BYCNHERWBB GJ GJKMPJDFYB>
DSNZ:RJQ
J<OBT BYCNHERWBB
--------------------------------------------------
Yb;yzz xfcnm djple[jjxbcnbntkz
ljk;yf yf[jlbnmcz yf hfccnjzybb
yt vtytt 65 cv yfl re[jyyjq gkbnjq=
Djple[ yt ljk;ty ds,hfcsdfnmcz
yfhe;e gj nhe,t- rjnjhfz
bcgjkmpetncz lkz ds,hjcf lsvjds[
bcgfhtybq jn ghb,jhjd c gbnfybtvyt cdz pfyysv c 'ktrnhbxtcrjq ctnm.
(wtynhfkbpjdfyys[ cbcntv jnjgktybzhflbfnjhjd- djljyfuhtdfntktq b n=l=)=
Lkz ds,hjcf jxbotyyjuj djple[f
cj,k.lfnm ghfdbkf vtcnys[
rjvgtntynys[ jhufybpfwbq= Rhjvt
njuj- djple[ yt ljk;ty ds,hfcsdfnmcz
xthtp jndthcnbt d cntyt- yt
ghtlyfpyfxtyyjt lkz 'njq wtkb=
J,tcgtxbnm yflkt;fobq djple[j−
j,vty gjvtotybz- tckb jlyjdhtvtyyj
c dsnz;rjq d ytv bcgjkmpe.ncz
lheubt ghb,jhs c gbnfybtv yt jn
'ktrnhbxtcrjq ctnb (ufpjdst- vfckzysteujkmyst gtxb b gh=)- gjcrjkmre ds,hjc
djple[f vj;tn ghbdtcnb r cjplfyb.
jnhbwfntkmyjuj lfdktybz d gjvtotybb=
Jnhbwfntkmyjt lfdktybt d gjvtotybb
yt ljk;yj ghtdsifnm 0-04 v,fh- dj
bp,t;fybb pfcfcsdfybz jnhf,j−
nfyys[ ufpjd bcnjxybrf ntgkf= Gj'njvegjvtotybt ljk;yj ,snm cyf,;tyj
yflkt;fobvb djple[jpf,jhybrfvbj,tcgtxbdf.obvb gjcnjzyysq gjnjr
cdt;tuj djple[f=
Gj cdjbv rjycnhernbdysv
jcj,tyyjcnzv- lfyysq ghb,jh
ghbyflkt;bn II_jve rkfcce
bpjkzwbb- gj'njve jy yt ljk;ty
,snm pfptvkty=
Ghb gjlrk.xtybb ghb,jhf d
'ktrnhjctnm ytj,[jlbvj e,tlbnmcz
d njv- xnj pyfxtybt yfghz;tybz
cjjndtncndetn erfpfyyjve yf
nf,kbxrt- hfpvtotyyjq dyenhb
ghb,jhf= D ckexft- tckb Dfi ghb,jh
yt cyf,;ty ub,rbv ythfp]tlbyztvsv
rf,tktv b dbkrjq- bkb lde[gjk.cysv
dsrk.xfntktv c vbybvfkmysv pfpjhjv
vt;le rjynfrnfvb 3 vv- nj lfyyst
ecnhjqcndf hfp]tlbytybz jn ctnb
ljk;ys ,snm ghtlecvjnhtys d
cnfwbjyfhyjq ecnfyjdrt=
Jnrk.xbnm ghb,jh jn ctnb- ght;lt
xtv dsgjkybnm k.,e. jgthfwb. gj
jxbcnrt bkb e[jle=
Chjr ujlyjcnb b'ltkbz - 10 gtn
GJKMPJDFYBT
--------------------------------------------------
D,kbpb jn ghb,jhf yt ljgecrftncz
bcgjkmpjdfybt kturjdjcgkf−
vtyz.ob[cz vfnthbfkjd=
D ckexft ghbvtytybz ahbn.hybws
j,hfnbnm jcj,jt dybvfybt yf nj- xnj
vfckj b ;bh vjuen djcgkfvtyznmcz=
Jcj,j jgfcysv gj cdjtq djcgkf−
vtyztvjcnb zdkztncz gtht;fhtyyjt
vfckj= Ghbvtytybt jnrhsns[
'ktrnhbxtcrb[ htitnjr yt ljge−
crftncz=
Lkz cj,k.ltybz gj;fhyjq
,tpjgfcyjcnb- ytj,[jlbvj ghblth−
;bdfnmcz bycnherwbq gj jxbcnrt
abkmnhjd lkz pflth;rb ;bhf b gj
elfktyb. ;bhys[ jcflrjd d ghb,jht=
E{JL
--------------------------------------------------
Nofntkmysq e[jl zdkztncz ufhfynbtq
bcghfdyjq hf,jns b lkbntkmyjuj
cj[hfytybz hf,jnjcgjcj,yjcnb
ghb,jhf=
Jcj,jt dybvfybt cktletn eltkznm
htitnrt lkz pflth;rb ;bhf- rjnjhfz
ljk;yf gjldthufnmcz gthbjlbxtcrjq
jxbcnrt d pfdbcbvjcnb jn ht;bvf
'rcgkefnfwbb (yt ht;t jlyjuj hfpf
d ldf vtczwf)= Lkz 'njuj- ytj,[jlbvj
cyznm htitnre lkz pflth;rb ;bhf
b ghjvsnm tt ytqnhfkmysv vj.obv
chtlcndjv dhexye. bkb d gjcelj−
vjtxyjq vfibyt=
Elfktybt c ghb,jhf djpvj;ys[
jcflrjd ;bhf ljk;yj ghjbpdjlbnmcz
gthbjlbxtcrb d cjjndtncndbb c
ht;bvjv bcgjkmpjdfybz (gj rhfqytq
vtht xthtp rf;lst 2 vtczwf)= Lkz
'njuj yt ljgecrftncz ghbvtytybt
ghjlernjd- cjlth;fob[ f,hfpbdyst
bkb rjhhjpbdyst dtotcndf= Lkz
jxbcnrb dytiyb[ gjdth[yjcntq
jrhfityys[ ghb,jhjd bcgjkmpeqnt
vjrhe. nhzgre c ntgkjq djljq b
ytqnhfkmysv vj.obv chtlcndjv+ lkz
dytiytq jxbcnrb cnfkmys[- vtlys[
bkb kfneyys[ gjdth[yjcntq ghb,jhjd
wtktcjj,hfpyj bcgjkmpjdfnm
cgtwbabxtcrbt ghjlerns- d
cjjndtncndbb c cjjndtncnde.obvb
bycnherwbzvb+ lkz dyenhtyytq
jxbcnrb ghb,jhf bcgjkmpeqnt
nhzgre#rbcnm- ghjgbnfyye.
ltyfnehbhjdfyysv 'nbkjdsv cgbhnjv=
Lkz cyznbz cntrkf- jnrhsnm rfhtnregjldbyed tt dgthtl+ gthtvtcnbnm
cntrkj dktdj (bkb dghfdj) b ghbgjlyznm
tt jlyjq cnjhjyjq rdth[e- rfr
gjrfpfyj yf hbc= 12=
JGBCFYBT
--------------------------------------------------
Ghb,jh vj;tn hf,jnfnm rfr d ht;bvt
htwbhrekzwbb djple[f- nfr b c yfhe;yjq
dsnz;rjq b c lbcnfywbjyysv
'ktrnhjldbufntktv=
D bcgjkytybb c htwbhrekzwbtq (Hbc= 1)dsnzubdftvsq djple[ c bcgfhtybzvb
;bhf b vfckf jxboftncz eujkmysv
abkmnhjv b dyjdm djpdhfoftncz d
gjvtotybt= Dybvfybt@ D bcgjkytybb c
htwbhrekzwbtq djple[f ytj,[jlbvj
bcgjkmpjdfnm eujkmysq abkmnh lkz
jxbcnrb djple[f- htwbhrekbhe.otuj d
gjvtotybb=
D bcgjkytybb c yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq
djple[f (Hbc= 2)- bcgfhtybz b pfgf[b
re[yb ds,hfcsdf.ncz ytgjchtlcndtyyj
yfhe;e gj lsvjdjq nhe,t b xthtp
dsdjlyjt jndthcnbt d cntyt#gjnjkrt= D
'njv ckexft ytn ytj,[jlbvjcnb d
bcgjkmpjdfybb eujkmyjuj abkmnhf=
D bcgjkytybb c lbcnfywbjyysv
'ktrnhjldbufntktv (Hbc= 3)- r ghb,jhe
gjlcjtlbyztncz jnltkmyjcnjzobq
dsnz;yjq dtynbkznjh+ ghb 'njv ghb,jh
,eltn cke;bnm jnltkmysv gtht[jlysv
'ktvtynjv lkz pf,jhf djple[f=
Ytj,[jlbvj bcgjkmpjdfnm njkmrj
dtynbkznjhs- ghtlkfuftvst d
abhvtyyjv rfnfkjut=
Pfregktyyfz Dfvb vjltkm vj;tn ,snm
jcyfotyf 1_bv bkb 2_vz 'ktrnhj−
ldbufntkzvb= D bcgjkytybb c 1_bv
ldbufntktv dsnz;yjq akfytw yf[jlbncz
yt d wtynht ghb,jhf- f gthtvtoty dktdj=
ECNFYJDRF
--------------------------------------------------
Lkz elj,cndf ecnfyjdrb htrjvtyletncz
jncjtlbybnm htitnre#b lkz pflth;rb
;bhf (Hbc= 4)% lkz 'njuj- gjlybvbnt
gthtly.. xfcnm b cybvbnt htitnredsyed tt cpflb=
DYBVFYBT@ Dj bp,t;fybt
gjdht;ltybq dj dhtvz ecnfyjdrb
bcgjkmpeqnt kbim dbyns- d[jlzobt d
rjvgktrn ghb,jhf- yflkt;fobvb
j,hfpjv- cktlez yb;tghbdtltyysv
bycnherwbzv=
Lkz rjvgtycfwbb djpvj;yjuj pfpjhf
vt;le dsnz;rjq b cntyjq
ghtlecvjnhtyf gkfcnvfccjdfz
hfccgjhyfz yfrkflrf- ghbrhtgkztvfz
r pflytq cntyrt ghb,jhf nhtvz
oehegfvb F (Hbc= 5)= Bcgjkmpetvst
dbyns F cjlth;fncz d vtijxrt
ghbyflkt;yjcntq- ghbkj;tyyjv r
hfcgjhrt= Ghb 'njv ytj,[jlbvj jnhtpfnm
tt lj ye;yjuj hfpvthf- d cjjndtncndbb
c rjvgtycbhetvsv pfpjhjv=
Rhtgktybt r yfdtcyjve irfae
Jcyjdyst eckjdbz gj ecnfyjdrt%
− Cvjynbheqnt cbcntve 'ktrnhbxtcrjuj
gbnfybz=
− Tckb ghb,jh ,eltn ghbvtyznmcz d
bcgjkytybb c yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq
bkb c lbcnfywbjyysv 'ktrnhj−
ldbufntktv- ghjltkfqnt jndthcnbt
lkz dsdjlf djple[f=
Xnj,s ljcnbuyenm jgnbvfkmys[ eckjdbq
'rcgkefnfwbb ghb,jhf d bcgjkytybb c
yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq b c lbcnfywbjyysv
'ktrnhjldbufntktv ytj,[jlbvj
bcgjkmpjdfnm nhe,e lkz dsdjlf djple[f%
− vbybvfkmyj ytj,[jlbvjq lkbys
− c yfbvtymibv xbckjv bpub,jd (yfb,=
eujk bpub,f _ 90°)
− cltkfyye. bp vfnthbfkf- cjjndtncn−
de.otuj cnfylfhnysv nht,jdfybzv
lfyyjq cnhfys
− cj dyenhtyytq gjdth[yjcnm.- gj
djpvj;yjcnb ukflrjq=
Rhjvt njuj- vs htrjvtyletv
ghtljndhfnbnm htprbt bpvtytybz ctxtybz
nhe,s (htrjvtyletvsq lbfvtnh% 125 vv)=
Rhtgktybt gj Hbc= 6%
Ghbckjybd if,kjy r jcyjdfyb.
yfdtcyjuj irfaf- ghjcdthkbnt 4
jndthcnbz- ghtlecvjnhtyys[ lkz Dfitq
vjltkb b ghjltkfqnt jndthcnbtytj,[jlbvjt lkz dsdjlf djple[f=
Lkz bcgjkytybz c lbcnfywbjyysv
'ktrnhjldbufntktv% ghjbpdtlbnt
'ktrnhbxtcrjt cjtlbytybt dsnz;rb c
yfhe;ysv 'ktrnhjldbufntktv yflkt
;fobvb rktvvfvb (Hbc= 7)+ cybvbnt
pf;bv F b rhsire D cjtlbybntkmyjq
rjhj,rb= Pfrhtgbnt cjtlbybntkmysq
ghjdjl r rktvvfv C= Gjdnjhyj
ecnfyjdbnt pf;bv F b rhsire D d
cjtlbybntkmye. rjhj,re= Lheujq rjytw
ghjdjlf ghbcjtlbybnt r rktvvfv
yfhe;yjuj dtynbkznjhf=
Gjldbymnt dsnz;re r jcyjdfyb.
yfdtcyjuj irfaf b ghbrhtgbnt tuj r
irfae 4_vz cfvjyfhtpf.obvb
dbynfvb- gjcnfdktyysvb dvtcnt c
ghb,jhjv=
Rhtgktybt [jvenfvb gj Hbc= 8 (gj
pfghjce)%
Djpmvbnt 2 [jvenf (S) b 8 dbynjd bp
vtijxrf ghbyflkt;yjcntq= Pfrhtgbnt
[jvens d yfdtcyjv irfaee,tlbdibcm d njv- xnj jyb ghfdbkmyj
gjpbwbjybhjdfys b bcgjkmpez lkz
'njuj 4 lkbyys[ dbynf= Gjckt 'njujghbrhtgbnt ghb,jh r [jvenfv c
gjvjom. 4_[ rjhjnrb[ dbynjd=
Lkz bcgjkytybz c yfhe;yjq dsnz;rjq
b lbcnfywbjyysv 'ktrnhjldbufntktv%
gjlcjtlbybnt cjtlbybntkmysq akfytw
ghb,jhf r dsdjlyjve jndthcnb. d
cntyt#gjnjkrt ghb gjvjob yflkt;fotuj
gfnhe,rf= Gjlrk.xbnt dsnz;re d
'ktrnhjctnm ghb gjvjob rf,tkz gbnfybz=
Ecnfyjdbnm ghjnbdj;bhjde. htitnre
yf dsnz;re- dltdsdfz tt d yfrljyyjv
gjkj;tybb (dth[yyzz cnjhjyf cvjnhbn
ddth[)=
Lkz bcgjkytybz c htwbhrekzwbtq djple[f%
gjlcjtlbybnt r dsnz;yjve akfywe
yflkt;foe. nhe,e lkz dsnzubdfybz
djple[f bp ghb,jhf b gjdnjhyjq gjlfxb
tt d gjvtotybt= Gjlrk.xbnt ghb,jh d
'ktrnhjctnm ghb gjvjob rf,tkz gbnfybz=
Ecnfyjdbnm djkjrybcne. gfytkm dyenhm
ghjnbdj;bhjdjq htitnrb- 'frhtkbd tt
kjchtlcndjv 2−e[ ghjdjkjr (F)- d[jlzob[
cjcnfd ghbyflkt;yjcntq= Ecnfyjdbnm
ghjnbdj;bhjde. htitnre yf dsnz;redltdsdfz tt d yfrljyyjv gjkj;tybb
(dth[yyzz cnjhjyf cvjnhbn ddth[)=
AEYRWBJYBHJDFYBT
--------------------------------------------------
−−
−
−−
Rjvfyls yf Hbc= 9%
Dsrk.xfntkm C% d gjkj;tybb V (ldbufntkm)-
jnrhsdfybt#pfrhsdfybt rfhtnrb
eghfdkztn drk.xtybtv #dsrk.xtybtv
'ktrnhjldbufntkz- gjlcdtnrf jcnftncz
dsrk.xtyyjq+ d gjkj;tybb N (j,ott)jnrhsdfybt #pfrhsdfybt rfhtnrb
eghfdkztn drk.xtybtv#dsrk.xtybtv
gjlcndtnrb b 'ktrnhjldbufntkz+ d
gjkj;tybb L- gjlcdtnrf jcnftncz dct
dhtvz drk.xtyyjq b 'ktrnhj−ldbufntkm
dsrk.xtyysv (rfr ghb jnrhsnjq- nfr
b ghb pfrhsnjq rfhtnrt)- ldbufntkm
jcnftncz dsrk.xtyysv=
Dsrk.xfntkm D% gthtrk.xftn crjhjcnb
'ktrnhjldbufntkz= d gjkj;tybb V
bkb N dsrk.xfntkz- ghb jnrhsdfybb
rfhtnrb ghjbc[jlbn fdnjvfnbxtcrbq
pfgecr 'ktrnhjldbufntkz yf ds,hfyyjq
crjhjcnb=
Rjvfyls yf Hbc= 10%
Dsrk.xfntkm D% d gjkj;tybb A
(fdnjvfnbxtcrbq ht;bv)- drk.xtybt
'ktrnhjldbufntkz b gjlcdtnrb
ghjbc[jlbn fdnjvfnbxtcrb ghb
jnrhsdfbbb#pfrhsdfybb rfhtnrb= D
gjkj;tybb M (hexyjq ht;bv)gjlcdtnrf drk.xtyf= D gjkj;tybb 0-
gjlcdtnrf dsrk.xtyf=
Xfcnbxyjt jnrhsdfybt rfhtnrb eghfdkztn
drk.xtybtv 'ktrnhjldbufntkz yf 1_jq
crjhjcnb+ lfkmytqitt jnrhsdfybt rfhtnrb
gthtrk.xftn 'ktrnhjldbufntkm yf 2_.
crjhjcnm- f gjkyjt jnrhsdfybt rfhtnrb
_ yf 3_. crjhjcnm=
D ckexft 'rcgkefnfwbb ghb,jhf d
bcgjkytybb c htwbhrekzwbtq
ytj,[jlbvj ghjbpdjlbnm pfvtye
eujkmyjuj abkmnhf d cjjndtncndbb c
ht;bvjv hf,jns+ d chtlytv- xthtp rf;lst
itcnm vtczwtd= Lkz cyznbz eujkmyjuj
abkmnhf F (Hbc= 4)%
− jnrhjqnt rfhtnre- nzyz tt dybppfntv r ct,t=
− cybvbnt htitnre lkz pflth;rb ;bhf%
gjlybvbnt gthtly.. xfcnm htitnrb+
pfntv cybvbnt htitnre- dsyed tt
cpflb=
− Ltvjynbhjdfnm djkjrybcne. gfytkm
bp dyenhtyytq xfcnb ghjnbdj;bhjdjq
htitnrb- elfkbd 2−t ghjdjkrb (F)
(Hbc= 4)- rjnjhst rhtgzn gfytkm=
Lkz pfvtys kfvg gjlcdtnrb- cybvbnt
rjkgfr- jndbynbd cnjgjhysq dbyn (Hbc=11)=
Pfvtye ye;yj ghjbpdjlbnm njkmrj yf
kfvgs njuj ;t nbgf=
1
4
2
5
F
A
A
3
6
7
8
71
140
9
B
C
B
A
C
10
D
S
11
42
12
04306227/1 - 413cl.2russo
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