Avtech Electrosystems Ltd. warrants products of its manufacture to be free
from defects in material and workmanship under conditions of normal use. If,
within one year after delivery to the original owner, and after prepaid return by
the original owner, this Avtech product is found to be defective, Avtech shall at
its option repair or replace said defective item. This warranty does not apply to
units which have been dissembled, modified or subjected to conditions
exceeding the applicable specifications or ratings. This warranty is the extent of
the obligation assumed by Avtech with respect to this product and no other
warranty or guarantee is either expressed or implied.
2
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Phone: 888-670-8729 (USA & Canada) or +1-613-686-6675 (International)
Fax: 800-561-1970 (USA & Canada) or +1-613-686-6679 (International)
The AVO-6C-B is a high performance, GPIB and RS232-equipped instrument capable
of generating up to 5 A at repetition rates up to 10 kHz. The pulse width is variable from
50 ns to 5 us, and the duty cycle may be as high as 1%. Rise and fall times are fixed at
less than 12 ns. The AVO-6C-B includes an internal trigger source, but it can also be
triggered or gated by an external source. A front-panel pushbutton can also be used to
trigger the instrument.
The Model AVO-6C1-B variant has an extended pulse width range (50 us maximum,
compared to 5 us for the standard AVO-6C-B). The AVO-6C1-B is not available with the
-OS option. In all other respects, they are identical.
The AVO-6C-B features front panel keyboard and adjust knob control of the output
pulse parameters along with a four line by 40-character backlit LCD display of the
output amplitude, pulse width, pulse repetition frequency, and delay. The instrument
includes memory to store up to four complete instrument setups. The operator may use
the front panel or the computer interface to store a complete “snapshot” of all key
instrument settings, and recall this setup at a later time.
5
The instrument is protected against overload conditions by an automatic control circuit.
An internal power supply monitor removes the power to the output stage for five
seconds if an average power overload exists. After that time, the unit operates normally
for one second, and if the overload condition persists, the power is cut again. This cycle
repeats until the overload is removed.
The AVO-6C-B consists of two parts, the mainframe and the output module. The
mainframe is a voltage pulser, which generates up to 250V (V
). The output module
OUT
contains a 50Ω series resistance. The diode load is connected in series with this
resistance, so that the current through the diode is normally given by:
I
where V
= (V
DIODE
is the voltage drop across the diode. An additional resistance (R
DIODE
OUT
– V
DIODE
) / 50Ω
SENSE
) can
be placed in series with the load, for current monitoring purposes. In this case, the
diode current is given by:
I
DIODE
= (V
OUT
– V
) / (50Ω + R
DIODE
SENSE
)
Alternatively, a fast current probe may be used to monitor the current waveform.
Factory testing is conducted using a Tektronix CT2 or Pearson 2878 current
transformer. (This technique tends to introduce less waveform distortion than the
sensing resistor method.)
The output voltage polarity depends on the model number:
"-P" units: up to +250 Volts
Page 6
"-N" units: up to -250 Volts
"-PN" units: up to ±250 Volts
This instrument is intended for use in research, development, test and calibration
laboratories by qualified personnel.
6
Page 7
AVAILABLE OPTIONS
The AVO-6C-B is available with several options:
-M Option: a monitor output is provided.
-OS Option: an externally generated DC offset can be added to the output. (Not
available for the AVO-6C1-B.)
-R5 Option: This is the optional rack-mounting kit. The R5 rack-mount kit may also be
ordered separately.
-VXI Option: Adds a rear-panel Ethernet connector, allowing the instrument to be
remotely controlled using the VXI-11.3, ssh (secure shell), telnet, and http (web)
protocols. In particular, the VXI-11.3 features allows software like LabView to control an
instrument using standard VISA communications drivers and network cabling, instead of
using old-style GPIB cabling. (This eliminates the need for a GPIB controller card and
its proprietary drivers.)
7
Page 8
HIGH-VOLTAGE PRECAUTIONS
CAUTION: This instrument provides output voltages as high as 250 Volts under
normal operating conditions, and generates > 250V internally, so extreme caution must
be employed when using this instrument. The instrument should only be used by
individuals who are thoroughly skilled in high voltage laboratory techniques. The
following precautions should always be observed:
1. Keep exposed high-voltage wiring to an absolute minimum.
2. Wherever possible, use shielded connectors and cabling.
3. Connect and disconnect loads and cables only when the instrument is turned off.
4. Keep in mind that all cables, connectors, oscilloscope probes, and loads must have
an appropriate voltage rating.
Do not attempt any repairs on the instrument, beyond the fuse replacement procedures
described in this manual. Contact Avtech technical support (see page 2 for contact
information) if the instrument requires servicing.
8
Page 9
SPECIFICATIONS
9
Model:AVO-6C-B
1
AVO-6C1-B
1
Maximum amplitude2:5 Amps
Pulse width (FWHM):50 ns - 5 us50 ns - 50 us
Rise & fall time (20%-80%):≤ 12 ns
Maximum PRF:10 kHz
Duty cycle (max):1 %
Polarity3: Positive or negative or both (specify)
Output impedance:50 Ohms
DC offset or bias insertion:Optional
4.
Apply required DC bias current in the range of ± 100 mA to solder terminals
on the output module. Not available on the AVO-6C1-B.
Propagation delay: ≤ 150 ns (Ext trig in to pulse out)
Jitter: ≤ ± 100 ps ± 0.03% of sync delay (Ext trig in to pulse out)
Gate input:Synchronous or asynchronous, active high or low, switchable. Suppresses triggering when active.
Monitor output: Optional5. Provides an attenuated coincident replica of output voltage.
GPIB, RS-232 control2:Standard on -B units.
Ethernet port, for remote
control using VXI-11.3, ssh,
telnet, & web:
Optional6. Recommended as a modern alternative to GPIB / RS-232.
See http://www.avtechpulse.com/options/vxi for details.
Settings resolution:The resolution of the timing parameters (pulse width, delay, period) varies,
but is always better than 0.15% of (|set value| + 20 ns).
The amplitude resolution is < 0.1% of the maximum amplitude.
Settings accuracy:Typically ± 3% (plus ±1V or ± 3 ns) after 10 minute warmup, at low duty cycles8.
For high-accuracy applications requiring traceable calibration,
verify the output parameters with a calibrated oscilloscope.
Output connectors,
standard:
Optional output device
sockets:
The standard solder terminals can be replaced by a plug-in or screw-in socket. See
http://www.avtechpulse.com/laser-bias/avx-s1 for examples.
Solder terminals.
Contact Avtech (info@avtechpulse.com) with your special device mounting requirement.
Optional alternative output
connector and cable (AVO6D-B only):
-CLZ option7: The output can be provided on a DB-9 male connector (Pins 1-5 = signal, pins 6-9 =
ground), suitable for use with the Avtech AV-CLZ11 series of low impedance cables. Includes one
AV-CLZ11-100 cable and one AV-CTLX DB-9-to-PCB adapter (see
http://www.avtechpulse.com/transmission/av-clz11 and http://www.avtechpulse.com/accessories/av-
ctlx for details.) The cable must be terminated by a user-supplied 11-13 Ohm resistance (or
resistance in series with a diode).
Connectors, other:BNC
Power requirements:100 - 240 Volts, 50 - 60 Hz
Dimensions:
(H x W x D)
Mainframe: 100mm x 430 mm x 375mm (3.9” x 17” x 14.8”)
Output module (excludes AVO-6HF-B, AVO-6HZ-B): 41 mm x 66 mm x 76 mm (1.6” x 2.6” x 3.0”)
Output module (AVO-6HF-B, AVO-6HZ-B only): 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm (6” x 6” x 6”)
Chassis material:Cast aluminum frame and handles, blue vinyl on aluminum cover plates
Mounting:Any
Temperature range:+5°C to +40°C
1) -B suffix indicates IEEE-488.2 GPIB and RS-232 control of amplitude and frequency. See http://www.avtechpulse.com/gpib/ for details.
2) For operation at amplitudes of less than 20% of full-scale, best results will be obtained by setting the amplitude near full-scale and using external
attenuators on the output (between the mainframe and the output module).
3) Indicate desired polarity by suffixing model number with -P or -N (i.e. positive or negative) or -PN for dual polarity.
4) For DC offset option suffix model number with -OS. Not available for the models AVO-6HF-B, AVO-6HZ-B, or AVO-6C1-B (50 us models).
5) For monitor option add suffix -M.
6) Add the suffix -VXI to the model number to specify the Ethernet port.
7) Add the suffix -CLZ to the model number to specify this output arrangement. For the AVO-6D-B only.
8) The amplitude may decrease ~10% relative to the programmed setting if the instrument is operating at or near the maximum specified duty cycle.
Page 10
10
REGULATORY NOTES
FCC PART 18
This device complies with part 18 of the FCC rules for non-consumer industrial,
scientific and medical (ISM) equipment.
This instrument is enclosed in a rugged metal chassis and uses a filtered power entry
module (where applicable). The main output signal is provided on a shielded connector
that is intended to be used with shielded coaxial cabling and a shielded load. Under
these conditions, the interference potential of this instrument is low.
If interference is observed, check that appropriate well-shielded cabling is used on the
output connectors. Contact Avtech (info@avtechpulse.com) for advice if you are unsure
of the most appropriate cabling. Also, check that your load is adequately shielded. It
may be necessary to enclose the load in a metal enclosure.
If any of the connectors on the instrument are unused, they should be covered with
shielded metal “dust caps” to reduce the interference potential.
This instrument does not normally require regular maintenance to minimize interference
potential. However, if loose hardware or connectors are noted, they should be
tightened. Contact Avtech (info@avtechpulse.com) if you require assistance.
declare that this pulse generator meets the intent of Directive 2004/108/EG for
Electromagnetic Compatibility. Compliance pertains to the following specifications as
listed in the official Journal of the European Communities:
EN 50081-1 Emission
EN 50082-1 Immunity
Page 11
11
and that this pulse generator meets the intent of the Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC.
Compliance pertains to the following specifications as listed in the official Journal of the
European Communities:
EN 61010-1:2001Safety requirements for electrical equipment for
declare that, to the best of our knowledge, all electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)
sold by the company are in compliance with Directive 2011/65/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain
hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (also known as “RoHS
Recast”). In addition, this declaration of conformity is issued under the sole
responsibility of Avtech Electrosystems Ltd. Specifically, products manufactured do not
contain the substances listed in the table below in concentrations greater than the listed
maximum value.
Material/SubstanceThreshold level
Lead (Pb)< 1000 ppm (0.1% by mass)
Mercury (Hg)< 1000 ppm (0.1% by mass)
Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+)< 1000 ppm (0.1% by mass)
Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB)< 1000 ppm (0.1% by mass)
Polybrominated Diphenyl ethers (PBDE)< 1000 ppm (0.1% by mass)
Cadmium (Cd)< 100 ppm (0.01% by mass)
DIRECTIVE 2002/96/EC (WEEE)
European customers who have purchased this equipment directly from Avtech will have
completed a “WEEE Responsibility Agreement” form, accepting responsibility for WEEE
compliance (as mandated in Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Union and local
laws) on behalf of the customer, as provided for under Article 9 of Directive 2002/96/EC.
Customers who have purchased Avtech equipment through local representatives
should consult with the representative to determine who has responsibility for WEEE
compliance. Normally, such responsibilities with lie with the representative, unless other
arrangements (under Article 9) have been made.
Page 12
12
Requirements for WEEE compliance may include registration of products with local
governments, reporting of recycling activities to local governments, and financing of
recycling activities.
FIRMWARE LICENSING
Instruments with firmware versions 5.00 or higher use open-source software internally.
Some of this software requires that the source code be made available to the user as a
condition of its licensing. This source code is available upon request (contact
info@avtechpulse.com).
Earlier firmware versions do not contain any open source software.
Page 13
13
INSTALLATION
VISUAL CHECK
After unpacking the instrument, examine to ensure that it has not been damaged in
shipment. Visually inspect all connectors, knobs, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and the
handles. Confirm that a power cord, a GPIB cable, and two instrumentation manuals
(this manual and the “Programming Manual for -B Instruments”) are with the instrument.
Confirm that an output module is supplied, with a length of coaxial cable to connect it to
the mainframe. If the instrument has been damaged, file a claim immediately with the
company that transported the instrument.
POWER RATINGS
This instrument is intended to operate from 100 - 240 V, 50 - 60 Hz.
The maximum power consumption is 90 Watts. Please see the “FUSES” section for
information about the appropriate AC and DC fuses.
This instrument is an “Installation Category II” instrument, intended for operation from a
normal single-phase supply.
CONNECTION TO THE POWER SUPPLY
An IEC-320 three-pronged recessed male socket is provided on the back panel for AC
power connection to the instrument. One end of the detachable power cord that is
supplied with the instrument plugs into this socket. The other end of the detachable
power cord plugs into the local mains supply. Use only the cable supplied with the
instrument. The mains supply must be earthed, and the cord used to connect the
instrument to the mains supply must provide an earth connection. (The supplied cord
does this.)
Warning: Failure to use a grounded outlet may result in injury or death due to
electric shock. This product uses a power cord with a ground connection. It must be
connected to a properly grounded outlet. The instrument chassis is connected to the
ground wire in the power cord.
The table below describes the power cord that is normally supplied with this instrument,
depending on the destination region:
Page 14
Destination RegionDescriptionOptionManufacturerPart Number
14
United Kingdom, Hong Kong,
Singapore, Malaysia
Australia, New Zealand
Continental Europe, Korea,
Indonesia, Russia
North America, Taiwan
Switzerland
South Africa, India
Japan
Israel
China
BS 1363,
230V, 50 Hz
AS 3112:2000,
230-240V, 50 Hz
European CEE 7/7
“Schuko” 230V, 50 Hz
NEMA 5-15,
120V, 60 Hz
SEV 1011,
230V, 50 Hz
SABS 164-1,
220-250V, 50 Hz
JIS 8303,
100V, 50-60 Hz
SI 32,
220V, 50 Hz
GB 1002-1,
220V, 50 Hz
PROTECTION FROM ELECTRIC SHOCK
-AC00Qualtek370001-E01
-AC01Qualtek374003-A01
-AC02Qualtek364002-D01
-AC03Qualtek312007-01
-AC06Qualtek378001-E01
-AC17Volex2131H 10 C3
-AC18Qualtek397002-01
-AC19Qualtek398001-01
-AC22Volex2137H 10 C3
Operators of this instrument must be protected from electric shock at all times. The
owner must ensure that operators are prevented access and/or are insulated from
every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential
human contact. Operators must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric
shock. This instrument is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock
hazards and are familiar with safety precautions required to avoid possibly injury. In
particular, operators should:
1. Keep exposed high-voltage wiring to an absolute minimum.
2. Wherever possible, use shielded connectors and cabling.
3. Connect and disconnect loads and cables only when the instrument is turned off.
4. Keep in mind that all cables, connectors, oscilloscope probes, and loads must
have an appropriate voltage rating.
5. Do not attempt any repairs on the instrument, beyond the fuse replacement
procedures described in this manual. Contact Avtech technical support (see
page 2 for contact information) if the instrument requires servicing. Service is to
be performed solely by qualified service personnel.
Page 15
15
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
This instrument is intended for use under the following conditions:
1. indoor use;
2. altitude up to 2 000 m;
3. temperature 5 °C to 40 °C;
4. maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to 31 °C decreasing
linearly to 50 % relative humidity at 40 °C;
5. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±10 % of the nominal voltage;
6. no pollution or only dry, non-conductive pollution.
LABVIEW DRIVERS
A LabVIEW driver for this instrument is available for download on the Avtech web site,
at http://www.avtechpulse.com/labview. A copy is also available in National Instruments'
Instrument Driver Library at http://www.natinst.com/.
Page 16
16
FUSES
This instrument contains four fuses. All are accessible from the rear-panel. Two protect
the AC prime power input, and two protect the internal DC power supplies. The
locations of the fuses on the rear panel are shown in the figure below:
Fuses #1 and #2
(AC fuses)
AC FUSE REPLACEMENT
To physically access the AC fuses, the power cord must be detached from the rear
panel of the instrument. The fuse drawer may then be extracted using a small flat-head
screwdriver, as shown below:
Pry out the fuse
drawer using a
screwdriver.
Fuse #4
(DC fuse)
Fuse #3
(DC fuse)
Fuse
Drawer
Page 17
DC FUSE REPLACEMENT
The DC fuses may be replaced by inserting the tip of a flat-head screwdriver into the
fuse holder slot, and rotating the slot counter-clockwise. The fuse and its carrier will
then pop out.
FUSE RATINGS
The following table lists the required fuses:
17
Nominal
Fuses
#1, #2 (AC)
#3 (DC)N/A
#4 (DC)N/A
The recommended fuse manufacturer is Littelfuse (http://www.littelfuse.com).
Replacement fuses may be easily obtained from Digi-Key (http://www.digikey.com) and
other distributors.
Mains
Voltage
115 V
230 V
RatingCase Size
0.8A, 250V,
Time-Delay
0.5A, 250V,
Time-Delay
2.5A, 250V,
Time-Delay
1.6A, 250V,
Time-Delay
5×20 mm0218.800HXPF2418-ND
5×20 mm0218.500HXPF2416-ND
5×20 mm021802.5HXPF2427-ND
5×20 mm021801.6HXPF2424-ND
Recommended Replacement Part
Littelfuse Part
Number
Digi-Key Stock
Number
Page 18
18
FRONT PANEL CONTROLS
1
2
1.POWER Switch. This is the main power switch. When turning the instrument on,
there is normally a delay of 10 seconds before anything is shown on the main
display, as the internal operating system boots up.
If the main menu does not appear after 30 seconds, turn off the instrument and
leave it off for at least 60 seconds before applying power again.
2.OVERLOAD Indicator. When the instrument is powered, this indicator is normally
green, indicating normal operation. If this indicator is yellow, an internal automatic
overload protection circuit has been tripped. If the unit is overloaded (by operating
at an exceedingly high duty cycle or by operating into a very low impedance), the
protective circuit will disable the output of the instrument and turn the indicator light
yellow. The light will stay yellow (i.e. output disabled) for about 5 seconds after
which the instrument will attempt to re-enable the output (i.e. light green) for about
1 second. If the overload condition persists, the output will be disabled again (i.e.
light yellow) for another 5 seconds. If the overload condition has been removed, the
instrument will resume normal operation.
This overload indicator may flash yellow briefly at start-up. This is not a cause for
concern.
45
3
3.SYNC OUT. This connector supplies a SYNC output that can be used to trigger
other equipment, particularly oscilloscopes. This signal leads (or lags) the main
output by a duration set by the "DELAY" controls and has an approximate
amplitude of +3 Volts to RL > 1kΩ with a pulse width of approximately 100 ns.
4.LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD). This LCD is used in conjunction with the
keypad to change the instrument settings. Normally, the main menu is displayed,
which lists the key adjustable parameters and their current values. The
“Programming Manual for -B Instruments” describes the menus and submenus in
detail.
Page 19
5.KEYPAD.
Control NameFunction
MOVEThis moves the arrow pointer on the display.
CHANGEThis is used to enter the submenu, or to select the operating
mode, pointed to by the arrow pointer.
×10If one of the adjustable numeric parameters is displayed, this
increases the setting by a factor of ten.
÷10If one of the adjustable numeric parameters is displayed, this
decreases the setting by a factor of ten.
+/-If one of the adjustable numeric parameters is displayed, and
this parameter can be both positive or negative, this changes the
sign of the parameter.
EXTRA FINEThis changes the step size of the ADJUST knob. In the extra-
fine mode, the step size is twenty times finer than in the normal
mode. This button switches between the two step sizes.
ADJUSTThis large knob adjusts the value of any displayed numeric
adjustable values, such as frequency, pulse width, etc. The
adjust step size is set by the "EXTRA FINE" button.
19
When the main menu is displayed, this knob can be used to
move the arrow pointer.
Page 20
REAR PANEL CONTROLS
20
4
GATE
TRIG
8
5
OUT
RS-232
GPIB
76
9
31
2
Note: some connectors may be in different positions than shown above, depending on
the exact combination of options ordered.
1. AC POWER INPUT. An IEC-320 C14 three-pronged recessed male socket is
provided on the back panel for AC power connection to the instrument. One end of
the detachable power cord that is supplied with the instrument plugs into this socket.
2. AC FUSE DRAWER. The two fuses that protect the AC input are located in this
drawer. Please see the “FUSES” section of this manual for more information.
3. DC FUSES. These two fuses protect the internal DC power supplies. Please see the
“FUSES” sections of this manual for more information.
4. GATE. This TTL-level (0 and +5V) logic input can be used to gate the triggering of
the instrument. This input can be either active high or active low, depending on the
front panel settings or programming commands. (The instrument triggers normally
when this input is unconnected). When set to active high mode, this input is pulleddown to ground by a 1 kΩ resistor. When set to active low mode, this input is pulledup to +5V by a 1 kΩ resistor.
5. TRIG. This TTL-level (0 and +5V) logic input can be used to trigger the instrument, if
the instrument is set to triggering externally. The instrument triggers on the rising
edge of this input. The input impedance of this input is 1 kΩ. (Depending on the
length of cable attached to this input, and the source driving it, it may be desirable to
add a coaxial 50 Ohm terminator to this input to provide a proper transmission line
termination. The Pasternack (www.pasternack.com) PE6008-50 BNC feed-thru 50
Ohm terminator is suggested for this purpose.)
Page 21
When triggering externally, the instrument can be set such that the output pulse
width tracks the pulse width on this input, or the output pulse width can be set
independently.
6. GPIB Connector. A standard GPIB cable can be attached to this connector to allow
the instrument to be computer-controlled. See the “Programming Manual for -B
Instruments” for more details on GPIB control.
7. RS-232 Connector. A standard serial cable with a 25-pin male connector can be
attached to this connector to allow the instrument to be computer-controlled. A user
name (“admin”) and a password (“default”, as shipped from the factory) are required
when logging into a serial terminal session. The internal controller attempts to autosense the parity setting. It may be necessary to send a few return characters before
attempting a login in order to provide enough data to allow this auto-sensing to work.
(A standard Linux “agetty” process is used to implement serial control internally.) See
the “Programming Manual for -B Instruments” for more details on RS-232 control.
8. Network Connector. (Optional feature. Present on -VXI units only.) This Ethernet
connector allows the instrument to be remotely controlled using the VXI-11.3, ssh
(secure shell), telnet, and http (web) protocols. See the “Programming Manual for -B
Instruments” for more details.
21
9. OUT CONNECTOR. This SMA connector is connected to the output module, when the
output module is used to drive a diode load. If the output module is not used, this
output will generate up to 250V into a load impedance of 50Ω.
Caution: Voltages as high as ±250V may be present on the center conductor of
this output connector. Avoid touching this conductor. Connect to this connector using
standard coaxial cable, to ensure that the center conductor is not exposed.
Page 22
GENERAL INFORMATION
AMPLITUDE CONTROL
The AVO-6C-B consists of two parts, the mainframe and the output module. The
mainframe is a voltage pulser, which generates up to +250V (assuming that the model
is a “-P” positive unit, or a dual-polarity model operating in the positive mode). The
output module contains a 50Ω series resistance. The diode load is connected in series
with this resistance, so that the current through the diode is normally given by:
I
DIODE
= (V
OUT
– V
DIODE
) / 50Ω
22
where V
is the voltage drop across the diode.
DIODE
The functional equivalent circuit of the output module is shown below:
OUTPUT MODULE
OS
INPUT
(-OS OPTION)
MONITOR
OUTPUT
(-M OPTION)
INPUT FROM
MAINFRAME
(0 TO 250V)
470 Ω
50 Ω
I
,
OUT
5A MAX.
DIODE LOAD
(REVERSE THE
ORIENTATION
FOR -N UNITS)
Output Module Functional Equivalent Circuit
(The equivalent circuit is shown for positive outputs. For “-N” instruments, and the
negative output circuit of the dual-polarity “-PN” instruments, the polarities are negative
and diodes are reversed in direction.)
On units with the -M option, a monitor output is provided, as shown above. When the
monitor output is terminated with a 50 Ohm resistance, the monitor output provides an
attenuated (approximately 20 dB) replica of the input signal to the output module.
An additional resistance (R
) can be placed in series with the diode load, for current
SENSE
monitoring purposes. In this case, the diode current is given by:
Page 23
23
I
DIODE
= (V
OUT
– V
) / (50Ω + R
DIODE
SENSE
)
Alternatively, a fast current probe may be used to monitor the current waveform.
Factory testing is conducted using a Tektronix CT2 or Pearson 2878 current
transformer. (This technique tends to introduce less waveform distortion than the
sensing resistor method.)
Models with the -OS option have a bias-tee circuit built into the output module, to allow
an externally-generated offset to be added to the output.
LENZ’S LAW AND INDUCTIVE VOLTAGE SPIKES
This instrument is designed to pulse resistive and diode loads and will exhibit a large
output spike when used to drive a load with significant inductance (as predicted by
LENZ'S LAW). For this reason the load should be connected to the output using low
inductance leads (as short as possible).
The voltage developed across an inductance L (in Henries), when the current is
changing at a rate given by dI
/ dt (in Amps/sec), is: V
LOAD
SPIKE
= L dI
LOAD
/ dt.
BASIC TEST ARRANGEMENT - WITHOUT OUTPUT MODULE
The AVO-6C-B can be tested initially without the supplied output module. If the output
module is not used, the mainframe output generates up to +250 Volts (for -P units), or
up to -250V (for -N units), into a 50 Ohm load, as illustrated below:
REAL-TIME
OSCILLOSCOPE
CHANNEL A
TRIG
INPUT
AC
POWER
AVTECH
PULSER
MAIN OUTPUT
CONNECTOR
SYNC
OUTPUT
ALL CABLES: 50 OHM COAXIAL
SCOPE
PROBE
TEST
LOAD
The load resistor must have a voltage rating of at least 250V, and a power rating of at
least 12 Watts. It must also be low-inductance, or the waveform will become distorted
and exhibit noticeable ringing.
Page 24
BASIC TEST ARRANGEMENT - WITH OUTPUT MODULE
To fully test the instrument, and for normal operation, the output module must be
connected as shown below:
24
Diode
(device
under
test)
Tektronix CT2 current probe or
Pearson 2878 current transformer
REAL-TIME
OSCILLOSCOPE
CHANNEL A
TRIG
INPUT
AC
POWER
AVTECH
AVO-6
MAIN OUTPUT
CONNECTOR
SYNC
OUTPUT
5-foot / 1.5m
coaxial cable
The diode is shown oriented for positive (-P)
operation. It must be reverse for negative (-N)
units.
IN
(ON REAR)
OUTPUT
MODULE
OUT
GND
If a Tektronix CT2 current probe or Pearson 2878 current transformer is not available to
measure the output current waveform, a 1 Ohm resistor may be used to sense the
current instead. However, noticeable ringing and distortion may be appear on the
waveform if this technique is used. (The use of a Tektronix CT2 current probe or
Pearson 2878 current transformer is strongly recommended for this reason.) This
alternative test arrangement is shown below:
AC
POWER
AVTECH
AVO-6
MAIN OUTPUT
CONNECTOR
SYNC
OUTPUT
2 foot / 60 cm
coaxial cable
The diode is shown oriented for positive (-P)
operation. It must be reverse for negative (-N)
units.
IN
(ON REAR)
OUTPUT
MODULE
OUT
GND
Diode
(device
under
test)
scope
probe
1 Ohm
REAL-TIME
OSCILLOSCOPE
CHANNEL A
TRIG
INPUT
Page 25
25
If the AVO-6C-B is operated at its maximum duty cycle, the worst-case power
dissipation in the output module is (250V × 5A × 1%) = 12.5 Watts. When operating
near 1% duty cycle, the output module should be bolted to a heatsink, using the tapped
screw holes on the bottom of the module.
BASIC PULSE CONTROL
This instrument can be triggered by its own internal clock or by an external TTL trigger
signal. In either case, two output channels respond to the trigger: OUT and SYNC. The
OUT channel is the signal that is applied to the load. Its amplitude and pulse width are
variable. The SYNC pulse is a fixed-width TTL-level reference pulse used to trigger
oscilloscopes or other measurement systems. When the delay is set to a positive value
the SYNC pulse precedes the OUT pulse. When the delay is set to a negative value the
SYNC pulse follows the OUT pulse.
These pulses are illustrated below, assuming internal triggering and a positive delay:
SYNC OUT
(generated by the
internal oscillator)
MAIN OUTPUT
100 ns, FIXED
3V, FIXED
PULSE WIDTHDELAY > 0
AMPLITUDE,
VARIABLE
Figure A
If the delay is negative, the order of the SYNC and OUT pulses is reversed:
SYNC OUT
(generated by the
internal oscillator)
DELAY < 0
PULSE WIDTH
100 ns, FIXED
3V, FIXED
MAIN OUTPUT
AMPLITUDE,
VARIABLE
Figure B
Page 26
The next figure illustrates the relationship between the signal when an external TTLlevel trigger is used:
> 50 ns
26
TRIG
(external input)
PROPAGATION DELAY (FIXED)
100 ns, FIXED
SYNC OUT
PULSE WIDTHDELAY > 0
MAIN OUTPUT
TTL LEVELS
(0V and 3V-5V)
3V, FIXED
AMPLITUDE,
VARIABLE
Figure C
As before, if the delay is negative, the order of the SYNC and OUT pulses is reversed.
The delay, pulse width, and frequency (when in the internal mode), of the OUT pulse
can be varied with front panel controls or via the GPIB or RS-232 computer interfaces.
TRIGGER MODES
This instrument has four trigger modes:
Internal Trigger: the instrument controls the trigger frequency, and generates the
clock internally.
External Trigger: the instrument is triggered by an external TTL-level clock on the
back-panel TRIG connector.
Manual Trigger: the instrument is triggered by the front-panel “SINGLE PULSE”
pushbutton.
Hold Trigger: the instrument is set to not trigger at all.
These modes can be selected using the front panel trigger menu, or by using the
appropriate programming commands. (See the “Programming Manual for -B
Instruments” for more details.)
Page 27
27
GATING MODES
Triggering can be suppressed by a TTL-level signal on the rear-panel GATE connector.
The instrument can be set to stop triggering when this input high or low, using the frontpanel gate menu or the appropriate programming commands. This input can also be set
to act synchronously or asynchronously. When set to asynchronous mode, the GATE
will disable the output immediately. Output pulses may be truncated. When set to
synchronous mode, the output will complete the full pulse width if the output is high,
and then stop triggering. No pulses are truncated in this mode.
Page 28
28
OPERATIONAL CHECK
This section describes a sequence to confirm the basic operation of the instrument. It
should be performed after receiving the instrument. It is a useful learning exercise as
well.
Before proceeding with this procedure, finish read this instruction manual thoroughly.
Then read the “Local Control” section of the “Programming Manual for -B Instruments”
thoroughly. The “Local Control” section describes the front panel controls used in this
operational check - in particular, the MOVE, CHANGE, and ADJUST controls.
For the first test, the output module is not used.
1.Connect a cable from the SYNC OUT connector to the TRIG input of an oscilloscope.
Connect a 5W (or higher) 50Ω load to the OUT connector on the rear panel of the
mainframe and place the scope probe across this load. Set the oscilloscope to
trigger externally.
REAL-TIME
OSCILLOSCOPE
CHANNEL A
TRIG
INPUT
AC
POWER
AVTECH
PULSER
MAIN OUTPUT
CONNECTOR
SYNC
OUTPUT
ALL CABLES: 50 OHM COAXIAL
SCOPE
PROBE
TEST
LOAD
2.Turn on the AVO-6C-B. The main menu will appear on the LCD.
3.To set the AVO-6C-B to trigger from the internal clock at a PRF of 1 kHz:
a)The arrow pointer should be pointing at the frequency menu item. If it is not, press
the MOVE button until it is.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The frequency submenu will appear. Rotate the
ADJUST knob until the frequency is set at 1 kHz.
c)The arrow pointer should be pointing at the “Internal” choice. If it is not, press
MOVE until it is.
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
Page 29
4.To set the delay to 1 us:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the delay menu item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The delay submenu will appear. Rotate the ADJUST
knob until the delay is set at 1 us.
c)The arrow pointer should be pointing at the “Normal” choice. If it is not, press
MOVE until it is.
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
5.To set the pulse width to 1 us:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the pulse width menu
item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The pulse width submenu will appear. Rotate the
ADJUST knob until the pulse width is set at 1 us.
c)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
29
6.At this point, nothing should appear on the oscilloscope.
7.To enable the output:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the output menu item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The output submenu will appear.
c)Press MOVE until the arrow pointer is pointing at the “ON” choice.
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
8.To change the output amplitude:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the amplitude menu
item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The amplitude submenu will appear. Rotate the
ADJUST knob until the amplitude is set at 250V.
c)Observe the oscilloscope. You should see 1 us wide, 250V pulses.
d)Rotate the ADJUST knob. The amplitude as seen on the oscilloscope should vary.
e)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
9.Repeat the last step, but set the amplitude to zero.
10.This completes the first operational check test.
For the second test, the output module is connected.
Page 30
30
1.Connect a cable from the SYNC OUT connector to the TRIG input of an oscilloscope.
Connect the IN port of the output module to the OUT port on the rear panel of the
mainframe using the supplied RG-58C/U cable. Attach the laser diode anode to the
output module “OUT” terminal. Connect a Tektronix CT2 or Pearson 2878 current
probe (or equivalent) as shown below. Connect the current probe to the oscilloscope.
(Some current probes may require a 50 Ohm termination). Set the oscilloscope to
trigger externally.
Diode
(device
under
test)
Tektronix CT2 current probe or
Pearson 2878 current transformer
REAL-TIME
OSCILLOSCOPE
CHANNEL A
TRIG
INPUT
AC
POWER
AVTECH
AVO-6
MAIN OUTPUT
CONNECTOR
SYNC
OUTPUT
5-foot / 1.5m
coaxial cable
The diode is shown oriented for positive (-P)
operation. It must be reverse for negative (-N)
units.
IN
(ON REAR)
OUTPUT
MODULE
OUT
GND
2.Turn on the AVO-6C-B. The main menu will appear on the LCD.
3.To set the AVO-6C-B to trigger from the internal clock at a PRF of 1 kHz:
a)The arrow pointer should be pointing at the frequency menu item. If it is not, press
the MOVE button until it is.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The frequency submenu will appear. Rotate the
ADJUST knob until the frequency is set at 1 kHz.
c)The arrow pointer should be pointing at the “Internal” choice. If it is not, press
MOVE until it is.
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
4.To set the delay to 1 us:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the delay menu item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The delay submenu will appear. Rotate the ADJUST
knob until the delay is set at 1 us.
Page 31
c)The arrow pointer should be pointing at the “Normal” choice. If it is not, press
MOVE until it is.
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
5.To set the pulse width to 1 us:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the pulse width menu
item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The pulse width submenu will appear. Rotate the
ADJUST knob until the pulse width is set at 1 us.
c)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
6.At this point, nothing should appear on the oscilloscope.
7.To enable the output:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the output menu item.
31
b)Press the CHANGE button. The output submenu will appear.
c)Press MOVE until the arrow pointer is pointing at the “ON” choice.
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
8.To change the output amplitude:
a)Press the MOVE button until the arrow pointer is pointing at the amplitude menu
item.
b)Press the CHANGE button. The amplitude submenu will appear. Rotate the
ADJUST knob until the amplitude is set at 250V.
c)Observe the oscilloscope. You should see 1 us wide pulses. The voltage across
the current probe (Tektronix CT2 or Pearson 2878) should correspond to a
measurement of 5 A of current. (A series-connected current-sensing resistor may
also be used to measure the current, but this method often produces pronounced
overshoot on the rising and falling edges. This is a measurement artefact, and is
not present on the actual current waveform. This may be confirmed by using a
current probe.)
d)Press CHANGE to return to the main menu.
9.Repeat the last step, but set the amplitude to zero.
10.This completes the operational check.
Page 32
32
PROGRAMMING YOUR PULSE GENERATOR
KEY PROGRAMMING COMMANDS
The “Programming Manual for -B Instruments” describes in detail how to connect the
pulse generator to your computer, and the programming commands themselves. A large
number of commands are available; however, normally you will only need a few of
these. Here is a basic sample sequence of commands that might be sent to the
instrument after power-up:
*rst(resets the instrument)
trigger:source internal(selects internal triggering)
frequency 1000 Hz(sets the frequency to 1000 Hz)
pulse:width 1 us(sets the pulse width to 1 us)
pulse:delay 2 us(sets the delay to 2 us)
volt 200(sets the amplitude to 200 V)
output on(turns on the output)
For triggering a single event, this sequence would be more appropriate:
*rst(resets the instrument)
trigger:source hold(turns off all triggering)
pulse:width 1 us(sets the pulse width to 1 us)
output on(turns on the output)
volt 200(sets the amplitude to 200 V)
trigger:source immediate(generates a single non-repetitive trigger event)
trigger:source hold(turns off all triggering)
output off(turns off the output)
To set the instrument to trigger from an external TTL input:
*rst(resets the instrument)
trigger:source external(selects external triggering)
pulse:width 1 us(sets the pulse width to 1 us)
pulse:delay 2 us(sets the delay to 2 us)
volt 200(sets the amplitude to 200 V)
output on(turns on the output)
These commands will satisfy 90% of your programming needs.
Page 33
ALL PROGRAMMING COMMANDS
For more advanced programmers, a complete list of the available commands is given
below. These commands are described in detail in the “Programming Manual for -B
Instruments”. (Note: this manual also includes some commands that are not
implemented in this instrument. They can be ignored.)
If necessary, the interior of the instrument may be accessed by removing the four
Phillips screws on the top panel. With the four screws removed, the top cover may be
slid back (and off).
Always disconnect the power cord before opening the instrument.
There are no user-adjustable internal circuits. For repairs other than fuse replacement,
please contact Avtech (info@avtechpulse.com) to arrange for the instrument to be
returned to the factory for repair.
Caution: High voltages are present inside the instrument during normal operation.
Do not operate the instrument with the cover removed.
35
RACK MOUNTING
A rack mounting kit is available. The -R5 rack mount kit may be installed after first
removing the one Phillips screw on the side panel adjacent to the front handle.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
To prevent electromagnetic interference with other equipment, all used outputs should
be connected to shielded 50Ω loads using shielded 50Ω coaxial cables. Unused
outputs should be terminated with shielded 50Ω coaxial terminators or with shielded
coaxial dust caps, to prevent unintentional electromagnetic radiation. All cords and
cables should be less than 3m in length.
Page 36
MAINTENANCE
REGULAR MAINTENANCE
This instrument does not require any regular maintenance.
On occasion, one or more of the four rear-panel fuses may require replacement. All
fuses can be accessed from the rear panel. See the “FUSES” section for details.
CLEANING
If desired, the interior of the instrument may be cleaned using compressed air to
dislodge any accumulated dust. (See the “TOP COVER REMOVAL” section for
instructions on accessing the interior.) No other cleaning is recommended.
BD 2
PC B1 04D K EY PA D B OARD (-B U NIT S ON LY)
Chassis ground post.
G1
G2
B1 - RED
G4
G3
L
N
G
X2
CORC OM 6E GG1-2 POW ER ENT RY MODULE
1
1b
1a
2
2b
2a
X1
PO WER SW IT CH SW 325 -ND (CW IN DUST R IES GRS -4022 -0013 )
A1 - BROW N
A2 - BLU E
A3 - BLA CK
A4 - WH ITE
GR N
AMB
D1
P3 95-ND LE D
GR N
AMB
BL K
RE D
W HT
X5
VC C LE D MOUN T
DC
FA N
+
-
FA N1
P9 768- ND
FAN NOT
C3 - PUR
C4 - GRN
Molex 19073-0013 ring terminal, #8.
Molex 19002-0001. 0.250" x 0.032".
Protective conductor terminal.
Molex 19002-0009. 0.187" x 0.032"
Primary earth ground /
Safety earth ground /
Secondary earth ground.
Install green/y ellow wires at bottom of stack, closest to wall.
Mains circuits - hazardous live.
W ARNI NG
Do no t attempt any rep airs on this instr ument
beyond the fuse repla cem ent pro cedur es desc ribed
in the manua l. C ontact A vt ech if the inst rume nt
re quires ser v icing. Ser v ice is to be per forme d
sole ly by quali fied se rv ice pers onnel .
HARNESSED
US E TIE- DOWN POIN T ON PC B 15 8N
FRONTREAR
WIRING OF AC POWER
Page 38
PCB 158Q - LOW VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY, 1/3
123456
A
B
C
D
654321
D
C
B
A
Ti tle
Re visi onDa te
25-Sep-2015
Z:\mjcfiles\pcb\158\ switching60hz.ddb - 158Q\pcb158Q.sc h
LOW VOLTAGE DC/DC POWER SUPPLY
123
J5
64 0 45 6-3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
J4
64 0 44 5-8
1
2
3
4
5
6
J3
64 0 44 5-6
+15 V
+15 V
BU +
P-OU T # 1
+15 V
GND
-15 V
pc b15 8 Q_o v p
pc b15 8 Q_o v p. sch
BU +
P-OU T # 1
+15 V
GND
-15 V-15 V
BU +
EXT
P-OU T # 2
N-OU T
NEG INCAP BAN K
AMB ER
GR EEN
+15 V
GND
-15 V
P-OU T # 3P-OU T # 1
pc b15 8 Q_s wit chi ng
pc b15 8 Q_s wit chi ng .sch