬁgurations

100BASE-TX Cables

ATX

WAN Router

100BASE-TX

Cables

100 Mbps

FN100

Trunk Lines

FN100

Network Management Station

Workgroup

Hub

Figure 1-11 FN100 Trunking Conﬁguration Example #2

1.7.2 Virtual Switch Conﬁgurations

The FN100 can be conﬁgured as a collection of virtual switches. Virtual switches provide increased bandwidth, enhanced security, and other advantages gained by having multiple switches operating in your network. Speciﬁcally, virtual switches can be used to increase bandwidth between the FN100 and non-Cabletron Systems devices that do not support trunking. You can deﬁne up to four virtual switch groups, and assign any of the FN100 ports to one of these virtual switch groups.

The virtual switch capability breaks the address table into a separate table for each virtual switch that is deﬁned. Each switch group is assigned a switch ID as follows: sw1, sw2, sw3, sw4. The def ault conﬁguration is for all ports to be set to sw1.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.7.2.1 Virtual Switch Conﬁguration Examples

Figure 1-12 shows a 16-port FN100 conﬁgured as two virtual switches, each attached to a separate non-Cabletron Systems device.

Host Connection

Non-Cabletron Systems

Router

100 Mbps

Virtual

Switch 1

Non-Cabletron Systems

100 Mbps

Virtual

Switch 2

(No T rafﬁc)

Host Connection

Router

Figure 1-12 FN100 Virtual Switch Conﬁguration Example #1

FN100

Figure 1-13 shows the FN100 conﬁgured as four virtual switches and attached to a single non-Cabletron Systems device. Each virtual switch provides a separate 100 Mbps connection to the non-Cabletron Systems device.

Non-Cabletron Systems Device

100 Mbps

SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4

100 Mbps

Figure 1-13 FN100 Virtual Switch Conﬁguration Example #2

FN100

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FN100 Conﬁgurations

1.7.3 Workgroups

The FN100 allows you to deﬁne ports for logical groups of associated hosts to create workgroups. Workgroups provide an efﬁcient ﬂow of trafﬁc across an Ethernet network by enabling you to limit broadcasts to logical domains within the network. The FN100 recognizes Workgroup destinations and routes broadcast packets directly to hosts within the workgroup, eliminating the need to perform a general broadcast across each segment of the network to ﬁnd host addresses.

1.7.3.1 Workgroup Conﬁguration Example

Workgroups are created by assigning workgroup IDs to speciﬁc FN100 ports. A port is assigned to one workgroup at a time. Figure 1-14 shows two Ethernet segments using the workgroup feature of the FN100 to increase the bandwidth dedicated to each A and B host.

Router

100 Mbps

Workgroup A

Figure 1-14 Using the FN100 to Create Workgroups

100 Mbps

Workgroup B

FN100

A host from workgroup A can limit a broadcast to all hosts within workgroup A or B and prevent the broadcast from going across the network and adding to the amount of contention for the limited 100 Mbps bandwidth.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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CHAPTER 2

UNPACKING AND INSTALLING THE FN100

Carefully unpack the FN100 from the shipping carton and inspect it for possible damage. If any damage is evident, contact Cabletron Systems. The shipping carton contains:

• The FN100 device

• Console cable kit

• One AC power cord

• Two rack-mounting brackets with fasteners (for rack-mount installation)

• Four stick-on feet (for desktop installation)

• Documentation – In addition to this manual, the Fast Network 100

Quick Setup Instructions, the Fast Network 100 Local Console Manager (LCM) Commands Reference Card, the Fast Network 100 MIB Reference Guide, and Release Notes are also included.

2.1 FN100 PANELS

The FN100 front panel is available in the following conﬁgurations:

• 8-100BASE-TX/10BASE-T (twisted pair) Ethernet ports with one redundant 100BASE-FX ﬁber port (FN100-8)

• 16-100BASE-TX/10BASE-T (twisted pair) Ethernet ports with two redundant 100BASE-FX ﬁber ports (FN100-16)

• 8-100BASE-FX (ﬁber) Ethernet ports (FN100-8FX)

• 16-100BASE-FX (ﬁber) Ethernet ports (FN100-16FX)

Each FN100 also includes an RS232C port for out-of-band management. Figure 2-1 shows the FN100 16-port twisted pair and ﬁber front panels.

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Chapter 2: Unpacking and Installing the FN100

Status

TXTXRX

Link

TXTXRX

9101112131415

9X 10X 11X 12X 13X 14X 15X

3X 4X 5X 6X

TXTXRX

9101112

13 14 15 16

Link

16X

TX Act

Port Status Mode

RX Col Usr

2314567

9101112

TX Act

Port Status Mode

RX Col Usr

2314567

Select

100

13 14 15 16

Select

100

Status

Link Status

Reset

FN100-16

Ready

Pwr

NMS Port

FN100-16FX

Ready

Pwr

NMS Port

Figure 2-1 FN100 16-Port Twisted Pair and Fiber Front Panels

2.2 POWER SWITCH

The power switch is located on the back panel of the FN100. The po wer is ON when the rocker switch is set to 1.

2.3 INSTALLING THE FN100

The FN100 can be either table-mounted or rack-mounted. Follow the applicable instructions in this section to mount your FN100.

2.3.1 Table-Mounting the FN100

If the FN100 is to be table-mounted, install the four stick-on feet on the bottom of the unit, as shown in Figure 2-2. In addition, make sure the unit is within reach of the network cables to which it will be connected.

100 Mbps

Figure 2-2 Installing the Stick-on Feet

100 Mbps

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Installing the FN100

2.3.2 Rack-Mounting the FN100

The table below describes some general considerations you should be aware of before mounting the FN100 in a rack assembly.

Table 2-1 General Considerations for Mounting the FN100

Consideration

Temperature Since the temperature within a rack assembly may

Air Flow Make sure there is at least 2 inches (or more) on

Mechanical Loading Do not place equipment on top of a rack-mounted

Circuit Overloading Make sure the power supply circuit to the rack

Grounding (Earthing) Rack-mounted equipment should be grounded. In

Discussion

be higher than the ambient room temperature, make sure the rack-environment temperature is within the Operating Temperature r ange speciﬁed in Appendix A.

both sides of the FN100 to allow for adequate air ﬂow.

FN100.

assembly is not overloaded.

addition to the direct connections to the main power supplies, make sure all the other supply connections are also grounded.

The FN100 can be rack-mounted in a standard 19-inch equipment cabinet (EIA RS310C). To mount the FN100 in a rack assembly, apply the following steps:

1. Attach the rack-mount brackets to either side of the FN100 chassis.

The FN100 may have been shipped with the rack-mount

NOTE

brackets already installed.

2. Place the FN100 chassis in the cabinet.

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Chapter 2: Unpacking and Installing the FN100

3. Secure the FN100 with the rack-mount fasteners by inserting and securing a fastener through each of the four slots in the rack-mount brackets, as shown in Figure 2-3.

Fasteners

TXTXRX

Link

Status

9X 10X 11X 12X 13X 14X 15X

Link

Status

3X 4X 5X 6X

1314 15 16

9101112

Link Status

Status Mode

Port

TXAct

RXCol Usr

2314567

FN100-16

Select

100

Ready

Reset

Pwr

NMS Port

Link Status

Fasteners

16X

Rack

Figure 2-3 Rack-mounting the FN100

4. Once the FN100 is installed, plug the AC power cord into the AC power connector on the rear of the FN100 chassis. Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-prong grounded outlet.

2.3.3 Checking the Power-up Diagnostics Sequence

Before connecting any devices to the FN100, power on the unit and observe the power-up diagnostics sequence to check for proper operation.

To observe the po wer -up diagnostics sequence completely, you may w ant to repeat it. To restart the power-up sequence, turn the power switch

ON again, or press the reset button on the front panel.

then

OFF,

When you power up the FN100, the following occurs:

1. All LEDs, except for the Port Link LEDs, turn on for one second.

2. The Power (Pwr) LED remains on.

3. The Ready LED starts flashing.

4. After several seconds, the Port Link and ACT LEDs flash briefly.

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Connecting the Local Console Manager

5. After several more seconds, the Ready LED will stay on, indicating

that the power-up diagnostics sequence is complete. In addition, the Port Link LEDs will turn on for those ports with good

links and the Segment Status LEDs will turn on (or flash) when the selected status condition is present.

If the Ready LED does not stay on, contact Cabletron Systems

NOTE

Technical Support. Refer to Chapter 1, Section 1.1, Getting Help.

2.4 CONNECTING THE LOCAL CONSOLE MANAGER

The Local Console Manager (LCM) is a command-line interface for conﬁguring, monitoring, and managing the FN100 through the out-of-band RS232C connection on the front panel.

To connect LCM:

1. Connect your ASCII terminal or terminal emulator to the out-of-band

management RS232C port on the front panel of the FN100 using the console cable kit or a standard 9-pin serial cable. (Only three of the nine wires are necessary: Receive Data, Transmit Data, and Ground.)

For your convenience, a male DB-9 to DB-25 converter is

NOTE

included in the FN100 shipping carton. You may need the converter when connecting to your ASCII terminal or to your terminal emulator.

2. Set the terminal to 9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and no parity.

3. Press the Enter key several times. If the FN100 is operational, LCM

responds with the following prompt:

FN100 >

LCM is now ready to use.

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Chapter 2: Unpacking and Installing the FN100

2.5 LOCAL CONSOLE MANAGER OVERVIEW

The Local Console Manager (LCM) is a command-line interface built into the FN100 that enables you to monitor, manage, and conﬁgure the FN100 through the out-of-band RS232C connection on the front panel attached to any non-intelligent terminal.

You can also use a Cabletron Systems Netw ork Management System, or a standard SNMP-based Network Management System, to manage the FN100. For a list of available FN100 network management tools, see Chapter 4, Section 4.1, FN100 Management Tools.

The following sections describe LCM command syntax and the basic LCM commands for logging in, logging out, and getting help.

• LCM commands used for conﬁguring the FN100 are described in Chapter 3, Configuring the FN100.

• LCM commands used for monitoring and managing the FN100 are described in Chapter 4, Monitoring and Managing the FN100.

NOTE

You can also use the

Manager (LCM) Commands Reference Card

reference for all LCM commands, including each command’s options.

Fast Network 100 Local Console

as a quick

2.6 COMMAND SYNTAX CONVENTIONS

The following conventions apply as you use LCM commands:

• Press the Enter key to execute a command after you type it in.

•A port range is either a single port number, or a list of port numbers separated by commas or hyphens. For example, 3 is port 3; 3,7 are ports 3 and 7; 3-5 are ports 3,4, and 5; and 3-5,7 are ports 3,4,5, and 7.

• To quit any command, press the Control-C keys (^C or Ctrl-C).

• You can abbre viate any command where there is no ambiguity; if there is ambiguity, LCM responds with an error message.

• Commands are not case sensitive.

• Any invalid commands or misspellings will receive an error message.

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Command Syntax Conventions

• A previous command can be repeated by typing !!.

• MAC addresses are displayed in little-endian Ethernet bit order, with

each octet separated by a colon. For example:

FN100 > address 00:40:27:04:1a:0f

• Information that you need to enter with an LCM command is enclosed

in brackets < >. For example, you must enter a port number and an IP address to execute the

FN100 > ipaddr 6 192.138.217.40

ipaddr <PORT#> <IPADDR> command:

• Parameters that appear in all capital letters, for example bridge

<PORTS>

, indicate that you must enter a value for that parameter. If a

string of parameters is displayed between braces, for example

<{off|on|noBPDU}>, you must select one of the displayed options. For

example, if you wanted to enable bridging on a port, or a range of ports, you would enter:

FN100 >bridge 2-4 on

• The default values for ﬁltering command ﬁeld options appear in square

brackets [ ], for example:

Type:[Entry] (Entry/Exit)>

2.6.1 Basic LCM Commands

To manage the FN100 using LCM, you ﬁrst must connect the FN100 to an ASCII terminal or terminal emulator. See Section 2.4, Connecting the Local Console Manager for instructions.

When you want to use LCM, begin by pressing the Enter key several times to get the LCM prompt:

FN100 >

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Chapter 2: Unpacking and Installing the FN100

2.6.1.1 help

Use the help command to display the menu of available commands. Help can also be displayed by typing a question mark (

help

command is displayed below.

FN100 > help

Fast Network 100 Command Console

address [SW#] [display] [any] [ADDR [MASK]] Display learned addresses arp [display] Display the ARP table baud [BAUD-RATE] Display or set console baud rate bridge [PORTS [OPTIONS]] Display or set bridging methods community Change the password/community name disable [PORTS] Display or disable a set of ports enable [PORTS [noRIP]] Display or enable a set of ports erase Erase configuration information exit or logout Logout help [command] or ? [command] Display this menu or command usage ident Display unit identification ipaddr [PORT# IPADDR [MASK]] Display or set IP addresses localfilter [PORTS] [hardware | software] Display or set local filtering reboot {SECONDS | off} Re-boot the unit after SECONDS routes display [IPADDR] Display routing table information speed [PORTS] [auto|[man 10|100]] Display or set port speed status [PORTS] Display unit and port status sttimer [SW# [TIMER-VALUE]] Display or set st age time trunk [PORTS [{on | off}]] Display or set trunking status vswitch [SW#] [EDIT_MODE [PORTS]] Display or set virtual switch workgroup [NAME [delete | PORTS [TYPE]]] Display or set workgroups

?). The output from the

2.6.1.2 erase

Use the erase command to erase the current FN100 conﬁguration and return to factory defaults. This sets the IP address on Port 1 to

192.0.2.1

(default) when the FN100 is rebooted.

2.6.1.3 exit

Use the exit command to log out of LCM. (The exit command is functionally equivalent to the

logout command.)

2.6.1.4 logout

Use the logout command to log out of LCM. (The logout command is functionally equivalent to the

exit command.)

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Connecting the FN100 to the Network

2.7 CONNECTING THE FN100 TO THE NETWORK

Installations vary depending on existing wiring, application objectives, and other considerations. Be sure to have your current network topology map available or contact your network administrator.

You can connect network devices to the FN100 via a 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, or 100BASE-FX cable directly, or via a punch-down block or patch panel located in a wiring closet. Individual de vices are then connected to the FN100.

2.7.1 Punch-Down Block and Patch Panel Connections

For each network de vice you connect to the FN100 through a punch-down block or patch panel, do the following:

1. Connect one end of the 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, or 100BASE-FX

cable to the network interface card on the device.

2. Connect the other end of the cable to a connector on the punch-down

block or patch panel.

3. Connect one end of a second cable to the connector on the punch-down

block or patch panel.

4. Connect the other end of the second cable to a numbered port on the

FN100.

2.7.2 Direct Device Connections

For each network device you connect directly to the FN100, do the following:

1. Connect one end of the 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, or 100BASE-FX

cable to the network interface card on the device.

2. Connect the other end of the cable to a numbered port on

the FN100.

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Chapter 2: Unpacking and Installing the FN100

2.7.3 Wiring Considerations

Each port on the FN100 has built-in internal crossovers. If the network device you are connecting to the FN100 has an internal crossover design, use an internal crossover cable. If the device you are connecting has a straight-through design, use a straight-through cable.

For more information about straight-through and crossover wiring considerations, refer to Appendix A.

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CHAPTER 3

CONFIGURING THE FN100

The FN100 does not require any additional conﬁguration to operate as a standard, transparent switch. However, if you want to use any of the FN100 advanced functions, such as workgroups, you must ﬁrst assign an IP (Internet Protocol) address to any of the ports on the FN100 that you use to communicate with a Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) manager.

To initially assign an IP address, you can use the Local Console Manager (LCM). For more information, see Section 3.1, Assigning IP Addresses.

Once you have assigned an IP address, you can use any of the following network management tools to conﬁgure and manage the FN100:

• Any SNMP-based NMS. Conﬁguration parameters are stored in an SNMP standard Management

Information Base (MIB). All FN100 MIB variables are listed and described in the Fast Network 100 MIB Reference Guide.

There are some conﬁguration options that cannot be

NOTE

conﬁgured using LCM commands. You may need to modify your conﬁguration using an NMS. See Section 3.14, Modifying MIB Variables.

The following sections describe how to conﬁgure the FN100 using LCM commands, including:

• Assigning IP addresses

• Enabling and disabling bridging

• Displaying bridging functions

• Enabling and disabling trunking

• Displaying trunking status

• Deﬁning and deleting workgroups and virtual switches

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Chapter 3: Conﬁguring the FN100

• Assigning a community name

You can use the LCM erase command to erase all

NOTE

conﬁguration information on the next system reset. If you are using a network management tool other than LCM,

refer to its accompanying documentation.

3.1 ASSIGNING IP ADDRESSES

IP addresses for each port must be unique. IP addresses are divided into classes based on what portion of the address is network or port information. The address classes are A, B, and C.

• Class A addresses are used in very large networks that support many ports. The ﬁrst byte identiﬁes the network and the other three bytes identify the node. The ﬁrst byte of a class A address must be in the range 1-126. The address 100.125.110.10 would identify node

125.110.10 on network 100.

• Class B addresses are used for medium sized networks. The ﬁrst two bytes identify the network and the last two identify the node. The ﬁrst byte of a class B address must be in the range 128-191. The address

128.150.50.10 identiﬁes node 50.10 on network 128.150.

• Class C addresses are used for small networks. The ﬁrst three bytes identify the network and the last byte identiﬁes the port. The ﬁrst byte of a class C address must be in the range 192-223. The address

192.138.217.10 identiﬁes node 10 on network 192.138.217.

ipaddr <PORT#> <IPADDR> command allows you to assign an IP

The address to a port.

For example, ipaddr 6 192.138.217.40 w ould set the IP address of Port 6 to 192.138.217.40. LCM responds by displaying the IP address table, as shown under the

Entering erase to erase the current FN100 configuration sets

NOTE

the IP address on Port 1 to 192.0.2.1 (default) when the FN100 is rebooted.

ipaddr command on page 3-3.

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Assigning IP Addresses

3.1.1 Displaying IP Addresses

Use the ipaddr command to display IP addresses, subnet masks, and MAC addresses of all ports on the FN100 you are conﬁguring.

LCM displays the current IP address table, for example:

FN100 > ipaddr

Port IP Address Address Mask MAC Address 1 198.113.121.149 255.255.255.0 00:40:27:07:b6:f6 2 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:f7 3 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:f8 4 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:f9 5 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:fa 6 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:fb 7 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:fc 8 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:fd

3.1.2 Deleting an IP Address

Use the ipaddr <PORT#> 0.0.0.0 command to delete an IP address.

FN100 > ipaddr 6 0.0.0.0

LCM responds by redisplaying the current IP address table.

3.1.3 Changing a Subnet Mask

You can optionally set the subnet mask for a port using the ipaddr

<PORT#> <IPADDR> <MASK>

mask used in IP to specify a subnet. If the subnet mask is 0.0.0.0, the FN100 automatically conv erts the displayed mask to the standard def ault, based on the IP address class of the port. (Class A address masks are

255.0.0.0, Class B address masks are 255.255.0.0, Class C address masks are 255.255.255.0.)

FN100 > ipaddr 6 192.138.217.40 255.255.240.0

command. A subnet mask is a 32-bit address

For example, typing the above command sets the subnet mask for port 6 to 255.255.240.0. LCM responds by displaying the current address table.

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Chapter 3: Conﬁguring the FN100

When you change the subnet mask for a port, you must also

NOTE

enter the IP address for that port. Be sure to enter the port’s IP address correctly; whatever you enter becomes the IP address.

3.2 SETTING PORT SPEED

Use the LCM speed command to select a bandwidth of 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps for each port. The options include:

• auto - (default) Allows the FN100 to auto-detect the maximum bandwidth available for the port(s) based on the existing connection.

• 10 - Lets you manually set the bandwidth for speciﬁed port(s) to 10 Mbps (excluding ports with 100BASE-FX connections).

• 100 - Lets you manually set the bandwidth for speciﬁed port(s) to 100 Mbps (limited to the maximum available port speed).

The full syntax for the command is as follows:

speed <PORTS> <auto|10|100>

For example, to manually set the port speed on port 7 to 100 Mbps:

FN100 > speed 7 100

LCM responds:

Port 7 Speed: 100

Use the speed <PORTS> command to display existing port speed settings. For example, to display ports speed settings for ports 1-5:

FN100 > speed 1-5

LCM responds:

Port 1 Speed: auto (100) Port 2 Speed: auto (100) Port 3 Speed: auto (100) Port 4 Speed: auto (10) Port 5 Speed: auto (10)

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Enabling Bridging

3.3 ENABLING BRIDGING

Use the LCM bridge command to set bridging options for a single port or a range of ports. The options include:

• off

• on (the default with BPDU enabled)

• noBPDU

BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) is a data unit transmitted as part of the IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree protocol. The exchange of BPDUs allows bridges within a network to logically conﬁgure the network as a single spanning tree.

Selecting the noBPDU option could make your network

NOTE

inoperable because the FN100 would be unable to detect loops.

Use the

bridge <PORTS <{off|on|noBPDU}>> command to enable bridging

for a port or port range. For example, to turn on bridging for port 2:

FN100 > bridge 2 on

LCM responds:

Port 2 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging

3.4 DISABLING BRIDGING

Use the bridge <PORTS> off command to turn off the bridging function for a port or port range. For example, to turn off bridging for port 2:

FN100 > bridge 2 off

LCM responds:

Port 2 Sw1 bridging: Off

3.5 DISPLAYING BRIDGING FUNCTIONS

Use the bridge command to display the bridging functions that are enabled for all ports.

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Chapter 3: Conﬁguring the FN100

FN100 > bridge

LCM responds with a list of all ports and the bridging function that is enabled.

Port 1 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 2 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 3 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 4 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 5 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 6 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 7 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging Port 8 Sw1 bridging: Transparent Bridging

You could also use the bridge <PORTS> command to look at a speciﬁc range of ports. For example

bridge 2-4 would display bridging functions

for ports 2, 3, and 4.

3.6 TRUNKING

Trunking enables you to use multiple Ethernet segments to connect Fast Network switches together, providing greater aggregate bandwidth.

Each set of connections between two FN100 switches is called a Trunk Group. You can create several Trunk Groups to interconnect your FN100 switches. Each FN100 can have up to eight Trunk Groups.

For example, if you ha ve three FN100 switches (A, B, and C), as sho wn in Figure 3-1, you could connect them using a single Ethernet segment. However, that w ould limit the interconnection to 100 Mbps. To solve this problem, you could connect A to B with one Trunk Group, and connect B to C with a second Trunk Group.

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Trunking

FN100 A

FN100 B

FN100 C

Trunk Group #1

Trunk Group #2

100 Mbps

Figure 3-1 Trunk Groups

100 Mbps

To enable trunking for the example shown above, you would:

1. Connect the desired ports of the FN100 switches together using

crossover cables. If Switch A is handling only a small number of users, the A to B Trunk

Group could have just two ports per FN100. If Switches B and C are expected to interconnect many users, you could use up to eight ports in the B to C Trunk Group.

2. Using the

trunk <PORTS> command, turn on trunking for the connected

ports on each FN100. For FN100 A, at the LCM prompt: a. Type

trunk 1,2 on

For FN100 B, at the LCM prompt: b. Type

trunk 1-8,9-10 on

For FN100 C, at the LCM prompt: c. Type

trunk 1-8 on

Each FN100 determines which ports are part of which Trunk Group. After Trunk Group configuration, the FN100 switches complete the

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standard 802.1D Spanning Tree state changes, treating each Trunk Group as a single 802.1D Spanning Tree port.

802.1D Spanning Tree takes about thirty seconds to resolve which FN100 ports are to become forwarding ports. As ports within a Trunk Group become forwarding ports, traffic within the Trunk Group is momentarily halted to guarantee the first-in, first-out ordering of the Ethernet packets.

The Fast Network-to-Fast Network connections must be

NOTE

point-to-point. There cannot be any other devices on those Ethernets. The ports used for trunking can be in any order. However, both ends of the Fast Network-to-Fast Network connections must hav e trunking turned on for the ports that are being used for the connections.

3.7 DISABLING T RUNKING

Use the trunk <PORTS> off command to turn off trunking. For example:

> trunk 2-4 off

3.8 DISPLAYING T RUNKING STATUS

Use the trunk <PORTS> command to check the status of your current trunking conﬁguration.

FN100 > trunk 2-4

LCM responds:

FN100 > trunk 2-4

Port 2 trunking joined to Bridge MAC Addr 00:40:27:00:06:1f IP Addr 192.138.217.1 Port 3 trunking joined to Bridge MAC Addr 00:40:27:00:06:c3 IP Addr 192.138.200.2 Port 4 trunking joined to Bridge MAC Addr 00:50:36:00:07:4a IP Addr 192.140.250.7

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Displaying T runking Status

The following conditions can be displayed:

• Closed (or Oneway) — Trunking is enabled, and the Trunking

Protocol is attempting to establish a trunk connection.

• Heldown — Trunking is enabled, but the trunk connection was

rejected. After a short time-out period, another attempt is automatically initiated to establish a good trunk connection.

• Joined — Trunking is enabled, and the Trunking Protocol has

established a good trunk connection.

• Off — Trunking is not enabled.

• Perturbed — Trunking is enabled, and a good trunk connection has

been established. However, the forwarding of data packets is temporarily suspended to allow for a change in the membership of the Trunk Group.

Use the

status <PORTS> command to check the status for ports conﬁgured

for trunking.

FN100 > status 1

LCM responds:

Port 1 Status

Bridging: Transparent Bridging Enabled/Disabled: Enabled, Rip listening Spanning Tree: Forwarding Trunking State: Off Speed: auto (10) Virtual Switch: Sw1 Work Group: (None) Hardware State: Up Pkts Transmitted: 215119 Pkts Received: 179539521 Link Status: Up (1 outage) Total Collisions: 1492 Excess Collisions: 0 RX Missed Pkts: 0 RX Dropped Mgmt Pkts: 0 RX CRC/Align Errs: 0 Internal RX Errs: 0 Internal TX Errs: 0

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The following conditions can be displayed in the Trunking State ﬁeld:

• Broken — Trunking is enabled, but the port in non-operational.

• Closed (or Oneway) — Trunking is enabled, and the Trunking Protocol is attempting to establish a trunk connection.

• Heldown — Trunking is enabled, but the trunk connection was rejected. After a short time-out period, another attempt is automatically initiated to establish a good trunk connection.

• Joined — Trunking is enabled, and the Trunking Protocol has established a good trunk connection.

• Off — Trunking is not enabled.

• Perturbed — Trunking is enabled, and a good trunk connection is established. However, the forwarding of data packets is temporarily suspended to allow for a change in Trunk Group membership.

3.9 DEFINING AND DELETING VIRTUAL SWITCHES

The FN100 can be conﬁgured as a collection of virtual switches. You can deﬁne up to four virtual switch groups, and assign any of the FN100 ports to one of these virtual switch groups.

Use the LCM command, switches. The full syntax of the command is as follows:

vswitch <SW#> <EDIT_MODE> <PORTS>>

The options for SW# include:

• sw1 - Virtual switch 1

• sw2 - Virtual switch 2

• sw3 - Virtual switch 3

• sw4 - Virtual switch 4

The options for EDIT_MODE include:

vswitch, to create, modify, and delete virtual

• append - Appends ports to an existing virtual switch

• create - Creates a virtual switch consisting of speciﬁed ports (default)

• remove - Removes ports from an existing virtual switch

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3.9.1 Displaying Virtual Switch Information

Use the vswitch command to display all of the virtual switch conﬁgurations deﬁned by the FN100.

FN100 > vswitch

LCM responds:

Virtual Switch: Sw1: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Sw2: 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 Sw3: Sw4:

Use the vswitch <SW#> command to display information about a speciﬁc workgroup. For example:

FN100 > vswitch sw1

LCM responds:

Virtual Switch: Sw1: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

3.9.2 Creating and Modifying Virtual Switches

Use the vswitch <SW#> create <PORTS> command to create a virtual switch consisting of the speciﬁed port(s). For example:

FN100 > vswitch sw1 create 2-5

LCM responds:

Virtual Switch: Sw1: 2,3,4,5

Since all ports are assigned to SW1 by default, assigning

NOTE

speciﬁc ports to SW1 will disable bridging capabilities for the remaining ports. Only NMS functions are available for the unassigned ports.

Use the vswitch <SW#> append <PORTS> command to append ports to an existing virtual switch conﬁguration. For example:

FN100 > vswitch sw1 append 6,8

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LCM responds:

Virtual Switch: Sw1: 2,3,4,5,6,8

Use the vswitch <SW#> remove <PORTS> command to remove ports from an existing virtual switch conﬁguration. For example:

FN100 > vswitch sw1 remove 2-4

LCM responds:

Virtual Switch: Sw1: 5,6,8

3.10 DEFINING AND DELETING WORKGROUPS

The FN100 allows you to deﬁne logical groups of associated hosts to create workgroups that provide a more ef ﬁcient ﬂo w of traf ﬁc across your Ethernet network.

Workgroups offer you the ability to limit broadcasts to logical domains within the network. Workgroup destinations are recognized by the FN100 and packets are routed directly to hosts within the workgroup, eliminating the need to perform a general broadcast across each segment of the network to ﬁnd speciﬁc host addresses.

Use the LCM command,

workgroup, to create, modify, and delete

workgroups. The full syntax of the command is as follows:

workgroup <NAME <{delete | PORTS}>>

Use the workgroup command to display all of the workgroups deﬁned by the FN100.

FN100 > workgroup

Use the workgroup <NAME> command to display information about a speciﬁc workgroup. For example:

FN100 > workgroup a

Use the workgroup <NAME> delete command to delete a workgroup. For example:

FN100 > workgroup a delete

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Deﬁning and Deleting Workgroups

Use the workgroup <NAME> <PORTS> command to create or modify the port list for a speciﬁc workgroup. For example:

FN100 > workgroup a 2-6

Figure 3-2 shows the FN100 with two deﬁned workgroups (A and B). Workgroup A uses ports 1 through 3, and workgroup B uses ports 5 and 7. Port 11 connects a segment that contains both workgroup A and workgroup B hosts:

Router

FN100

Workgroup A

100 Mbps

Workgroup B

Figure 3-2 Deﬁning Workgroups

The LCM commands used to create the above conﬁguration are as follows:

1. To create workgroup A on ports 1, 2, 3, 11, and 12:

FN100 > workgroup A 1-3,11,12

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LCM responds:

Name: a Ports: 1, 2, 3, 11, 12 Type: All

2. To create workgroup B on ports 5, 7, 15:

FN100 > workgroup B 5,7,15

LCM responds:

Name: b Ports: 5, 7, 15 Type: All

Port 11 has been assigned to a segment that includes hosts that belong to workgroup A and workgroup B. Port 12 connects workgroup A to the router and port 15 connects workgroup B to the router.

3.11 LOCAL ADDRESS FILTERING

The localfilter command determines whether the per-port ﬁltering of local addresses is performed by hardware or software. The option you choose depends on the type of performance you want and the application of your FN100. Options include:

hardware - local address ﬁltering performed by hardware. This option is a good choice in environments where the FN100 is primarily handling local trafﬁc. This option provides optimal buffer utilization, but with limited observability into packet error statistics. You would most likely use this option if you were connecting the FN100 to devices such as concentrators.

software - local address ﬁltering performed by software. This option is a good choice when you want greater observability of packet error statistics, and in environments with less local traf ﬁc. Ho we v er, this option does not maximize buffer utilization ef ﬁciency. Y ou w ould most likely use this option if you were connecting the FN100 to devices such as switches and user nodes.

The full syntax for the command is as follows:

localfilter <PORTS> <hardware|software>

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The localfilter command displays the current ﬁltering option for all ports:

FN100 > localfilter Usage: localfilter [PORT-RANGE [hardware | software]] Port 1 - Filtertype : Software Port 2 - Filtertype : Software Port 3 - Filtertype : Software Port 4 - Filtertype : Software Port 5 - Filtertype : Software Port 6 - Filtertype : Hardware Port 7 - Filtertype : Hardware Port 8 - Filtertype : Hardware

The localfilter <PORTS> command displays settings for local trafﬁc ﬁltering for the speciﬁed ports.

FN100-fesw> localfilter 3,5,7 Usage: localfilter [PORT-RANGE [hardware | software]] Port 3 - Filtertype : Software Port 5 - Filtertype : Software Port 7 - Filtertype : Hardware

The localfilter <PORTS> [hardware | software] command lets you select whether ﬁltering of local trafﬁc is being performed by hardware or software. For example, to set the softw are to perform local traf ﬁc ﬁltering for ports 6-8:

FN100-fesw> localfilter 6,7,8 software Usage: localfilter [PORT-RANGE [hardware | software]] Port 6 - Filtertype : Software Port 7 - Filtertype : Software Port 8 - Filtertype : Software

3.12 ASSIGNING A COMMUNITY NAME

A community name is similar to a password. You use the same steps to assign a new community name or to change an existing community name. This sets the MIB variable community name to perform any empty string that allows you to enter your community name.

sfadminAnyPass. You can then enter a

SNMP sets. The default password is an

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Use the community command to assign a community name. At the LCM prompt:

1. Type community

2. Enter the old community name. If one has not been assigned, you do not need to enter anything. LCM

prompts you for the new community name.

3. Enter the new community name. LCM prompts you to verify the new community name by retyping it.

4. Retype the new community name.

3.13 CONFIGURING MULTICAST STORM PROTECTION

The FN100 provides automatic protection against multicast storms. Multicast storms are excessiv e broadcasts to all ports, typically caused by a malfunctioning device. They can result in severe network performance problems, including causing the network to crash.

T o protect against multicast storms, you must deﬁne an acceptable rate for multicast trafﬁc across a port. Each FN100 port can be individually conﬁgured for automatic multicast storm protection. You deﬁne what level of multicasts the FN100 will recognize as a multicast storm by specifying the number of multicast packets that can be transmitted within a given time period.

LCM does not allow you to conﬁgure for multicast storm

NOTE

protection. You must use a SNMP-based NMS. See the documentation that came with your NMS for conﬁguration instructions.

For example, if you conﬁgure the FN100 to transmit onto Port 3 no more than ﬁve multicasts per 60 seconds, any multicasts destined for Port 3 are discarded after the ﬁrst ﬁve multicasts. After 60 seconds have elapsed, another ﬁve multicasts to Port 3 will be allowed. This maintains an effective maximum rate of ﬁve multicast packets per minute.

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Modifying MIB Variables

The two Management Information Base (MIB) variables for conﬁguring multicast storm protection are:

• sfifTxStormCnt – specifies the maximum number of multicasts that

can be broadcast within the given time.

• sfiTxStormTime – specifies the period of time that the maximum

number of multicasts can be broadcasted.

Refer to the Fast Network 100 MIB Reference Guide for a complete listing and description of MIB variables.

3.14 MODIFYING MIB VARIABLES

Speciﬁc instructions for controlling FN100 operations, modifying parameters, and so on, depend on the NMS you are using. This manual provides instructions for using LCM commands. However, LCM commands do not exist for all conﬁguration options. You may need to modify your conﬁguration using an NMS.

This section provides several common MIB variables you may want to change. Refer to the Fast Network 100 MIB Reference Guide for a complete listing and description of MIB variables.

Each variable is ﬁrst described in words, and is then identiﬁed in MIB form, for example,

sfadminGetPass - {sfadmin 3}. The Display String

line shows the range of v alues that can be used for the gi ven parameter. In each case, the DisplayString is a string of ASCII characters.

3.14.1 System Contact

The system contact parameter identiﬁes the contact person who is responsible for operating the FN100. Typically, this parameter includes the person’s name, company or division name, and telephone number.

sysContact - {system 4} DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))

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3.14.2 System Name

The system name is a name assigned to the FN100 by the network administrator. By convention, the system name is the fully qualiﬁed domain name. (This name then becomes the LCM prompt.)

sysName - {system 5} DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))

3.14.3 System Location

The system location identiﬁes the physical location of the FN100.

sysLocation - {system 6} DisplayString (SIZE (0..255))

3.14.4 Authentication Password

The set password and get password variables (from the proprietary MIB), must be initialized with the correct authentication passwords.

All requests from any SNMP manager contain a community name ﬁeld. For set requests, the community name must match the set password; otherwise, the request will be rejected by the FN100. For get requests, the community name must match either the set password or the get password.

3.14.4.1Set Password

The set password variable (sfadminAnyPass) must be set to the value of the community name used by the SNMP manager for performing either set or get operations. A zero length password means that any community name is acceptable.

sfadminAnyPass - {sfadmin 2} DisplayString (SIZE (0..24))

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3.14.4.2Get Password

The get password variable (sfadminGetPass) must be set to the value of the community name used by the SNMP manager for performing get operations. A zero length password means that any community name is acceptable.

sfadminGetPass - {sfadmin 3} DisplayString (SIZE (0..24))

3.14.5 Aging Parameter

Dynamic (learned) addresses are automatically deleted from the FN100 Bridge Address Table after a certain length of time. The aging time default is ﬁve minutes, as set by the IEEE 802.1d standard. You can change the aging time using the MIB variable

The FN100 continually compares the actual age of each dynamic address against the age speciﬁed by the dot1dTpAgingTime parameter, and deletes any addresses that are older than the age speciﬁed (or older than ﬁve minutes if you are using the default). Typically, there is no need to set the aging time to a very small number because the FN100 Bridge Address Table supports over 8000 addresses.

dot1dTpAgingTime.

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CHAPTER 4

MONITORING AND MANAGING THE FN100

Monitoring the FN100 consists of collecting and analyzing statistics and system status information.

You can use the Select button on the front panel of the FN100 to monitor segment status on any of the Ethernet ports. See Status and Activity Indicators in Chapter 5 for a description of the status options.

Basic management of the FN100 consists of disabling or enabling Ethernet ports, changing subnet masks, setting the community name for the FN100, and changing the baud rate for your Local Console Manager (LCM) connection.

4.1 FN100 MANAGEMENT TOOLS

LCM is a command-line interface built into the FN100 that enables you to monitor and manage the FN100 through the out-of-band RS232C connection attached to any non-intelligent terminal. You can also use one of the following Cabletron Systems Network Management Stations (NMSs), or a standard SNMP-based NMS to manage the FN100:

• Any SNMP-based NMS.

4.2 FN100 STATISTICS

The FN100 gathers statistics that help you build a comprehensive proﬁle of the network trafﬁc ﬂow between each Local Area Network (LAN), as well as the network trafﬁc ﬂow to and from each Ethernet port on the FN100.

FN100 statistics are divided into the following groups:

• System statistics

• Ethernet port statistics

• SNMP statistics You can use this information to analyze your overall network

performance and to make conﬁguration changes as necessary. For

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example, Ethernet port statistics help you identify network devices that require high bandwidth, and therefore should be connected through a dedicated, rather than a shared, network connection. In addition, Ethernet port statistics help you identify a network device that is the source of numerous multicast packets due to a possible malfunction.

4.2.1 Gathering Statistics

For purposes of network management, managed objects, such as the FN100, must be identiﬁed. Creation of a managed object is achieved by placing its identiﬁer, and a set of management information appropriate to its class, in the Management Information Database (MIB).

Using the MIB variables, you can obtain a detailed analysis of your network by combining statistics for each source network, destination network, and source and destination port. The Fast Network 100 MIB Reference Guide contains the SNMP MIB variables you need to monitor and manage the FN100.

4.2.2 System Statistics

For each FN100, the following system statistics are available:

• The number of seconds since the FN100 was last reset.

• The number of spanning tree topology changes that have occurred since the FN100 was last reset.

• The time since a topology change was last initiated.

• The physical location of the FN100.

• The name and address of the contact person for the FN100.

• The name of the FN100.

• The current number of dynamic (learned) addresses.

To check FN100 system status using LCM, see Section 4.3,

NOTE

Using LCM to Check FN100 Status.

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FN100 Statistics

4.2.3 Ethernet Port Statistics

Ethernet statistics help you analyze network activity and utilization, and in some cases, indicate faulty equipment or cabling. For each Ethernet port connection on the FN100, the following statistics are available:

• The number of packets received from the port.

The packets are broken down into the following categories by type of destination address:

- Known individual destination address

- Unknown individual destination address

- Multicast address (other than broadcast)

- Broadcast address

- Individual node management packets

- Multicast node management packets (other than broadcast)

- Broadcast node management packets

• The number of bytes in the received packets.

• The number of bytes in the packets that were forwarded.

• The total number of packets transmitted to the LAN.

The packets are broken down into the following categories by type of destination address:

- Known individual destination address

- Unknown individual destination address

- Multicast address (other than broadcast)

- Broadcast address

- Individual node management packets

- Multicast node management packets (other than broadcast)

- Broadcast node management packets

• The number of bytes in the transmitted packets.

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• The number of packets not transmitted to the LAN. The packets are broken down into the following categories:

- Not sent due to congestion

- Not sent due to multicast storm protection

• The number of received Frame Check Sequence (FCS) errors detected.

• The number of missed packets due to receive queue overﬂows.

• The number of received packets with frame alignment errors.

• The number of packet transmissions that were initially deferred due to the media being busy.

• The number of packets not transmitted due to excessive collisions.

• The number of packets transmitted with one collision.

• The number of packets transmitted with multiple collisions.

• The number of RX and TX collisions.

All statistics counters are cleared when the FN100 is reset or

NOTE

when Ethernet ports are re-enabled.

4.2.4 SNMP Statistics

The following statistics relate speciﬁcally to SNMP. The Management Information Base (MIB) variable that collects the statistics is provided in square brackets.

• The number of SNMP PDUs received. [

• The number of SNMP PDUs created. [

• The number of SNMP PDUs received with an unsupported SNMP version. [snmpInBadVersions]

snmpInPkts]

snmpOutPkts]

• The number of SNMP PDUs received with an unrecognized SNMP community name. [snmpInBadCommunityNames]

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• The number of SNMP PDUs received with an authentication failure.

snmpInBadCommunityUses]

[

• The number of SNMP PDUs received with an ASN.1 parsing error

while being decoded. [snmpInASNParseErrs]

• The total number of MIB objects which have been successfully

retrieved as a result of SNMP GetRequest or GetNext PDUs.

snmpInTotalReqVars]

[

• The total number of MIB objects which have been successfully altered

as a result of SNMP SetRequest PDUs. [snmpInTotalSetVars]

• The total number of SNMP GetRequest PDUs received and processed

with no errors. [snmpInGetRequests]

• The total number of SNMP GetNext PDUs received and processed

with no errors. [snmpInGetNexts]

• The total number of SNMP SetRequest PDUs received and processed

with no errors. [snmpInSetRequests]

• The total number of SNMP PDUs created with a value of

PDU’ s

ErrorStatus. [snmpOutTooBigs]

• The total number of SNMP PDUs created with a value of

in the PDU’s

ErrorStatus. [snmpOutNoSuchNames]

• The total number of SNMP PDUs created with a value of

the PDU’s

ErrorStatus. [snmpOutBadValues]

• The total number of SNMP PDUs created with a value of

PDU’ s

ErrorStatus. [snmpOutGenErrs]

tooBig in the

noSuchName

badValue in

genErr in the

• The total number of SNMP GetResponse PDUs created.

[snmpOutGetResponses]

• The total number of SNMP Trap PDUs created. [

snmpOutTraps]

4.3 USING LCM TO CHECK FN100 STATUS

The LCM commands that enable you to quickly check on the status of the FN100 include:

• Status

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• Address display

• Ipaddr

• Ident

These LCM commands are described in the sections that follow.

4.3.1 Displaying Status

Use the status command to display the status of the FN100 and automatically page through the status of all of the Ethernet ports, pausing at each information screen.

You can also use the status command to display status for

NOTE

individual Ethernet ports by typing status and specifying a port number .

For example, to display status information for all FN100 ports:

FN100 > status

LCM displays:

Software Currently Running: FN100 Mon 11/13/95 09:01:21 Next Bootstrap (2nd bank) : FN100 Mon 11/13/95 09:01:21

Power-up test failures: none

Current unit temperature is normal.

System Up Time: 2 days, 18:48:18

Current Number of Learned Addresses: Virtual Switch 1: 0 Virtual Switch 2: 0

Type <Return> to continue the display ... >

Press the Return key to display additional status information.

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Port RX Packets TX Packets Collisions Erred Packets 1 179539521 215252 1492 0 2 179529809 83296 981 0 3 179525816 83296 904 0 4 179524026 83289 928 0 5 179585909 172032 1258 0 6 179515393 82167 1029 2 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 . . . 16

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You can continue to press the Return key to display status information for each individual port.

Port 1 Status

Bridging: Transparent Bridging Enabled/Disabled: Enabled, Rip listening Spanning Tree: Forwarding Trunking State: Off Speed: auto (10) Virtual Switch: Sw1 Work Group: (None) Hardware State: Up Pkts Transmitted: 215265 Pkts Received: 179539521 Link Status: Up (1 outage) Total Collisions: 1492 Excess Collisions: 0 RX Missed Pkts: 6998082 RX Dropped Mgmt Pkts: 0 RX CRC/Align Errs: 0 Internal RX Errs: 0 Internal TX Errs: 0 Type <Return> to display port 2 status ... >

If you do not want to vie w the status of each Ethernet port, use

NOTE

the Ctrl-C keys to return to the LCM prompt.

You can view the status for multiple of ports by typing status and indicating the range of port numbers, for example

status 2-6.

4.3.2 Displaying MAC Addresses

Use the address display command to display all MAC addresses in the FN100 Bridge Address Table. The display includes:

• The MAC address

• Type of address, including:

- Dynamic (learned)

- Ethernet port (for the MAC address of an Ethernet port)

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- BPDU (the MAC address to which all BPDUs are directed)

- Reserved (the address reserved by 802.1d, but not yet assigned)

- All LANs (the addresses reserved by 802.1d for network management)

• Port number

• Virtual switch number The display automatically pauses with each screen of information.

Addresses are displayed in random order; for example, address 02:00:00:00:00:00 may appear after address 04:00:00:00:00:00.

Use the

address display any command to display all MAC addresses.

FN100 > address display any

LCM responds with a list of all MAC addresses, their associated ports, the type, age, and number of frames from and to that address.

Address Type Port Sw# 00:40:27:07:b7:05 Port 16 * 00:40:27:07:b7:04 Port 15 * 00:40:27:07:b7:03 Port 14 * 00:40:27:07:b7:02 Port 13 * 00:40:27:07:b7:01 Port 12 * 00:40:27:07:b7:00 Port 11 * 00:40:27:07:b6:f7 Port 2 * 00:40:27:07:b6:f6 Port 1 * 00:40:27:07:b6:ff Port 10 * 00:40:27:07:b6:fe Port 9 * 00:40:27:07:b6:fd Port 8 *

Use the address display <ADDR> command to display a speciﬁc address. For example:

FN100 > address display 02:04:06:03:2a:43

LCM displays:

Address Type Port Sw# 02:04:06:03:2a:43 Learned 5 2

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Use the address display <ADDR> <MASK>command to display a range of addresses using a net mask. This is helpful when determining the status associated with stations containing the same make of Ethernet network interface cards. For example, to see all addresses that begin with 02:04:06, you would enter:

FN100 > address display 02:04:06:00:00:00 ff:ff:ff:00:00:00

LCM displays:

Address Type Port Sw# 02:04:06:03:2a:43 Learned 5 2 02:04:06:00:2a:67 Learned 4 2 02:04:06:a3:70:2b Learned 6 2

You can also use the address display <SW#> parameter to display address information for a particular virtual switch.

LCM allows you to display MAC addresses in two formats:

• Little-endian (default) Little-endian is a method of storing or transmitting data in which the

least significant bit of each byte is presented first. This is used in Ethernet networks.

• Big-endian Big-endian is a method of storing or transmitting data in which the

most significant bit of each byte is presented first. Use the big option to display MAC addresses in big-endian format.

Big-endian format separates the bytes with spaces rather than colons. You can also enter MAC addresses in big-endian format by using spaces rather than colons. This option is helpful if your network includes Token Ring or FDDI along with Ethernet.

Use the

ipaddr command to display the IP addresses, subnet masks, and

MAC addresses of all FN100 ports.

FN100 > ipaddr

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LCM displays the current IP address table, for example:

8 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 00:40:27:07:b6:fd

For more detailed information, see Chapter 3, Section 3.1, Assigning IP Addresses.

4.3.3 Displaying Manufacturing Information

The ident command identiﬁes FN100 manufacturing information, including the part number and any power-up test codes and diagnostic data. Use the ident command to display the manufacturing information.

FN100 > ident

LCM displays:

Part Number: 501-3100-002 X00002e4-0505590 Power-up test codes: MP: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 1: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 2: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 3: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 4: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 5: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 6: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 7: 00000000 00000000 00000000 Port 8: 00000000 00000000 00000000

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4.4 USING LCM TO MANAGE THE FN100

You can use the Local Console Manager (LCM), any Cabletron Systems NMS, or a standard SNMP-based NMS to manage the FN100. For more information, see Section 4.1, FN100 Management Tools.

LCM commands that enable you to manage the FN100 include:

• Disable

• Enable

• Ipaddr

• Community

• Baud

• Reboot

4.4.1 Disabling a Port

There can be times when you may want to disable a speciﬁc Ethernet port, for example, after you have determined that there is faulty equipment. Disabling a port effectively stops all bridging functions for that port. Disabled ports do not accept SNMP packets, and therefore cannot communicate with an NMS.

Use the example, to disable ports 7, 8, and 9:

LCM responds:

Once an Ethernet port is disabled, it will remain disabled until you enable it again. Resetting the FN100 will not enable a port that has been disabled.

disable <PORTS> command to disable a port, or port range. For

FN100 > disable 7-9

Port 7: Disabled Port 8: Disabled Port 9: Disabled

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Using LCM to Manage the FN100

If you disable the port through which someone is remotely

CAUTION

managing the FN100, that person will not be able to communicate with the FN100. Use the LCM address display command to ﬁnd the port number you are using to manage the FN100.

4.4.2 Enabling a Port

When you enable an Ethernet port that has been disabled, whatever bridging functions you had previously conﬁgured for that port are re-enabled.

Use the

enable <PORTS> command to enable a port, or a range of ports.

For example, to enable ports 7, 8, and 9:

FN100 > enable 7-9

LCM responds:

Resetting statistics and enabling port 7, Rip listening. Resetting statistics and enabling port 8, Rip listening. Resetting statistics and enabling port 9, Rip listening.

Entering the enable <PORTS> command for an already enabled

CAUTION

NOTE

FN100 port resets that port’s statistics counters.

Rip listening means that the FN100 is in listening mode only. No RIP packets are created.

4.4.2.1 NoRIP Option

The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the protocols that lets the FN100 build an accurate, current routing table. This table includes the networks it knows about, the next hop, and the number of hops to get there. RIP enables you to use an NMS to remotely manage the FN100 through a router.

The noRIP option lets you turn off the routing information that builds the routing table. Use this option when you are connecting network devices that do not support RIP.

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4.4.3 Changing a Subnet Mask

You can optionally set the subnet mask for a port. A subnet mask is a 32-bit address mask used in IP to specify a particular subnet. If the subnet mask is omitted, the FN100 automatically uses the standard default, based on the port’ s IP address class. (Class A address masks are 255.0.0.0, Class B address masks are 255.255.0.0, Class C address masks are

255.255.255.0.)

Use the

ipaddr <PORTS> <ADDR> <MASK> command to change the subnet

mask.

FN100 > ipaddr 6 192.138.217.40 255.255.240.0

For example, ipaddr 6 192.138.217.40 255.255.240.0 would set the subnet mask for port 6 to 255.255.240.0. LCM responds by redisplaying the address table.

When you change the subnet mask for a port, you must also

NOTE

enter the IP address for that port. Make sure you enter the IP address for the port correctly; whatever you enter becomes the IP address.

To assign a new IP address, see Chapter 3, Section 3.1, Assigning IP Addresses.

4.4.4 Changing a Community Name

A community name is similar to a password. You use the same steps to assign a new community name or to change an existing community name. This sets the MIB variable community name to perform any

Use the

community command to change an existing community name. At

the LCM prompt:

1. Type community

2. Enter the old community name. If one has not been assigned, you do not need to enter anything. LCM

prompts you for the new community name.

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sfadminAnyPass. You can then enter a

SNMP sets.

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Using LCM to Manage the FN100

3. Enter the new community name.

LCM prompts you to verify the new community name by retyping it.

4. Retype the new community name.

4.4.5 Setting the Baud Rate

You can set the baud rate for your LCM console connection. The options for baud rate include:

• 1200

• 2400

• 4800

• 9600

• 19200 The default rate is 9600.

Make sure that the baud rate you set matches the baud rate

NOTE

Use the

FN100 > baud

setting for the terminal you are using.

baud command to display the current baud rate setting.

LCM responds:

Baud rate is 9600

Use the baud <BAUD-RATE> command to change the baud rate setting. For example, to change the baud rate to 4800:

FN100 > baud 4800

LCM responds:

Baud rate is 4800

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4.4.6 Setting a Reboot Time

Use the reboot <SECONDS|off> command to enter the number of seconds the FN100 waits before rebooting. For example, to set the reboot time interval to 60 seconds:

FN100 > reboot 60

LCM responds:

System will be reset in 60 seconds.

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CHAPTER 5

FN100 DIAGNOSTICS AND TROUBLESHOOTING

The FN100 incorporates several built-in diagnostic and testing capabilities which are convenient to use and cause minimal or no disruption to the operational network. These capabilities are effective for isolating problems within the FN100 unit. Built-in diagnostic capabilities include system-wide power-up diagnostics, which are run every time the system is powered up or reset.

All tests can be performed locally or remotely using an in-band or out-of-band Network Management System (NMS).

5.1 POWER-UP DIAGNOSTICS

The FN100 performs an extensive set of diagnostic self-tests whenever any of the following events occur:

• Power-up

• Reset using the front panel Reset button

• Reset via the NMS (a soft reset)

• Automatic reset in response to a non-recoverable failure The power-up diagnostics tests processors, memory, and other critical

hardware components of the FN100. All diagnostic software is stored in non-volatile memory (EPROM and FLASH).

5.1.1 Power-Up LED Sequence

When you power-up the FN100, the following occurs:

1. All LEDs, except for the Port Link LEDs, turn on for one second.

2. The Power (Pwr) LED remains on.

3. The Ready LED starts flashing.

4. After several seconds, the Port Link and ACT LEDs flashed briefly.

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5. After several more seconds, the Ready LED will stay on, indicating that the power-up diagnostics sequence is complete.

In addition, the Port Link LEDs will turn on for those ports with good links and the Segment Status LEDs will turn on (or flash) when the selected status condition is present.

If the Ready LED does not stay on, contact Cabletron Systems

NOTE

Technical Support.

5.1.2 Speciﬁc Power-Up Tests

The power-up diagnostic tests performed on the FN100 include:

• ROM checksum test

• Instruction/Data memory test

• Address database memory test

• Ethernet controller test

• Packet memory test

• Shared RAM test

• Ethernet data loopback test

5.1.3 Software Checksum Comparison

When the FN100 reboots, its operational software is veriﬁed by a checksum comparison before it is loaded. If the software fails the checksum test due to an interrupted new software distribution procedure, the FN100 automatically uses its backup version of software. A backup version of software is always stored in non-volatile memory.

The operational parameters of the FN100 software are also protected by a checksum comparison. When the FN100 reboots, if the operational parameters of the FN100 fail a checksum test due to a power failure in the midst of a previous update, the FN100 automatically uses its backup version of the parameters.

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Responses to Failures at Power Up

A backup version of the operational parameters is always

NOTE

stored in non-volatile memory before any update is attempted.

5.1.4 Power-Up Diagnostics Results

After completion of the power-up diagnostic sequence, both the Power (Pwr) and Ready LEDs located on the front panel of the FN100 should be on.

5.2 RESPONSES TO FAILURES AT POWER UP

How the FN100 responds to failures detected during power-up depends on the seriousness of the failure. For example, the FN100 will operate if a non-critical component, such as the out-of-band management port, fails diagnostics. Howe v er, in the ev ent of a critical f ailure, such as a f ailure of the management processor, the FN100 halts execution and does not boot to operational mode.

5.3 STATUS AND ACTIVITY INDICATORS

The front panel of the FN100 includes LEDs that indicate the status or activity of v arious system components. Figure 5-1 shows the FN100 front panel LEDs and buttons.

Select

TX Act

100

RX Col Usr

2314567

Reset

Link Status

Link

Status

Port

Status

Mode

Figure 5-1 FN100 Status and Activity Indicators

Table 5-1 describes how to interpret FN100 system LEDs.

Ready

Pwr

FN100-8

NMS Port

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Table 5-1 Interpreting system LEDs

LED Meaning

Port Status Mode You can select a single status condition to monitor

for all ports by pressing the Select button on the front panel. When selected, the option monitors and displays the desired port status activity on this LED . The selectable options include:

TX – Transmit Activity - monitors all transmit activity. RX – Receive Activity - monitors receive activity. Act – Any Activity - monitors any transmit and

receive activity.

Col – Collisions - monitors all collisions. 100 – Port Speed - monitors port speed

(10 or 100 Mbps activity). Usr – monitors error conditions.

Ready On – Indicates the FN100 is operational.

Blinking – Indicates the FN100 is running power-up diagnostics. Off – Indicates the FN100 is non-operational.

Pwr On – Indicates the FN100 is receiving power and

the voltage is within the acceptable range. Off – Indicates the FN100 is not receiving power.

If the Ready LED continues to blink after power-up diagnostics

CAUTION

are complete, it could mean the FN100 is ov erheating. Use the LCM status command to verify.

Table 5-2 describes how to interpret FN100 port LEDs

Table 5-2 Interpreting Port LEDs

LED Meaning

Link (upper level of port LEDs)

Status (lower level of port LEDs)

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On – Indicates the link is good. Off – Indicates there is no link.

On/Blinking – Indicates activity being monitored

for the selected port status mode.

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Troubleshooting

Table 5-3 describes the FN100 button functions.

Table 5-3 FN100 Button Functions

Button Function

Select Cycles through the Port Status mode options (TX,

RX, Act, Col, 100, and Usr) for all ports. The lower port status LEDs of the ports you are monitoring are activated based on what function you chose with the Select button.

Reset Restarts the FN100.

5.4 TROUBLESHOOTING

This section lists several situations that could happen while using the FN100, and suggests appropriate action. Because every situation is potentially unique, the corrective actions suggested here should be considered as guidelines only.

5.4.1 FN100 Does Not Power Up

If your FN100 does not power up, check each one of the following:

• Make sure the power switch is set to 1 (on).

• Make sure the power source is operational.

• Make sure the power cord is securely connected.

• Check the power supply fuse. If problems persist, contact Cabletron Systems Technical Support.

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5.4.2 Power Supply Fuse

The power supply contains a 3.15 ampere 250 V slow-blow fuse located immediately above the three-prong power input connector on the back of the FN100. If you think this fuse may have blown, inspect it for visible damage and replace it if necessary.

In most cases, any damage to the fuse will be readily apparent (e.g., shattered fuse, blackened glass, broken fuse element). If you do not see any damage, but still suspect a fuse problem, try replacing the fuse.

To replace the fuse:

1. Power off the FN100 and disconnect the power cord.

2. Pull the small plastic fuse drawer next to the

ON/OFF switch outward.

3. Remove and replace the fuse.

For protection against ﬁre hazard, replace only with 250V

CAUTION

slow-blow 3.15 ampere fuses.

4. Push the fuse drawer back into the housing until it snaps into place.

5. Reconnect the power cord and power up the FN100.

5.4.3 Connectivity Problems

• Check for LED abnormalities.

• Check port status using LCM.

• Check for loose port connections.

• Check to see if the number of carrier losses is increasing using LCM. This indicates that the connection is suspect.

• Check to see if the number of total collisions has dramatically increased using LCM.

• If problems persist, contact Cabletron Systems Technical Support.

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Troubleshooting

5.4.4 FN100 Has Rebooted

• Use the LCM ident command to check the FN100 diagnostic codes,

and call Cabletron Systems Technical Support.

5.4.5 FN100 Does Not Respond to NMS

• Check the port status using LCM.

• Check to see if the Spanning Tree topology is stable using LCM.

• Check that a pathway to the FN100 exists.

• Verify the FN100 IP address using LCM.

• Verify the FN100 routing table using LCM.

• If problems persist, contact Cabletron Systems Technical Support.

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APPENDIX A

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

A.1 FN100 SPECIFICATIONS

Physical

Height 3.5 in. (8.89 cm) Width 17 in. (43.18 cm) Depth 17.5 in. (44.45 cm) Weight 10 lb. (4.54 kg) Installation options Tabletop or rack-mount

Electrical

Input voltage Auto-ranging 100-120 VAC,

200-240 VAC Frequency 50/60 Hz AC power consumption Less than 200 watts

Connector Ports

• 10BASE-T: RJ45 (MDI-X) using UTP cable, EIA/TIA Cat. 3, 4, 5

• 100BASE-TX: RJ45 (MDI-X) using UTP cable, EIA/TIA Cat. 5

• 100BASE-FX: ST connectors using 62.3/125 µ multimode ﬁber optics

• 1 RS232C D-type, 9-pin female out-of-band port supporting direct

VT-100-type terminal connection and remote connection via PPP

Environmental

Operating temperature 5° to +40°C (41° to +104°F) Relative humidity 0% to 95%, non-condensing

Diagnostic LEDs

Individual port link status (8, 16) Individual port segment status (8, 16) Port Status Mode (6), specifying:

• Transmit activity • Receive activity

• Collision • 100 Mbps operation

• Transmit or receive activity • User-deﬁned Ready (1) Power (Pwr) (1)

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Appendix A: Technical Speciﬁcations

Standards

• IEEE 802.1 Part D (Spanning Tree)

• IEEE802.2 (Logical Link Control)

• IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD, 10BASE-T), 802.3u

• 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX

• Transparent Bridging with Spanning Tree

• Ethernet Version 2

• EIA RS232C (DTE-to-DCE Interface Speciﬁcation)

• EIA RS310C (Rack-mount Speciﬁcation)

Address table size

• Over 8,000 entries

Management support

• MIB II, 802.1d, 802.3, PPP, and Enterprise MIB

• Cabletron Systems Local Console Manager (LCM)

• Any SNMP-based network management system

Certiﬁcation

Safety UL 1950, CSA C22.2 No. 950, EN 60950, and

IEC 950

Emission FCC Part 15 Class A, VCCI Class 1, and

EN 55022 Class A

Immunity EN 50082-1

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Types/Connectors

A.2 TYPES/CONNECTORS

Depending on the type of FN100 you’ re using, you’ ll need to use speciﬁc cables, as described in the IEEE 802.3u speciﬁcation, shown in the table below:

Table A-1 Cable Types and Connectors

Cable Type Male Connector

10-BASE-T Twisted-Pair (UTP)

100BASE-TX Twisted-Pair (UTP)

Duplex Fiber 62.5/125 micron core ST Twisted-Pair

(Management port)

Category 3, 4, 5 8-pin RJ45

Category 5 100 Ohm UTP, 22-26 AWG

0.4 - 0.6 mm 2 pairs

150 Ohm STP 9-pin DB9

A.3 CABLE SPECIFICATIONS

A.3.1 10BASE-T Cable Speciﬁcations

Table A-2 10BASE-T Twisted-Pair Cable Specifications

8-pin RJ45

10BASE-T Twisted-Pair Cable Speciﬁcations

Type Category 3, 4, 5 Number of Pairs 2 Max. Link Segment Length 100 meters Min. Link Segment Length 0 Max. Number of Attachments 2

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A.3.2 100BASE-TX Cable Speciﬁcations

Table A-3 100BASE-TX Twisted-Pair Cable Specifications

100BASE-TX Twisted-Pair Cable Speciﬁcations

Type Category 5 balanced UTP Number of Pairs 2 Max. Link Segment Length 328 ft. (100 m) Min. Link Segment Length 2.0 ft. (0.6 m) Max Number of Attachments 2

A.3.3 100BASE-FX Cable Speciﬁcations

Table A-4 100BASE-FX Duplex Fiber Cable Specifications

100BASE-FX Duplex Fiber Cable Speciﬁcations

Type 62.5/125 micron core

multimedia ﬁber Max. Link Segment Length 1312 ft (400 m) Min. Link Segment Length 0 Max. Number of Attachments 2

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Management Cable Pin Assignments

A.4 MANAGEMENT CABLE PIN ASSIGNMENTS

For a PC running a Windows terminal connected to the RS232C Netw ork Management Port on the front panel of the FN100, the following serial cable pin assignments are required to manage the FN100 using the Local Console Manager (LCM).

Table A-5 Serial Cable Pin Assignments

DB-9 (male) to FN100 (female)

Pin 2 (Rx) Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 (Tx) Pin 3 Pin 2 Pin 5 (Ground) Pin 5 Pin 7

PC DB9 (female)

25-pin (female)

A.5 10BASE-T AND 100BASE-TX PIN ASSIGNMENTS

When connecting the FN100 to another device, use only RJ45 connectors on the cabling. An Ethernet twisted-pair link segment requires two pairs of wires. Each wire pair is identiﬁed by solid and striped colored wires. For example, one wire in the pair might be red and the other wire, red with white stripes.

Each port on the FN100 has built-in internal crossovers. If the network device you are connecting to the FN100 has a straight-through design, use a straight-through cable. See Section A.6, Straight-Through Wiring.

If the network device you are connecting to the FN100 has an internal crossover design, use an internal crossover cable. See Section A.7, Crossover Wiring.

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Appendix A: Technical Speciﬁcations

A.5.1 Connectors

Refer to the diagram below and note how the pins are numbered. Be sure to hold the connectors in the same orientation when connecting the wires to the pins.

Figure A-1 Connector Pin Numbers

Each twisted-pair cable must have a male connector attached to both ends. According to the 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX speciﬁcations, pins 1 and 2 on the connector are used for transmitting data; pins 3 and 6 are used for receiving data, as shown in Table A-6.

Table A-6 RJ45 Crossover Pin Assignments

RJ45 Pin Assignment

1 Tx+ 2 Tx3 Rx+ 6 Rx-

*. The “+” and “-” signs are used to represent the polarity of the two wires that make up each wire pair.

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Straight-Through Wiring

A.6 STRAIGHT-THROUGH WIRING

If you are connecting the FN100 to a device that has a straight-through design, the two pairs of wires must be straight-through, as shown in T able A-7.

Table A-7 Straight-Through RJ45 Wiring Configuration

Hub (pin number) Device (pin number)

1 (Tx+) 1 (Tx+) 2 (Tx-) 2 (Tx-) 3 (Rx+) 3 (Rx+) 6 (Rx-) 6 (Rx-)

A.7 CROSSOVER WIRING

If you are connecting the FN100 to a device that also has an internal crossover design, a crossover must be implemented in the wiring, as shown in Table A-8.

Table A-8 Crossover RJ45 Wiring Configuration

FN100 FN100

1 (Tx+) 3 (Rx+) 2 (Tx-) 6 (Rx-) 3 (Rx+) 1 (Tx+) 6 (Rx-) 2 (Tx-)

A.8 LIMITATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS

Between any two nodes (such as PCs or other stations) on the network, there may be limitations or restrictions that you should be aware of. For more information on limitations and restrictions, see the IEEE 802.3 speciﬁcation.

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Appendix A: Technical Speciﬁcations

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APPENDIX B

GLOSSARY

address

A set of characters that uniquely identiﬁes a station, peripheral device, node, or other unit in a network.

address table

A database of device addresses and their associated ports maintained by a switch or bridge for use in making data packet forwarding and ﬁltering decisions.

agent

Network management software that runs within a managed network device.

alarm

See trap.

ANSI

American National Standards Institute – One of several or ganizations that establishes standards that apply to internetworking.

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol – An auxiliary protocol of the IP layer used to perform dynamic address translation between MAC addresses and internet addresses. Binds IP addresses to speciﬁc MAC addresses.

attenuation

The amount of power (or light) lost as power travels through a medium from the transmitter to the receiver. Difference between transmitted and received power, in decibels (dB).

AUI (attachment unit interface)

A standard connector type used for Ethernet connections.

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Appendix B: Glossary

backbone

The major, central transmission path for a network. A backbone usually handles high-volume, high-density trafﬁc. Typically a backbone connects various LANs into an integrated network.

bandwidth

A measure of the amount of trafﬁc a given medium can handle at one time: The communications capacity (measured in bits per second), of a transmission line or of a speciﬁc path through a network. Greater bandwidth generally means more information can be sent through a circuit during any given period of time.

BPDU (bridge protocol data unit)

A data unit transmitted as part of the IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol. The exchange of BPDUs allows bridges within a network to logically conﬁgure the network as a single spanning tree.

bps (bits per second)

The basic unit of data communications rate measurement.

bridge

An intelligent, protocol independent device used to connect similar or dissimilar LANs.

bursty

Adjective used to describe sporadic heavy volumes of network trafﬁc (e.g., bursty trafﬁc).

bypass

Optical or electronic isolation of a station from the network. A bypass situation typically occurs as a result of a station failure or shutdown; the bypass allows the network to function normally, e xcept for the absence of the missing station.

combination port ﬁlter

A ﬁlter that can include several conﬁgurable ﬁelds and can be used to ﬁlter network trafﬁc in a speciﬁc way.

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Appendix B: Glossary

concentrator

A device that provides attachment points for stations that are not connected to the FN100. The concentrator is connected directly to the network; the stations connect to the concentrator.

congestion

A condition where a portion of the network is overloaded with more data than can be transmitted in the desired time period.

CSMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection)

A channel access (contention) method that requires each station to wait for an idle channel before transmitting. In addition, stations are able to detect overlapping transmissions (collisions) and retransmit in the event of a data collision.

data link layer

Layer 2 in the OSI model. Deﬁnes frame construction, addressing, error detection, and other services to higher layers.

datagram

Abbreviated and connectionless single-packet message sent from one station to another.

data rate (or speed)

The maximum number of bits of information that can be transmitted per second.

destination address ﬁltering

A process that discards (ﬁlters) trafﬁc based on MAC destination addresses.

downstream

Refers to the relative position of a station in a network to another station in the same network. A station is downstream from another station if it receives data after the other station receives data.

dynamic address

An address “learned” by the FN100, as opposed to addresses that are manually entered into the Bridge Address Table. The FN100 “learns” addresses by reading them from the data packets it processes.

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Appendix B: Glossary

EIA (Electronic Industries Association)

Organization that sets standards for electrical interfaces (connectors).

encapsulation

A method for moving messages across networks that use different types of protocols. The message is encapsulated (rather than translated), so it can move across a network that otherwise could not understand its protocol. Encapsulating bridges and switches generally use proprietary encapsulation schemes.

encode

To translate data into a series of electrical or optical pulses that can trav el efﬁciently over a cable or other medium.

entity

An active element within an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network layer or sublayer.

extended LAN

A collection of LANs interconnected by protocol-independent bridges or switches.

ﬁlter

An instruction to the FN100 to discard certain types of data packets.

ﬁltering rate

A measure (in packets per second) of the efﬁciency of the FN100 in examining each frame, comparing it with an address table, and then deciding whether to discard the frame or forward it.

forwarding rate

The rate (in packets per second) at which the FN100 receives a stream of packets from one network segment, completes all processing, and transmits the packets to another network segment.

frame

A data message that includes a source address, destination address, data, frame check sequence (FCS), and control information.

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Appendix B: Glossary

full wire speed

Refers to packet forwarding at the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted on a given LAN.

ICMP (Internet control message protocol)

An auxiliary protocol of IP used to convey advice and error messages about events in the IP layer.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

International professional society which issues networking and other standards. The IEEE created the 802 family of LAN standards:

IEEE 802.2

The data link layer standard; used with IEEE 802.3, 802.4, 802.5, and other LAN/WAN protocols.

IEEE 802.3

The physical layer standard that uses the CSMA/CD access method on a bus topology LAN.

IEEE 802.6

Standard for metropolitan area networks (MANs) currently under development.

initialization

Transition of a device or network from startup state to operational state.

intelligent bridge/switch

A bridge/switch that is able to identify source and destination addresses.

internet

A large communications infrastructure composed of wide and local area networks. A generic reference to a network built using internetworking technology.

Internet

A large collection of connected networks which use TCP/IP. (Also referred to as the DARPA Internet, NSF/DARPA Internet or the Federal Research Internet.)

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Appendix B: Glossary

internetworking

The linking of one or more networks to facilitate communication across networks.

interoperability

The ability of equipment from multiple vendors to exchange information using standardized protocols.

IP (Internet protocol)

IP is the basic datagram protocol used at the network layer of the TCP/IP stack.

ISO (International Standards Organization)

An organization that creates, controls and publishes standards.

jitter

Clocking deviation on a network.

Kbps (kilobits per second)

1,000 bits per second.

LAN (local area network)

A network that interconnects a variety of devices (computers, printers, servers, and so on), within a limited geographical area. A LAN typically connects devices within a building or campus.

link-loss budget

Each connection (link) in an optical system results in a certain amount of signal strength loss. Link-loss budget refers to the process of calculating link loss for the entire system. If the total link loss exceeds a certain limit, the system will not function.

LLC (logical link control)

A part of the data link layer of the OSI model that deﬁnes the transmission of a frame of data between two stations (with no intermediate switching nodes).

LMA (local management agent)

Software running on a network device to control the device in terms of network management functions.

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Appendix B: Glossary

local trafﬁc

Trafﬁc within a given network segment.

MAC (media access control)

The data link layer sublayer responsible for scheduling, transmitting, and receiving data on a shared medium local area network.

mask

Speciﬁed a subset of a larger set of data to be included for comparison and analysis. For example, in switch ﬁltering, a mask might be conﬁgured to include only the ﬁrst four address bits as the basis for ﬁltering decisions.

Mbps (megabits per second)

1 million bits per second.

MIB (management information base)

A collection of objects unique to a speciﬁc device that can be accessed via a network management protocol. The FN100 has its own MIB.

multicast

Packets destined for more than one address.

multicast (broadcast) storm

Excessive multicast packet trafﬁc, typically generated by a faulty device. Multicast storms can cause severe network performance problems.

network

Interconnected computer systems, terminals, and data communication facilities. A network must have at least three endpoints and may have any number of links and nodes.

node

Any device connected to a communication network, for example a computer, workstation, printer, server, concentrator, bridge, and switch.

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

Refers to the OSI reference model, a logical structure for network operations. OSI is the internationally accepted framework of standards for internetwork communication.

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Appendix B: Glossary

packet

A group of bits including data and control elements arranged in a speciﬁc format that are transmitted and switched as a composite whole. Control elements include a source address, destination address, frame control and status indicators, and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS).

PDU (protocol data unit)

The portion of a datagram that contains the data associated with a particular protocol.

peer-to-peer

Term used to describe data transmission between entities in the same sublayer of the OSI model.

physical layer

Layer 1 of the OSI model. Deﬁnes and handles the electrical and physical connections between systems.

power budget

The difference between transmit po wer and recei v er sensitivity, including any safety margins.

PPP (point-to-point protocol)

A protocol for transmitting datagrams (IP or MAC packets) over a serial point-to-point link (e.g., the out-of-band management port).

pps (packets per second)

Unit of measure used to express packet data throughput. 18 pps is approximately equal to 9600 bps.

propagation delay

The time it takes for a signal to travel across a network.

protocol

A set of rules used by computers and related devices to communicate with each other.

protocol suite

A group of protocols related to a common framework.

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Appendix B: Glossary

RARP (reverse address resolution protocol)

A protocol that binds MAC addresses to speciﬁc IP addresses.

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)

A data processing technology in which functions are performed using the least possible number of instructions to yield very fast processing.

segment

When two or more networks are interconnected to form an internetwork, the original networks are referred to as segments.

service

A set of functions offered to a user by a provider.

SNMP (simple network management protocol)

A TCP/IP protocol for communication between a network management system and a network device.

source address ﬁltering

A switch or bridge function that forwards or rejects data, depending on the data’s source address.

static address

Addresses manually entered into the Bridge Address Table (as opposed to those automatically learned by the FN100).

STP (spanning tree protocol)

A protocol that ensures that only one path will be used between two devices; prevents active loops (multiple paths to devices), by closing redundant paths. With STP operating, a redundant link serves as a backup link only if a normal path fails.

switch

An intelligent, protocol independent device used to connect similar or dissimilar LANs.

symbol

The smallest signaling element used by the MAC sublayer. Each symbol corresponds to a speciﬁc sequence of code bits to be transmitted by the physical layer.

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Appendix B: Glossary

synchronous transmission

A transmission technique in which an uninterrupted block of data is transmitted, using no redundant information such as stop and start bits to identify the beginning and end of a unit of data.

TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol)

Internetworking protocols sometimes referred to as the Internet suite of protocols.

topology

The arrangement of devices and cable paths that make up a network.

translating bridge

A bridge that can pass data between LANs that use different protocols.

translation

Modiﬁcation of data packets from one type of network so they can be used on a different type of network (e.g., Ethernet to FDDI translation).

trap

Alarm; notiﬁcation of an event that has occurred on a network. Some alarms require intervention or action by the network administrator; some are merely informational.

UDP (user datagram protocol)

A TCP/IP protocol for the connectionless transport layer.

upstream

Refers to the relative position of a station in a network to another station in the same network. A station is upstream from its neighbor if it receives data before its neighbor receives the data.

WAN (wide area network)

A communication network that spans a large geographic area.

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Cabletron Systems FN100, FN100-8FX, FN100-16, FN100-16FX, FN100-8 User Manual

Specifications and Main Features

Frequently Asked Questions

User Manual