CSU/DSU module: RJ48S;
ISDN module: RJ45
Series 5100: 1 of 3 possible LAN connectors: BNC female
Thinnet, RJ45 female 10BaseT, or DB15 female AUI;
Series 5200 LAN connector: RJ45 female 10/100 BaseT
Protocol — IP & IPX Multi-Protocol router capabilities;
Console port DB25 female
Protocol-independent MAC-layer bridging; SNMP
terminal access
Indicators — (4) LEDs: Power, LAN, Link 1, Link 2
Connectors — V.35 module: DB25 female;
V.11 / X.21 module: DB15 female
V.24 / RS.232 module: DB25 female;
RS.442 / RS.530module: DB25 female;
Power — 100-250VAC, 50-60 Hz, 0.3-0.7 A
(internal); IEC950 male connector
Size — Bridge/Routers: 2.5"H x 8"W x 14.5"D
(6.5 x 20.5 x 37 cm);
WAN Interface Modules: 2”H x 2”W x 4”D (5.5 x
5.5 x 10.5 cm).
G.703module: BNC female;
Weight — Bridge/Routers:11 lb. (4.9 kg);
INSTRUCCIONES DE SEGURIDAD (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas Electrical Safety Statement)
1. Todas las instrucciones de seguridad y operación deberán ser
leídas antes de que el aparato eléctrico sea operado.
2. Las instrucciones de seguridad y operación deberán ser
guardadas para referencia futura.
3. Todas las advertencias en el aparato eléctrico y en sus
instrucciones de operación deben ser respetadas.
4. Todas las instrucciones de operación y uso deben ser
seguidas.
5. El aparato eléctrico no deberá ser usado cerca del agua—por
ejemplo, cerca de la tina de baño, lavabo, sótano mojado o
cerca de una alberca, etc.
6. El aparato eléctrico debe ser usado únicamente con carritos o
pedestales que sean recomendados por el fabricante.
7. El aparato eléctrico debe ser montado a la pared o al techo
sólo como sea recomendado por el fabricante.
8. Servicio—El usuario no debe intentar dar servicio al equipo
eléctrico más allá a lo descrito en las instrucciones de
operación. Todo otro servicio deberá ser referido a personal
de servicio calificado.
9. El aparato eléctrico debe ser situado de tal manera que su
posición no interfiera su uso. La colocación del aparato
eléctrico sobre una cama, sofá, alfombra o superficie similar
puede bloquea la ventilación, no se debe colocar en libreros o
gabinetes que impidan el flujo de aire por los orificios de
ventilación.
10. El equipo eléctrico deber ser situado fuera del alcance de
fuentes de calor como radiadores, registros de calor, estufas u
otros aparatos (incluyendo amplificadores) que producen
calor.
11. El aparato electico deberá ser connectado a una fuente de
poder sólo del tipo descrito en el instructivo de operación, o
como se indique en el aparato.
12. Precaución debe ser tomada de tal manera que la tierra fisica
y la polarización del equipo no sea eliminada.
13. Los cables de la fuente de poder deben ser guiados de tal
manera que no sean pisados ni pellizcados por objectos
colocados sobre o contra ellos, poniendo particular atención a
los contactos y receptáculos donde salen del aparato.
14. El equipo eléctrico debe ser limpiado únicamente de acuerdo
a las recomendaciones del fabricante.
15. En caso de existir, una antena externa deberá ser localizada
lejos de las lineas de energia.
16. El cable de corriente deberá ser desconectado del cuando el
equipo no sea usado por un largo periodo de tiempo.
17. Cuidado debe ser tomado de tal manera que objectos liquidos
no sean derramados sobre la cubierta u orificios de
ventilación.
18. Servicio por personal calificado devera ser provisto cuando:
A: El cable de poder o el contacto ha sido dañado; u
B: Objectos han caído o líquido ha sido derramado dentro
del aparato; o
C: El aparato ha sido expuesto a la lluvia; o
D: El aparato parece no operar normalmente o muestra un
cambio en su desempeño; o
E: El aparato ha sido tirado o su cubierta ha sido dañada.
TRADEMARKS
IBM® is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.
VT100™ and VT52™ are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.
Wyse® is a registered trademark of Wyse Technology.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These
limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This
equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case
the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
Warning: The user is cautioned that modifications to this equipment can void the authority granted by the FCC to operate the equipment
The following repairs may be made by the customer: none.
Canadian Emissions Standard ICES-003
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the interference-causing
equipment standard entitled “Digital Apparatus”, ICES-003 of the Industry Canada.
Cet appareil numérique respecte les limites de bruits radioélectriques applicables aux appareils numériques de Classe A prescrites dans la norme sur le
matériel brouilleur: “Appareils Numériques”, NMB-003 édictée par Industrie Canada.
For products marked with the CE Telecommunications label, the following declaration
applies:
“The manufacturer declares that as shipped from the factory this product is in compliance with the CE Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
Directive 91/263/EEC with the marking applied in respect of this declaration, and in respect of the following telecommunications
interfaces,
X.21(V.11) - NET 1
X.21bis(V.28) and X.21bis(V.35) - NET 2
PSTN ISDN Basic Rate Interface compatible with I.420 - NET 3
The manufacturer further declares that the product conforms with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and with the
requirements of the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC (for radiated emissions at the Class A level). This product is not intended for residential
applications.”
ISDN Type Approval Labels
Labels for National ISDN Type Approvals can be found on the inside surface of the backpanel of the ISDN module.
Canadian ISDN Approval
The ISDN interface of this device is intended for direct connection to the S/T jack of an NT-1 unit and therefore does not require Communications
Canada certification. The Series 5000 should only be connected to Communications Canada approved NT-1 units.
Statements for ISDN U Module
NOTICE:The Canadian Department of Communications label identifies certified equipment. This certification means that the equipment meets
CAUTION:Users should not attempt to make such connections themselves, but should contact the appropriate electric inspection authority, or
certain telecommunications network protective, operational and safety requirements. The Department does not guarantee the equipment
will operate to the user’s satisfaction.
Before installing this equipment, users should ensure that it is permissible to be connected to the facilities of the local telecommunication
company. The equipment must also be installed using an acceptable method of connection. The customer should be aware that
compliance with the above conditions may not prevent degradation of service in some situations.
Repairs to certified equipment should be made by an authorized Canadian maintenance facility designated by the supplier. Any repairs or
alteration made by the user to this equipment, or equipment malfunctions, may give the telecommunications company cause to request the
user to disconnect the equipment.
Users should ensure for their own protection that the electrical ground connections of the power utility, telephone lines and internal
metallic water pipe system, if present, are connected together. This precaution may be particularly important in rural areas.
electrician, as appropriate.
Using This Manual
This Installation and Applications Guide provides the basic information required to initially set-up and configure the
router. This guide is organized into the following sections:
“Installation” provides instructions for installing the router.
“Typical Applications & How to Configure Them” provides simple configuration examples for typical
applications in which the router might be used. The applications described in this document are for example only
and provide a method of quick configuration of the router. The applications and corresponding configuration may
be combined if the operation of the router requires more complexity. For more complete information on all of the
configuration parameters available please refer to the appropriate Menu Reference Manual file for your operating
software on the accompanying CD-ROM.
“Introduction to Filtering” provides an introduction to the pattern filtering options of the router. Several
examples of typical pattern filters are also provided.
”Menu Trees” provides a graphical tree type overview of the structure of the built-in menu system of the router. All
of the configuration is performed using the options provided in the menu system. The Menu Tree is like an index to
the menu options.
“Octet Locations on Ethernet Frames” provides a graphical representation of the various common Ethernet
frames that the router will bridge or route. When defining a pattern filter, these frame displays indicate the offset
values to use in order to define the pattern filter correctly.
“Servicing Information” provides information on changing Link interfaces.
“Interface Pinouts” provides information on Link interface connectors.
Using The Electronic Reference Manuals
This manual and the router Reference Manuals are provided as Adobe Acrobat PDF files on the accompanying CDROM.
The Adobe Acrobat Reader program required to view the Manuals is also loaded onto the CD-ROM. In addition, it is
available for most computer operating platforms from Adobe on the Internet at: www.adobe.com.
The Reference Manual provides the following information:
Introduction to bridging, routing, and product features,
Pin out references for the link modules,
List of event and alarm logs, and
Expanded description of programmable filtering.
The PPP Menu Reference Manual provides the following information:
Complete description of the options for the built-in menu system, including PPP ISDN, PPP Leased Line,
1490 Frame Relay and encapsulated PPP Frame Relay.
1INSTALLATION1
Unpack the Router.................................................................................................1
Select a Site..............................................................................................................1
Identify the Reset Switch.......................................................................................2
Identify the Connectors.........................................................................................3
Connect to the Console.................................................................................................3
Make the Link Connection(s) .......................................................................................4
Power Up the Bridge/Router...............................................................................5
Managing the router Using the Menus...............................................................5
This product is a flexible Ethernet Bridge/Router that may be configured to service Local
Area Networks and Wide Area Network connections over leased lines, ISDN circuits, and
frame relay permanent virtual circuits. The router supports two independent LANs plus one
WAN interface or a single LAN plus two WAN interface modules (if two ISDN BRI
modules are installed, this will provide 4 WAN links)
PPP ISDN units provide bridging, IP/IPX routing, and compression over a PPP ISDN
connection and support an ISDN BRI interface via an integral ISDN-ST or ISDN-U link
module. The ISDN BRI interface supports two 64 Kbps B-channels.
PPP Lease line units provide bridging, IP/IPX routing, and compression and support one
or two physical wide area network (WAN) links that may operate at speeds up to 2.048
Mbps.
Frame Relay units provide bridging and IP/IPX routing and support 1 to 128 Permanent
Virtual Circuit (PVC) across two physical wide area links running RAW 1490 or
encapsulated PPP.
The following instructions provide a quick set-up guide for installation of the router:
1
Unpack the Router
Rough handling during shipment can damage electronic equipment. As you unpack the
bridge/router, carefully check for signs of damage. If damage is suspected, contact the
shipper. Save the box and all packing material to protect the bridge/router should it ever
need to be moved or returned for service.
Check the packing slip that identifies the components and the LAN connector.
Select a Site
Place the bridge/router in a well ventilated area. The site should maintain normal office
temperature and humidity levels. Air vents located on the sides of the bridge/router must
have approximately one inch / 2.5 centimeters of clearance from any object.
1
Applications
Front
Bottom
Identify the Reset Switch
The small hole under the front right corner of the faceplate is used in case a hardware reset
is required. The end of a paper clip is sufficient to toggle the small switch behind the hole.
View
RESET
View
Figure 1-1 Location of the Reset Hole on Router
2
Identify the Connectors
CONSOLE
Link 1 module
Link 2 module
LAN/Console module
Power connector
CONSOLE
10/100 BT LAN
LAN/Console module
LAN 2 module
Link 2 module
The router is configured with a 10/100BaseT LAN and either one or two optional interface
modules. The optional modules may be a second LAN (10 BaseT), a second LAN plus one
WAN module, a single WAN module or two WAN modules.
Important:If a second LAN module is installed, it must be in the slot 1 (leftmost position
when viewed from the rear of the unit) to operate. In addition, if only one
optional interface module is installed, it must be in slot 1
Each interface may be changed by simply removing the existing module and installing a new
module. Refer to Appendix D: Servicing Information for information on replacing modules.
MDI-X MDI
10/100 BT LAN
CSU/DSU
LINE
RS-232/V.24
Applications
Figure 1 -3 Rear View of the router with a single LAN connection and two WAN
modules
MDI-X MDI
MDI-X MDI
10 BT LAN
RS-232/V.24
Power connector
Figure 1-4 Rear View of the router with Dual LAN connections and a single WAN
module
Connect to the Console
Connection to the bridge/router operator’s console is made through the DB25 connector
labeled CONSOLE on the back of the bridge/router.
Connect the console port of the Router to a computer running an asynchronous
communication package or a standard asynchronous terminal. The bridge/router supports
autobaud rates at 1200, 2400, 9600, 19,200, 38,400 or 57,600 bps. Both the bridge/router
and the bridged network are configured through the use of “hotkey” Menus.
3
Applications
Make the Link Connection(s)
By default the links are configured as permanent DTE interfaces. The clocking for each link
will be provided by the DCE device connected to each link.
The V.35 link modules require interface converters that convert from a DB25 connector to
a male 34-pin (V.35) connector used for the V.35 interface. Be sure to secure the cable
connector(s) to the bridge/router and the communications equipment with the connector
screws to prevent accidental disconnection.
The CSU/DSU module uses a RJ-48S connector to interface with the digital data service.
G.703 modules use a standard BNC connector with a 75 ohm cable.
The ISDN-ST interface module of the ISDN Router provides a RJ-45 connector to connect
to the RJ-45 connector of the NT1 provided with your ISDN service.
The ISDN-U interface module of the ISDN Router provides an integrated NT1 with a RJ-
45 connector to connect directly with your ISDN service.
Pinouts for the WAN connectors are listed in Appendix D of this manual.
4
Power Up the Bridge/Router
Once the LAN and Link connections are made and the console is connected to a terminal,
you are ready to power-up the router. Connect the AC power cord to the back of the router
and plug the cord into the AC wall outlet.
Observe the LEDs as the bridge/router powers up. The LEDs will go through a circular
flashing pattern as the power-up diagnostics are performed. After the power-up diagnostics
are finished, the Power LED will go from red to green.
Enter at least one <RETURN> (up to three if necessary) in order for the bridge/router to
determine the baud rate of the terminal used for the console (i.e., autobaud). The following
information will now be seen on the console connected to the bridge/router :
Select the terminal type being used if listed and enter its name (in lower case) at the prompt,
or choose the terminal type teletype if your terminal is not listed. This terminal type
operates in scroll mode and may be used successfully until a custom terminal definition is
created.
Applications
Managing the router
Using the Menus
This section describes the minimum configuration parameters required when setting up the
router. Each of the configuration scenarios requires setting of operational parameters on
the router. The built-in menu system of the router is used to configure the unit.
The router menu system operates on a “hotkey” principle; navigating around the menu
system is done by typing the number associated with the desired option; the router acts on
the choice immediately (no need to hit the “enter” key).
The menu system consists of different menu levels each containing new configuration options.
Navigation back out of a nested menu is easily accomplished by pressing the tab key. The tab
key takes you to the previous menu level. If you wish to move from your current menu
location directly to the main menu simply press the equals “=” key.
When choosing menu options that will toggle between values, simply pressing the number
associated with that option will cause the options value to change. Each successive selection
of the option will cause the option’s value to change again.
Some menu options require input from the operator. When selecting an option that
requires a value, the menu system will display the range of values acceptable and a prompt
symbol “>”. Enter the new value at the prompt symbol and press enter. Should you make
an error in entering the new value, the <BACKSPACE> key (for most terminals) deletes the
most recently entered characters.
5
Applications
7
Conventions
Throughout this section, router menu options are shown that are required for the various
configuration choices. The appropriate menu options are shown in each instance in the
following format:
Configuration Option Name
Location: Main
Ä Sub-Menu Name
Ä Sub-Menu Name
Ä Option Name
The configuration option is shown as well as the options location within
the menu system. The Ä character indicates that a sub-menu level
must be chosen. The option name is finally shown in italics.
The keyboard graphic in the left margin indicates that this is information
that the user will have to enter for configuration.
The note icon is used to provide miscellaneous information on the configuration and
set-up of the router.
Configuration:The Configuration Note is used to indicate that there may be a difference in
Note configuration between the various operational modes of the router. This
may mean for example that the remote site set-up is configured differently
for an ISDN PPP router than for Frame Relay.
The information icon is used to indicate that more information is available on this
subject. The information is usually located within another document as specified.
The caution icon indicates that caution should be taken when performing this task.
6
Login to Bridge/Router and Enter the Required
Configuration
At the login screen type a 1 and the default password to enter the menu system of the
Router. The default password is “BRIDGE” (case sensitive) and should be changed if
security is desired.
With the options of the built-in menu system, the router may be configured to operate
within your environment.
Refer to the PPP Menus Manual file for your operating software on the accompanying CDROM for a complete description of all the Menu Options.
The menu system of the router may also be used to view system statistics.
Note: Bridge/Router database changes and statistics viewing may be done remotely by establishing Telnet
connections to a partner bridge/router across the WAN. This is accomplished by selecting the “Telnet”
option.
Applications
7
7
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä Access Set-up
Ä Telnet Set-up
Ä Telnet
Specify the name or IP address of the router you wish to connect to for
configuration purposes or viewing of statistics.
Noting the Device name at the top left of each Menu may identify the
router being controlled.
If there is no data transmitted or received for a period of 5 minutes, the
Telnet session will be disconnected.
To disconnect from the router being controlled, enter Control-C ( ^C ).
Telnet security considerations: Telnet may be disabled to prevent remote access
control of the router. If Telenet access is enabled, the device password should be
changed to some value other than the default to prevent unauthorized access.
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä Access Set-up
Ä Device Set-up
Ä Password
7
Applications
Setting the T1/E1Parameters
(T1/E1 WAN only)
The parameters required for a T1 or E1 connection may be obtained from your service
provider. These may then be entered via the T1/E1 set-up menu to configure the router for
that service.
T1/E1 Selection:
7
Set the service mode to which this router will be connected.
Service parameters:
7
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä WAN Set Up
Ä Link Set Up
Ä T1/E1 Set Up
Ä Link mode
T1 or E1
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä WAN Set Up
Ä Link Set Up
Ä T1/E1 Set Up
Ä Speed/Channel rate
56/64 kbps
Ä T1/E1framing
framed/unframed/SF/ESF
Ä Line encoding
AMI/INV_AMI/
B8ZS/HDB3
Select the service channel speed, framing format, and encoding as designated by the
service provider.
T1 service requires the specification of a Line Build Out factor. This parameter modifies the
transmitted signal to compensate for degradation due to line losses between the transmitter
and receiver. A number of different options are available to meet standards for T1 long haul
(direct connection to service providers central office facility), T1 short haul (connection
through a local PBX), AT&T TR64211 specification long haul and AT&T TR64211 short
haul. Your service provider will tell you which specification their service requires. Short haul
LBOs are listed as the length of the cable run (in feet) between the router and the local
exchange.
8
E1 service does not require line build out selection.
If fractional T1/E1 service is being provided, you will need to specify the
channels/timeslots to be used.
Set Link Interface Type:
7
Some E1 service providers reserve timeslot 16 for network management use. If your service
specifies that timeslot 16 is for their use, toggle this option to reserved
Set Link Interface Type:
7
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä WAN Set Up
Ä Link Set Up
Ä T1/E1 Set Up
Ä Slot/Channel Set Up
Ä Start
first channel
Ä Number
number of channels
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä WAN Set Up
Ä Link Set Up
Ä T1/E1 Set Up
Ä Slot/Channel Set Up
Ä E1 Timeslot 16
reserved
9
Applications
Mandatory Configuration
The router requires a minimum amount of mandatory configuration in order to operate.
The following table identifies the configuration parameters that must be defined for proper
operation under the operational states shown in the table.
Directory NumbersDirectory NumbersRemote Site Profile
Frame RelayLease LinePPP Lease Line
none (North America)nonenone (International)
Remote Site Profile
Frame Relay enabled
(International only)
Frame Relay disabled
(North America only)
The configuration options required for proper initial operation are described in Section 2:
Typical Applications and How to Configure Them. Each configuration requires a different
set of parameters to be entered.
Refer to Section 2 for details on configuring the router in different operational states. Also
refer to the router Menus Manual file for your operating software on the accompanying
CD-ROM for a complete description of all the Menu Options.
Other options may be changed depending upon specific installation configurations. Refer to
the menu tree in Appendix A for a reference of the menu structure and options.
10
Identify the Status LEDs
The four three colour Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the front of the router are depicted
in Figure 1-1. The meanings of these LEDs are found in the following chart.
OffBridge/Router is powered down
GreenBridge/Router is running and has passed power-up diagnostics
Green (flashing)Bridge/Router is in BOOT mode and is programming the flash
RedBridge/Router is powered up but has failed power-up diagnostics
Yellow (flashing)Bridge/Router is in BOOT mode
POWER
OffModule is not installed
GreenModule is connected and forwarding
Yellow
RedBridge/Router is NOT connected to the LAN
LAN is connected and NOT forwarding:
i.e. Listening, Learning, or Blocking
Applications
LAN
OffModule is not installed or is configured to be down: Disabled.
GreenConnection is up* / LAN 2 connected and forwarding
Yellow
Red
LINK is negotiating in ISDN. LINK is auto-learning LMI type
in Frame Relay. Not used in Leased Line or LAN mode
Software failure (if WAN module installed)
LAN 2 not connected (if LAN2 module installed)
LINK 1/LAN 2
OffModule is not installed or is configured to be down: Disabled.
GreenConnection is up*
Yellow
RedSoftware failure
LINK is negotiating in ISDN. LINK is auto-learning LMI type
in Frame Relay. Not used in Leased Line mode
LINK 2
*If the module is an ISDN BRI interface, a connection on either B-channel will display a
green LED.
11
Applications
* * * *
12
Typical Applications & How to Configure Them
The router are flexible Ethernet Bridge/Routers. This section will describe how to set-up
the routers using each of its networking functions. Note that depending on the model of
unit and what interface modules are installed, some of the configuration examples may not
apply; for example, if no ISDN BRI module is installed, the sections on setting up an ISDN
PPP router would not apply.
The routers may be configured as a simple Ethernet bridge, an Ethernet IP router, an
Ethernet IPX router, or a combination of the three. When operating the router as a
combination bridge/router, simply configure each of the components separately.
Note:The configuration options described within this section are only for initial set-up and
configuration purposes. For more complete information on all of the configuration
parameters available please refer to the Menus Manual file on the accompanying
CD-ROM.
Important:The router uses FLASH memory to store the configuration information.
Configuration settings are stored to FLASH memory after there has been 30
seconds of idle time. Idle time is when there is no selection or modification of
the value in the built-in menu system. If you wish to save a configuration
immediately, enter “=” to get to the main menu, then select option 5 “Save
configuration”.
2
13
Applications
Bridging and Routing
Should You Bridge or Route?
When connecting two networks together, the first question to ask is “should I bridge or
route”? The decision to bridge or to route may be decided by how the existing networks
have been already set-up.
Bridging should be used when the network consists of non-routable protocols or routable
protocols using the same network numbers. Some protocols can only be bridged; some of
the more well known are NetBEUI (used by Microsoft Windows), and LAT (used by Digital
Equipment Corp.).
If your IPX or IP network address is the same at both locations, bridging is simpler and
requires less configuration. If the locations are to be routed together, the network numbers
will have to be different in both cases; this could require extensive reconfiguration.
IPX routing should be used if the two locations are already set-up with different IPX
network numbers. Routing IPX will minimize the number of SAP and RIP messages being
sent across the WAN.
IP routing should be used if the two locations are already set-up with different IP network
numbers or if you wish to divide your one IP network number into two sub-networks.
In some cases both bridging and routing may be required. Routing may be required for IP
information and bridging may be required for NetBEUI.
14
Bridging
WAN connection
Windows for Workgroups Computers
An Ethernet bridge intelligently forwards Ethernet data packet traffic between connected
networks. The traffic may be across the Wide Area Network (illustrated below) or, in the
case of the router, may be between two LANs connected to the same unit.
Network #1Network #2
Windows for Workgroups Computers
Applications
Figure 2 -1 Networks Bridged across a WAN link
Ethernet bridges simply forward information based on Ethernet MAC addresses. If a
packet is destined for a device located on a different network than the device that sent the
packet, the bridge will forward that packet to the connected network. If a packet is destined
for a device located on the same local network as the originating device, the bridge will
ignore the packet.
Ethernet bridges also communicate to each other using what is called the Spanning Tree
Protocol (STP). STP is used to prevent loops in a network which cause traffic to be rebroadcast again and again causing network congestion.
The router are pre-configured to operate as an Ethernet bridge compatible with the IEEE
802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol definitions. This means that without configuration
modifications, the router will bridge Ethernet traffic to its partner bridges when the Wide
Area Network (WAN) connection has been established.
This product is also pre-configured as an IPX router. This means that if you wish to
bridge IPX traffic instead of routing it, you must disable the IPX routing function of the
router. Once IPX routing has been disabled, all IPX traffic will be bridged between
networks.
To set-up a bridge between two LANs using a dual LAN router, all that is required is that
the LANs be connected to the router.
To set-up a bridge between two networks connected by a WAN link:
− Connect each router to the LAN(s) it will be serving
− Connect the WAN interface of each router to the equipment supplied by the service provider
− Configure the remote site profile of the partner router if necessary
− Establish the WAN connection
15
Applications
WAN connection
TCP/IP Network
TCP/IP Network
IP Network Address
Router IP Address
Router IP Address
IP Routing
An Ethernet IP router is used to intelligently route Internet Protocol (IP) traffic to another
network. The networks may be connected across a WAN link (illustrated below) or two
LANs connected to the same dual LAN router.
199.169.1.10
IP Network Address
199.169.1.0
Network #1
Figure 2 -2 IP Networks Routed across a WAN link
IP routers forward IP frames based upon their IP destination address and an internal
routing table. The router maintains the internal routing table with the connected network IP
addresses and, for WAN link connections, the remote partner IP routers associated with
those networks. When an IP frame is received, the destination IP address is examined and
looked up in the routing table. In the case of a dual LAN router, if the destination IP
address is on the other LAN, the packet is routed there. For WAN connections, if the
destination IP network is found in the routing tables, the IP router sends the IP frame to the
remote partner router that is connected to the appropriate remote IP network. If no explicit
route entry is found in the routing table, the IP frame is sent to the Default Gateway. The
Default Gateway may be learned from the LAN or may be set manually (see section 2.1.2.3).
199.169.2.12
199.169.2.0
Network #2
7
To configure an router for IP routing between networks, the following parameters must be
defined in the built-in menu system.
1. IP Address
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä LAN Set-up
Ä LAN IP Set-up
Ä IP Address / Size of Subnet Mask
If this router has the dual LAN option installed, you will first be asked which LAN to
reference (1 or 2). Both LANs must have unique IP addresses to use IP routing.
16
IP Addressing
Devices on an IP network are located by their IP addresses, which is a 32 bit number
divided into four 8 bit fields. The IP address identifies both the network and the host device
(also known as a node) on that network. The address is usually written as the four decimal
values for the fields (between 0 and 255) separated by decimal points; for example
196.65.43.21.
The high order field defines the IP class of the address. There are three commonly used
classes of standard IP addresses:
A: 1 to 127
B: 128 to 191
C: 192 to 223
For Class A addresses, only the first 7 bits of the high order field represents the network
address, so there can be 127 networks. The remaining three fields are the host portion of the
address – there can be over 16 million (224) host devices on each class A network.
Applications
Class B uses the first two fields for network addresses and can address approximately 16,000
networks. The two low order fields allow approximately 65,000 host addresses (216) for each
network.
Class C uses three high order fields to address over 2 million networks; the low order field is
used to address up to 253 hosts (the addresses with all bits set to 1 and all 0 are reserved for
network use; so addresses available from 8 bits = 255 minus the 2 reserved).
IP addresses within a private network may be assigned arbitrarily, however, if that network is
to interconnect with the global Internet, it is necessary to obtain a registered IP address.
For example, a small company is connected to the Internet; they are assigned a single class C
IP network address (199.169.100.0). This network address allows the company to define up
to 253 host addresses within their network.
17
Applications
Masks
The portion of the IP address to use as the network address is specified by using a mask; a
mask is the contiguous number of bits to be used for the network address all set to 1. When
the mask is logically ANDed with an IP address, the result is the network address. The mask
is specified by entering the mask size as the number of bits in the mask. For the standard
Class A, B and C Internet addresses, the mask sizes would be 8, 16 and 24 respectively.
Networks are not restricted to the above standard sizes; the mask (and hence the network
address it specifies) may be any number of bits from 8 to 32. This gives much more
flexibility to match the size of the two fields of the IP address to the number of networks
and hosts to be serviced.
IP Subnets
An IP network may be divided into smaller networks by a process called sub-netting. A
subnet is specified using some of the high order bits of the host field of the IP address for
sub-network addressing. The portion of the IP address to be used as the subnet address is
defined by using a subnet mask.
If the company in the example above (Class C IP address 199.169.100.0) decides to split
their network into two LANs to reduce the load on their network, the original IP network
address may be sub-netted into two or more smaller IP networks consisting of a smaller
number of host addresses in each LAN. This allows each of the sites to be a smaller IP
network and to be routed together to allow inter-network communication.
The subnet mask size is the number of bits in the subnet mask. In the above figure the subnet
mask size would be 26 (24 bits for the class C network address and 2 subnet bits). The subnet size
is the number of subnet bits - in the above figure, the subnet size would be 2.
18
The router allows mask sizes from 8 to 32 bits. The subnet mask size determines how many
Original IP Network Address 199.169.100.0
199.169.100.66
199.169.100.67
199.169.100.130
199.169.100.131
bits of the host field of the original IP network address will be used for the creation of
subnets. In this example, specifying a mask size of 26 will produce a subnet size of 2 bits.
Two bits gives 4 possible sub-network addresses from the original IP network address. Two
of the resulting sub-networks will have either all zeros or all ones as the subnet address;
these addresses are reserved for network functions and hence are invalid addresses. The
subnet mask for the above example networks will be 255.255.255.192:
So setting a subnet mask size of 26 will generate two sub-networks with up to 62 host
addresses each (64 potential addresses minus the all zero and all one addresses). The new IP
sub-network addresses will be: 199.169.100.64 and 199.169.100.128.
Applications
7
Subnet IP Network Address
199.169.100.64
Subnet Mask Size 26
Router IP Address
199.169.100.65
LAN #1
IP Computers
Host IP Address
1. IP Address
Host IP Address
Location: Main
Subnet IP Network Address
Subnet Mask is
255.255.255.192
Host IP Address
199.169.100.128
Subnet Mask Size 26
LAN #2
IP Computers
Figure 2 -2 Defining an IP Subnet Mask
Ä Configuration
Ä LAN Set up
Ä LAN IP Set up
Ä IP Address / Size of Subnet Mask
Router IP Address
199.169.100.129
Host IP Address
19
Applications
IP Default Gateway
An IP default gateway is an IP router that is resident on the local IP network that this
router is connected to and is used to route IP frames for destination networks that do not
exist in the routing table. When an IP frame is received that is destined for a network that is
not listed in the routing table of the router, the router will send the IP frame to the default
gateway. If the device originating the IP frame is on the same LAN as the router, the router
will then send an ICMP redirect message to the originating device. Any future IP frames for
that destination network will then be sent directly to the default gateway instead of the
router.
A default gateway may be configured if there are a large number of routes that will pass
through another router to a larger network. An example of this would be a router that is
used to connect to the Internet. All of the routers on the LAN would have the Internet
access router as the default gateway.
IP Static Route
With its default settings, the router will automatically learn the routes to other devices on the
network through RIP messages. In some instances it may be desirable to have a
predetermined or static route that will always be used to reach certain devices, such as when
one specific router is to be used to reach a destination IP network. The static route will
have precedence over all learned RIP routes even if the cost of the RIP learned routes is
lower.
Edit Static Route
7
Location: Main
Ä Configuration
Ä IP Routing Set-up
Ä IP Routes
Ä Edit Static Route
Ä Destination ( IP Address & Mask)
Ä Next Hop
Ä Cost
Ä Add
Each static IP route is defined in the Edit Route menu. The destination
network IP address is specified when you first enter the menu and then the
IP address , alias or ID number of the next hop route and the cost may be
defined. Finally, select Add to add the route to the routing table.
Once static IP routes are defined, they may be viewed with the Show Static Routes
command from the IP Routes menu.
Configuration:When the IP routing protocol is set to none, static routes will be used to route
Note traffic. The mask size must also be defined when creating a static
route entry. The subnet mask is required to allow a static route to be created
to a different IP network address. See the previous section for an explanation
of masks.
20
IPX Routing
WAN connection
Novell Server
Novell Server
Novell IPX Client
Novell IPX Client
IPX Network Address
IPX Network Address
The router are pre-configured to operate as an IPX router. When installed in an IPX
network, the router will learn the IPX network numbers from connected networks. It will
then route the IPX frames to the appropriate destination IPX network.
The IPX routing scenario may consist of one of the two following configurations. The first
configuration consists of Novell servers located on each of the LAN segments to be
connected. The second configuration consists of Novell servers located on only one of the
LAN segments to be connected. The router IPX router will need to be configured
differently in the second configuration with Novell servers located on only one of the LAN
segments.
Novell Servers in Both Locations
An Ethernet IPX router is used to intelligently route Novell IPX LAN traffic to another
network. The networks may be connected across a WAN link (illustrated below) or two
LANs connected to a dual LAN ROUTER.
Applications
1512
LAN #1
1500
LAN #2
Figure 2 -3 IPX Routed Local Area Networks (Servers on both sides)
IPX routers forward IPX frames based upon their IPX destination address and an internal
routing table. The router maintains the internal routing table with the network IPX
addresses and the remote partner IPX routers associated with those networks. When an
IPX frame is received, the destination IPX address is examined and looked up in the routing
tables. Once the destination IPX address is found in the routing tables, the IPX router
sends the IPX frame to the appropriate remote IPX network.
When both LAN segments contain Novell servers, the IPX network numbers are learned
automatically; simply ensure that IPX routing is enabled on the router for both networks.
When two IPX LAN segments with Novell servers on each segment are to be
connected via IPX routing, you must ensure that the IPX network numbers on each
of the Novell servers is unique. If the IPX network numbers are the same, IPX
routing will not operate.
Once the WAN connections have been established to the remote partner routers,
the IPX router portion of the routers will begin to build their routing tables according
21
Applications
WAN connection
Novell Server
Novell IPX Client
Novell IPX Client
Novell IPX Client
IPX Network Address
IPX Network Address
1500 - defined on router
to the IPX frames they receive from the network. Manual entries may be made in the
routing tables by adding static IPX routes.
Novell Servers in One Location Only
Some Novell LAN installations require that a remote LAN that consists of only Novell IPX
clients be connected to a central LAN that contains the Novell servers and some more
clients. In this configuration, the router IPX router located at the remote site must be
configured with the appropriate IPX network numbers. The IPX network number must be
configured manually because there is no Novell server at the remote site. The router must
act as a Novell server to supply the proper IPX network number to the clients on the
remote site LAN.
In the following diagram, the router connected to LAN #2 must be configured with IPX
network number 1500 (or any other valid, unique IPX network number) using the
appropriate frame type. The clients connected to LAN #2 must also be running with the
same frame type as defined on the router. After the routers have established the WAN
connection, the IPX routing procedures will cause the names of the services located on
LAN #1 to be stored in the services table on the router on LAN #2. When one of the
clients on LAN #2 starts up, it will look for a server on the local LAN and the router will
respond with the list of servers that are located on LAN #1.
1512
LAN #1
LAN #2
Figure 2 -4 IPX Routed Local Area Networks (Servers on one side)
22
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