Operating Instructions 1603/2_EU-ML 00565588 / Original FR
Type 8228
Contents
1 ABOUT THIS MANUAL .....................................................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Definition of the word "device" .......................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Validity of the manual ..........................................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Symbols used ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
2 INTENDED USE ....................................................................................................................................................................................7
3 BASIC SAFETY INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................................................8
4 GENERAL INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Manufacturer's address and international contacts .........................................................................................10
4.3 Information on the Internet ............................................................................................................................................10
5.1 Area of application .............................................................................................................................................................11
5.2 Knowing the device ...........................................................................................................................................................11
5.3 Knowing the available versions ..................................................................................................................................12
5.4 Understanding the name plate .................................................................................................................................... 13
6 TECHNICAL DATA .............................................................................................................................................................................14
6.2 Conformity to standards and directives .................................................................................................................14
6.3 Fluid data .................................................................................................................................................................................15
6.4 Mechanical data ...................................................................................................................................................................16
6.5 Dimensions of device .......................................................................................................................................................16
6.6 Electrical data .......................................................................................................................................................................17
6.7 Data of the connectors and wires ..............................................................................................................................18
7.2 Removing the cover ...........................................................................................................................................................19
7.3 Mounting the cover ............................................................................................................................................................20
7.4 Mounting the display module .......................................................................................................................................20
7.5 Dismounting the display module ...............................................................................................................................21
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Type 8228
8 INSTALLATION AND WIRING ......................................................................................................................................................22
8.2 Installing a 8228 with a G2'' process connection in the pipe ......................................................................23
8.3 Installing a 8228 with a 2'' clamp process connection in the pipe............................................................................24
8.4 Wiring the device .................................................................................................................................................................25
8.4.1 Assembling the male or female connector (see chap. "11 Accessories and spare parts") 2 6
8.4.2 Making the installation equipotential ..............................................................................................26
8.4.3 Wiring a version with a single M12 fixed connector ..................................................................27
8.4.4 Wiring a version with 2 M12 fixed connectors ............................................................................ 30
9 OPERATING AND COMMISSIONING .....................................................................................................................................33
9.2 Knowing the operating levels .......................................................................................................................................33
9.3 Using the navigation button .......................................................................................................................................... 34
9.4 Using the dynamic functions ........................................................................................................................................36
9.5 Entering a numerical value (example) .....................................................................................................................36
9.6 Browsing in a menu (example) ...................................................................................................................................37
9.7 Knowing the display ..........................................................................................................................................................37
9.7.1 Knowing the icons and LEDs ..........................................................................................................37
9.7.2 Knowing the display at the power-up of the device ...................................................................38
9.8 Knowing the Process level ............................................................................................................................................39
9.9 Accessing the Configuration level .............................................................................................................................40
9.10 Knowing the structure of the menus of the Configuration level ...............................................................41
9.11 Knowing the Parameters menu ..................................................................................................................................45
9.11.1 Transferring data from one device to another .............................................................................. 45
9.11.2 Setting the date and time .................................................................................................................45
9.11.3 Modifying the PARAM menu access code ...................................................................................46
9.11.4 Restoring the default parameters of the Process level and the outputs ............................... 46
9.11.5 Setting the data displayed in the Process level ..........................................................................47
9.11.6 Displaying of the lowest and highest values measured .............................................................48
9.11.7 Setting the display contrast and brightness ................................................................................48
9.11.8 Choosing the output wiring mode ..................................................................................................49
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Type 8228
9.11.9 Setting the parameters of the current outputs ............................................................................49
9.11.10 Setting the parameters of the transistor outputs ........................................................................50
9.11.11 Choosing the type of temperature compensation ......................................................................52
9.12 Knowing the Calibration menu ....................................................................................................................................53
9.12.1 Activating/deactivating the Hold function ..................................................................................... 53
9.12.2 Modifying the Calibration menu access code .............................................................................53
9.12.3 Adjusting the current outputs .......................................................................................................... 54
9.12.4 Calibrating the sensor ....................................................................................................................... 54
9.12.5 Entering an offset for the temperature measurement ................................................................60
9.13 Knowing the Diagnostic menu ....................................................................................................................................60
9.13.1 Modifying the Diagnostic menu access code ..............................................................................60
9.13.2 Monitoring the fluid conductivity ..................................................................................................... 60
9.13.3 Monitoring the fluid temperature ..................................................................................................... 61
9.14 Knowing the Test menu ...................................................................................................................................................62
9.14.1 Modifying the Test menu access code .......................................................................................... 62
9.14.2 Checking the outputs functions ......................................................................................................62
9.14.3 Checking the outputs behaviour .....................................................................................................63
9.15 Knowing the Information menu ...................................................................................................................................64
9.15.1 Reading the cause of events linked to icons ...............................................................................64
9.15.2 Reading the software versions ........................................................................................................64
9.15.3 Reading some identification informations of the device ............................................................64
10 MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING .......................................................................................................................65
10.2 Cleaning the device ...........................................................................................................................................................65
10.3 Solving a problem ..............................................................................................................................................................66
11 ACCESSORIES AND SPARE PARTS ......................................................................................................................................70
12 PACKAGING, TRANSPORT ..........................................................................................................................................................70
14 DISPOSAL OF THE PRODUCT ..................................................................................................................................................71
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5
Type 8228
About this manual
1 ABOUT THIS MANUAL
This manual describes the entire life cycle of the device. Please keep this manual in a safe place, accessible to all
users and any new owners.
This manual contains important safety information.
Failure to comply with these instructions can lead to hazardous situations. Pay attention in particular to the
chapters "Basic safety information" and "Intended use".
▶ Whatever the version of the device, this manual must be read and understood.
▶ When the symbol
is marked inside or outside the device, carefully read the manual.
1.1 Definition of the word "device"
The word "device" used within this manual refers to the conductivity meter type 8228.
1.2 Validity of the manual
The manual is valid for the conductivity meter type 8228 version V2. This information of version is available on the
name plate, see chap. 5.4.
1.3 Symbols used
DANGER
Warns against an imminent danger.
▶ Failure to observe this warning can result in death or in serious injury.
WARNING
Warns against a potentially dangerous situation.
▶ Failure to observe this warning can result in serious injury or even death.
CAUTION
Warns against a possible risk.
▶ Failure to observe this warning can result in substantial or minor injuries.
NOTE
Warns against material damage.
▶ Failure to observe this warning may result in damage to the device or system.
Indicates additional information, advice or important recommendations.
Refers to information contained in this manual or in other documents.
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Type 8228
About this manual
▶ Indicates an instruction to be carried out to avoid a danger, a warning or a possible risk.
→ Indicates a procedure to be carried out.
Indicates the result of a specific instruction.
2 INTENDED USE
Use of the device that does not comply with the instructions could present risks to people, nearby
installations and the environment.
The 8228 conductivity meter is intended solely for the measurement of the conductivity.
▶ Use this device in compliance with the characteristics and commissioning and use conditions specified in the
contractual documents and in the user manual.
▶ Never use the conductivity meter type 8228 for security applications.
▶ Protect this device against electromagnetic interference, ultraviolet rays and, when installed outdoors, the
effects of climatic conditions.
▶ Only operate a device in perfect working order.
▶ Requirements for the safe and proper operation of the device are proper transport, storage and installation, as
well as careful operation and maintenance.
▶ Only use the device as intended.
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Type 8228
Basic safety information
3 BASIC SAFETY INFORMATION
This safety information does not take into account:
• any contingencies or occurences that may arise during installation, use and maintenance of the devices.
• the local safety regulations for which the operating company is responsible including the staff in charge of
installation and maintenance.
Risk of injury due to electrical voltage.
▶ If a 12-36 V DC powered version is installed either in a wet environment or outdoors, all the electrical volt-
ages must be of max. 35 V DC.
▶ Disconnect the electrical power for all the conductors and isolate it before carrying out work on the system.
▶ All equipment connected to the 8619 shall be double insulated with respect to the mains according to the
standard IEC 61010-1:2010.
▶ Observe all applicable accident protection and safety regulations for electrical equipment.
Risk of injury due to high pressure in the installation.
▶ Stop the circulation of fluid, cut off the pressure and drain the pipe before loosening the process connections.
Risk of injury due to high fluid temperatures.
▶ Use safety gloves to handle the device.
▶ Stop the circulation of fluid and drain the pipe before loosening the process connections.
Risk of injury due to the nature of the fluid.
▶ Respect the regulations on accident prevention and safety relating to the use of aggressive fluids.
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Type 8228
Basic safety information
Various dangerous situations
To avoid injury take care:
▶ not to use the device for the measurement of the conductivity of gases.
▶ not to use the device in explosive atmospheres.
▶ not to use the device in an environment incompatible with the materials it is made of.
▶ not to use fluid that is incompatible with the materials the device is made of.
▶ not to subject the device to mechanical loads.
▶ not to make any modifications to the device.
▶ to prevent any unintentional power supply switch-on.
▶ to carry out the installation and maintenance work by qualified and skilled staff with the appropriate tools.
▶ to guarantee a defined or controlled restarting of the process, after a power supply interruption.
▶ to use the device only if in perfect working order and in compliance with the instructions provided in the
manual.
▶ to observe the general technical rules when installing and using the device.
NOTE
The device may be damaged by the fluid in contact with.
▶ Systematically check the chemical compatibility of the component materials of the device and the fluids likely
to come into contact with it (for example: alcohols, strong or concentrated acids, aldehydes, alkaline compounds, esters, aliphatic compounds, ketones, halogenated aromatics or hydrocarbons, oxidants and chlorinated agents).
NOTE
Elements / Components sensitive to electrostatic discharges
▶ This device contains electronic components sensitive to electrostatic discharges. They may be damaged if
they are touched by an electrostatically charged person or object. In the worst case scenario, these components are instantly destroyed or go out of order as soon as they are activated.
▶ To minimise or even avoid all damage due to an electrostatic discharge, take all the precautions described in
the EN 61340-5-1 norm.
▶ Do not touch any of the live electrical components.
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Type 8228
General information
4 GENERAL INFORMATION
4.1 Manufacturer's address and international contacts
To contact the manufacturer of the device, use following address:
Bürkert SAS
Rue du Giessen
BP 21
F-67220 TRIEMBACH-AU-VAL
You may also contact your local Bürkert sales office.
The addresses of our international sales offices are available on the internet at:
www.burkert.com
4.2 Warranty conditions
The condition governing the legal warranty is the conforming use of the device in observance of the operating
conditions specified in this manual.
4.3 Information on the Internet
You can find the user manuals and technical data sheets regarding the type 8228 at:
www.burkert.com
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Type 8228
Description
5 DESCRIPTION
5.1 Area of application
The device is intended to measure the conductivity. Thanks to one or two fully adjustable transistor outputs, the
device can be used to switch a solenoid valve, activate an alarm and, thanks to one or two 4-20-mA current outputs,
establish one or two control loops.
5.2 Knowing the device
The device comprises:
A: an electrical housing which can include a display module. The display
module has a navigation button to read and/or configure the parameters
of the device. The display module is not delivered with all the versions
of the device but it is available as an accessory (see chap. 11).
A
B: An electronic module for the acquisition / conversion of the measurable variables:
- acquisition of the conductivity in µS/cm,
B
C
The device operates on a 3 wire system and needs a 12-36 V DC power supply.
The electrical connection is made, depending on the version, via a 5 pin, male, M12 fixed connector or via a 5 pin,
male, M12 fixed connector and a a 5 pin, female, M12 fixed connector.
- acquisition of the temperature,
- calculation of the conductivity at a temperature of 25 °C,
- conversion of the conductivity into a resistivity at 25 °C in Ohm/cm.
C: a conductivity sensor comprised of:
- a pair of magnetic coils,
- a sensor holder in PP, PVDF or PEEK equipped with an integrated
temperature probe.
The conductivity sensor is pined together with the electronic module
and cannot be dismantled.
The conductivity sensor comprises a temperature probe to compensate
the temperature when measuring the conductivity.
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11
Type 8228
PEEK
EPDM
Description
5.3 Knowing the available versions
The following versions of the device are available. Each version is available without or with the display module.
All versions of the device require a power supply of 12-36 V DC.
identified by the logo on the name plate of the device.
English
no
yes
no
yes
567 200567 478
567 480567 482
567 199567 479
567 481567 483
Type 8228
2
31
1011
12
13
14
16
15
18
17
4
Description
5.4 Understanding the name plate
8228 Inductive Conductivity Meter V2
Supply: 12-36V 40W max.
Output: 1x 4-20mA 1xTrans 700mA max.
Cell: PEEK Range 100 µS/cm - 2 S/cm
Process: Temp -15 to 130°C
PN 10, limited by fitting material and fluid temp.
IP65-IP67 W41MN
S-N:1000
00566615
2:NPN/PNP1
3:0V
4:I1
1:V+
5
6
7
8
9
1. Supply voltage
2. Type of the device
3. Measurable variable
4. Version
5. Max. power consumption
6. Max. current available at the transistor output(s)
7. Conductivity measuring range
8. Fluid temperature range
9. Pin assignment of the M12 fixed connector(s)
10. Conformity logos
Fig. 1: Name plate of the device (example)
11. Order code
12. Serial number
13. Warning: Before using the device, take into account
the technical specifications described in these
operating instructions.
14. Protection class
15. Construction code
16. Nominal pressure of the fluid
17. Material of the conductivity sensor holder
18. Available outputs
13
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Type 8228
Technical data
6 TECHNICAL DATA
6.1 Operating conditions
Ambient temperature-10 to +60 °C
Air humidity< 85 %, non condensated
Height above sea levelmax. 2000 m
Installation category acc. to UL 61010-1Category I
Degree of pollution acc. to EN 61010-1Degree 2
Protection class acc. to EN 60529IP65 and IP67 with connectors plugged in and
tightened and electronic module cover fully closed and
sealed
6.2 Conformity to standards and directives
The device conforms to the EC directives through the following standards:
• EMC: EN 61000-6-2, EN 61000-6-3 and Annex1, EN 61326-1-4 (Table 2, Immunity for industrial
environment)
• Environnemental testing: Vibration: EN 60068-2-6, Shock: EN 60068-2-27.
• Pressure: conforms to the requirements of article 3§3 of the pressure equipment directive 97/23/CE.
According to this directive, the product can only be used in the following cases (depending on max. pressure,
pipe diameter and fluid):
Type of fluidConditions
Fluid group 1, par. 1.3.aForbidden
Fluid group 2 par. 1.3.aDN ≤ 32
or DN > 32 and PNxDN ≤ 1000
Fluid group 1 par. 1.3.bPNxDN ≤ 2000
Fluid group 2 par. 1.3.bDN ≤ 200
or PN ≤ 10
The UL devices with variable key PE72 comply with the following standards:
• UL 61010-1
• CRN/CSA-C22.2 n° 61010-1.
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• approval: only for version with PVDF sensor holder and with EPDM or FKM seal.
English
Type 8228
T (°C)
P (bar)
Technical data
6.3 Fluid data
Fluid temperature
• 8228 with conductivity sensor in PVDF
• 8228 with conductivity sensor in PP
• 8228 with conductivity sensor in PEEK
Fluid pressure
• 8228 with conductivity sensor in PVDF
• 8228 with conductivity sensor in PP
• 8228 with conductivity sensor in PEEK
Conductivity measurement
• Measurement range
• Resolution
• Measurement deviation ("measurement bias" as
defined in the standard JCGM 200:2012)
The fluid temperature may be restricted by the fluid pressure,
the material the conductivity sensor holder is made of and the
material the S020 fitting used is made of (see Fig. 2).
• -15 °C to +100 °C
• 0 °C to +80 °C
• -15 °C to +130 °C
The fluid pressure may be restricted by the fluid temperature,
the material the conductivity sensor holder is made of and the
material the S020 fitting used is made of (see Fig. 2).
• PN6
• PN6
• PN10
• 100µS/cm to 2 S/cm.
• 0,1 µS/cm
• ±(2% of the measured value + 5µS/cm)
• Linearity
• Repeatability
• Response time (90%)
• ±2%
• ±(0,2% of the measured value + 2µS/cm)
• from 3 s (without filter) to 40 s (with "slow" filter)
Temperature measurement
• Measurement range
• Resolution
• Measuring uncertainty
• Response time (90%)
• -40 °C to +150 °C, restricted by the conductivity sensor used
• 0.1 °C
• ±1 °C
• < 280 s (without filter)
Temperature compensation• none or
• according to a predefined curve (NaCl, NaOH, HNO
H2SO4) or
• or according to a curve defined especially for your process
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-200+20 +40 +60 +80 +100+140
PP
PVDF
PEEK
+120
3
or
Fig. 2: Fluid temperature - pressure dependency for a 8228 with a conductivity sensor in PVDF or a conductivity sensor
in PP or a conductivity sensor in PEEK, with a fitting S020 in stainless steel
M12 fixed connector• nickel-plated brass (stainless steel on request)
• stainless steel for 2'' clamp process connection
Fixed connector holderstainless steel 316L
Screwsstainless steel
NutPC
Conductivity sensor holder / seal• PVDF / FKM (in contact with the fluid)
• PP / FKM (in contact with the fluid)
• PEEK / FKM (in contact with the fluid)
Version with 2'' clamp process connection
Adapter for clampstainless steel 316L 1.4404
Conductivity sensor holder /sealPEEK / EPDM (in contact with the fluid)
G2'' process connection2'' clamp process connection
PC
Nickel-plated brass
(or stainless steel)
Stainless steel
PPS
FKM
silicone
PPS
EPDM
PC
PVDF or PP or
PEEK
PPS
Stainless
steel
EPDM
PEEK only
16
Fig. 3: Materials of the device
• Mechanical data of fittings: please refer to the technical data sheets of the related fittings, avalaible at:
www.burkert.com
6.5 Dimensions of device
→ please refer to the technical data sheets regarding the type 8228 avalaible at: www.burkert.com
English
Type 8228
Technical data
6.6 Electrical data
Power supply 12-36 V DC• filtered and regulated
• SELV circuit, with a safe energy level
• oscillation rate: ±10 %
Power source (not supplied)• limited power source according to paragraph 9.3 of
EN 61010-1 standard
• or class 2 source according to UL 1310/1585 and
EN 60950-1 standards
Current consumption
• without the consumption of the current outputs and
the transistor outputs
• with the consumption of the current outputs and the
transistor outputs
Transistor output
• type
• NPN output
• PNP output
• protection
Current output
• specification
• uncertainty of the output value
• type of connection
• max. 1 W (max. 25 mA at 12 V DC; starting current
~100 mA)
• max. 40 W (max. 1 A for the transistor outputs)
polarized
• NPN (/sink) or PNP(/source) (through wiring and
through parameterizing)
• 1-36 V DC, 700 mA max. (or 500 mA max. if 2 transistor outputs are wired)
• supply voltage, 700 mA max. (or 500 mA max. if 2
transistor outputs are wired)
• galvanically insulated, protected against overvoltages,
polarity reversals and short-circuits
• 4-20 mA, sink or source (through wiring and through
parametrizing), 22 mA to indicate a fault (can be
parametered)
• 1% of the full scale
• 3-wire
• max. loop impedance
• Response time (10 % - 90 %)
• 1100 W at 36 V DC, 610 W at 24 V DC, 100 W at
12 V DC
• 150 ms (default value)
17
English
Type 8228
Technical data
6.7 Data of the connectors and wires
Number of fixed connectorsType of connector
1 male M12 fixed connector5-pin M12 female connector (not supplied).
For the female M12 connector with order code 917116, use a
shielded cable:
• diameter: 3 to 6.5 mm
1 male M12 fixed connector and 1 female M12
fixed connector
• wire cross section: max. 0.75 mm
2
5-pin M12 female connector (not supplied) and 5-pin M12 male
connector (not supplied).
For the female M12 connector with order code 917116 and the
male M12 connector with order code 560946, use a shielded
cable:
• diameter: 3 to 6.5 mm
• wire cross section: max. 0.75 mm
2
18
English
Type 8228
Assembly
7 ASSEMBLY
7.1 Safety instructions
DANGER
Risk of injury due to electrical voltage.
▶ Shut down and isolate the electrical power source before carrying out work on the system.
▶ Observe all applicable accident protection and safety regulations for electrical equipment.
WARNING
Risk of injury due to non-conforming assembly.
▶ The device must only be assembled by qualified and skilled staff with the appropriate tools.
Risk of injury due to unintentional switch on of power supply or uncontrolled restarting of the
installation.
▶ Take appropriate measures to avoid unintentional activation of the installation.
▶ Guarantee a set or controlled restarting of the process after assembling the device.
7.2 Removing the cover
NOTE
The tightness of the device is not guaranteed when the cover is removed.
▶ Once the cover is removed, prevent the projection of liquid inside the housing.
The device may be damaged if a metal component comes into contact with the electronics.
▶ Prevent contact of the electronics with a metal component.
2
1
→ [1] Turn the cover counterclockwise with
an angle of about 15° to unlock it.
→ [2] Remove the cover.
If the cover grips to the housing:
Fig. 4: Removing the cover
→ Use an appropriate tool to unlock the
cover, taking care not to scratch the glass.
→ Insert an apropriate tool into the groove of
the housing.
→ Lever the cover up.
19
English
7.3 Mounting the cover
1
b)
d)
→ Check that there is a seal on the housing and that it is not damaged. Replace
it if necessary.
2
→ Grease the seal if necessary, using a component compatible with the seal
material.
→ [1] Set the cover to ensure that the 4 grooves of the cover match with the 4
pins of the housing.
→ [2] Turn the cover clockwise with an angle of about 15° to lock it.
Fig. 5: Closing the cover
7.4 Mounting the display module
Type 8228
Assembly
20°
a)
Fig. 6: Mounting the display module
→ Remove the cover (see chap. 7.2).
→ Set the display module at an angle of about 20° in relation to
the desired position.
→ The module can be mounted in 4 different positions, at 90°
intervals.
c)
→ Fully push in the module and turn clockwise to lock it.
20
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Type 8228
Assembly
7.5 Dismounting the display module
→ Remove the cover (see chap. 7.2).
→ Turn the module by ca. 20° counterclockwise.
20°
Fig. 7: Dismounting the display module
Once unlocked, the module is raised slightly by the spring
action.
→ Remove the module from its housing.
English
21
Type 8228
Installation and wiring
8 INSTALLATION AND WIRING
8.1 Safety instructions
Risk of injury due to electrical voltage.
▶ If a 12-36 V DC powered version is installed either in a wet environment or outdoors, all the electrical
voltages must be of max. 35 V DC.
▶ Disconnect the electrical power for all the conductors and isolate it before carrying out work on the system.
▶ All equipment connected to the device shall be double insulated with respect to the mains according to the
standard IEC 61010-1:2010.
▶ Observe all applicable accident protection and safety regulations for electrical equipment.
Risk of injury due to high pressure in the installation.
▶ Stop the circulation of fluid, cut off the pressure and drain the pipe before loosening the process connections.
Risk of injury due to high fluid temperatures.
▶ Use safety gloves to handle the device.
▶ Stop the circulation of fluid and drain the pipe before loosening the process connections.
Risk of injury due to the nature of the fluid.
▶ Respect the regulations on accident prevention and safety relating to the use of aggressive fluids.
WARNING
Risk of injury due to non-conforming installation.
▶ The electrical and fluid installation can only be carried out by qualified and skilled staff with the appropriate
tools.
▶ Install appropriate safety devices (correctly rated fuse and/or circuit-breaker).▶ Observe mounting instructions of the fitting.
Risk of injury due to unintentional switch on of power supply or uncontrolled restarting of the
installation.
▶ Protect the installation against unintentional power-up.▶ Guarantee a set or controlled restarting of the process subsequent to any intervention on the device.
22
WARNING
Risk of injury if the fluid pressure/temperature dependency is not respected.
▶ Observe the fluid temperature-pressure dependency according to the material of the conductivity sensor
holder (see the technical data of the device) and according to the materials the fitting is made of (see the
operating instructions of the fitting used).
▶ Observe the pressure equipment directive 97/23/CE.
English
Type 8228
Installation and wiring
Protect this device against electromagnetic interference, ultraviolet rays and, when installed outdoors, the
effects of the climatic conditions.
8.2 Installing a 8228 with a G2'' process connection in
the pipe
The device is put into a fitting S020 mounted on the pipe.
→ Mount the fitting on the pipe obeying the instructions of the operating instructions of the fitting used.
Fig. 8: Positions for the mounting on the pipe
Tank without mixing deviceTank with mixing device
Fig. 9: Positions for the mounting on a container
→ Fit the display module (see chap. 7.4) to calibrate the conductivity sensor and to parameter the device.
→ Calibrate the conductivity sensor (see chap. 9.12.4).
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