AVIATION ARTUR TRENDAK
PILOT OPERATING
HANDBOOK
GYROCOPTER
TERCEL
SERIAL NUMBER:
REGISTRATION MARKS:
NUMBER ON FILE:
THIS MANUAL WAS APPROVED BY A DECISION OF
THE
PRESIDENT OF THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY
DATED
…………………………………. NO. ………………………
THIS GYROCOPTER CAN BE USED IN THE ULTRALIGHT CATEGORY
FOR LEISURE, SPORTS AND DEMONSTRA TION PURPOSES, EXCLUDING
AIR TRANSPORT.THIS MANUAL IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROPER
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL TRAINING BY A QUALIFIED
INSTRUCTOR. THE GYROCOPTER MUST BE OPERATED TO COMPLY
WITH THE RESTRICTIONS AND INFORMA TION CONT AINED HEREIN.
THIS MANUAL MUST ALWA YS BE AVAILABLE
ON BOARD THE GYROCOPTER
This manual has been developed to observe the regulations in Annex No. 5
Ultralight Aircraf t of the Decree of the Minister of Infrastructure dated 25 April
2005, excluding the application of some of the Laws of the Act on Air Law for
some sorts of aircraft as well as defining the conditions and requirements
concerning the use of this Aircraft (Official Journal 107 section 904) with
subsequent amendments.
It is prohibited to make any entries or supplements in this Pilot Operating
Handbook without the consent of the Civil A viation Authority.
Organizational Information
Register of Changes
Any changes of this manual, except for the up-to-date weighing data,
must be recorded in the table below as well as be approved by the Civil A viation
Authority (CAA).
A new or revised text in changed pages must be marked with a black
vertical line on the margin and a change number. The number of the last change
in a given page and its date must be placed in the page footer. Every time a
change is entered, the pages listed in the table below must be mentioned.
Signature
Change no.
Desciption
Pages Date
Signature
Change no.
Desciption
Pages Date
Register of Changes
1 1-4 21.08.2014
2 5-15 21.08.2014
3 16-19 21.08.2014
4 20-34 21.08.2014
5 35-40 21.08.2014
6 41-45 21.08.2014
7 46-56 21.08.2014
8 57-60 21.08.2014
9 61 21.08.2014
List of Up-to-Date Pages
List of Up-to-Date Pages
Chapter
Page
Date Chapter
Page
Date
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Contents
Contents
Chapter 1
General Information
1.1 Introduction................................................................................ 1
1.2 Basis for Airworthiness Acknowledgment................................... 1
1.3 Description of the Gyrocopter ................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Data............................................................................. 2
Chapter 2
Restrictions
2.1 Introduction................................................................................ 5
2.2 Flight S peed .............................................................................. 5
2.3 Air Speed Indicator Marking ...................................................... 6
2.4 Driving Unit ................................................................................ 7
2.5 Rotor Rotational Speed ............................................................. 8
2.6 Rotor Tachometer Markings ...................................................... 9
2.7 Weights ................................................................................... 10
2.8 Position of the Centre of Gravity............................................. 12
2.9 Approved Manoeuvers and Limitations.................................... 12
2.10 Manoeuver Load Factor .......................................................... 13
2.11 Crew........................................................................................ 13
2.12 Sorts of Usage ........................................................................ 13
2.13 Fuel ......................................................................................... 13
2.14 Wind Speed Restrictions ......................................................... 13
2.15 Other Restrictions.................................................................... 14
2.16 Height Speed - Diagram .......................................................... 15
Chapter 3
Emergency Procedures
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 16
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
3.2 Engine Failure.......................................................................... 16
3.2.1 During Take-off........................................................... 16
3.2.2 During Flight .............................................................. 17
3.3 S tarting the Engine in Flight ..................................................... 17
3.4 Smoke or Fire.......................................................................... 17
. 3.4.1 During Taxiing .......................................................................... 17
3.4.2 During Flight ............................................................................ 18
3.5 Gliding ..................................................................................... 18
3.6 Emergency Landing ................................................................. 18
3.7 Flat T yre on Landing/Taxing ..................................................... 18
3.8 Jamming of the Throttle Lever during Flight ............................. 19
Chapter 4
Normal Procedures
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 20
4.2 Attaching the rotor................................................................... 20
4.3 Daily Inspection ....................................................................... 21
4.4 Pre-flight Inspection................................................................. 26
4.5 Before S tarting the Engine....................................................... 27
4.6 S tarting the Engine .................................................................. 27
4.7 Checks after S tarting the Engine ............................................. 28
4.8 Taxiing ..................................................................................... 29
4.9 Checks before Take-off ........................................................... 29
4.10 Prerotation and Take-off.......................................................... 29
4.11 Climb, Cross-Country Flight, Descent ...................................... 31
4.12 Approach and Landing ............................................................. 32
4.13 Turning off the Engine.............................................................. 33
4.14 Post-flight inspection................................................................ 33
4.15 Detaching the Rotor................................................................. 33
Chapter 5
Performance
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 35
5.2 Characteristic S peeds ............................................................. 35
Contents
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
5.3 Take-off .................................................................................... 36
5.4 Climb ....................................................................................... 36
5.5 Diagram for calculating Take-off Distance and Rate
of Climb depending on Airpressure and Temperature .............. 36
5.6 Landing .................................................................................... 38
5.7 Range and Flight Endurance .................................................... 38
Chapter 6
Weight and Position of Centre of Gravity
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 41
6.2 Weights ................................................................................... 41
6.3 Position of the Centre of Gravity.............................................. 43
6.4 Entering the Weights and Position of the Centre of Gravity
of the Empty Gyrocopter ......................................................... 45
Chapter 7
Descrition of the Gyrocopter and Equipment
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 46
7.2 Airframe................................................................................... 46
7.3 Flight Controls ......................................................................... 46
7.4 Central Console ....................................................................... 49
7.5 Instrument Panel...................................................................... 50
7.6 Main gear , Wheel Brakes ........................................................ 51
7.7 Seats and Safety Belts............................................................ 52
7.8 Luggage Compartment ............................................................ 52
7.9 Glazing, Doors......................................................................... 52
7.10 Power plant ............................................................................. 52
7.10.1 Engine .................................................................... 52
7.10.2 Propeller ................................................................. 53
7.11 Engine Oil ................................................................................ 54
Contents
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
7.12 Fuel System ............................................................................ 55
7.13 Electrical System .................................................................... 55
7.14 Static and Total Pressure System............................................ 56
Chapter 8
Manoeuvring, T emporary Operation and Maintenance
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 57
8.2 Periodic Inspection of the Gyrocopter ..................................... 57
8.3 Repairs and Modifications ....................................................... 57
8.4 Manoeuvring on the Ground, Road Transport.......................... 58
8.5 Cleaning and Conservation ...................................................... 58
Chapter 9
Supplements
9.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 61
9.2 List of Introduced Supplements ............................................... 61
Contents
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 1
General Information
1.1 Introduction
This manual has been written to provide pilots with information essential for the
safe and effective operation of the TERCEL gyrocopter. The manual also
contains basic guidelines from the manufacturer and the legal requirements
concerning the performance of flights.
This manual is not a substitute for theorectical and practical
training by a qualified instructor
TERCEL gyrocopter pilots must hold a qualification certificate, or a valid licence
for ultralight aircraft with specialization for gyrocopters. Before any flight, pilots
should be acquainted with the uniqueness of a gyrocopter. It is recommended
that you study both this Pilot Operating Handbook and the Aircraft Maintenance
Manual.
The gyrocopter can only be used for flight when it is technically operative and
holds a valid authorization to perform flights. An authorization to perform flights
is entered into the ultralight aircraft book. This document identifies the ultralight
aircraft and contains details of its history of usage.
1.2 Basis for Airworhiness Acknowledgement
Details of the particular gyrocopter and its current air third-party insurance
should be entered into the aircraft records kept by the relevant Civil Aviation
Authority.
The TERCEL gyrocopter meets ultralight requirments. It c
onstitutes the basis
for the issue of Certificates, Permits and Approvals in accordance with the
Air. The certification document is a Type Certificate No.: 943 15-1 issued
by DULV.
1
Chapter 1
General Information
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
2
Chapter 1
General Information
1.3 Desciption of the Gyrocopter
The TERCEL gyrocopter is a two seat, side-by-side, ultralight gyrocopter. The
main structural component is the composite fusalage. Two slender tail
beams are guided from the fusalage upon which the vertical twin fin tail is
housed (stabilizers and rudder), upon which in turn the horizontal stabilizer with
a symmetric section is mounted, equipped with winglets. The control surfaces
are a composit structure. A metal mast is affixed to the fusalage on which the
control head with the lifting motor is mounted.
The metal two blade rotor is manufactured and delivered in a set (blades and
hub) by Aviation Artur Trendak. The blades are made from drawn aluminium
and are anodized and perfectly balanced.
The TERCEL gyrocopter is powered by a CA 912 ULT engine. This is a
Rotax 912 UL engine, expertly modified by Aviation Artur Trendak with an
Iveco turbocharger. It is equipped with a three-blade composite Kaspar Aero
2/3 LT propeller, with the capability to manually change pitch.
The fixed three-wheel undercarriage has a single front wheel. The main legs
are made with a reinforced plastic composite. The front leg is dampened by a
pneumatic tyre. The undercarriage can be converted from standard to ordinary
with 350 mm diameter wheels.
The spacious cabin with a width of 136 cm is accessible through large doors on
the right and left sides of the fusalage.Extensive glazing ensures optimum
visability.
1.3.1 General Data
Geometric Data:
• Rotor diameter 8.60 m
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
3
• Rotor surface 58,06 m²
• Rotor blade chord 0.22 m
• Overall length (without rotor) 5.04 m
• Fusalage width 2.35 m
• Track of wheels 2.20 m
• Cockpit width 1.36 m
• Overall width 2.35 m
• Overall height 2.87 m
• Wheel diameter 0.35 m
Weight Data
kg lb
• Maximun T ake-off weight 560 1,235
• Empty weight* 295 649
• Load capacity 2 65 583
Power Unit Data
• Engine type CA 912 ULT
• Horse Power 122 at 5,800 rpm
• Reducer ratio 1 : 2.43
• Propeller KASPAR Aero 2/3 LT
• Propeller diameter 1.72 m
• Fuel tank capacity 120 litres
Chapter 1
General Information
*without rotor.
ALWAYS check actual Weight and Ballance report !
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 1
General Information
4
4
Chapter 2
Restrictions
Chapter 2
Restrictions
2.1 Introduction
Chapter 2 includes the restrictions of usage, markings of instruments and basic placards, crucial to
the safe use of the gyrocopter, its engine, standard systems and standard equipment.
2.2 Flight Speed
Speed restrictions and their importance are presented in the table below:
Speed
IAS
(km/h)
IAS
(kt)
Notes
VNE Never exceed speed 200 108
VNO Maximum structural 130 70
VD Manoeuvring speed 90 49
VMIN Minimum speed 60 32
Do not exceed this speedt any time
Do not exceed this speed except in
tranquil weather conditions and
exercising caution
cross-country speed
Do not perforn full or violent movements
above this speed, because under certain
conditions,full movements of the control
surfaces can cause an overload of the
gyrocopter
The minimum speed for established
horizontal flight
5
2.3 Air Speed Indicator Markings
One of the speed placards shown below must be installed on the instrument panel in front of
the pilot (corresponding with the units for scaling the air speed indicator):
0-130 0-70 Range of normal use
130-200 70-108 Warning range
200 108 Never exceed speed (VNE)
Green arch
Yellow arch
Red line
Yellow triangle 100 54 Flight best ascent speed (VY)
Marking
(kt)
Notes
Value or Range
(km/h)
VNE = 200 km/h
VX = 95 km/h
V
Y = 100 km/h
Vmin = 60 km/h
V
D = 90 km/h
1 person
I
A
S
VD = 90 km/h
2 person
VNE = 108 kt
VX = 51 kt
V
Y = 54 kt
Vmin = 32 kt
V
D = 49 kt
1 person
I
A
S
VD = 49 kt
2 person
6
Chapter 2
Restrictions
CAUTION
Speedometer indications fluctuate during steep climbs and descents due to
the changes in the pitch attitude.
6
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 2
Restrictions
2.4 Driving Unit
Maximum Take-off Power 122 hp 5800 max. 45.5 in Hg
Maximum Continuous Power 100 hp 5500 max. 39.0 in Hg
75% T ake-off Power 90.75 hp - max. 37.0 in Hg
Idle - 1450
CA 912 UL T
Rotax 912 UL engine, modified by
AVIATION ARTUR TRENDAK by
adding the Iveco Turbo Compressor
Engine model
Power
Oil type
Manifold
Pressure
RPM
10W40
minimum
normal maximum
2-5 bar
(above
3,500 rpm)
7 bar0.8 bar
(above
3,500 rpm)
Oil pressure
90-110º C
Oil temperature
140º C
50º C
7
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Fuel (type)
Min. fuel pressure 0.15 bar
Max. fuel pressure 0.4 bar
Maximum coolant exit temperature 120 ºC
Maximum cylinder head temperature 135 ºC
Propeller manufacturer KASP AR AERO
Propeller model Ka-2/3-LT
Propeller diameter 1.72 m
Propeller blade angle
Lead-free car petrol with the
minimum octane number of 95, or
above. (98 recommended)
12º (in measurement section, in
accordance with propeller manual)
Rotor rotational speed rpm
normal at maximum weight (MTOW) 360 - 390
normal at minimum weight (~330 kg) 330 - 340
during autorotation 310 - 340
minimum for level flight 270
2.5 Rotor Rotational Speed
8
Chapter 2
Restrictions
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 2
Restrictions
WARNING
A load factor below 1g during flight causes the rotor rotational speed to fall
and if maintained, it can lead to the buffeting of the rotor blades and disaster.
180
150
2.6 Rotor Tachometer Markings
Red line 150
Red triangle
180
During take-off min rotor rpm for full
throttle
Yellow arch
180-330; 390 - 500
Warning range
Green arch
330 - 390
Normal range
Marking
After landing ma rotor rpm for
using the rotor brake
Notes
Value or range [rpm]
9
Rotor rotational speed rpm
minimum until the full opening
of the throttle during take-off
maximum for using the rotor
brake
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
2.7 Weights
Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) 560 kg 1,235 lb
Nominal proper weight * 295 kg 649 lb
Minimum crew weight 60 kg 132 lb
Maximum crew weight 170 kg 375 lb
Maximum one person weight 120 kg 264 lb
Maximum fuel weight 90 kg 199 lb
Maximum luggage weight 2 x10 kg 2 x 22 lb
* Weight without rotor. The actual proper weight for a particular model is
written in the current weighing report and in subsection 6.4 of this manual.
The current take-off weight is equal to the sum of the empty gyrocopter weight
and the weights of the crew, luggage and fuel. Under no circumstances, exceed
the approved maximum take-off weight (MTOW) equal to 560 kg (1235 lb).
The proposed load sheet is set out below:
Nominal proper weight
Crew weight
Fuel weight
Luggage weight
Total:
Weight Minimum
Maximum
10
Chapter 2
Restrictions
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
11
Chapter 2
Restrictions
WARNING
Exceeding the maximum weight published is highly
dangerous and prohibited.
The baggage in the space behind the seats must not exceed 10 kg (22 lb).
During solo flights, it is recommended to place ballast on the passenger seat,
fastened with seat belts to ensure the appropriate balancing of the machine.
Ballast in the form of a sack of sand, or a can of water is recommended. The
ballast must be protected against movement. The ballast weight is set out
below:
Pilot left seat
weight (kg)
Ballast right
seat (kg)
Ballast right
seat (lb)
50 - 60 kg 12 kg 26 lb
60 - 80 kg 10 kg 22 lb
80 - 100 kg 8 kg 18 lb
Pilot right seat
weight (kg)
Ballast left
seat (kg)
Ballast left
seat (lb)
50 - 60 kg 15 kg 33 lb
60 - 80 kg 13 kg 29 lb
80 - 100 kg 11kg 24 lb
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
2.8 Position of the Centre of Gravity
The position of the centre of gravity of the gyrocopter (a sideways view) is
identified through the value of the angle whose apex is located on the transverse
axle for rotor head suspension on the mast, one arm is parallel to the vertical
axis of the coordinate system related to the fuselage and the other arm passes
through the centre of gravity of the gyrocopter. (See subsection 6.3).
The admissible range of the position of the centre of gravity of the gyrocopter
in flight:
+1.5º - +8.5º
2.9 Approved Manoeuvers
The TERCEL gyrocopter has been classified in the ultralight aircraft
category . The approved manoeuvers include:
· • stalls
· • lazy eights
· • vertical zooms
· • steep turns in which the roll angle does not exceed 60º
WARNING
All aerobatic manoeuvres and turns with a roll angle
exceeding 60º are forbidden
WARNING
Observing the conditions of the admissible load and the proper position of
the centre of gravity of the empty gyrocopter ensures maintenance in the
above range of the centre of gravity.
12
Chapter 2
Restrictions
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
13
Chapter 2
Restrictions
2.10 Manoeuver Load Factor
Admissible manoeuver load factor: 0/+3
2.11 Crew
The TERCEL is a side by side two-seater gyrocopter with an option of a single,
or double flight control system. The minimum crew is one pilot. The pilot’s seat
on a solo flight will depend upon the configuration of the cockpit instrument
panel and the position of the wheel brake lever .
2.12 Sorts of Usage
This gyrocopter can be used for leisure, sports, display purposes and training
practice and other reasons, but not including air carriage. Flights can only be
performed in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) under by Visual Flight
Rules (VFR). The specific use of the gyrocopter is described in the Certificate
of Registration given by the A viation Authority of country of registration.
2.13 Fuel
•
Capacity of the fuel tanks 120 ltr
• Admissible quantity of fuel in the tanks 120 ltr
• Including usable fuel 1 18 ltr
• Non-usable fuel 2 ltr
2.14 Wind speed restrictions
The admissible values of wind speed during flight and landing:
• Headwind 60 km/h
• Crosswind (90º) 30 km/h
• Tailwind 0 km/h
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
2.15 Other Restrictions
It is forbidden to perform:
• Aerobatics
•Turns in which the roll angle exceeeds 60º
• Flights in icing conditions
• Flights when the wind speed exceeds 60 km/h
• Flights in severe turbulance areas
• Flights above densely populated areas
Chapter 2
Restrictions
14
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
DIAGRAM: HEIGHT - SPEED
2-12
Chapter 2
Restrictions
15
2.16 High - Speed Diagram
0
10.8 21.6
32.4
43.2
54 kts/h
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 3
Emergency Procedures
3.1 Introduction
Chapter 3 contains the steps to take if an emergency occurs during ground
operation, take-off or in-flight. These procedures are suggested as the best
course of action for coping with the particular condition described, but are not
a substitute for sound judgment and common sense. Emergencies rarely happen
in modern gyrocopters, if proper pre-flight inspections and equipment maintenance
are carried out. The best corrective action may not always be obvious. Pilots
should familiarize themselves with the procedures given in this section and be
prepared for appropriate action when an emergency arises.
Most basic emergency procedures, such as power off landings, are a part of
normal pilot training. However, these emergency situations are also discussed
here. This information is not intended to replace such training, but only to provide
a source of reference and review, and to provide information on procedures
which are not the same for all gyrocopters. It is suggested that the pilot review
standard emergency procedures periodically to remain proficient in them.
CAUTION
Plan your route to allow for a potential emergency landing.
3.2 Engine Failure
3.2.1 During Take-off
· • The flight level: If you are above 250 ft (80 m), you can turn back to
land. If are lower, continue in the direction straight ahead.
· • Reset the throttle to idle.
· • Deactivate the magnetos and the electrical master switch (red key).
· • Land, attempting to avoid both possible obstacles and violent
manoeuvres resulting in a loss of rotor rotational speed.
16
Chapter 3
Emergecy procedures
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 3
Emergency Procedures
3.2.2 During Flight
· • If you have the sufficient height, attempt to start the engine in flight
(subsection 3.3).
· • If your height is too low, or attempts to restart the engine have not
succeeded, perform an emergency landing (subsection 3.6).
3.3 Starting the Engine in Flight
· • Adopt the gliding attitude.
· • Make sure all the switches are in the appropriate position - the master
switch and the magnetos are ON.
· • To start the engine, set the throttle lever to the idle position.
· • Activate the starter.
· • After starting the engine, boost the throttle gradually.
3.4 Smoke or Fire
3.4.1 During Taxiing
· • Reset the throttle lever to the idle position.
· • Close fuel shut-off valve.
· • Deactivate the magnetos and the master switch (red key).
· • Vacate the gyrocopter as fast as possible.
· • If available, use a fire extinguisher.
17
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
3.4.2 During Flight
· • .Close the fuel shut-off valve.
· • .Deactivate the magnetos and the master switch (red key).
· • .If available, use a fire extinguisher.
· • .Perform an emergency landing (subsection 3.6)
3.5 Gliding
Flight with an engine shut-off can be safely performed within the full speed
range. However, approaching the ground, observe the restrictions from the
height - speed diagram (page 15). In case of a vertical descent, commence
accelerating the gyrocopter at a height of 250-350 ft above the ground to be
able to land safely.
The highest glide ratio equals 3:1 at a speed of 100 km/h (54 kt). Then the
gyrocopter will head for the area seen in the front bottom window.
3.6 Emergency Landing
· • .Maintain 100 km/h (54 kt) to achieve best glide ratio.
· • .Chose landing spot.
· • .Land, attempting to avoid both possible obstacles and violent
manoeuvers which may result in a loss of rotor rotational speed.
· • .Engage rotor brake as soon as possible after touchdown.
· • Stop the gyrocopter, apply full rotor brake and prep are to disembark.
· • .Leave the gyrocpter as soon as the rotor stops.
Chapter 3
Emergecy procedures
18
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 3
Emergecy procedures
19
3.7 Flat Tyre on Landing/Taxiing
· •. Deactivate the magnetos and the master switch.
· • .Interrupt the take-off.
· • .Attempt to maintain the direction by means of the pedals and the
brake.
3.8 Jamming of the Throttle Lever during Flight
· • .Attempt to move the lever in order to release it.
· • .Choose an appropriate spot for landing.
· • .Deactivate the magnetos when you are within reach of the selected
touchdown spot.
· • .Perform an emergency landing.
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
4.1 Introduction
Chapter 4 contains a list of activities and a description of procedures for
performing normal operations. Normal procedures relating to the optional systems
are included in Chapter 9.
4.2 Attaching the Rotor
Insert the rotor blades into the sockets secured by five bolts on each side of the
hub. The five M8x65 bolts, each with washers on both sides, are fixed to the
hub beam with each blade. Next, first tighten and then fully screw in all ten nuts.
Equalize the rotor blades by using stretched string, passing through the centre
of the hub and along the grooves on the blade tips. The rotor must be placed on
two supports with a soft surface to avoid damage, so that the strained string is
about 1 cm above the central opening in the hub. When the string does not
overlap the hub axle, two people are needed for help hold down the blade tips.
Then push the hub into the right direction. After alignment, tighten the nut s with
a torque spanner, first 18 nm, next 24 nm. If the engine is not aligned properly,
unwanted vibrations in flight will occur.
The correctness of alignment must be checked on the first flight.
Installation of the Rotor on the Gyrocopter:
• Make sure the wheel brakes are activated (postion 1).
· • Fix the control stick in the extreme forward position so
that the rotor head disc rests on the brake.
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
20
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
21
· • Lubricate the pin for the rotor hub suspension on the head
(teeter bolt) and the slip sleeves with a dedicated lubricant
(WHS2002).
• With the help of another person and a ladder, raise the
rotor and place it on the head.
•Insert the pin through the head and the hub (making sure the
sleeves remain in their places) and press it down to the end.
• Tighten the nut, then unscrew it by 1/4 of a rotation and
pass the safety cotter pin through the opening at the end of
the pin.
• Check the rotor head movement range.
CAUTION
When installing the rotor you must only stand on the areas
on the fusalage designated for this purpose
4.3 Daily Inspection
Most technical faults can be detected during a careful check before flight. The
safety of operation depends on regular and detailed inspections and servicing.
An inspection should, according to the plan below, be conducted before the first
flight of the day , if possible in the presence of a qualified person (e.g. a pilot) to
operate the gyrocopter correctly and avoid an accidental start.
General
• Check the magneto switches and set to the deactivated position
(OFF).
• Remove any frost, snow, ice, or mud.
• Check the gyrocopter documents and ensure that all
necessary maintenance has been carried out.
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
22
• Loose equipment is properly secured.
•If the gyrocopter has not been flown recently and before the
next flight, make sure any reported faults that would affect the
flight have been addressed.
Glazing
•Check the overall condition and clean if necessary.
Fuselage
• Check the outside surfaces, tail beam pipes and their
mounting in the fuselage, the rotor mast and its mounting in
the fuselage and the available inside structure of the fuselage
for damage, corrosion and cracks and ensure all components
are protected and secured.
• Check the drainage and ventilation holes are not clogged.
• Check the radio antennas are not damaged and are
secured.
Tail
• Check the fixing of the vertical stabilizers to the tail beams and
the horizontal stabilizer to the vertical stabilizers.
•Check the condition of the composite surfaces of the
stabilizers and rudders for delamination, or other damage.
• Check the condition of the Bowden cables and their
connection to the control surfaces.
• Check the rudder hinges.·
• Check the tail wheels.
Undercarriage
• Check the static deflectors on the undercarriage are intact.
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
23
• Check the condition of the undercarriage for damage,
corrosion and cracks.
• Check the connection of the undercarriage legs attached to
the fuselage structure for cracks and excessive play .
• Check the tyres are properly inflated (2.5-4 bars) are not
damaged.·
• Check that the braking system is not damaged and has no
signs of leaks.
• Check the brake fluid level.
• Check the bolts fixing the brake discs (2x4 pieces) are
tightened.·
• Check the front leg rotates freely and the pushers are fixed
correctly.
Flight control systems
• Check the pedals. In order to check the free movement of the
rudder, raise the front wheel, by pressing down on the horizonta l
stabilizer (where is joined to the vertical stabilizer).
• Check the condition of rudder pedals, ensuring they are securely
attached and there are no cracks in the welds and no jamming
of the controls
• Check the control stick moves freely in the full movement range
(between the stops) and the stick and rotor are in alignment.
• Check the mechanical connections of the control stick and the
rotor head, ensuring there are no loose bearings or
components. Ensure the pushers are not bent and move freely .
• Check the condition and operation of the electric trimmer.
Driving system
• Replenish the oil tank and the cooling fluid tank with appropriate
fluids.
• Check the cooling lines (water and oil) are not cracked.
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
• Check the fixing of the exhaust system and turbocharger and
all safety wires are secure.
• Check overall condition of exhaust system and turbocharger.
• Check the air filters are clean and securely fixed.
• Check the engine suspension for secure attachment and rubber
components for cracks and excessive wear .·
• Check the spark plugs and their caps are securely fixed.
• Check the condition of the water and oil coolers, their fixing
and make sure there are no leaks.
• Check the full and free movement of the engine control system
for proper control and connection in the right direction.
• Check that all the wiring around the engine runs freely and is
properly attached and connected.
• Make sure both covers of the inspection panels are secure
and locked.
Propeller
• Check that the propeller blades are securel attached to the
hub and the hub to the engine and that the nuts and bolts are
secured with safety wire.
• Before checking the rotation of propeller and engine ensuring
no unusual noises during rotation, the ignition must be
deactivated and the throttle set at minimum.
• Check rotation of propeller and engine ensuring no unusual
noises
CAUTION
In order to prevent the engine from starting, ensure that the ignition
is off, the magnetos are off, the throttle is set to idle,
the brakes are on and the chocks are in place.
24
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
25
Fuel system
• Check both fuel tanks for their condition ensuring their
attachments are secure, there are no leaks, the filler caps
secure and the fuel level in the tanks corresponds to the fuel
level on the gauge. Ensure operation of the fuel shut-off valve
and check there is no water in the fuel settling tank.
• Check the fuel system conduits for overall condition and that
they are not slit, rotten or bent.
• Check that the fuel filters are not polluted with water.
Rotor
• Check the rotor head, its condition and freedom of movement.·
• Check the security of bolts and nuts securing the rotor blades
to the hub.·
• Check visually blades for scratches, nicks, signs of cracks, or
other damage The blades must be clean.
• Check that the rotor swings freely against the head and in the
full range between the stops.
Prerotation mechanism
• Check the V-belts for damage or delamination.
• Check the pre-rotation sheave for damage or cracks.
• Check the rotor drive transmission rotates freely and is
lubricated.
• Check the overall condition of the pre-rotation mechanism for
cracks or other damage.
• Check that the pre-rotation brake operates correctly - it should
block movement when pulling down the V-belt s on the left
side. The clutch cable should have several millimetres of
clearance with no tension.
Cabin
• Check the opening and closing of the doors to ensure that the
hinges and locks operate correctly .
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
• Check the seat belts overall condition.
• Check the seats for proper attachment to the cabin floor.
• Check that the readings of the instruments correspond with
the prevailing atmospheric conditions.
• Check the wiring harness for traces of overheating, or other
damage.·
• Check the operation of the electrical circuits.
• Check that the battery is charged and that the radio and other
electrical instruments are working.
• Check the stickers and placards are legible.
4.4 Pre-flight Inspection
Before every flight, the pilot must perform an overall visual check of the whole
gyrocopter. A thorough check of the gyrocopter, any fault s, or mechanical issues
should be rectified before flight. Particularly, it is essential to:
· • Check that the weight and balance for the flight is within the
recommended limits.
· • Check the fuel level and replenish if necessary.
· • Adjust the seats and check the security of luggage. There
should be no loose objects in the cockpit.
· • In the case of a solo flight, close the doors and fasten the
passenger seat belt on the empty seat.
· • Check the freedom of movement of the flight controls. When
checking the rudder pedals, lift the front wheel by pressing
the horizontal stabilizer .
26
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
4.5 Before Starting the Engine
If the engine is cold, all the oil will have drained to the bottom of the engine.
The oil must be sucked around again into the engine. The following
procedure should be performed:
· • Deactivate the magnitos.
· • Set the throttle on idle;
· • Set the wheel brakes (position 1).
· • Rotate the propeller manually anti-clockwise until you hear the
first bubbling from the oil tank.
· • Perform 10 more rotations to fully remove the air from the
circulating oil.
· • From the cockpit, check the propeller area is clear and the
magnetos off. Activate the st arter for a maximum of 10
seconds, checking that the value of oil pressure is reading a
minimum 1 bar.
• If the pressure is too low, repeat the previous operations.
4.6 Starting the Engine
CAUTION
Only qualified personnel can start the engine
• Block the control stick with the strap in the extreme front
position.
• Activate the master switch.
· • Activate the electric fuel pump.
· • Set the throttle (the black lever) to the idle position (entirely
backwards).
27
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
· • Activate both magnetos (upwards).
· • Make sure all the other electronic switches and instruments
are deactivated.
· • Make sure the space around the propeller and rotor is clear.
· • Make sure the wheel brakes are activated (position 1).
· • Pull the choke lever (blue) if necessary , depending on air
temperature. To start the
cold engine, use full choke and the
throttle in the minimum position, otherwise choke does not operate
properly. When the engine is warm do not use choke.
· • Call “Clear Propeller”
· • Press the starter button for a maximum of 10 seconds.
· After starting the engine all the necessary devices can be
activated.
· • Deactivate the choke.
· • Initionally warm up the engine at about 2000 rpm, gradually
increasing to 2500 rpm until the oil temperature in the engine
reaches 50°C.
4.7 Checks after Starting the Engine
•
If any of the parameters are outside the normal range, turn
off the engine and check the cause.
• Check the oil pressure. If it does not raise smoothely to the
normal value (2-5 bars), shut down the engine and find the
cause.
• Magnetos check: at about 3000 RPM, turn off one of the
magnetos. The maximum expected drop should be 200 RPM.
Turn magneto on. Repeat the same procedure for the second
magneto.
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
28
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
4.8 Taxiing
• For safety reasons, it is recommended to stop the rotor
during taxiing.
• During taxi do not exceed a fast walking speed (15 km/h) with
the rotor immobilized by the brake. It is recommended that
the rotor blades are aligned with the axis of the gyrocopter.
• Make sure the pedals operate correctly. Left pedal turn left,
right pedal turn right.
· • Check the brakes. Avoid using brakes during turns, it leads to
an unnecessary overload on the front wheel and the pedals.
4.9 Checks before Take-off
Make sure:
• Quantity of fuel is sufficient. A visual inspection of fuel in tank
is recommended.
· • Doors are closed.
· • Seats are set up appropriately and the seat belts fastened.
• Choke disengaged.
· • Trimmer is loose.
· • The gyrocopter is facing against the wind.
· • The condition of the runway and its length are appropriate.
• Radio is operative.
4.10 Pre-rotation and Take-off
• If pre-rotation belts have been replaced, it is recommended
to powder them with talc.
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
29
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
· • Set brakes on.
· • Unlock control stick.
· • Check control stick movement range.
· • Set control stick in neutral position.
· • Set throttle to idle.
· • Pull back the pre-rotation lever (red) until you hear the Bendix
turn on with its characteristic sound.
· • After the Bendix turns on, hold the pre-rotation lever on in the
same position until the rotor accelerates to 100 rpm.
• Then firmly continue pulling the pre-rotation lever until the
rotor revolutions stop increasing (this means the prerotation
system has been fully synchronized).
· • Set pre-rotation to fully engaged.
• Set the throttle lever so that the rotor revolutions reach 150
rpm and then pull the control stick back 10 cm [4"] and hold
on until the rotor revolutions reach 180-200 rpm.
• Set pre-rotation to fully disengaged.
• make sure that the prerotation mechanism is deactivated.·
• Release the wheel brake.
· • Pull the control stick backwards and gradually accelerate.
· • At a speed of 40 km/h (22 kt) gently lift the front wheel,
observing the attitude of the gyrocopter.
The pre-rotation lever is the red lever in central console. The Bendix
mounted on gyrocopter is a mechanical type.
CAUTION
After setting the pre-rotation lever to the pre-rotation position, the pre-
rotation clutch is engaged, the Bendix is turned on and rotor is accelerating.
It is forbidden to apply prerotation during flight
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
30
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
CAUTION
The gyrocopte r tends to lift off the ground prematurely. Attempt to keep the
front wheel about 10 cm [4"] above the ground. If the front wheel is lifted too
high, it can lead to a dangerous, unintended take-off with insufficient speed
• Use the left rudder pedal to compensate for the left yawing
tendency that occurs when increasing the throttle.
• The lift-off speed is about 85 - 90 km/h (46 - 49 kt). After lift-
off, accelerate the gyrocopter just above the ground to the
speed of 105 - 110 km/h (57 - 60 kt).
• Start the ascent by controlling the position of the gyrocopter
and the engine parameters.
CAUTION
Since the pilot sits to the side of the gyrocopter’s axis, remember not
move the control stick diagonally if you want to make a move straight
forward. It is recommended to practise this reflex reaction on the
ground with an instructor.
4.11 Climb, Cross-Country Flight, Descent
•
Controlling the climb and descent is performed by moving the
throttle lever coordinated with the movement of the control
stick. An optimal climb speed is 105 km/h.
•Climb: increase the engine rotational speed, by moving the
throttle lever forwards.
• Descending: decrease the engine rotational speed, by moving
the throttle lever backwards.
· • The cross-country speed depends on the take-off weight, the
engine rotational speed and atmospheric conditions.
· • Trim the gyrocopter till it flies straight and level.
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
31
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
· • The TERCEL is designed to react to the pilot’s instructions in
an intuitive and normal manner. Increasing the throttle causes
climb, reducing the throttle causes descent.
4.12 Approach and Landing
• Choose an appropriate area for landing, check the movement
of other aircraft around, by using your radio and noting the
direction and speed of wind.
· • Check the descent speed by using the throttle lever and
control stick.
· • Maintain the appropriate approach speed (about 95 km/h (51
kt)).
· • Avoid sudden sideways movements.
· • Make sure the front wheel is straight.
· • At an appropriate level, initiate round out so as to align just
above the ground and touch down gently .
· • Remember landing does not finish when all the wheels touch
the ground.
· • Perform the landing run along a straight line until you stop. Do
not turn during the landing run.
· • Check the rotor until it stops completely .
· • Use the rotor brake below the speed of 150 rpm until it stops.
CAUTION
In case of strong sideway winds, plan the landing for the shortest possible
landing run and during the landing run tilt the control stick in the direction
into the wind (the wind from the left - the stick to the left).
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
32
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
4.13 Turning off the Engine
CAUTION
Every engine with a turbo-compressor must be cooled after flight.
• Allow the engine to run at a low rpm (1,650 rpm) for about 5
minutes. All the p arameters must stabilize.
• Deactivate the magnetos and the master switch.
4.14 Post-flight Inspection
After flying, the pilot should perform an overall visual check of the whole
gyrocopter. Any unusual observations should be passed onto competent
personnel. Similarly , if any abnormal situations occur during flight, it is
important to inform competent personnel.
4.15 Detaching the Rotor
The rotor must be detached from the gyrocopter for transportation and in
case of longer hangar storage.
NOTE: When detaching the rotor, you must only stand on those
areas on the fuselage assigned for this purpose!
• Make sure the wheel brakes are activated (position 1).
· • Immobilize the control stick by fully tightening the strap
anchored to the floor around the control stick, so that the
rotor head disc rests on the brake.
· • Remove the safety cotter pin and unscrew the nut from the
pin for rotor hub suspension in the hub (teeter bolt).
· • With the help of another person holding down the rotor,
remove the pin (making sure the sleeves remain in their
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
33
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 4
Normal procedures
places) and remove the rotor from the head.
· • Unscrew the nuts, withdraw the M8x65 bolts (10 pieces) and
remove the blades from the sockets in the hub.
· • Piece together and assemble back the hub, sockets, M8×65
bolts, washers and nuts.
· • Place the pin (teeter bolt) in the hub with washers, screw on
a nut and pass through the cotter pin (safety pin).
The removed blades, for storage or transportation, must be appropriately
fastened and protected against damage.
34
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 5
Performance
Chapter 5
Performance
5.1 Introduction
Chapter 5 includes information regarding flight speed and performance
during take-off, climb, cross-country flight and landing, and also data about
noise.
Unless stated otherwise, the values refer to a take-off weight equal to 560
kg and standard atmospheric conditions.
5.2 Characteristic Speeds (IAS)
(km/h) (kt)
Never-Exceed Speed V
NE
200 108
Maximun structural cross-country speed V
NO
130 70
Normal structural cross-country speed V
C
120 65
Best rate of climb V
Y
100 54
Approach speed V
APP
90 49
Manoeuver speed (two people) V
D
90 49
Manoeuver speed (one person) V
D1
90 49
Minimum speed V
min
60 32
35
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 5
Performance
NOTE:
The actual speed will differ from the indicated air speed
during a steep climb, descent and in autorotation due to a change of
the angle of attack.
5.3 Take-off
Lift-off speed is about 85 - 90 km/h (46 - 49 kt).
Standard take-off run is about 50 m (165 ft).
T ake off to clear a 15 m (50 f t) obstacle, after accelerating to VY (100 km/h) (54
kt) is about 115 m (350 ft)
5.4 Climb
The maximum rate of climb at ground level with a speed of VY = 100 km/h (54
kt) is about 1,180 ft/min (6 m/s ) and with a one-person crew it can reach 1,380
ft/min (7 m/s ).
The practical ceiling is 10,000 ft Above Sea Level (3,000 m).
5.5 Diagram for calculating Take-off distance and
Rate of Climb depending on Air
Temperature and Pressure
The diagram depicts the values applicable for light aircraft
.
The diagram is provided only for general information and shall not be applied
without ensuring the appropriate safety margin.
36
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Example:
Conditions at the take-off airfield: temperature 15 ºC, pressure matching an
altitude of 2,000 m.
Connect with a line the points matching the above values on appropriate scales.
Chapter 5
Performance
37
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 5
Performance
At the point where this line intersects with the middle scale, read the results.
In the stated example, the take-off run distance will increase by 100% and the
rate of climb will decrease by 50% in comparison with the values in standard
atmospheric conditions.
CAUTION
Some runway conditions such as high grass, sand, mud and snow, etc.
can make take-off impossible. Always make sure that
the runway is in suitable condition.
5.6 Landing
Approach speed: V
APP
(90 km/h) (49 kt),.
Landing above the obstacle 50 ft (15 m): 150 - 180 ft (45 - 55 m).
Standard landing run: 0 - 33 ft (0 - 10 m).
5.7 Range and Flight Endurance
Average fuel consumption at a cross-country speed of VC (130 km/h) (70kt)
is 25 lt/h (6.6 US Gal/h). Hence, at take-off with the full fuel tanks (118 lt of
usable fuel):
•
Range: 520 km.
•
Flight Endurance: 4h.00 min.
38
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 5
Performance
39
THE PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
40
THE PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 6
Weights and the position of the centre of gravity
6.1 Introduction
Chapter 6 includes information regarding the gyrocopter’s empty weight, the
usable weight, and the admissible load variants assuring the position of the
centre of gravity of the gyrocopter is in the admissible range.
The way of weighing and specifying the position of the centre of gravity of the
gyrocopter is stated in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual (document no. TERCELSM-001-EN) in Chapter 6.
6.2 Weights
The maximum take-off weight (MTOW) is 560 kg (1235 lb).
The empty weight is 295 kg (649 lb. The actual empty weight for a specific
model is included in the up-to-date weighing report and is set out in subsection
6.4 of this manual.
The usable weight is the difference between the maximum weight and the
empty weight. You can calculate this value on your own (for the empty weight
it is equal to 295 kg (649 lb). The cargo weight which includes the weights of the
crew, luggage and fuel, cannot be greater than the usable weight. Restrictions
concerning load weights:
Chapter 6
Weights and centre of gravity
Minimum crew weight 60 kg 132 lb
Maximum crew weight 170 kg 375 lb
Maximum one person weight 120 kg 264 lb
Maximum fuel weight (xx lt) 93 kg 205 lb
Maximum luggage weight 2 x 10 kg 2 x 22 lb
41
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 6
Weights and centre of gravity
The luggage compartment is located behind the seats and holds 2 x 10 kg (2 x
22 lb). In addition, a maximum of 8 kg (18 lb) may be placed under the seats.
The luggage weight should be included in the crew weight. All luggage should
be secured to avoid movement in flight.
During solo flights, it is recommended to place ballast on the unoccupied seat,
fastened with seat belts to ensure the appropriate balancing of the machine.
Ballast in the form of a sack of sand, or a can of water is recommended. The
ballast must be protected against movement.
The ballast weight is set out below:
Pilot left seat
Weight (kg)
50 - 60 kg
60 - 80 kg
80 - 100 kg
Ballast right
seat (kg)
12 kg
10 kg
8 kg
Ballast right
seat (lb)
26 lb
22 lb
18 lb
Pilot right seat
Weight (kg)
50 - 60 kg
60 - 80 kg
80 - 100 kg
Ballast left
seat (kg)
12 kg
10 kg
8 kg
Ballast left
seat (lb)
26 lb
22 lb
18 lb
CAUTION
Under no circumstances exceed the approved
maximum take-off weight (MTOW) equal to 560 kg (1235 lb).
42
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 6
Weights and centre of gravity
6.3 Position of the Centre of Gravity
The position of the centre of gravity of the gyrocopter (a sideways view) is
specified through the value of the angle whose apex is located on the transverse
axis for rotor head suspension on the mast, one arm is parallel to the vertical
axis of the coordinate system related to the fuselage and the other arm passes
through the centre of gravity of the gyrocopter.
LINE DRA WING OF
ADMISSIBLE C of G
43
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 6
Weights and centre of gravity
The admissible range of the position of the centre of gravity of the empty
gyrocopter is:
- 0.6º - +0.6º
The actual position of the centre of gravity of the empty gyrocopter for a specific
model is included in the up-to-date weighing report and is set out in subsection
6.4 of this manual.
The admissible range of the position of the centre of gravity of the gyrocopter
in flight is:
+4.5º - +8.5º
NOTE:
Observing the conditions of the admissible load and the proper
position of the centre of gravity of the empty gyrocopterensures
maintenance in the above range of the positions of the centre of
gravity.
44
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
6.4 Entering the Weight and Position of the
centre of Gravity of the Empty Gyrocopter
The table below serves to enter periodic weighing checks of the gyrocopter or
weighing checks after making changes in the equipment, repairs or lacquering.
Date Gyrocopter empty Position of centre Approved by:
weight of gravity
(kg) (degrees) Signature
Chapter 6
Weights and centre of gravity
45
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 7
Description of the Gyrocopter
and its Equipment
7.1 Introduction
Chapter 7 includes the description and manner of operating the gyrocopter, its
systems and equipment. The details about the optional systems and equipment
are included in Chapter 9.
7.2 Airframe
The main structural component of the gyrocopter is the composite fuselage. It
is made of glass fibre saturated with vinylester resin with a core mat applied as
the core of separator structures. The horizontal stabilizer (with its symmetrical
air-foil section) is mounted on the vertical tail (consisting of a stabilizer and
rudder). The empennage is attached to two pipes, made of an aluminium alloy ,
guided from the fuselage. A metal mast is affixed to the fuselage structure, on
which the control head with the lifting rotor is mounted.
The two-blade rotor with metal structure is manufactured and delivered in a set
(blades + a hub) by AVIATION ARTUR TRENDAK Company. The blades with
a 8H12 air-foil section are made from drawn aluminium and are entirely anodized
and perfectly balanced.
7.3 Flight controls
Controlling flight is performed by using the control stick and pedals. Each crew
member has his own flight control set. The movements of the control stick are
transmitted by the flexible Bowden cables kinematic system to the rotor head.
The movements of the pedals are transmitted to the rudders by the flexible
Bowden cables.
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
46
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
When the pilot moves the stick forwards, the rotor head tilt forwards and the
gyrocopter pitches down.
When the pilot moves the stick backwards, the head tilt backwards and causes
the nose to pitch up.
When the pilot moves stick completely forwards (in practice it is impossible in
flight - full range only on the ground), the rotor head disc rests on the fixed
frictional component (bent from stainless steel) and brakes the rotor.
When the pilot moves the stick to the left, the head tilts to the left and banks the
gyrocopter left.
When the pilot moves the stick to the right, the head tilts to the right and banks
the gyrocopter right.
When the pilot pushes the left pedal, both rudders deflects left. Pushing the
right pedal causes rudders to deflect right. Deflecting the rudder right pushes
the tail left and causes the nose to yaw to the right.
The gyrocopter is equipped with an electrical trim system. This device reduces
the effort required to adjust, or maintain a desired flight attitude. Electrical
trimming is implemented by means of electrical actuators installed in the control
system. By clicking the appropriate trimmer, the corresponding actuator will
move and change the neutral position of control stick.
The trimmer release button changes the position of the actuators towards the
neutral position. This will reduce all forces generated by the trimmers on the
control stick to 0. In order to release the trimmers, the pilot must push the trim
release button and hold it for longer than one second. This changes position of
actuators towards neutral position. This will reduce all forces generated by the
trimmers on control stick. The figure below shows control stick grip.
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
47
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
DIAGRAM JOY STICK
ELECTRIC TRIM
On the rudder there is a relieving flap, which aims at facilitating flight straight
ahead without the necessity for the pilot to use the pedals. It is installed by the
manufacturer after the phase of test flights. If needed, flap position can be
corrected, by gently bending it in or out (see Aircraf t Maintenance Manual).
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
48
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Navigation Light
Switch
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
Prerotation Clutch
Lever (red)
Throttle Lever
(black)
Choke Lever
(blue)
Broad Instrument
Switch
Master Switch
(red key)
Headlight Switch
Fuel Pump
Switch
7.4 Central Console
49
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
INSTRUMENT PANEL
DIAGRAM
7.5 Instrument Panel
A sample instrument panel is shown below . Dif ferent panel configurations and
sets of flight and navigation instruments are possible. The details concerning
other variants are set out in Chapter 9 Supplements.
50
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
7.6 Main gear, Wheel Brakes
The gyrocopter is equipped with fixed tricycle landing gear. The main landing
gear leg is reinforced elastic, made of a composite. The forward leg, dampened
with the pneumatic wheel unit, is controlled by using the rudder pedals.
Normal operating range of the tyre pressure is 2,5 - 4 bar.
The main landing gear wheels are equipped with hydraulic disc brakes. The
brakes are activated with the lever on the control stick and act simultaneously
on both wheels.
T o lock the brake lever in Position 1, or Position 2 pull it to the required position
and press the red button (marked no 1). In order to release the brake, pull the
lever harder to enable the automatic release of the lock.
CAUTION
Do not use the brake during a long-lasting stopover.
It can cause damage to the braking system
51
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
When taxiing or performing the landing run, brake without locking the lever .
Information on the sort of brake fluid and its replacement, or replenishment are
included in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual.
7.7 Seats and the Safety Belts
Two ergonomic bucket seat s, made of a composite, can be moved in a frontaft direction in limited range. Adjusting the position can be performed during
flight and consists of releasing seat lock by pushing the lever beneath the seat.
Each seat is equipped with adjustable four-point belts.
7.8 Luggage Compartment
The luggage is located behind the seats and holds 2 x 10 kg (2 x 22lb). In
addition, a maximum of 8 kg (18lb) may be placed under the seats. All luggage
should be secured to avoid movement in flight.
7.15 Glazing, Doors
The glazing is made of Plexiglas with a thickness of 3 mm and comprises a
panoramic front pane, two roof panes and two panes in the bow of the floor.
The The glazed left and right side doors have air vents.
The doors open in a forward direction. In the closed position, they are secured
with a lock accessible both from the outside and inside.
7.10 Power plant
7.10.1 Engine
The TERCEL is powered by a CA 912 ULT engine. It is the Rotax 912 UL
52
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
engine, modified by AVIATION ARTUR TRENDAK by adding an Iveco turbocompressor.
The details concerning the parameters of the engine and its usage are included
in the instruction manual of the CA 912 ULT engine.
CA 912 UL T engine characteristics
7.10.2 Propeller
The KASP AR Aero 2/3 LT three blade, left rotational propeller with a diameter
of 1.72 m is fitted in the pushing position, having the capability to manually
change pitch. The hub and blades are made of a composite reinforced carbon
fibre. The angle of the blade setting measures 714 mm from the axis of rotation
is 12º
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
53
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
7.11 Engine Oil
Traditional oils for aviation piston engines are not appropriate for Rotax engines.
Due to the heavy load on the transmission, motor-cycle oils with additions for
gearboxes are recommended. Oil for heavy motor-cycle 4-stroke engines meet
all the requirements.
It is essential only to use oil with the API classification “SJ” “SG” or ”SL”
Recommended oils are contained in the Rotax engine manual Recommended
oil: Aeroshell oil sport plus .
Do not use oils from diesel engines!
A diagram of the oil system and information on oil replacement and replenishment
are included in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual.
The oil temperature optimal range for engine work is: 90 ºC - 110 ºC.
If the oil temperature is not correct, it is possible to change the position of the
oil cooler (see the Aircraf t Maintenance Manual).
NOTE:
Do not use re-refined oil.
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
54
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
7.12 Fuel System
A diagram of the fuel system is included in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual.
Two connected composite fuel tanks are located close to the centre of gravity
of the empty gyrocopter, so the quantity of fuel in the t anks does not significantly
affect the behaviour of the machine in flight.
The capacity of the tanks is 120 lt. Unusable fuel 2 lt.The tanks are located
behind the seats. The fuel level is easily seen from the scale attached to the
translucent fuel tank walls. An additional fuel level gauge is located on the
instrument board.
It is essential to use lead-free car petrol with an octane minimum of 95
[RON 95] AKI 91, An octane level of 98 [RON 98] is recommended if
available. For fuels according to ASTM D4814 specifications following
AKI (Anti Knock Index) value has to be observed: min. AKI 91
NOTE:
A VGAS should not be used on a regular basis.
Average fuel consumption at a cross-country speed of VC 130 km/h (70kt) is
about 25 lt/h. (6.6 US Gal/h)
7.13 Electrical System
The diagram of the electrical system of the gyrocopter is shown in Chapter 2 of
the Aircraft Maintenance Manual.
The main source of the aircraft’s electrical energy is a direct current generator
mounted on the engine. The master switch is located on the central panel and
is activated with the removable red key .
The electrical system provides power to all the electrical appliances in the
gyrocopter including the ignition system, magnetos, cockpit, navigation
lights, pumps, sensors and any additional appliances. On the side of the
instrument console, there is a 12V socket (a typical car socket for a lighter)
giving the possibility of connecting additional devices.
55
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 7
Gyrocopter and its Equipment
Individual circuits are activated with the appropriately described switches and
protected with safety fuses. When the generator is not working (e.g. if the
engine is off, at low rotations, or there is a failure), an orange charging indicator
light is illuminated on the instrument panel and then the electrical units will be
powered by the battery.
7.14 Static and Total Pressure System
The total pressure feeder, in the form of a pitot tube, is located in the nose of
the gyrocopter’s fuselage. It is connected with a plastic hose directly to the
speedometer. Static pressure to the speedometer, altimeter and vertical speed
indicator is taken from sensor placed in the cabin, directly through the
instrument connectors.
56
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
8.1 Introduction
Chapter 8 contains the procedures for manoeuvring on the ground and the
operation of the gyrocopter as recommended by the manufacturer. It also sets
out certain requirements concerning maintenance and operation which must be
met, if the gyrocopter is to maintain its performance and reliability . It is prudent
to observe the planned schedule of lubrication and preventive maintenance.
8.2 Periodic Inspection of the Gyrocopter
The periodic inspections and their frequency are set out in the Aircraft
Maintenance Manual of the gyrocopter. Regardless of these periodic inspections,
the gyrocopter will also be subject to the inspections required by the appropriate
Aviation Authority .
The owner/user is responsible for the operation of the gyrocopter and must
ensure that all the necessary operations are performed by authorized personnel.
8.3 Repairs and Modifications
Any repairs and modifications to the structure can only be made by authorized
personnel and in agreement with the gyrocopter manufacturer.
NOTE:
Before making any modification to the gyrocopter,
contact the appropriate aviation authority to make sure
the planned modification does not affect its airworthiness.
Chapter 8
Manoeuvring, Temporary Operation and
Maintenance
Chapter 8
Manoeuving, Operaton, Maintenance
57
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 8
Manoeuving, Operaton, Maintenance
After making any reparations or modifications, weigh the empty gyrocopter,
record the position of the centre of gravity and enter the details in the table in
subsection 6.4 of the pilot operating handbook.
8.4 Manoeuvring on the Ground, Road Transport
When transporting or moving the gyrocopter, the control stick should always be
immobilized with a strap. For road transport on a trailer, or in a container,
detach the rotor (see subsection 3.1.2) and fix the gyrocopter to the base by
the landing gear legs.
Moving the gyrocopter on the ground should be performed with great caution
by using a forked drawbar grappled by the front wheel axle, or a rope grappled
by the front leg.
When parking with the rotor installed, tie the rotor to the fuselage by means of
turnbuckles with pockets fitted on the blade tips, or by using two straps.
8.5 Cleaning and Conservation
The outside surfaces of the fuselage, rotor and propeller should be washed
with water with the addition of a mild soap. Hard-to-wash stains of lubricant, or
oil can be removed with a lint free cloth wetted with heavy aliphatic petrol.
For painted surfaces, you can use any high-grade waxes or an abrasive
compound of the automotive type. Soft fabrics or suede must be used for
polishing.
The glazing should be rinsed with clean water or a water solution with the
addition of a mild soap and then wiped with a clean soft fabric, sponge or
suede. Exercise caution to avoid scratches.
58
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
Chapter 8
Manoeuving, Operaton, Maintenance
The cockpit interior, chairs, rugs and upholstery should be cleaned with a
vacuum cleaner. It is recommended to apply commercially available cleaning
agents for car upholstery.
Clean the engine in accordance with the Engine Manual.
59
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Docum ent no .: TE RCEL -AFM -001 -EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
60
Edition 1 21 Aug 2014
Change no.:
Document no.: TERCEL-AFM-001-EN Page
TERCEL PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK
9.1 Introduction
Chapter 9 includes appropriate supplements essential for the safe and efficient
operation of the gyrocopter when it is equipped with various systems and
equipment not durin the standard model.
9.2 List of Introduced Supplements
In the “Notes” column, confirm by hand whether there is additional equipment
or systems in the gyrocopter model for which this manual is intended.
Document no. Title of an Attached Supplement Notes
Chapter 9
Supplements
Chapter 9
Supplements
61
Loading...