Avaya X.25 User Manual

Configuring X.25 Services
Router Software Version 10.0
Site Manager Software Version 4.0
Part No.112926 Rev. A
January 1996
Copyright © 1988–1996 Bay Networks, Inc.
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(continued)
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8 Federal Street, Billerica, MA 01821
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Contents

About This Guide
Audience ...........................................................................................................................xi
Before You Begin ..............................................................................................................xii
Bay Networks Customer Support .....................................................................................xii
CompuServe ..............................................................................................................xii
InfoFACTS .................................................................................................................xiii
World Wide Web ........................................................................................................xiii
How to Get Help ..............................................................................................................xiv
Conventions .....................................................................................................................xiv
Ordering Bay Networks Publications ............................................................................... xv
Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv
Chapter 1 X.25 Overview
X.25 Interface .................................................................................................................1-1
X.25 and the OSI Model .................................................................................................1-2
Physical Layer ..........................................................................................................1-3
Data Link Layer ........................................................................................................1-3
Link Access Procedure Balanced Protocol ........................................................1-4
LAPB Implementation on Bay Networks Routers ..............................................1-4
Network Layer ..........................................................................................................1-5
X.25 Network Types ........................................................................................................1-5
How X.25 Services Work ................................................................................................1-6
Determining the X.121 Destination ..........................................................................1-7
Establishing a Virtual Circuit ....................................................................................1-8
Transmitting Data ...................................................................................................1-10
Chapter 2 Implementation Notes
X.25 Data Compression .................................................................................................2-1
v
Load Sharing ..................................................................................................................2-2
Clocking Sources for Routers Set Back-to-Back ............................................................2-2
Packet-level Parameters: Max Window Size and Max Packet Length ............................2-2
Flow-Control Negotiation ................................................................................................2-3
Configuring LAPB for an AN or ASN ..............................................................................2-4
Configuring Synchronous Lines with X.25 ......................................................................2-4
DDN Default Service Record ..........................................................................................2-5
Chapter 3 Enabling X.25 Service
Enabling X.25 on an Interface ...........................................................................................7
Selecting a Connector .......................................................................................................8
Configuring X.25 Packet-level Parameters ......................................................................10
X.25 Packet-level Parameter Descriptions ................................................................11
Adding X.25 Network Service Records ...........................................................................16
X.25 Network Service Record Parameter Descriptions ............................................18
Adding X.25 Network Service Records to a Previously Configured Interface ...........20
Enabling Bridging and Routing Services on an X.25 Circuit ...........................................20
Configuring IP Interfaces over X.25 Circuits ....................................................................21
Chapter 4 Editing X.25 Parameters
Editing the X.25 Global Parameter ..................................................................................32
X.25 Global Parameter Description ...........................................................................33
Editing X.25 Packet-level Parameters ..............................................................................33
X.25 Packet-level Parameter Descriptions ................................................................35
Editing X.25 Network Service Records ...........................................................................53
X.25 Network Service Record Parameter Descriptions ............................................56
Deleting X.25 Network Service Records .........................................................................65
Deleting X.25 from the Router .........................................................................................65
Appendix A X.25 Parameter Default Settings
Index
vi

Figures

Figure 1-1. X.25 Network ...........................................................................................1-2
Figure 1-2. OSI/X.25 Correspondence .......................................................................1-3
Figure 1-3. LAPB Frame .............................................................................................1-4
Figure 1-4. Sample X.25 Configuration ......................................................................1-7
Figure 1-5. Virtual Circuit Connecting Bay Networks Routers ...................................1-8
Figure 1-6. X.25 Call Request Packet Format ............................................................1-9
Figure 1-7. Setting Up an X.25 Call Connection ......................................................1-10
Figure 1-8. Routing IP Traffic across the X.25 Network ............................................1-11
Figure 3-1. Add Circuit Window ..................................................................................3-2
Figure 3-2. WAN Protocols Window ...........................................................................3-3
Figure 3-3. X.25 Packet Config Window .....................................................................3-4
Figure 3-4. X.25 Service Configuration Window for a PDN Network ........................3-10
Figure 3-5. X.25 Service Window .............................................................................3-11
Figure 3-6. Selecting the Protocols Add/Delete Function in the X.25 Service Configuration
Window 3-16
Figure 3-7. Select Protocols Windows ......................................................................3-17
Figure 3-8. IP Configuration Window ........................................................................3-18
Figure 3-9. Enter Adjacent Host Window .................................................................3-20
Figure 3-10. IP Interfaces Window .............................................................................3-21
Figure 3-11. ...............................................Adding an IP Interface to an X.25 Circuit 3-22
Figure 4-1. Configuration Manager Window ...............................................................4-2
Figure 4-2. Edit X.25 Global Parameters Window ......................................................4-3
Figure 4-3. X.25 Packet Level Edit Window ................................................................4-4
Figure 4-4. X.25 Service Configuration Window for a DDN Network .......................4-24
vii

Tables

Table 2-1. X.25 Packet-level Parameters ..................................................................2-3
Table 2-2. X.25 Service Record Parameters ............................................................2-3
Table 2-3. Synchronous Line Parameter Defaults for X.25 .......................................2-4
Table 4-1. Parameter Settings for Flow-Control Negotiation ...................................4-13
Table 4-2. User Facilities and Codes ......................................................................4-33
Table A-1. X.25 Global Parameter ........................................................................... A-1
Table A-2. X.25 Packet-level Parameters ................................................................. A-1
Table A-3. X.25 Network Service Record Parameters .............................................A-4
ix

About This Guide

If you are responsible for configuring and managing Bay Networks™ routers, read this guide to learn how to customize Bay Networks router software for X.25 services.
Audience
Configuring X.25 Services
An overview of Bay Networks X.25 services (Chapter 1)
Implementation notes that may affect how you configure X.25 services (Chapter 2)
Directions for enabling X.25 (Chapter 3)
Descriptions of X.25 parameters and instructions for editing those parameters (Chapter 4)
Default parameter settings (Appendix A)
Written for system and network managers, this guide describes how to configure the Bay Networks implementation of X.25 services to suit your environment.
offers
xi
Configuring X.25 Services
Before Y ou Begin
Before using this guide, you must complete the following procedures:
Create and save a configuration file that has at least one X.25 interface.
Retrieve the configuration file in local, remote, or dynamic mode.
Reboot the router with the configuration file.
Refer to
Configuring Routers
for instructions.
Bay Networks Customer Support
Bay Networks provides live telephone technical support to our distributors, resellers, and service-contracted customers from two U.S. and three international support centers. If you have purchased your Bay Networks product from a distributor or authorized reseller, contact the technical support staff of that distributor or reseller for assistance with installation, configuration, troubleshooting, or integration issues.
Customers also have the option of purchasing direct support from Bay Networks through a variety of service programs. The programs include priority access telephone support, on-site engineering assistance, software subscription, hardware replacement, and other programs designed to protect your investment.
To purchase any of these support programs, including PhonePlus™ for 24-hour telephone technical support, call 1-800-2LANWAN. Outside the U.S. and Canada, call (408) 764-1000. You can also receive information on support programs from your local Bay Networks field sales office, or purchase Bay Networks support directly from your reseller. Bay Networks provides several methods of receiving support and information on a nonpriority basis through the following automated systems.
CompuServe
xii
Bay Networks maintains an active forum on CompuServ e. All you need to join us online is a computer, a modem, and a CompuServe account. We also recommend using the CompuServe Information Manager software, available from CompuServe.
About This Guide
The Bay Networks forum contains libraries of technical and product documents designed to help you manage and troubleshoot your Bay Networks products. Software agents and patches are available, and the message boards are monitored by technical staff and can be a source for problem solving and shared experiences.
Customers and resellers holding Bay Networks service contracts can visit the special libraries to acquire advanced levels of support documentation and software.
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Outside the U.S., Canada, and Europe, call (614) 529-1349 and ask for Representative No. 591, or consult your listings for an office near you.
Once you are online, you can reach our forum by typing the command GO BAYNETWORKS at any ! prompt.
InfoFACTS
InfoFACTS is the Bay Networks free 24-hour fax-on-demand service. This automated system contains libraries of technical and product documents designed to help you manage and troubleshoot your Bay Networks products. The system can return a fax copy to the caller or to a third party within minutes of being accessed.
W orld Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a global information system for file distribution and online document viewing via the Internet. You need a direct connection to the Internet and a Web Browser (such as Mosaic or Netscape).
xiii
Configuring X.25 Services
Bay Networks maintains a WWW Home Page that you can access at http://www.baynetworks.com. One of the menu items on the Home Page is the Customer Support Web Server, which offers technical documents, software agents, and an E-mail capability for communicating with our technical support engineers.
How to Get Help
For additional information or advice, contact the Bay Networks Technical Response Center in your area:
United States 1-800-2LAN-WAN Valbonne, France (33) 92-966-968 Sydney, Australia (61) 2-903-5800 Tokyo, Japan (81) 3-328-005
Conventions
arrow character (➔) Separates menu and option names in instructions.
Example: Protocols
AppleTalk identifies the
AppleTalk option in the Protocols menu.
xiv
bold text
italic text
Indicates text that you need to enter and command
dinfo
names in text. Example: Use the
command.
Indicates variable values in command syntax descriptions, new terms, file and directory names, and book titles.
quotation marks (“ ”) Indicate the title of a chapter or section within a book.
screen text
Indicates data that appears on the screen. Example:
Bay Networks Trap Monitor Filters
Set
vertical line (|) Indicates that you enter only one of the parts of the
command. The vertical line separates choices. Do not type the vertical line when entering the command.
Example: If the command syntax is
show at routes show at routes
nets
|
, you enter either
show at nets
or
, but not both.
Ordering Bay Networks Publications
To purchase additional copies of this document or other Bay Networks publications, order by part number from Bay Networks Press™ at the following numbers. You may also request a free catalog of Bay Networks Press product publications.
Phone: 1-800-845-9523 FAX - U.S./Canada: 1-800-582-8000 FAX - International: 1-916-939-1010
Acronyms
BFE Blacker Front-End BOFL Breath of Life (message) CPU central processing unit CUG closed user group CUGOA closed user group with outgoing access DCE Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment DDN Defense Data Network DoD Department of Defense DTE Data T erminal Equipment HDLC High-level Data Link Control IP Internet Protocol ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU-T International Telecommunications
Union–Telecommunications sector (formerly CCITT) LAN local area network LAP Link Access Procedure LAPB Link Access Procedure Balanced MIB Management Information Base OSI Open Systems Interconnection OSPF Open Shortest Path First PAD packet assembler/disassembler PDN Public Data Network PDU protocol data unit
About This Guide
xv
Configuring X.25 Services
PLP Packet Level Protocol PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PSN packet-switching network RFC Request for Comments RIP Routing Information Protocol RPOA recognized private operating agencies SNAP Subnetwork Access Protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol VC virtual circuit
xvi
The X.25 Protocol provides access for LAN traffic to packet-switching networks (PSNs). X.25 allows many different kinds of equipment to communicate across networks at a relatively low cost.
Common carriers, mainly the telephone companies, designed X.25. An agency of the United Nations, the International Telecommunications Union– Telecommunications sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT), administers the X.25 Protocol. X.25 is a global standard, and is the dominant communications protocol in use around the world today.
X.25 Interface
Chapter 1
X.25 Overview
X.25 defines the interaction across PSNs between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE). DTEs include devices such as terminals, hosts, and routers; DCEs include devices such as modems, packet switches, and other ports.
igure 1-1 shows an X.25 network. A DTE (in this case, Router A) connects to a
F
DCE in the PSN. The PSN connects to another DCE and, finally, to another DTE (Router B).
1-1
Configuring X.25 Services
PSN
Router A (DTE)
Figure 1-1. X.25 Network
To begin communication, one DTE device (for example, a router) calls another DTE to request a data exchange session. The called DTE can accept or refuse the connection. If the called DTE accepts the connection, the two systems begin full-duplex data transfer. Either side can terminate the connection at any time. Because public data networks (PDNs), the most commonly used type of PSN, typically use error-prone analog lines, the X.25 Protocol provides extensive error checking, recovery, and packet sequencing.
A DTE can be a device that does not itself implement X.25. In this case, the DTE connects to a DCE through a packet assembler/disassembler (PAD), which is a device that translates data into packet form.
X.25 and the OSI Model
Virtual Circuit Virtual Crcuit
DCE
DCE
Router B (DTE)
1-2
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Basic Reference Model combines a nonproprietary structured computer system architecture with a set of common communication protocols. It comprises seven layers. Each layer provides specific functions or services and follows the corresponding OSI communications protocols to perform those services.
The X.25 Protocol focuses on three of the seven layers in the OSI model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network, or packet, layer. As you read the following sections, refer to F between X.25 and the OSI model. F
igure 1-2, which illustrates the correspondence
igure 1-2 conforms to the typical rendering of
the OSI model, which depicts the physical layer at the bottom of the protocol stack, and refers to succeeding layers as representing higher-level protocols.
OSI Model X.25 Protocol
X.25 Overview
Figure 1-2. OSI/X.25 Correspondence
Physical Layer
The physical layer manages the transmission of bits across the physical connection or modem interface. Bay Networks supports all of the standard media for X.25 transmission: X.21, X.21bis/RS232C, RS449/422, and V.35.
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
X.25 Packet Layer
LAPB
X.21, X.21bis/RS232C, RS449/422, and V.35
Data Link Layer
The data link layer defines the link access procedures for transferring frames of data accurately and reliably across the access lines between the DTE and the DCE.
1-3
Configuring X.25 Services
Link Access Procedure Balanced Protocol
X.25 uses the Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB) protocol at the data link layer to
Initialize the link between the DTE and the local DCE device
Frame X.25 data packets before transmitting them to the DCE LAPB is a version of High-level Data Link Control (HDLC), which is an OSI
standard. Figure 1-3 shows a LAPB frame. The LAPB information field contains the X.25
data packet. Once an X.25 packet reaches the destination router, the LAPB protocol strips away the LAPB frame and deliv ers the pack et to the netw ork layer for further processing.
Flag Control
Address
Information
Frame Check Sequence
Flag
Figure 1-3. LAPB Frame
LAPB Implementation on Bay Networks Routers
The implementation of the LAPB protocol on the AN® and ASN® routers, and on
®
and LN® routers with Octal Sync, differs from that on other Bay Networks
BN routers. On the AN and ASN routers and BN and LN routers with Octal Sync, LAPB is implemented in software in routers that use the QUICC 68360 driver. On the other routers, LAPB is implemented in the hardware using the MK5025 chip.
Note:
The different LAPB implementations r esult in two different LAPB MIBs. This means that if you copy an existing configuration from a Bay Networks router that uses the MK5025 chip to the AN or ASN, or the BN or LN with octal sync, the configuration may not work because the location of the LAPB MIB is different.
1-4
Although detailed discussion of the LAPB MIB is beyond the scope of this guide, when you configure X.25, you automatically set up LAPB for all routers.
Network Layer
The network, or packet, layer establishes the virtual circuit and provides procedures for call establishment, data transfer, flow control, error recovery, and call clearing. The router uses the network layer to determine destination X.121 addresses and to specify which user-configurable X.25 facilities the network layer supports. (See “Determining the X.121 Destination, ” later in this chapter , for more information about X.121 addresses.) The X.25 Protocol defines its respective DCE communicate and exchange data.
X.25 Overview
how
the DTE and
The X.25 network transmits data over and destination on the network. Because as many as 128 VCs can exist on the same physical link at the same time, multiple devices can share the bandwidth of the transmission line, sending data in multiple packets from the source to the destination.
X.25 Network Types
The Bay Networks router transmits data across three types of X.25 network services.
Public Data Network (PDN)
The X.25 PDN service provides end-to-end connectivity between the router and a remote DTE that supports Internet RFC 1356 X.25 services. IP uses PDN service to transmit IP datagrams. OSI uses PDN service to send OSI protocol data units (PDUs) over the X.25 network. No other protocols use PDN services. The Bay Networks router supports Internet RFC 1356 for IP and OSI.
Defense Data Network (DDN)
The X.25 DDN service provides end-to-end connectivity between a router and a remote DTE that supports X.25 DDN Standard Service. IP uses DDN service to transmit IP datagrams. OSI uses DDN service to send OSI protocol data units (PDUs) over the X.25 network. No other protocols use DDN services.
virtual circuits
(VCs) between each source
1-5
Configuring X.25 Services
You can implement an X.25 DDN network as a Blacker Front-End (BFE) network. BFE is an external, standalone encryption device that you connect to your router to establish X.25 DDN networks.
Point-to-Point Service
Point-to-Point service is proprietary to Bay Networks, so Bay Networks routers must be at both ends of the connection. AppleTalk, transparent and spanning tree bridging, DECnet, IP, VINES, XNS, IPX, and OSI can use Point-to-Point X.25 service to transmit datagrams over the X.25 network.
The type of datagram traffic that the router forwards depends upon the type of network layer service enabled on each of the router’s network interfaces. For example, if you configure an interface for DDN services, you cannot configure any other type of service. You can, however, configure an interface to run PDN and Point-to-Point services together.
How X.25 Services Work
End-users on a LAN use the services of the Bay Networks router to access X.25 networks. The router acts as a DTE device; it encapsulates user data in X.25 format and transmits it across the network.
1-6
To demonstrate how Bay Networks X.25 services work, the following sections explain how Router A, which is configured for X.25 PDN services, routes data from IP endstation 1.1.1.2 over the X.25 network to IP endstation 3.1.1.2. Refer to Figure 1-4 as you read the next sections.
X.25 Overview
1.1.1.1
10000 20000
Router A Router B
1.1.1.2
IP Network IP Network
Key
DCE = Data Circuit-terminating Equipment 10000, 20000 = X.121 Addresses
Figure 1-4. Sample X.25 Configuration
X.25 PDN
DCE
DCE
2.1.1.22.1.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
Determining the X.121 Destination
Each interface connecting to the X.25 network has an X.121 address. For example, in Figure 1-4 the X.121 network addresses for Routers A and B are 10000 and 20000, respectively. Router A communicates with Router B over the X.25 network by setting up virtual circuits that connect the two X.25 interfaces.
Data transmission begins when
1. Router A receives an IP datagram from IP endstation 1.1.1.2.
2. Router A checks its IP routing table to determine the next hop on the
datagram’s path (in this example, IP address 2.1.1.2).
3. Once Router A determines that the next hop is located across the X.25
network, it checks to see which destination X.121 address maps to the next hop’s IP address via the IP adjacent host table (in this e xample, X.121 address
20000).
1-7
Configuring X.25 Services
4. To transmit the datagram across the network, the router now establishes a
virtual connection between itself and destination X.121 address 20000. Router A begins by selecting an unused virtual circuit. The router assigns the
circuit a 12-bit virtual circuit number (Figure 1-5), which it chooses from a user-specified range of virtual circuit numbers. The virtual circuit number identifies the logical channel portion of the circuit that connects the router and its DCE.
10000
Virtual circuit number = 000000000001
Logical Channel
X.25 PDN
20000
Router A
Figure 1-5. Virtual Circuit Connecting Bay Networks Routers
The logical channel consists of a 4-bit logical channel group number concatenated with an 8-bit logical channel number. The logical channel number identifies this circuit as the one that will carry all data transmitted between the router and the destination DTE, once the connection to the destination X.121 address is established.
Establishing a Virtual Circuit
After Router A determines the destination X.121 address, the tw o routers establish a virtual circuit as follows:
1. Router A uses the services of the packet layer protocol to generate a call
request packet that it sends to Router B Along with various optional X.25 facilities, the call request packet specifies
the outgoing logical channel number, Router A’s X.121 address, and Router B’s X.121 address (Figure 1-6).
DCE
DCE
Router B
.
1-8
X.25 Overview
00010000 00000001
00001011
Source Destination
X.121 Length X.121 Length
Destination X.121 Address
Source X.121 Address
Facilities Length
Facilities
Data
Logical Channel Group Number Logical Channel Number
Call Request
Figure 1-6. X.25 Call Request Packet Format
2. When the local DCE receives Router A’s call request, the DCE forwards it
across the X.25 network, where it is eventually routed to Router B.
3. Router B checks the called address for a match to its configured X.121
address. It also check the calling address for a match to the remote X.121 address configured in the service record.
4. If it finds both matches, it accepts the call, and responds with a call accept
packet that establishes the virtual connection between the two routers.
Once the virtual circuit is established, the router can transmit and receive data (Figure 1-7).
1-9
Configuring X.25 Services
1. Send Request X.25 PDN
Call Request
Router A
2. Establish Connection
Call Confirm Call Accept
Router A
3. Encapsulate and Transmit Data
User Data
Router A
DCE
X.25 PDN
DCE
X.25 PDN
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
Incoming Call
Router B
Router B
User Data
Router B
Figure 1-7. Setting Up an X.25 Call Connection
Transmitting Data
After Router B establishes the circuit, data travels between endstations 1.1.1.2 and
3.1.1.2 as follows:
1. Router A begins processing the packets it receives from IP endstation 1.1.1.2 across the X.25 network to Router B.
2. Router B removes the X.25 packet headers and trailers and forwards only the IP data to IP endstation 3.1.1.2 (Figure 1-8).
1-10
X.25 Overview
3. IP endstation 3.1.1.2 transmits data to endstation 1.1.1.2. Note that other IP endstations (for example, 1.1.1.3) can use the virtual circuit
to transmit data in the direction of endstation 3.1.1.2 until the call is cleared. The call request and call accept packets specify the logical channel numbers
(LCNs) assigned to the virtual connections between each router and its corresponding DCE. As a result, subsequent X.25 data packets contain only the logical channel numbers, rather than the complete X.121 destination addresses.
1.1.1.1
10000 20000
Router A Router B
1.1.1.2
1.1.1.3
IP Network IP Network
Figure 1-8. Routing IP Traffic across the X.25 Network
X.25 PDN
DCE
DCE
2.1.1.22.1.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
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Chapter 2
Implementation Notes
This chapter provides information about special features of the Bay Networks X.25 implementation, including
Data compression
Load sharing
Clocking sources for routers set back to back
Max Window Size and Max Packet Length parameters
Flow control negotiation
Configuring LAPB for an AN or ASN
Configuring synchronous lines
DDN default service record
X.25 Data Compression
Bay Networks data compression software enables you to reduce line costs and improve response times over X.25 networks.
Our data compression eliminates redundancies in data streams. When you use compression on your network, bandwidth efficiency improves, enabling you to transmit more data over a given amount of network bandwidth.
To use data compression with X.25, you must set the X.25 service record parameter, Enable Compression, to Enable. See Chapter 4 for information about how to access this parameter.
2-1
Configuring X.25 Services
For a complete discussion of data compression, descriptions of compression parameters, and instructions for configuring compression for an X.25 interface,
Configuring Data Compression Services
see
.
Load Sharing
The Bay Networks implementation of X.25 on PDN networks includes load sharing across as many as four VCs, using a round-robin algorithm to distribute traffic. This feature improves performance by increasing the effective window size, that is, the number of packets that a DTE can transmit before it receives an acknowledgment.
To take advantage of multiple virtual connections and load sharing across them, you must set the Max Connections network service record parameter to a value greater than one (refer to Chapter 4).
Clocking Sources for Routers Set Back-to-Back
If two Bay Networks routers are operating back-to-back without a clocking source, you must configure internal clocking on both routers. Use a crossover cable to connect the ports.
The default clocking source for X.25 is external. When you configure X.25 and LAPB on an existing network, external clocking can cause unpredictable results on any internally clocked line. Clocking sources must be the same for each device within the network.
Packet-level Parameters: Max Window Size and Max Packet Length
When you configure X.25 packet-level parameters, make certain to set the Max Window Size and Max Packet Length parameters for peer routers to the same value. If you do not, the routers cannot perform network service-level negotiations.
For example, if you set the Max Window Size for Router A to 7, set the Max Window Size for peer Router B to 7. Similarly, if you set the Max Packet Length for Router A to 512, set the Max Packet Length for peer Router B to 512.
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