Bacharach, Inc. warrants to Buyer that at the time of delivery this Product will be free
from defects in material and manufacture and will conform substantially to Bacharach
Inc.’s applicable specifications. Bacharach’s liability and Buyer’s remedy under this
warranty are limited to the repair or replacement, at Bacharach’s option, of this Product
or parts thereof returned to Seller at the factory of manufacture and shown to
Bacharach Inc.’s reasonable satisfaction to have been defective; provided that written
notice of the defect shall have been given by Buyer to Bacharach Inc. within one (1) year
after the date of delivery of this Product by Bacharach, Inc.
Bacharach, Inc. warrants to Buyer that it will convey good title to this Product.
Bacharach’s liability and Buyer’s remedy under this warranty of title are limited to the
removal of any title defects or, at the election of Bacharach, to the replacement of this
Product or parts thereof that are defective in title.
The warranty set forth in paragraph 1 does not apply to parts the operating instructions
designate as having a limited shelf-life or as being expended in normal use.
THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE GIVEN AND ACCEPTED IN LIEU
OF (I) ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT
LIMITATION THE IMPLIED WARANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE: AND (II) ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY
IN CONTACT OR TORT, WHETHER OR NOT ARISING FROM BACHARACH’S NEGLIGENCE,
ACTUAL OR IMPLIED. The remedies of the Buyer shall be limited to those provided
herein to the exclusion of any and all other remedies including, without limitation
incidental or consequential damages. No agreement varying or extending the foregoing
warranties, remedies or this limitation will be binding upon Bacharach, Inc. unless in
writing, signed by a duly authorized officer of Bacharach.
NOTE: Gaskets are considered consumable items and are excluded
from the terms of this warranty.
Register your warranty by visiting www.MyBacharach.com
CAUTION:Corrosive fluid is contained inside
instructions thoroughly before any operation or testing begins.
CAUTION: FYRITE® fluids used in the CO2and O2analyzers are corrosive
and contain poisonous elements which must not be taken internally. In
the event of a spill or accidental body contact with FYRITE® fluid, read the
following carefully.
CORROSIVE LIQUID HAZARD: Corrosive liquids cause burns. FYRITE®
fluids may cause blindness if splashed in eyes. Fluid vapors are irritating
and may be harmful.
Prevent contact of FYRITE® fluids with eyes, skin and clothing. Wear eye protection and
gloves. Do not vent instrument until fluid has drained from top well. Do not vent
FYRITE® in the inverted position. In case of accidental exposure, follow the general
guidelines below. Refer to the SDS (safety data sheet) for further information.
For contact with eyes:Immediately flush eyes with water 20 minutes. Get
immediate medical attention.
For contact with skin:Immediately flush skin with water 20 minutes. Get
immediate medical attention.
For inhalation overexposure: If irritation develops, move victim to fresh air.
For swallowing:Do not induce vomiting. Give two glasses of water
FYRITE® employs the well-known “Orsat” method of volumetric analysis involving
chemical absorption of a sample gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or oxygen (O2). The
reagent used to absorb CO2is potassium hydroxide (dyed red). Chromous chloride
To ensure proper FYRITE® operation and reliable results, check the items in the
following sections.
2.1. Inspect the FYRITE® Aspirator Bulb and Sampling Assembly
Defective check valves or a leaking sampling assembly can result in sample loss, or
sample dilution with resultant loss of accuracy.
To inspect sampling assembly, seal hole in the center of rubber connector tip firmly with
finger and squeeze aspirator bulb (Figure 8). Bulb should remain firm. If bulb collapses,
check bulb and hose to connector tip for cracks or other source of leakage. Replace
defective parts. If there are no apparent leaks in the sampling assembly, replace inlet
check valve. The “small hole” end of the inlet check valve fits in the hose and the “large
hole” end fits in the aspirator bulb (Figure 9).
Now seal end of metal sampling tube with finger, and collapse aspirator bulb. See
Figure 10. If the bulb returns to original shape in less than 15 seconds, inspect hose,
filter, saturator tube and metal sampling tube for leaks. If none are found, replace the
Outlet check valve. The “small hole” end of the outlet check valve fits in the aspirator
bulb and the “large hole” end fits in the hose (Figure 9).
Discard filter packing when it becomes dirty or clogged. Push old packing out and new
packing into the filter saturator tube with a pencil or small rod (see Section 6.7).
Figure 8. Testing Sampling Assembly (Outlet Side) for Leaks
FYRITE® upright, loosen
the locknut at the rear
of scale. Slide scale
(Figure 19) until top of
fluid column lines up
with zero line on scale
(Figure 20).
Tighten the scale
locknut.
NOTE: When setting
scale zero, hold FYRITE®
vertically as shown
(Figure 20) and level
with eyes while sighting
across the scale to the
top of the fluid column.
If it can’t be zeroed, see
section 6.1 (adding/
removing small amount
of fluid) on page 32.
To pump gas sample
6
into FYRITE®, insert
open end of metal
sampling tube into
target area.
Hold FYRITE® in an
upright position and
place the rubber
connector tip of the
sampling assembly over
the plunger valve
(Figure 21).
Depress the plunger
valve firmly with the
connector tip. Pump
the sample by
squeezing and releasing
the aspirator bulb 18
times. During 18th bulb
squeeze (with bulb held
deflated) release the
connector tip and the
plunger valve.
2
Figure 19. Close-up of Scale and Scale Screw
Figure 20. Setting the Scale to Zero
Figure 21. Pumping a Gas Sample into FYRITE®
FYRITE® Model O
(Blue Fluid) Operation
While holding the
FYRITE® upright, loosen
the locknut at the rear
of the scale. Slide scale
(Figure 19) until top of
fluid column lines up
with zero line on scale
(Figure 20).
Tighten the scale
locknut.
NOTE: When setting
scale zero, hold FYRITE®
vertically as shown
(Figure 20) and level
with eyes while sighting
across the scale to the
top of the fluid column.
If it can’t be zeroed, see
section 6.1 (adding/
removing small amount
of fluid) on page 32.
To pump gas sample
into FYRITE®, insert
open end of metal
sampling tube into
target area.
Hold FYRITE® in an
upright position and
place the rubber
connector tip of the
sampling assembly over
the plunger valve
(Figure 21).
Depress the plunger
valve firmly with the
connector tip. Pump
the sample by
squeezing and releasing
the aspirator bulb 18
times. During 18th bulb
squeeze (with bulb held
deflated) release the
connector tip and the
plunger valve.
into FYRITE® by
inverting until fluid
drains into top
reservoir (Figure 22).
Then turn upright
(Figure 23) to drain
fluid into bottom
reservoir.
Repeat this step once.
Momentarily hold
8
FYRITE® at 45° angle
(Figure 24) to allow
fluid droplets to drain
into the bottom
reservoir.
2
Figure 22. Invert FYRITE® to Absorb Sample Gas into Fluid
Figure 23. Turn FYRITE® Upright
FYRITE® Model O
(Blue Fluid) Operation
Absorb sample gas into
FYRITE® by inverting until
fluid drains into top
reservoir (Figure 22).
Then turn upright (Figure
23) to drain fluid into
bottom reservoir.
Repeat this step three (3)
more times (four
complete inversions
total).
Momentarily hold
FYRITE® at 45° angle
(Figure 24) to allow
fluid droplets to drain
into the bottom
reservoir.
2
Figure 24. Angle FYRITE® to Allow Droplet Drainage into Bottom Reservoir
With FYRITE® held
9
upright (Figure 25),
permit fluid in column
to stabilize a few
seconds, then
immediately read %
carbon dioxide on scale
at the point
corresponding to top of
the fluid column.
Figure 25. Reading Scale after Fluid Has Stabilized
With FYRITE® held
upright (Figure 25),
permit fluid in column
to stabilize a few
seconds, then
immediately read %
oxygen on scale at the
point corresponding to
top of the fluid column.
To make a test with the FYRITE®, the metal sampling tube at one end of sampling
assembly hose is inserted into the gas to be analyzed. The rubber connector plug at the
other end of the rubber hose is then firmly pressed down on the spring-loaded valve of
the instrument (see Figure 27). This simultaneously opens a passage into the top
reservoir and seals off the center bore.
Next, a sample of the gas is pumped into the top reservoir by squeezing the rubber
aspirator bulb. At least 18 bulb squeezes are required to assure that the rubber
sampling hose and the top reservoir of the FYRITE® are thoroughly purged of the
previously analyzed sample. During the 18th aspirator bulb squeeze and immediately
before releasing bulb, the finger is lifted from the connector plug, which automatically
returns the plunger valve to upper position against its top seat.
Refer to Figure 28. With the valve in this position, the final 60 cc of the gas sample is
locked into the FYRITE® and the top reservoir is opened to the center bore so that the
gas sample can pass to the absorbing fluid. The FYRITE® is then inverted, forcing the gas
sample to bubble through the absorbing solution which absorbs either CO2or O
depending on the type FYRITE® in use.
Refer to Figure 29. The instrument is then turned and held upright. Absorption of the
CO2or O2by the absorbing fluid creates a suction, which causes the diaphragm at the
bottom to flex upward permitting the level of the absorbing fluid to rise in the center
tube an amount proportional to the gas absorbed. The scale indication corresponding
to the top of the fluid column is then read as a percentage of gas absorbed by the
FYRITE® fluid.
FYRITE® O2refill fluid reacts very rapidly with oxygen in air. Oxidation of absorbent can
be prevented by purging the FYRITE® body with Nitrogen, natural gas or other oxygenfree gas, just before filling, and by maintaining a stream of this gas around mouth of the
bottle (see Figure 30 while its contents are emptied into the FYRITE®.
Another method for refilling the O2FYRITE® (and still limiting the oxidation of the
absorbent) is to invert the unit and place it over the 60 cc bottle of fluid. Then invert
both so that the FYRITE® is now upright and the O2fluid is filling the instrument (see
Figure 31). Immediately install plastic top cap ring without delay. This method helps to
minimize oxidation and improve the life of the fluid.
Figure 31. Alternate Filling Method
5.2. CO2FYRITE® Only Combustion Testing
5.2.1. Percent CO2Shows Volume of Excess Air
For any given fuel, theoretical maximum percent CO2(ultimate CO2) would be produced
when exactly enough air (but no excess air whatsoever) is supplied to burn all of the
fuel. As increasing amounts of excess air are supplied, the percentage of CO2naturally
decreases from theoretical ultimate CO2due to the diluting effect of excess air.
Thus, measuring percent CO2is also a method of indicating excess air to ensure that
enough is supplied to permit clean combustion without adding so much that
combustion efficiency is unnecessarily decreased. See Figure 32.
Figure 32. Graph of O2, CO2, and Excess Air in Flue Gases for Natural Gas and Fuel Oil
5.2.2. Too Much Excess Air Means Inefficient Combustion
Excess combustion air is heated and carries some of this heat to the flue where it is
wasted. The FYRITE® CO2analyzer is used to adjust combustion excess air to a minimum
(maximum CO2), which will permit clean efficient combustion. See Figure 32.
Calculation of combustion efficiency is possible (assuming complete combustion) if
percentage of CO2and net temperature of combustion products are known.
5.2.3. Proper CO2Value
Proper CO2is that which will ensure complete, clean combustion with some safety
margin for variations in fuel, draft, atmospheric conditions, and mechanical wear.
Consult manufacturer of heating equipment for specific recommendations. Generally
accepted values for good combustion practice in residential furnaces and boilers when
firing the following fuels are:
5.3.1. Percent O2Shows Volume of Excess Combustion Air
All fuels require some excess air (in addition to air theoretically required to burn the
fuel) to ensure clean, complete combustion. As the amount of this excess air increases,
the percentage of O2in combustion products increases. Refer to Figure 32.
5.3.2. Too Much Excess Air Means Inefficient Combustion
Excess combustion air is heated and carries some of this heat to the flue where it is
wasted. The FYRITE® O2analyzer is used when adjusting combustion air to minimum
excess air (minimum O2) which will permit clean, efficient combustion.
5.3.3. Proper O2Value
Proper O2content for any fuel fired is the lowest O2value that will ensure complete,
clean combustion with adequate safety margin for variations in fuel, draft, atmospheric
conditions, and mechanical wear. Consult manufacturer of heating equipment or local
authorities for specific recommendations. Figure 32 illustrates the relationship between
CO2, excess air and oxygen for gas and oil.
For guidance, it should be added that modern boilers are capable of 80% or greater
combustion efficiency. Rough guidelines for setting conventional power burners are 1015% excess air for natural gas and 15-20% excess air for oil, with little or no smoke and
carbon monoxide formation.
5.3.4. Measuring O2in Addition to CO
Figure 33 illustrates why it is good practice to measure oxygen, in addition to carbon
dioxide, when firing gaseous fuels. Note that the same CO2reading can be obtained on
both sides of the stoichiometric (or perfect) mixture. Carbon dioxide alone cannot
define proper excess air operation for gaseous fuels.
A check must also be made for the presence of oxygen, which confirms operation with
excess air. Gaseous fuels should also be checked for presence of carbon monoxide (CO)
in the flue gases and adjusted for either “no CO” or to conform to applicable safety
regulations.
5.3.5. Where is Percent CO2or O2Measured?
For residential and most commercial and industrial combustion units, percent CO2or O
is measured by analyzing gas sample obtained through a 0.25-inch diameter hole
located between the flue outlet (breeching) and any mechanical opening in the flue such
as the barometric draft regulator or draft diverter. Best practice is to locate sampling
hole at least six inches upstream from such flue openings. The metal FYRITE® Sampling
Tube should extend at least 2.5 inches into the flue gases. Refer to Figure 35.
For larger installations, consult manufacturer of combustion equip-ment for special
instructions regarding sampling point, special sampling tube required, or advice on
averaging readings.
Residential gas furnaces with built-in draft diverter (gas designed) will require the
FYRITE® metal Sampling Tube to be inserted as illustrated in Figure 35 to avoid dilution
of flue gas sample.
Figure 35. Checking CO2Level of a Natural Gas Furnace
5.4. Background Gases Affecting FYRITE® Readings
As a rule of thumb, background gases/vapors may be present in con-centrations up to
0.5% by volume (5000 ppm) before they present a significant interference problem to
the CO2or O2FYRITE® (20/21% ranges).
An exception exists with the action of ammonia on oxygen FYRITE® Fluid. Ammonia
neutralizes the acidic solution of chromous chloride, and therefore use of the O
FYRITE® with even trace amounts of ammonia in the backgrounds is not advised unless
suitable filters are used.
Inert gases, even in concentrations approaching 100% by volume, do not interfere with
either the CO2or O2FYRITE®. In general, interferences can be of a chemical (chemical
reaction initiated) or a mechanical nature, with resultant error, but are also given up by
the solution when the sample no longer contains the interfering substance. They can
therefore be compensated for by saturating the FYRITE® solution with samples
containing the mechanical interferant as long as the background stays reasonably
constant. Usually 3 or 4 tests are sufficient to saturate the FYRITE® solution with the
mechanical interferant in question. Refer to Table 4.
volume of special sampling line. For example, for each 9 ft. of 3/1 6 inch (I.D.) additional
length of sampling line, add one more bulb squeeze.
If it is necessary to trap a sample over water for later analysis, a minimum of 900 cc of
sample will be required. If sample is trapped over water, it is good practice to use 10 to
15% NaCl (table salt) in the water to minimize absorption of CO2or O2by water.
Trapping a sample over mercury will eliminate any possible error due to absorption of
CO2or O2.
5.6. Altitude Correction Table
The gas concentration read on the FYRITE® is directly dependent upon the mass of air in
the sample. The aspirator bulb used in the FYRITE® is a constant-volume pump, not a
constant-mass pump. Altitude, therefore, affects the FYRITE® reading due to the air’s
density changing with altitude, thus requiring higher CO2or O2concentrations to reach
the same mark on the scale.
Use Table 5 to find the altitude correction (e.g., add the correction to the reading to get
the correct concentration).
Uncap FYRITE® fluid bottle, invert FYRITE® and place over the bottle. Invert both
FYRITE® and bottle (Figure 31) so that FYRITE® comes to an upright position and the
fluid is filling the unit. Immediately install plastic top cap assembly and metal top cap
ring without delay.
CO2FYRITE® Only: Uncap CO2refill bottle and pour entire contents into FYRITE.
Reinstall plastic top cap assembly and metal top cap ring.
CO2and O2FYRITE®: Make certain that top cap ring gasket (0011-0109, Figure 45) is in
place between metal top cap ring and plastic top cap. Draw the 4 machine screws down
with light screwdriver force.
Then, going from one screw to the next, draw down 1/4 turn until all are firmly
tightened. Avoid excessive force in tightening which may damage plastic parts.
Figure 40. Flushing FYRITE® with a
Stream of O2Free Inert Gas
Figure 39. Removing the Top Gasket
6.3. Inspection of FYRITE® for Fluid Leakage
Gradual loss of fluid, moisture or dried encrustation around Plunger Valve does not
indicate fluid leakage. Gas enters and leaves unit during sampling with considerable
velocity and some fluid vapor is carried out during normal sampling. To check Top
Assembly for fluid leakage in upright position, depress plunger valve and release.
Note the scale reading at top of fluid column, and then stand FYRITE® upside down
overnight in glass or porcelain test dish (See Figure 41). Then, return FYRITE® to upright
In replacing top gasket, make certain it is properly centered in the recess provided in top
flange of FYRITE® Body (See Figure 42). When installing plastic top cap assembly, be
sure that assembly is centered on top gasket.
Figure 42. Top Gasket Properly Centered in Top Flange of Body
To remove top cap assembly or replace top cap, plunger valve, or plunger tip gasket, use
the procedure as outlined in Section 6.2.
When replacing plunger tip gasket, simply depress plunger valve against its spring limit
and strip old gasket from the end of plunger valve.
Before assembling new gasket, wet inside surface of tip gasket, then force it over the
end of plunger valve (after depressing plunger valve against the spring limit).
Make certain that new tip gasket is seated uniformly against the mating surface in
plastic top cap.
To replace diaphragm, stand FYRITE® upside down, then remove 4 screws and metal
bottom cap. Refer to Figure 43. Remove old diaphragm and center new replacement
with the lettering facing you, so that after the FYRITE® bottom cap is installed the letters
will face up into its recess. Center bottom cap assembly in body recess and reinstall 4
screws, observing same precautions in tightening as outlined in Section 6.2.
To replace body, remove the 4 hex head bezel screws and 4 bezels. Install bezels on
new body.