Bath Grinder Universal Grinding Information Grinder

Introductory

In

preparing this booklet the aim has been

three-fold:

distinctive

are

with

often unable

tion,

profitably and efficiently; and

familiar with grinding wheels

standing of them, With the hope

of service

Special

subject in

carefully avoiding all unnecessary

We do

line of Grinding Machines, which includes

Duplex Internal, Surface, Disc, and Cylindrical

Grinding Machines.

If

explicit information

grinding problems of

never

who

ways

their suggestions

It

courtesies received from Grinding Wheel Man-

ufacturers, and the valuable information

furnished by them

ing this booklet.

to

show how certain operative features

on

our

Universal Grinding Machine

used

to

advantage;

to

aid those confronted

grinding problems about which they

to

obtain all the necessary informa-

that

they

may

use

the Grinding Machine

to

assist those not

to

a

right under-

that

it

to

our

many friends.

effort

has been made

a

clear and comprehensive

to

treat

matter.

not

show

in this

the booklet does

hesitate to write

are

always ready

and

means

of economical grinding, and

may

is

a

pleasure

on

booklet

not

you

want,

any

kind causing difficulty,

us.

to

assist you in devising

prove of value.

to

acknowledge the many

grinding wheels,

our

contain certain

or

if

We have specialists

will

prove

manner,

complete

you

have

in

prepar-

are

each

Universal Grinding Machine Co.

Fitchburg, Mass.

Front View of Bath Universal Grinding Machine

A

Brief

Description

Bath

THE‘!

efficient

Surface, Disc, Cutter and Reamer work

In

this

for performing

rapidity and accuracy

purpose machine.

machine

minimum.

THE

which is permanently bolted

dimensions: internally ribbed, and having 2. circular flange

base

Column is gibbed the grinding wheel head,

the

floor, and having only one movable joint between

head and base of machine.

THE

tudinal

in

THE CROSS SLIDE which provides

Universal Grinding Machine

BATH

UNIVERSAL

esigned

for

the

means

machine

is

incorporated

the

from

BASE of the machine

as

large

as

grinding wheel head by

CROSS

SLIDE

slides. has

the circular base of the vertical column which provides

bearing

of

knee being

machine

and

into

mechanism,

dimensions throughout.

machining operations

liberal

swung

proper

relation

is

adapted

can

be readily clamped

grinding wheel, and carries work table and

is

GRINDING

purpose

of

for

various

one

combining

the

grinding

all

the

grinding operations

as

could be accomplished

It

is

so

designed

operation

is

a

single massive casting,

the top of machine base.

a

heavy

KNEE, which carries the

a

very

large circular base

dimensions

around
to

substantially

for

the

column

the

wheel

for.

The knee is graduated

at

any

ribbed

It

is

to

insure

of

MACHINE

in

a

of

essential

to

another

a

vertical column

wall

the

{or

the

angle

means

internally

thoroughly seasoned between

alignment.

single

Cylindrical, Internal.

of

all

dacriptions.

features

with

that

the

is

reduced

To

this

thus

of

metal

cross

that

kneetoswivel

to

bring

the

various

operations this

from

0

to

for

feeding the work

and

has been

machine

necessar

as

much

on

8

single

changing

on

top

of

liberal

Vertical

supporting

direct

to

the

and longi-

fits

on,

work

in

degrees

90 degrees.

0

a

liberal

of

to

of

the

wheel

over

the

table

rating

a

a

3

'I‘IIE'I‘ABLEis

thoroughlyseasoned between operations.

with

a

THE

GRINDING

struction and has only

dle

largeadjustablc pl1ospnor~hroI1zebe2I'1llgS, thoroughly protected

from grit. The

is

to

TIIE

graduated. The spindle is

and

spindle revolves

to

TEE

tension spring, controlled byahandwheel and quick acting

lever. The spindle

the

THE

against the reversing lever, which

load and

lever, which provides

of its traverse automatically, by giving the lever 21 part

turn

THE

GRINDING

can

to

work

THE_

e1ther_or_ both revjersals

THE

[or

WORK

instantly changed

well proportioned, and

a

swivel plate for grinding tapered work and has

scale graduated

is made

graduated

one-thousandth

I-IEADSTOCK has

runs

be locked when grinding

in

inches

WHEEL

flEAl_) is of the most rigid

of

to

in

a

tool

steel, hardened and ground, and

screw

which feeds the wheel head vertically

1—16"and1sprov1ded

of

an

a

adjustable phospbm-—bronze bearings. The

for

chuck and face— late work,

like

the

per

foot

vertical

movement.

inch.

dust-proof swivel base, accurately

with

rnadeofsteel

on

dea centers.

hardened and ground

FOOTSTOCK SPINDLE is provided

may

center

to

TABLE

AUTOMATIC

the

I5

CONTROLLED by adjustable dogs, ogerating

fire

type,

at

any

time

operates

be

set

to

.005”. The feed is automatically

reduce the diameter

has been reduced

AUTOMATIC

CROSS SCREW

duplicating work.

AND

TRAVERSE

be clamped rigidly

work.

or

by conveniently located hand reversing

means

during

the

CROSS

at

to

SURFACE CROSS I1‘EED_ operates

of

IIANDWHEEL

SPEEDS

while

actuates

for

stopping

traverse

FEED

each reversal

the

required size.

of

work table.

are

running.

of

the

FOR

of

the

thrown

is provided

independent, and

cross

slide

It

isprovided

and degrees.

con-

The wheelspn_1-

amxcromeu-zr reading

and

with

for

the clutcofthe

the

table

table.

CYLINDRICAL

the

work

work

from .00025”

out

with

_

runs

is arranged

9. variable

supporting

at

the end

oi

table, and

when

the

a

stop

can

In

a

at

be

Side

and

Rear

View

of

Bath

Universal

Grinding Machine

The Bath Universal Grinding Machine A.-ranged for

The

cut

at

Grinding Attachment,

our

Universal Grinding Machine, and is shown

attached

to

The

machine in above

design of this attachment

utmost rigidity in operation. The

form of massive proportion, is bolted firmly

side of the column

The internal spindle is driven

which is clamped

Grinding

Internal

Grinding

bottom of page shows

in

detail,

as

cut.

arm

near

its

base, and is self-aligning.

on

the

nose

of the main wheel

Internal

our

Internal

furnished

secures

is

a

parabola

from

a

with

the

to

the

pulley

spindle.

The internal wheel spindle is made of tool steel,

hardened and ground, and

runs

in

adjustable

phosphor-bronze bearings, thoroughly protected

from

water

This attachment is readily attached

as

canbeseen

and grit.

by a. study of the

two

to

views.

.

machine,

The Bath Universal Grinding Machine Arranged

Grinding

for

Surface

Surface Grinding

The

cut

at

Grinding Attachment,

Universal Grinding Machine,

to machine in the above

The attachment spindle is screwed

wheel spindle through which

which carries the

grinding wheel head, the alignment being insured

bottom

by tongue and groove. The

ahgning, being carried by

of

page shows

as

furnished

andis

cut.

it

outer

bearing is clamped

a

swivel head.

our

with

shown attached

onto

is driven. The

outer

bearing is self-

Surface

the

the

to

Bath

main

arm

the

Surface Grinding

Attachment

The

the variety of work possible

Universal Grinding Machine.

value for holding inserted tooth mills, counterbores,

large end mills, reamers, etc.,

shank.

By using Flange Plate, which is furnished

with

this attachment, gear cutters,

saws,

etc.,

The

Flange Plate, which provides

.arge

Flat

variety

The

Universal Work Holder

Universal

can

be readily held.

Vise also

of

work

Gutter

Work

Holder

can

to

be surface ground.

Bar

Attachment

adds greatly

to

be ground

It

is of special

with

straight

flat

form cutters,

be clamped

means

for

is especially

on

or

taper

to

holding

our

this

adapted for holding small end mills, angular and

straight cutters, etc., when

ment

is necessary.

Cutter

Bar

Attach

a

very

sensitive

ment

move-

to

a

Fig. 1 shows

wheel head

Machine.

cross

on

our

section of grinding

No. 2 and 21/; Grinding

To adjust wheel spindle bearings: Remove

dust

screws

AA and loosen tapered

screws

_

BB whlch

take the place of liners, also loosen

ti

hten nuts

wfien bearings

should be tightened, then

screws

To take up end thrust of wheel spindle loosen

screws

screw

clamp collet firmly in place by

Fig. 2 shows

nut

on

Machine.

To

and

draw

made, when

DD

which draws tapered bearings in,

are

properly adjusted

nuts

AA.

E and F. Then tighten

F, when the

our

No. 2 and 2% Universal Grinding

take

up

nut

nut

proper

a

section of

lost

motion

until

in

out

B should be locked in place

nuts

CC. Then

screws

CC, and replace

up

screw

adjustment is made,

screw

proper

E.

screw

adjustable

lock

adjustment

cross

nut, loosen

bynut A.

C A B

\“///flil\\\W/

BB

G, also

nut

'

A

is

On the followin

features, distinctivgepangnu :Leesh§:¢'§°‘{yn§$'§,a5Li °(§§'§£X§

reaI{l:1l_!;:l'iisétdI:.re used

e 0

cap§‘cgAyfl!o§s:¥eumachi£e- mp

e

great variety of other work

The_method

2:1;

For surface rinding srnall Irregular piecs of work, clamp in

{lat

vise

and hol

removed and flange plate inserted

Below

reamers, etc.,

illustrations

HINTS ON GRINDING CUTTERS

Should the grinding wheel

ground, the wheel head should be raised

bottom of grinding wheel.

When grinding clearance

always

use

to

the

land which supports

disc wheel is used, the and

It

is best

edge

of

tooth,

point, and there is less danger of drawing the temper, thus enabling

the

grinding

Care

must.

rest,

with

grinding wheel.

Clearance

obtained by setting the knee

When

should

be

When grinding taper

swivel plate,

out

the

length of the

In

setting

of

setting tooth

to

tilt

the

Cutter Bar Attachment, the desired

The table

center of work

cutters and 1-earners.

not

_

abnssownwillsuggest

of

lgle rnont

vise

we

give a_l’_ew general suggestions

In

addition_to the explanatory

on

the following pages.

a

cup-shaped grinding wheel. as this gives

to

revolve the grinding wheel against the Cutting

as

it

to

be done faster.

be taken

suliicient

on

the

the

tooth

taken

not

as

this

for

tooth

rest

V

block

on

on

page 34 gives the

to

to

advantage

atte (:

t

that

setting

in

can

up,

as

cases

several other

Universal Work Holder the

to

strike

on

the teeth of cutters,

the

cutting edge at the

will

be concaved.

prevents

a

burr

to

hold, by hand,

pl'(5Sl.lre

to

prevent

"down"

or

one

rest

to

run

gives

reamer.

above center,

Universal

degree

is stationary and

cutter

off

reatners,

etc., always clamp

the

same

clearance

on

Work

obtain proper angle of clearance

in

0

cover

the

be d“<):::eon0thit; a::‘hil1l:.g the

shown by these illustrations, is

ways

receive flat; Vise.

AND

the

tooth

until

being

formed

the

its

“upside"

off

zero.

work

of

tooth

clearance

milling cutters, etc., instead

it

will

be found much quicker

Holder,

number

amounttoset

-

sharpening cutters,

‘

entire

range

thd

fhad'

of

grinding

V

block being

for

grinding cutters,

matter

at

the foot of

REAMERS

next

to

the

this tooth clears the

work

being

of

rest.

to

and

of

one

runners,

a

straight face

tooth.

at

the cutting

against tooth

lifted

by

grinding wheel is

is traversed,

tooth

tooth

work

degrees.

tooth

rest

through-

carrier

rest

on

milling

above

the

and

the

being

etc.,

If

the

care

CUTTER GRINDING

-

a

to

on

Figs. 1 and 2

Fig. 1 shows

about .025” for cast

16 degrees

being

various

a

for

Fig. 2 shows

from

3

angles

very

cast

the

to

9 degrees.

for

cast

illustrate

narrow land back of the cutting edge: C equals

iron and 9

two

methods

lI'0l'l

and .006”

to

method

iron. bronze and steel.

14 degrea for steel.

generally used,

Different

of

grinding

for

st/eeL

the

angle

manufacturers

B

equals

of

reamers.

about

clearance

recommend

Fig. 2

Sharpening Large End

Use cup grinding wheel.

Swing knee

wheel spindle.

Cutter is held by taper shank

Holder. The Universal Holder is set

bring center of

spindle,

shank

V block the required number of degrees which is

read direct from dial.

adjust finger

on

this

Set adjustable center and adjust jaw

so

The proper clearance is obtained by tilting

Clamp High Tooth Rest

the

same

to

90 degrees,

cutter

in

line

being insured by dowel pins.

that

mill revolves freely without shake.

so

as

to

height

bring cutting face

as

center

Mill

or

right angles

_

in

Universal Work

with

axis of wheel

on

swivel plate and

of

mill.

so

as

to

mill

of

tooth

_H_old cutter against tooth rest finger when

grinding.

_

_

_

Use tooth rest finger for indexing also

to

to

Sharpening Side

Use cup grinding wheel.

Teeth

Milling

of

Inserted

Cutter

Swing knee to 89 degrees which allows clearance

of “upside” of wheel.

Cutter is mounted

on

arbor and held in Universal

Work Holder.

The Swivel Base is doweled

side being ground absolutely

periphery of

cutter.

Tooth Rest is adjusted

face of tooth

on

same

height

on

zero

at

right angles

so

as

to

bring cutting

as

center of cutter.

to

insure the

The tooth clearance is obtained by tilting

V block the required number of degrees

proper clearance, the degrees

can

be read direct from

vertical dial.

When grinding, hold

finger, and

use

finger

cutter

to

index by.

against

tooth

Tooth

to

to

the

give

rest

Sharpening Periphery

of

Inserted

Milling

Cutter

Use

cup

Swing knee around

clearance

Cutter is mounted

Universal Work Holder. The horizontal Swivel

and V block being doweled

of

cutter

right angles

The

finger being set

center

The tooth clearance

by raising wheel head

can

be read

the

V

be read
page 34 for clearance.

When grinding, hold

finger, and be careful

grinding wheel.

to

on

the “upside” of grinding wheel.

89 degrees, thus allowing

on

an

arbor and held in

on

zero

insures the face

being ground absolutely straight and

to

side of

tooth

of

cutter.

from

block the desired number of degrees

direct

cutter.

rest is mounted

over

cutting point of wheel and

can

the

elevating

on

wheel head,

then be obtained either

desired

screw

amount,

dial,

from vertical dial. See table

_

agamst tooth

cutter

off

not

cutter

to

run

or

by tilting

which

ot

on

which

can

on

rest

finger.

at

Sharpening

Use cup grinding wheel.

Swing knee around

clearance

Reamer is held by taper shank

End

of

Chucking

on

“upside” of wheel.

or

Rose

to

89 degrees which allows

in

Universal Work

Holder.

Set adjustable center and adjust jaw

so

that

reamer

Set Universal Work Holder swivel base

revolves freely without shake.

proper angle.

Clamp high tooth

set finger

the

finger.

on

center of work.

The roper tooth clearance is obtained by tilting

V

b ock

the

When grinding, hold reamer against tooth rest

Use

tooth

rest

stand

required number

rest

finger

for

on

swivel plate and

of

indexing.

degrees.

Reamer

to

shank

to

give

Sharpening

Use dish-shaped grinding wheel.

a

Counterbore

Swing knee around to 90 degrees.

Counterbore is held by shank in Universal Work

Holder. The Universal Holder is set so

bring center of

spindle,

bore revolves freely without shake.

V

read direct from dial.

_

finger

height

this

Set adjustable center and adjust jaw so counter-

The

proper

block the required number

Clamp high tooth

so

as

as

centerofcutter

cutter

being insured by dowel pins.

to

bring cutting face of

in line with axis of wheel

clearance is obtained by tilting

rest

of

degrees which is

on

swivel plate and adjust

tooth

the

ll ll

as

same

to

Sharpening

Use cup grinding wheel.

Swing knee around

clearance

Work Holder.

which

V

proper clearance.

Universal Work

finger, and

footstock

knee is

finger

clearance.

on

Mount

Set Universal Work Holder

Set tooth rest; finger

“upside” of grinding wheel.

cutter

can

be read from Swivel Base.

block the required number of degrees

When

one

Set

tooth

cutter

set

set

rest

use

centers

to

above

See

When grinding, hold

The

a

Special

to

on

arbor and hold

V

89 degrees which allows

to

on

center of work, and

side of

finger

may

give the desired angle and tooth

cutter

Holder

on

other side of

to

be also held between head and

for

sharpening.

center

table

on

is sharpened swivel

around

to

cutter

index.

to

page

cutter.

against tooth rest

give

the

34

for

Cutter

in

Universal

proper angle

to

opposite angle.

In

that

case

proper

clearance.

tooth

tilt

give

the

rest

Sharpening Periphery

Cutter

Use cup grinding wheel.

Teeth

of

a

Side Milling

Sharpening

Use

cup

grinding wheel.

Swing knee

at

Small

right angles

End

Mill

to

wheelispindle.

Cutter is held in Cutter Bar attachment, which

provides

a

very

sensitive

movement.

The Cutter Bar swivel head carrier is set

as

to

bring center of

wheel spindle, this being insured by dowel pin, also

tilt

swivel head

proper clearance

cutter

in

line

to

required number degrees

on

tooth,

the

degrees being read

with

axis of

to

give

direct from vertical dial.

Adjust

tooth

of tooth the

Use the

against

tooth

rest finger

same

height

lever

feed, and hold

rest

finger.

so

to

as

To

bring cutting face

center of

cutter.

cutter

index, revolve bushing.

by hand

so

Sharpening

Use cup grinding wheel.

Swing knee

on

the “upside” of wheeL

Mount

cutter

attachment, which provides

movement.

Swivel head

The proper clearance

an

Angular Cutter

to

89 degrees which allows clearance

on

arbor and hold in Cutter Bar

a

very

sensitive

to

required angle for cutter.

on

tooth is obtained by

tilting swivel head the required number of degrees

which is read direct from dial.

Adjust tooth rest finger

being ground the

Hold

cutter

same

against tooth

grinding.

Use lever feed.

height

to

bring face of tooth

as

center of work.

rest

finger, when

Sharpening 9. Spiral

Use

cup

grinding wheel.

Swing knee around

clearance

footstock centers.

cutter

insures the cutter being ground absolutely straight

and

tooth

desired clearance. See table

clearance.

finger, and slide

cutter

must be clamped

on

the “upside” of grinding Wheel.

Cutter is held

on

It

revolve and slide

true

with

the

hole.

Use high tooth

rest

finger above center of work

When grinding, hold

run

off tooth

If

cutter is pressed

rest

on

arbor, being careful

rest

on

grinding wheel head.

Milling

to

89 degrees,

an

arbor between head and

is preferable

on

arbor

stand and set

cutter

Cutter

thus

to

have the

as

this method

center

to

on

page 34

against tooth

not

finger.

on

arbor, the tooth rest stand

allowing

give the

for

rest

to

let

of

Sharpening

Use

cup

grinding wheel.

Swing knee around

clearance

centers.

on

“upside” of grinding wheel.

The

reamer

Swivel Plate is set

a

Taper

Reamer

to

89 degrees, which allows

is held between head and footstock

to

the

proper

angle. This

cannot be accurately obtained by reading scale

alone, but

the

must

be determined by repeatedly trying

reamerina

standard taper hole.

Clamp high tooth

rest

on

swivel plate and

adjust finger above the center of work the desired

amount

table

lll12€l', and USE finger to index lay.

to

give

proper

on

page 34 for clearance.

When grinding, hold

clearance

reamer

on

tooth. See

against E001’/ll l'CSt

Use

a

dish—shaped grinding wheel.

Swing table around

right angles

to

Hob is held

centers.

Sharpening

wheel spindle.

on

arbor between head and

a

to

90 degrees

Hob

or

table

footstock

The table is adjusted towards wheel head

face of grinding wheel is in line with work center,
face of tooth must be kept radial.

The Low tooth rest is clamped

and tooth rest finger adjusted

tooth by the face of wheel,

amount of stock desired

The Table should be

grinding wheel fed

to
traversed

into

work by the wheel head

be removed.

on

swivel plate

so

as

to

a

bring face of

distance equal

by

power

and

elevating handwheel.

When grinding, hold bob against tooth

finger.

Use tooth

rest

finger

for

indexing.

Note—The set-up is the same for Large Formed

Milling Cutters.

at

until

as

to

the

rest

Sharpening

21

Gear

Cutter

(Using Special Gear Cutter Attachment)

Use dish-shaped grinding wheel.

The knee is swung around

The gear

cutter

attachment is held in Universal

to

90 degrees.

Work Holder.

The

cutter

is mounted

Set cutting face of grinding wheel against gauge,

on

stud of attachment.

this insures the teeth being ground radially.

Set cutting face of

the

amountofstock

adjust

tooth

place.

Feed grinding wheel

handwheel.

rest

When grinding, hold

cutter

by the gauge equal

desired

against heel of

into

cutter

to

be removed, then

tooth

and clamp

cutter

by traverse

against

tooth

to

in

rest.

Grinding Wheels

The operation of grinding

is nothing

The ‘cutting tools

extending from the face of the grinding wheel. When

these small sharp tools

speed,

with

cuts

its

chips resemble those removed by

these abrasive grains

should loosen from the bond which binds them, allowing

the_ sharp points

action,

Work.

dulled, they prevent other sharp points from coming

contact

changes

of

own

in

order that the grinding wheel

If

the points

with

to

heat

that

more

or

are

the sharp particles of abrasive

iron, _steel, etc., each sharp abrasive grain

minute

are

chip from the work. These

wear

that

are

are

work, and the cutting action of the grains

a

rubbing action, causing undue generation

distorts

the

work, and prevents accurate

work being obtained. While

the

abrasive grains break away before they become

dulled, the wheel is unnecessarily wasted. 5’

From the foregoing

it

will

operation of any grinding machine depends

measure

wheels. Frequently

method of using

quantity and quality

important

informed

have

mysterious process dependent upon long experience

and good judgment.

but

not

excessive.

upon the

that

on

The

inexperienced operators

come

in the main, the general principles involved

difficult

proper

selection and

a

change of grinding wheel

it

will

result in greatly increasing the

of

subject.

To

the

a

all operators of grinding machines be

this

to

regard the selection

to

grasp, and the

A gi-indin wheel is made

materia

material, and the “bond,” which holds together

abrasive grains.

Abrasive

artificial.

Corundum. The

,

namely: the

materials

The

are

natural

artificial

Adamite, Aloxite, Alundurn, Carbolite, Carbo-

Alumina, Carborundum, Carbondite and Crystolon.

Corundum

is

a

natural abrasive, found in Canada,

India, Brazil and Georgia. The best co_rundum

comes

from the Canadian mines and contains 95%

of crystalline alumina. Corundum grains

light in color, extremely hard, have

fracture,

planes, leaving

the

grains breaking, when dull, along

new

sharp cutting points.

as

we

know

it

less than

brought

below

a

cutting process.

in

contact,

a

or

lathe tool. As

become dulled, they

to

be brought into

may

today,

at

high

do efficient

retained after they become

on

the other hand.

be

seen

that

the successful

in

a

large

of grinding

wheels

this

as

is

true,

are

not

or

cutting

the

Emery and

known

a

perfect

are

output.

certain

up

of

“abrasive”

of

two

abrasives

abrasives

use

It

is, therefore,

of

grinding machines

of

extent

time

required is

two

distinct kinds of

kinds, natural and

are

are

in

if

or

a

as

iiiiiilllflll flfllll llill iiiii,

combined with fast and cool cutting, the grains

being just brittle enough to break as soon as they

become slightly dulled by use.

Corundum wheels havebeen

ful in all classes of grinding and especially

tempered steel.

Emery is

a

mines

tains

posed of amorphous alumina, silica and

which gives emery grains their dark color, crystalline

natural abrasive, obtained from

in

India, Brazil and Massachusetts, and

a

large percentage of non-cutting elements com-

very

success-

.

_

iron

alumina being the only element in‘eInery. hard

enough

metals. The grains

surface which provides excellent hold

allowing wheels of great durability

However, few grinding operations

durability. Wheels made of emery

mostly

where

Aloxite

to

have any appreciable cutting

for

the grinding of steel balls and

a

very

is

Carborundum Company, and in

is taken from electric furnace

compact ingot

pig consisting of crystalline alumina is crushed

grain form by

high finish is desired.

an

artificial corundum manufactured by the

are

tough and have

or

pig weighing several

means

of

special machinery, then

in

for

to

require

its

crude form

the form

tons.

action

the bond,

b_e made.

are

refined, dried and graded, when the grains

ready

to

be made

The characteristics of Aloxite

hardness, sharpness, toughness, absolute uniformity

in

quality, and

makes

it

fast, cool and clean,

ty, and has been extensively successful in all classes

of steel grinding.

Alundum

the

the

a

ideal for grinding steel.

is

Norton

intense

soft clay-like susbtance. Beauxite is the purest

into

it

has in addition

but

an

artificial

Company, and

heat

of

the

grinding wheels.

are

its purity,

a

temper which

»It

it

shows wonderful durabili-

abrasive, manufactured by

is

electric

arc

not

made by fusing

furnace, Beauxite,

form of aluminum oxide.

In

chemical composition Alundum is similar

the ruby and sapphire, and the physical formation

is such

cutting

and temper

it

of stee

Carbolite is

the American Emery Wheel Works.

dinarily hard and sharp, and while

as

ness

operations.

materials of

iron, brass, rubber and leather.

Carborundum

by the Carborundum Company, and is

from anything

that

when

corners

or

it

edges.

Alundum characteristics

or

a

highly efficient cutting

.

compared

makes

Carbolite wheels

character of fracture, which make

an

artificial abrasive manufactured by

with

other

it

most

efficient

low

tensile

is

an

artificial

found

is broken

material

abrasives, its

are

used for the grinding

strength, especially

in

it

leaves sharp

are

hardness, sharpness,

for

the grinding

It

not

for

abrasive, manufactured

nature.

very

certain grinding

The

is

con-

oxide,

on

a

rough

such

used

on

work

of

large

This

are

then

only cuts

extraor-

tough,

brittle-

cast

distinct

principal

to

in

to

24:

materials entering into the manufacture

boljundum

This

for thirty-six hours and raised

7000 and 7500 degrees Fahrenheit.

dous heat the elements of carbon and silicon form

crystal

they

sharpness, infusibility, insolubility, and just

enough

ofthe crystals

by constantly presenting fresh cutting edges,

masses.

are

The characteristics of carborundum

to

prevents glazing.

are

raw

‘crushed coke mixed

material

is

placed

After these crystal

in

with

an

electric furnace

to

a

heat between

At

this

masses

crushed, washed, dried and graded.

are

break slightly

cut

clean and fast, while

in

use.

The sharp edges

its

brittleness,

It

has

proven

highly successful in

grinding‘of cast iron._

Cfystolon

the Norton Company;

sawdust and salt, and heated

is

an

artificial abrasive manufactured by

is

made from coke, sand,

in

an

electric furnace

to between 1820 and 2250 degrees Centigrade, when

theelements of carbon and silicon form

.

The characteristic property

it

highly efficient for grinding such metals

iron, chilled iron, brass and bronze.

The

binding together

done by

Silicate, and Elastic.

Vitrified

process

mixing abrasive grains

The

required sizes, which, when dry enough

and then subjected

ovens

cooling, crystallize about the grains of abrasive

and

reddish

three

common

Pr0cess—Tliis, the

for

making grinding wheels, consists

mixtureisthen

or

kilns. This melts the clays, which,

so

bind them together.

or

reddish brown

ring when they

The advantages of the

bond itself is

Itisvery

are

perfectly

by water, acids, heat

The disadvantages of

It

takes

heat used in burning slightly weakens the abrasive

grains.

practical,

Very large wheels

account of the danger of cracking

Vitrified wheels

rough snagging, general shop use, for dry tool grinding,

for

many kinds of

grinding, and

13 used.

Silicate

bond of silicate wheels is Silicate of Soda,

glass.

so

porous, which makes

uniform

a

month

Thin

wheels made

as

they

for

Process——The principal ingredient in the

After

the abrasive grains have been mixed

of

abrasive grains is

processes, namely: Vitrified,

with

suitable

moulded

to

a

high temperature

in

are

tapped.

color, and have

Vitrified

hard

that

it

in

quality and

or

cold.

the

to

make

a

will

are

rarely made by this process

are

cutter

surface grinding when a. disc wheel

in

break under side pressure.

generally the most efficient for

grinding, for cylindrical

a

of

most

Vitrified

crystal

brittleness

widely used

clays and fluxes.

into

wheels

are

wheels

wheel

acts

as

it

Vitrified

an

free cutting. They

are

not

wheel

wheel. The intense

this

Way

in

the kiln.

of

car-

sand.

tremen-

cool

hardness,

brittle

mass.

makes

as

cast

now

of

the

shaped

in

large

upon

are

a

clear

are:

The

abrasive.

affected

are:

are

not

on

or

water

’

in

IO

31

with certain other materials, the Silicate of

Soda is added and

mixed together

forms

a

rammed

allowed

balance of wheels depend largely

the moulder.

baked

wheels

to

in

are

into

special

The advantages of Silicate wheels

can

be made in

used, the abrasive grains possess all their original

strength. Wheels of

five feet

moulded

Vitrified

bond has

to

the harder grades silicate wheels

as

denser.

grinding

and

wheels

also good for wet

on

wheels. For wet grinding the soda in the

cut

smoothly and with

The disadvantage of

free cutting

Silicate wheels

on

wet

are

the

whole massthoroughly

in

pasty mixture, which

special machines.

This

is

then

moulds. Only experienced

do this work,

After

ovens

as

the uniformity ‘and

the wheels

at

a

upon

are

moderate heat. Silicate

dried they

the

light gray in_color.

a

in

diameter and

week. As

any

size

no

over.

are:

excessive heat is

can

be made

Wheels

iron centers, which cannot be done with

a

favorable action,

as

Vitrified

are

hardened steel.

surface grinding (particularly when cup

used), they

cutter

asitcauses

little

heat.

the

Silicate wheel is:

are

wheels because they

especially adapted for

For

wet

are

unequaled. They

grinding and

the wheel

generally

tool grinding

some

cylindrical and internal grinding.

Elastic

From

Process:

mixture

very

Thicker

pressure

wheels. They

the shellac. Elastic wheels

1-32

elastic quality makes

that

fine finish, whether used

made quickly, and

centers.

stand much heat. They

than

than

Where

where

well

wet

small stock.

abrasive material

above

of abrasive grains and shellac.

thin

wheels

or

Advantages ofElastic Process: Wheels as thin

may

if

properly graded for the work they give

The disadvantages

Vitrified

VitrifiedorSilicate

Elastic wheels

no

a

adapted

tool grinding,

the

foregoing

described processes

Elastic wheels

wheels this mixture is

are

rammed

be made and used with safety. Their

great

very

either moulded under hydraulic

into

baked

moulds

are

them

wet

can

are:

wheels, and they cost

amount

thin

for

wheels.

are

used chiefly

of

wheel is necessary. They

dry

cutter

saw

gumming and cutting of

it

is evident that wheels of

may

be made by

are

made from

rolled

into

the

at

are

very

be moulded

Elastic wheels

are

stock is

for

same

a

temperature

nearly black

smooth cutting,

or

dry. They

less open and porous

and

for

to

be removed,

reamer

any

binding

a

fine grinding

For

as

little

grinding,

one

the

men

are

skill

are

Wheels

up

may

not

wet

kinds of

making

moulds.

silicate

to

in

color.

can

on

iron

will

not

more

any

of

the

grains

are

are

set

are

be

be

of

to

In

a

as

so

a

or

26

together. Thus,

dum wheel,

we

may

have

a

a

Silicate corundum wheel

Vitrified

Elastic corundum wheel.

rade:

The bond of

a

wheel,

'

holdingtogether the abrasive grains, zlrllsoarldelglgtl-11(:1Ij1nE3g

the grade

A soft wheel is

away

wheel

tendency

wheels. of different grades

operations.

are

then the wheel is wasted.

the grains will remain

their points

and

one

particles

proper wheel

designated by letters of the alphabet and numerals.

Each

the

used by different manufacturers.

Grain

confused. By the grain of

fineness of the grains of abrasive used in making

If

the grains Will just pass through

sixty meshes

and the grain of the wheel is said

Numbers

200 and flour.

Combination

are

called combination wheels.

will

than would

and

finer grains. These wheels

or

degree of hardness

one

very

rapidly under grinding pressure.

will

retain its cutting particles longer.

Different kinds of work have

to

torn

away before the points have become dulled

where the cutting particles brealt

wear

away

If

the wheel is

in

are

cut

that furnishes

The degree of hardness

letter

dulled, and the wheel will glaze

slowly. The ideal wheel

a

in

use

indicates

new

become dull; in other words, the

will

not

glaze, but

a

grade

of

the

cutting wheel

more

the wheel. Accordingly

must

be used

so

soft

that

If

the Wheel is too hard

place

too

long, i. e., after

cutting face

on

as

will

remain sharp.

or

softness of bond is

one

degree harder than

preceding letter.

On pages 35, 36 and 37

and grade of grinding wheels should

to

the inch, they

run

from 10, which is

are

given tables of grades

a

wheel is

a

are

called number 60,

to

be number 60.

very

wheels: Grains of different numbers

often mixed in

hold its shape better and give

will

a

cut

faster than

one

wheel. Such wheels

A

combination wheel

wheel made entirely of

one

made altogether of the

are

used quite extensive-

a

coarser

for

the grains

any

fast

meant

sieve having

coarse,

finer finish

ly for the finishing of soft steel.

Hard

wheels: Unsatisfactory work

grinding operations is

of using wheels which

are

slow in action, and generally produce

poor

finish. They

distort

it

and

it

very

are

are

likely

is difficult

too

to

with them. Chatter marks, scratches and flat

spots

are

which

are

dressing and

commonly due

too

hard for the work require frequent

are

uneconomical

to

in

the Various

commonly the result

hard. Such wheels

to

burn the work

obtain accurate work

this

cause.

to

use

in

every

corun-

or

an

'

'

'

A

hard

or

less

different

over

work is

as

the

not

be

the

it.

to

are

grains

or

Wheels

Way.

a

5011 heels: A wheel is most emclenl when just sit

enough not to rear away too rapidly. The harder

I the material to be ground, the softer the wheel

27

required. because the grains

more

readily, thus presenting sharp points

more

often.

Use

a

wheel

iron

Coarse Wheels: Use

than for soft steel.

stock rapidly, where finish

one

acoarse

larger the grains the deeper the.

taken and the less liable the wheel 1S

A

coarse

good finish.

Complaints

appear

this is because the

maintained

This

appear

revolutions per minute of grinding wheel must

be increased

approximately the

wheel per minute.

For

Surface

required

The larger

wheel and the work the softer should be the wheel.

Thus,

than for cylindrical grinding. Conversely,

harder wheel should be used for

diameter than for larger work, and

should be harder than

A

loaded

metal being ground adhering

by the wheel running

A

glazed

become dull

is caused by the wheel running

wheel properly dressed

are

not

to

causes

softer. To obtain

than

the

a

softer wheel is required for surface grinding

wheel

wheel

uncommon

be softer towards the

same

as

the wheel is reduced in diameter.

the wheel to

as

the wheel

same

Grinding

for external Cylindrical grinding.

surface

is

one

is

one

or

worn

will

break away

grade softer

_wheel _for reducing the

is

surface

wears

for

cast

not

important. The

cut

that may be

to

clog andglaze.

will

produce

_

that grinding wheels

rate

wear

the

down,

.

center.

of speed is

away

faster and

best results the

so

as

surface speed of grinding

a

softer

bonded wheel is

of

contact

a

thick

slow

even

one.

to

whose face has particles of the

too

whose cutting particles have

down

between the

workofvery

a

thin

it, which is caused

or

being

too

with the bond, and

too

fast

too hard.

TRUING

Good results

even

slightly

the work shows chatter marks and

pearance, and

is poor

In

truing

diamond should be firmly clamped

cannot

outoftrue.

if

the wheel is

and

OF

GRINDING

be obtained

in

all

dressing

WHEELS

with

wheels which

In

cylindrical grinding

cases

of grinding the finish

out

of

true.

the

grinding wheel the

a

to

the table,

and the diamond traversed rapidly by the face of

grinding wheel

face

of

the wheel rough and

rough grinding. For

of the diamond

be

very

face

of

the wheel may be slightly glazed by holding

an

oil stone against the face of wheel

It

is

important

the

wheel

until

slow, and

that

should

it

is true, this

in

a

across

the face of the wheel should

for

extra

the

diamond point presented

be sharp,

proper condition for

smooth finish the final pass

fine

finish

for

this

is accomplished by

will

a

the

moment.

_

Usually

not

to

keep

small

wheel

hard.

or

being

are

wavy

ap-

leave the

cutting

a

a

to

28

revolving the diamond stud in its holders from

time

to

The

to

wheel and work. Some wheels

that

hard wheels, and

stock has

true

A

the wheel each time a piece receives its finish,

new

trued up

proper speed when

it

may

does

at

time.

number

be dressed depends entirely

little

dressing is necessary,

to

wheel

at

not

a

slower

of

times

on

large work when considerable

be removed

that

runs

a

slow speed and then increased

run

true

one.

it

out

considerably should be

it

should be trued up again,

at

a

high velocity,

the face of

on

wear

away

on

others especially

may

be necessary,

a

wheel has

the kind of

fast

enough

even

if it

SPEED OF WHEEL

Before starting

sure

his wheel is running

is dangerous

For

Cylindrical

should revolve

per minute, and

5000 feet per minute. As wheels

surface speed grows less, and the number of

olutions per minute of wheel spindle should be

increased,

speed.

Increasing

of

a

harder grade. Decreasing speed of the wheel

gives the appearance of

To

determine

per minute, multiply the diameter of wheel in

inches by 3.14 and the result by the number of

revolutions per minute and divide by 12.

table of wheel speed

to

grind the operator should make

to

run

wheels too fast.

and

Internal

at

a

surface speed of 5000

for

surface grinding about 4000

so

as

to

maintain the

the

speed of the wheel makes

a

the

softer grade.

peripheral speed of wheel in feet

see

page 33.

at

the proper speed.

grinding,

wear

proper

it

the

wheel

to

6000 feet

down

peripheral

_

act like

the

rev-

one

For

ORDERING WHEELS

When ordering wheels, particular attention should

be paid

manufacturer

wheel, Width of face, Shape No. (if special shape

send sketch), Make of Machine

Grade, Grain, whether Vitrified, Silicate

Wheel,

grain and last wheel

If

work, whether

of work

material, shape and size, machine wheel IS

used on’ kind of finish desired, and how much stock

to

theinformation necessaryfor the wheel

to

fill

Be

sure

to specify—Size of hole, Diameter of

Kind

If

new

of Abrasive.

you cannot definitely specify the grade and

work, state speed proposed

or

give complete description as to_ kind of

your order intelligently.

was

satisfactory, send sample.

to

be ground

wet

to

be used on,

or

to

run

or

Wheel and

dry, send sample

Elastic

to

to

to

as

It

to

be

«I ll

29

Work and Traverse Speeds

If

the

best results

tion

must

speeds. Often when failure t_0 D1'0d“°e_ 800d

results is attributed

be remedied by changing the work and traverse

speed of work; as,

correct and work is running

glaze and give the effect of

Then

a

certain extent, the kind of finish obtained.

No fixed set of rules

proper selection of work and traverse speeds.

Different conditions,

of stock

material, and speed of wheel, etc., all

quirements; hence,

The

Work

surface feet per

on

a

obtained

finish grinding the speed should be increased.

The work speed

cast iron; 25

good results

work speed for finishing than for roughing.

The

Traverse Speed of the work for roughing steel

should be about two-thirds the width of grinding

wheel per revolution of work, and

should be slightly less. For finishing,

narrow

Broadly speaking,

work speed and fast traverse; vice

When finishing

wheel as few times

less liable

The

depth

material

removed. Where

enough

sufficient depth

Grinding

work
work

grind the balance of work. This

of wheel

Water

and should be used wherever possible, except

wl_1en_grinding bronze, and

grlndlng. Water keeps the wheel clean and free

cutting, and prevents

which

are

to

be giventhe selection of work and traverse

too

the work and

to

Speed recommended

very

hard and tough steel better results will be

with

be obtained, careful

to

the grinding wheel,

for

instance,

too

a

traverse

can

be laid down for the

as

be removed, desired finish, grade, grain,

minute

slower speed for roughing. For

to

35 surface feet per minute giving

in

the

kind of material, amount

we

give

no

absolute instructions.

for

ordinary work, although

can

be somewhat increased

most

of

cases.

atten-

if

the wheel speedis

fast the wheel

harder grade wheel.

speeds govern,

vary

for

steel is 15

Use

for

traverse

with

at

upon

causes

of

to

to

per

to

glaze..

cut

to

to

shoulder

next

be taken depends

be ground, and

stand

a

to

Shoulder:

a

shoulder is

to

to

shoulder sharp.

most

work is absolutely indispensable,

the

work

revolution is required.

for

removing

cast

iron pass the work

as

possible,

the

part

heavy cut, the

allow

the wheel

The best method of grinding

to

feed the wheel in

Within .0005" above size, then

the

to

get

stock

versa

for

as

the wheel

upon

amount

to

of stock

be ground is rigid

cut

should be of

to

do

will

some

classes

generation

outoftrue

it

may

will

to

the

re-

to

25

for

a

higher

cast iron

a

very

use

a

slow

finishing.

over

the

will

the Wheel,

to

its

utmost.

to

the

leave edge

of

Internal

of

heat,

be

be

D ;§fi?Ei6hfiIaina}EFmw§3h£E‘%;*::i:g°a,§:::;%

embedded in the whee

Fourth: Grinding wheel too hard.

31

Dont’s

Don't

try

to

wheel.

grade

between the wheel and the flanges.

to

will

can

for

sure

that

is right.

cut

wear

for reference and re—ordering.

or

It

is economy

for

the work.

Don’t

Don’t

cause

Don’t

Don't

Don’t

mount

force wheels onto the collet.

breakage. Enlarge the hole

slip

on

easily.

use

start

true

a

work

be ascertained by tapping lightly and listen

a

clean ring.

1t

runs

attempt

to

get the right grain and

wheels

wheel which is

and is in balance.

to

on

true

a

new

wheel

without

wheel

without

soft washers

not

sound. This

until

diamond is held rigid.

Don’t

start

to

grind

until

you

know

Don’t crowd

any

faster,

out

Don’t

Don’t

glazed, pass the diamond

Don’t

a

wheel

but

sooner.

will

destroy the tags

try

to

grind with

use

a

belt

of

on

the work.

simply heat the work and

on

the

wheels, keep them

a

wheel

over

uneven

that

wheel

thickness

the wheel.

grind all materials with the

Don’t

to

grinding machines and wheels. There will be

charge.

Don’t forget

as

wheel

wears

Don't

hesitate

Don’t

run

move

of revolutions per

recommends.

to

ask

us

any questions pertaining

to

change speed

of

wheel Spindle

down.

a

grinding wheel

minute

head and footstock before thorough-

at

a

greater number

than the manufacturer

ly cleaning swivel table.

Don’t

allow dust

Don’t

the

Don’t

forget

machine

put

and

center holes 1n work have been carefully clamped.

Don't

relating

forget

to

grinding proposltlons and

that

from

work

or

that

grit

soda

rusting.

in

machine

we_

to

water

invite

enter

oil holes.

keeps the work

until

correspondence

difficulties.

same

It

is liable

so

the wheel

you

first

seeing

the speed

It

will

is loaded

a

few times.

to

drive

centers and

are

not

no

Explanation

Selection

Wheels

The tables

and

grains

wheel man_ufa_ctui-ers, for

common

the operator 2} starting point for selecting wheels

for_ various grinding operations, than

definitely grains and grades of wheels for certain

grinding operations,

These tables have been compiled

operations.

these; for example, the size and shape of work;

sine ‘and speed of wheel; the

for

on

of

wheels, recommended by different

Individual

grinding compound,

traverse _of work. _Then, too, all metals

composition, as, for instance, the per cent. of carbon

in

steel, and this variation

a

harder

or

similar work. Finally, there

preferences and methods of the

In

some

others

work

with

very

Thus,

softer

shops Work is ground from the rough,

but

littleisleft

and medium finish, others require high finish

necessarily slower production. Some demand

durable wheels, others look

it

will be

seen

of

of

Grains

Tables

and

for

Grades

of

Various Operations

pages 38, 39 and 40 give grades

a

variety of the

conditions

or

not; and the speed and

will

wheel

than

to

grind. Some prefer rapid

that

no

will

use

often make necessary

is

generally used

are

the individual

user

more

fixed rules

more

often modify

of water

to

for efficiency.

to

to

specify

vary

consider.

can

be laid

more

give

for

down for the proper selection of wheels, but by

carefully studying the characteristics of the wheels

recommended in connection

obtained, the

readily be ascertained.

By referring

American Emery Wheel Co., Carborundum Co., and

Norton

example: The American Emery Wheel Co.

mends wheels made of corundum for cylindrical

grinding

Carbolite for surface grinding

borundum Co. recommends Carborundum for

proper

grain and grade of wheel

to

the

Co., each offer

on

Aluminum castings, and wheels made of

with

tables

it

will

two

abrasive materials.

cast

the result

be

seen

recom-

iron; the Car-

to

be

can

that

For

grinding cast iron, bronze, ete., and Aloxite for steel.

There

are

two

which is known

ordering wheels,

grain number required. Thus, referring to the

table under Norton Co.,

Aluminum, Alundum, Grain

recommended;

Grain 30, Grade 1%, 69 Elastic Wheel.

KEY

TO

varieties of A1undum,_one of

as

No. 38, and

“No.

38" should be prefixed

in

detail would read Alundurn No. 38

SIGNS USED

to

obtain

for

Surface Grinding

9

3830, Grade 1%

IN

TABLES

it

when

to

the

G=Gombina1;i0n wheel, grains of different

numbers mixed in one wheel.

*

='\'itriiied Wheel.

9

=Elastic Wheel.

—-

=t0-

or

in

in

is

Speed‘

Feet

Minute

Per

0.000

s‘“'fa°°

of

Rev.

1'01‘

Speed

Feet.

Minute

SPEEDS

Per

5.500

Surface

or

Rev.

for

WHEEL

Speed

Feet

Minute

5,000

Surface

Rev. Per

for

GRINISING

7.6.39

11.459

7,350

21,000 22-913

10,500

6,366

5.730

4-584

4,200

4,775 5,250

3,320

3-274

3.820

3.500

3,183

2,728 3,000

2.29.2

.2365

2,000

2,337

1.910

L337

1,750

1,500

33

1.273

1.432

1,300

1,194

1,061 1,150

1-145

1.042

1,050

868 950

955

955

875

879

200

750 319

683

764

037 700

OF

Minute

Per

TABLE

Rev.

Speed

Feet of

4,000

Surface

of

for

7,639 9,549

5.093

15,279 19,099

3,820

3.056

2,540

2,133

1.910

1,628 1.910 2,100

1,091 1.364

1,273 1,592

955

849

704

694

037 790

530 733

540

509

734

TABLE FOR GRINDING CLEARANCE USING CUP WHEEL

D"’;’)’,"’e" 17/5/a/we 75

cgfler

or

Reamer Clearance Clearance Clearance Clearance Clearance

or

.‘7vI3°

Below

Sef

I4/ark

Far5°

floffi

Cenfer

For

6'

/P25)‘

Above

/'arT°

For

9‘

'4 .006 .011 .013 .015 .020

Va

‘/2 .013 .022 .026 .030 .039

5/I3 .016 .027 .033 .038 .049

% .020 .033 .039 .046 .059

7/B .023 .038 .046 .053 .069

1

1'/3 .029 .049 .059 .069 .088

1‘/4 .033 .055 .065 .076 .098

13/8 .036 .060 .072 .084 .108

1‘/1 .039 .065 .078 .092 .118

1%

1%

178 \O49

2 .052 .087 .105 .122 .157

2%:

2V2 .065 .109 .131 .153 .196

2% .072 .120

3 .078 .131 .157 .183 .235

3'/4 .085 .142 .170 .198 .255

3% .091 .153 .183 .214 .275

3%
4

4'/:

5 .131 .218 .262 .305 .392

51/2

6 .157 .262 .314 .366 .470

6'/z .170 .283 .340 .397 .510

7 .183 -304 .366 .427 .549

3 .210 .349 .419 .488 .628

9 .236 .392 .471 .549 .706

10 .262 .436 .523 .610

11

12

13

14

.010

.026

.043
.046

.059

.098
.105

.1 I 8 .196 .235 .275 .353

.144

.016 .020 .023 .029

.044

.071 .085 .099 .127

.052 .061 .078

.076 .092 .107 .137

.082
.098

.164

.174

.098

.114

.147

.118 .137 .177

.144

.196 .229

.169 .216

.294

.209 .244 .314

.240 .288 .336 .431

.784

.288

x314

.340
.367

.480 .576 .671

x

.863

.523 .628 .733 .941
.567 .680

.794

1.020

.610 .733 .855 1.098

35

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Co.

PROCESS

NORTON

9

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GRADES

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Grinding

WHEEL

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TABLE

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PROCESS

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TABLE FOR SELECTION OF GRADES

/fwd 0/Na/aria!

7;;

59

Gfga/yd, commnun

AND

s4

45

Ba

54

60

80

46

GRAINS

AMERICAN CARBORUNDUM co.

sneer

wnccn. co CARBO-

cmsoun:

L

2E

2:

M

K

2:

K

Awxm:

RUNDUM

20

50

S0

56

60

40
36

60

80

‘-«V-<'—43l"Lc¢-:1-axxhl"

60

80

36

40

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TABLE

FOR SELECTION OF GRADES

AND

o/Mn/er/al MATERIAL GRINDING

75

Be

6'/'g(//}d_

'

GRAINS

.

C0.

D

-0

R

-9

NORTON C0.

N

850

IV: 30

3836

I‘/L 30

8

3830

3 6

IV:

830

3846

5

39

>1

5036

1'/2

I‘/1

3 3035

'

so

M

so

36

‘-1

36
36

so

so

36

36

IXHHQHHHW

33‘-1'-«L4X3|"‘-.2‘-ah‘-a‘-:2‘-4

40

TABLE FOR SELECTION OF GRADES

AND

GRAINS

/find of/‘Inlet/‘cl

E

33

Ground

DETRO SAFETY

WHEEL WHEEL

6‘rm'n Grain Gr:/n

Z

zozxxgzrnvzzxowzg

WHEEL C0. WHEEL

36
46

36

36

46

24

36

36

46

30
36

46

60

46

36

60

54

46

36

46

60
46

56
46

24

46

3 6

60

46

46

46

60

46