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Table A-3.X.25 Network Service Record Parameters .............................................A-4
ix
About This Guide
If you are responsible for configuring and managing Bay Networks™ routers,
read this guide to learn how to customize Bay Networks router software for X.25
services.
Audience
Configuring X.25 Services
•An overview of Bay Networks X.25 services (Chapter 1)
•Implementation notes that may affect how you configure X.25 services
(Chapter 2)
•Directions for enabling X.25 (Chapter 3)
•Descriptions of X.25 parameters and instructions for editing those parameters
(Chapter 4)
•Default parameter settings (Appendix A)
Written for system and network managers, this guide describes how to configure
the Bay Networks implementation of X.25 services to suit your environment.
offers
xi
Configuring X.25 Services
Before Y ou Begin
Before using this guide, you must complete the following procedures:
•Create and save a configuration file that has at least one X.25 interface.
•Retrieve the configuration file in local, remote, or dynamic mode.
•Reboot the router with the configuration file.
Refer to
Configuring Routers
for instructions.
Bay Networks Customer Support
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xii
Bay Networks maintains an active forum on CompuServ e. All you need to join us
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xiii
Configuring X.25 Services
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arrow character (➔)Separates menu and option names in instructions.
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Example: Protocols
AppleTalk identifies the
AppleTalk option in the Protocols menu.
xiv
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Bay Networks Trap Monitor Filters
Set
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show at routes
show at routes
nets
|
, you enter either
show at nets
or
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Ordering Bay Networks Publications
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publications.
BFEBlacker Front-End
BOFLBreath of Life (message)
CPUcentral processing unit
CUGclosed user group
CUGOAclosed user group with outgoing access
DCEData Circuit-Terminating Equipment
DDNDefense Data Network
DoDDepartment of Defense
DTEData T erminal Equipment
HDLCHigh-level Data Link Control
IPInternet Protocol
ISOInternational Organization for Standardization
ITU-TInternational Telecommunications
Union–Telecommunications sector (formerly CCITT)
LANlocal area network
LAPLink Access Procedure
LAPBLink Access Procedure Balanced
MIBManagement Information Base
OSIOpen Systems Interconnection
OSPFOpen Shortest Path First
PADpacket assembler/disassembler
PDNPublic Data Network
PDUprotocol data unit
About This Guide
xv
Configuring X.25 Services
PLPPacket Level Protocol
PPPPoint-to-Point Protocol
PSNpacket-switching network
RFCRequest for Comments
RIPRouting Information Protocol
RPOA recognized private operating agencies
SNAPSubnetwork Access Protocol
TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
VCvirtual circuit
xvi
The X.25 Protocol provides access for LAN traffic to packet-switching networks
(PSNs). X.25 allows many different kinds of equipment to communicate across
networks at a relatively low cost.
Common carriers, mainly the telephone companies, designed X.25. An agency of
the United Nations, the International Telecommunications Union–
Telecommunications sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT), administers the X.25
Protocol. X.25 is a global standard, and is the dominant communications protocol
in use around the world today.
X.25 Interface
Chapter 1
X.25 Overview
X.25 defines the interaction across PSNs between Data Terminal Equipment
(DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE). DTEs include devices
such as terminals, hosts, and routers; DCEs include devices such as modems,
packet switches, and other ports.
igure 1-1 shows an X.25 network. A DTE (in this case, Router A) connects to a
F
DCE in the PSN. The PSN connects to another DCE and, finally, to another DTE
(Router B).
1-1
Configuring X.25 Services
PSN
Router A (DTE)
Figure 1-1.X.25 Network
To begin communication, one DTE device (for example, a router) calls another
DTE to request a data exchange session. The called DTE can accept or refuse the
connection. If the called DTE accepts the connection, the two systems begin
full-duplex data transfer. Either side can terminate the connection at any time.
Because public data networks (PDNs), the most commonly used type of PSN,
typically use error-prone analog lines, the X.25 Protocol provides extensive error
checking, recovery, and packet sequencing.
A DTE can be a device that does not itself implement X.25. In this case, the DTE
connects to a DCE through a packet assembler/disassembler (PAD), which is a
device that translates data into packet form.
X.25 and the OSI Model
Virtual CircuitVirtual Crcuit
DCE
DCE
Router B (DTE)
1-2
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Basic Reference Model combines a
nonproprietary structured computer system architecture with a set of common
communication protocols. It comprises seven layers. Each layer provides specific
functions or services and follows the corresponding OSI communications
protocols to perform those services.
The X.25 Protocol focuses on three of the seven layers in the OSI model: the
physical layer, the data link layer, and the network, or packet, layer. As you read
the following sections, refer to F
between X.25 and the OSI model. F
igure 1-2, which illustrates the correspondence
igure 1-2 conforms to the typical rendering of
the OSI model, which depicts the physical layer at the bottom of the protocol
stack, and refers to succeeding layers as representing higher-level protocols.
OSI ModelX.25 Protocol
X.25 Overview
Figure 1-2.OSI/X.25 Correspondence
Physical Layer
The physical layer manages the transmission of bits across the physical
connection or modem interface. Bay Networks supports all of the standard media
for X.25 transmission: X.21, X.21bis/RS232C, RS449/422, and V.35.
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
X.25 Packet Layer
LAPB
X.21, X.21bis/RS232C,
RS449/422, and V.35
Data Link Layer
The data link layer defines the link access procedures for transferring frames of
data accurately and reliably across the access lines between the DTE and the
DCE.
1-3
Configuring X.25 Services
Link Access Procedure Balanced Protocol
X.25 uses the Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB) protocol at the data link
layer to
•Initialize the link between the DTE and the local DCE device
•Frame X.25 data packets before transmitting them to the DCE
LAPB is a version of High-level Data Link Control (HDLC), which is an OSI
standard.
Figure 1-3 shows a LAPB frame. The LAPB information field contains the X.25
data packet. Once an X.25 packet reaches the destination router, the LAPB
protocol strips away the LAPB frame and deliv ers the pack et to the netw ork layer
for further processing.
FlagControl
Address
Information
Frame
Check
Sequence
Flag
Figure 1-3.LAPB Frame
LAPB Implementation on Bay Networks Routers
The implementation of the LAPB protocol on the AN® and ASN® routers, and on
®
and LN® routers with Octal Sync, differs from that on other Bay Networks
BN
routers. On the AN and ASN routers and BN and LN routers with Octal Sync,
LAPB is implemented in software in routers that use the QUICC 68360 driver. On
the other routers, LAPB is implemented in the hardware using the MK5025 chip.
Note:
The different LAPB implementations r esult in two different LAPB MIBs.
This means that if you copy an existing configuration from a Bay Networks
router that uses the MK5025 chip to the AN or ASN, or the BN or LN with
octal sync, the configuration may not work because the location of the LAPB
MIB is different.
1-4
Although detailed discussion of the LAPB MIB is beyond the scope of this guide,
when you configure X.25, you automatically set up LAPB for all routers.
Network Layer
The network, or packet, layer establishes the virtual circuit and provides
procedures for call establishment, data transfer, flow control, error recovery, and
call clearing. The router uses the network layer to determine destination X.121
addresses and to specify which user-configurable X.25 facilities the network layer
supports. (See “Determining the X.121 Destination, ” later in this chapter , for more
information about X.121 addresses.) The X.25 Protocol defines
its respective DCE communicate and exchange data.
X.25 Overview
how
the DTE and
The X.25 network transmits data over
and destination on the network. Because as many as 128 VCs can exist on the
same physical link at the same time, multiple devices can share the bandwidth of
the transmission line, sending data in multiple packets from the source to the
destination.
X.25 Network Types
The Bay Networks router transmits data across three types of X.25 network
services.
•Public Data Network (PDN)
The X.25 PDN service provides end-to-end connectivity between the router
and a remote DTE that supports Internet RFC 1356 X.25 services. IP uses
PDN service to transmit IP datagrams. OSI uses PDN service to send OSI
protocol data units (PDUs) over the X.25 network. No other protocols use
PDN services. The Bay Networks router supports Internet RFC 1356 for IP
and OSI.
•Defense Data Network (DDN)
The X.25 DDN service provides end-to-end connectivity between a router and
a remote DTE that supports X.25 DDN Standard Service. IP uses DDN
service to transmit IP datagrams. OSI uses DDN service to send OSI protocol
data units (PDUs) over the X.25 network. No other protocols use DDN
services.
virtual circuits
(VCs) between each source
1-5
Configuring X.25 Services
You can implement an X.25 DDN network as a Blacker Front-End (BFE)
network. BFE is an external, standalone encryption device that you connect to
your router to establish X.25 DDN networks.
•Point-to-Point Service
Point-to-Point service is proprietary to Bay Networks, so Bay Networks
routers must be at both ends of the connection. AppleTalk, transparent and
spanning tree bridging, DECnet, IP, VINES, XNS, IPX, and OSI can use
Point-to-Point X.25 service to transmit datagrams over the X.25 network.
The type of datagram traffic that the router forwards depends upon the type of
network layer service enabled on each of the router’s network interfaces. For
example, if you configure an interface for DDN services, you cannot configure
any other type of service. You can, however, configure an interface to run PDN
and Point-to-Point services together.
How X.25 Services Work
End-users on a LAN use the services of the Bay Networks router to access X.25
networks. The router acts as a DTE device; it encapsulates user data in X.25
format and transmits it across the network.
1-6
To demonstrate how Bay Networks X.25 services work, the following sections
explain how Router A, which is configured for X.25 PDN services, routes data
from IP endstation 1.1.1.2 over the X.25 network to IP endstation 3.1.1.2. Refer to
Figure 1-4 as you read the next sections.
X.25 Overview
1.1.1.1
1000020000
Router ARouter B
1.1.1.2
IP NetworkIP Network
Key
DCE = Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
10000, 20000 = X.121 Addresses
Figure 1-4.Sample X.25 Configuration
X.25 PDN
DCE
DCE
2.1.1.22.1.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
Determining the X.121 Destination
Each interface connecting to the X.25 network has an X.121 address. For
example, in Figure 1-4 the X.121 network addresses for Routers A and B are
10000 and 20000, respectively. Router A communicates with Router B over the
X.25 network by setting up virtual circuits that connect the two X.25 interfaces.
Data transmission begins when
1. Router A receives an IP datagram from IP endstation 1.1.1.2.
2. Router A checks its IP routing table to determine the next hop on the
datagram’s path (in this example, IP address 2.1.1.2).
3. Once Router A determines that the next hop is located across the X.25
network, it checks to see which destination X.121 address maps to the next
hop’s IP address via the IP adjacent host table (in this e xample, X.121 address
20000).
1-7
Configuring X.25 Services
4. To transmit the datagram across the network, the router now establishes a
virtual connection between itself and destination X.121 address 20000.
Router A begins by selecting an unused virtual circuit. The router assigns the
circuit a 12-bit virtual circuit number (Figure 1-5), which it chooses from a
user-specified range of virtual circuit numbers. The virtual circuit number
identifies the logical channel portion of the circuit that connects the router and
its DCE.
10000
Virtual circuit number = 000000000001
Logical
Channel
X.25 PDN
20000
Router A
Figure 1-5.Virtual Circuit Connecting Bay Networks Routers
The logical channel consists of a 4-bit logical channel group number
concatenated with an 8-bit logical channel number. The logical channel
number identifies this circuit as the one that will carry all data transmitted
between the router and the destination DTE, once the connection to the
destination X.121 address is established.
Establishing a Virtual Circuit
After Router A determines the destination X.121 address, the tw o routers establish
a virtual circuit as follows:
1. Router A uses the services of the packet layer protocol to generate a call
request packet that it sends to Router B
Along with various optional X.25 facilities, the call request packet specifies
the outgoing logical channel number, Router A’s X.121 address, and Router
B’s X.121 address (Figure 1-6).
DCE
DCE
Router B
.
1-8
X.25 Overview
00010000
00000001
00001011
SourceDestination
X.121 LengthX.121 Length
Destination X.121 Address
Source X.121 Address
Facilities Length
Facilities
Data
Logical Channel Group Number
Logical Channel Number
Call Request
Figure 1-6.X.25 Call Request Packet Format
2. When the local DCE receives Router A’s call request, the DCE forwards it
across the X.25 network, where it is eventually routed to Router B.
3. Router B checks the called address for a match to its configured X.121
address. It also check the calling address for a match to the remote X.121
address configured in the service record.
4. If it finds both matches, it accepts the call, and responds with a call accept
packet that establishes the virtual connection between the two routers.
Once the virtual circuit is established, the router can transmit and receive data
(Figure 1-7).
1-9
Configuring X.25 Services
1. Send Request
X.25 PDN
Call Request
Router A
2. Establish Connection
Call ConfirmCall Accept
Router A
3. Encapsulate and Transmit Data
User Data
Router A
DCE
X.25 PDN
DCE
X.25 PDN
DCE
DCE
DCE
DCE
Incoming Call
Router B
Router B
User Data
Router B
Figure 1-7.Setting Up an X.25 Call Connection
Transmitting Data
After Router B establishes the circuit, data travels between endstations 1.1.1.2 and
3.1.1.2 as follows:
1. Router A begins processing the packets it receives from IP endstation 1.1.1.2
across the X.25 network to Router B.
2. Router B removes the X.25 packet headers and trailers and forwards only the
IP data to IP endstation 3.1.1.2 (Figure 1-8).
1-10
X.25 Overview
3. IP endstation 3.1.1.2 transmits data to endstation 1.1.1.2.
Note that other IP endstations (for example, 1.1.1.3) can use the virtual circuit
to transmit data in the direction of endstation 3.1.1.2 until the call is cleared.
The call request and call accept packets specify the logical channel numbers
(LCNs) assigned to the virtual connections between each router and its
corresponding DCE. As a result, subsequent X.25 data packets contain only
the logical channel numbers, rather than the complete X.121 destination
addresses.
1.1.1.1
1000020000
Router ARouter B
1.1.1.2
1.1.1.3
IP NetworkIP Network
Figure 1-8.Routing IP Traffic across the X.25 Network
X.25 PDN
DCE
DCE
2.1.1.22.1.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
1-11
Chapter 2
Implementation Notes
This chapter provides information about special features of the Bay Networks
X.25 implementation, including
•Data compression
•Load sharing
•Clocking sources for routers set back to back
•Max Window Size and Max Packet Length parameters
•Flow control negotiation
•Configuring LAPB for an AN or ASN
•Configuring synchronous lines
•DDN default service record
X.25 Data Compression
Bay Networks data compression software enables you to reduce line costs and
improve response times over X.25 networks.
Our data compression eliminates redundancies in data streams. When you use
compression on your network, bandwidth efficiency improves, enabling you to
transmit more data over a given amount of network bandwidth.
To use data compression with X.25, you must set the X.25 service record
parameter, Enable Compression, to Enable. See Chapter 4 for information about
how to access this parameter.
2-1
Configuring X.25 Services
For a complete discussion of data compression, descriptions of compression
parameters, and instructions for configuring compression for an X.25 interface,
Configuring Data Compression Services
see
.
Load Sharing
The Bay Networks implementation of X.25 on PDN networks includes load
sharing across as many as four VCs, using a round-robin algorithm to distribute
traffic. This feature improves performance by increasing the effective window
size, that is, the number of packets that a DTE can transmit before it receives an
acknowledgment.
To take advantage of multiple virtual connections and load sharing across them,
you must set the Max Connections network service record parameter to a value
greater than one (refer to Chapter 4).
Clocking Sources for Routers Set Back-to-Back
If two Bay Networks routers are operating back-to-back without a clocking
source, you must configure internal clocking on both routers. Use a crossover
cable to connect the ports.
The default clocking source for X.25 is external. When you configure X.25 and
LAPB on an existing network, external clocking can cause unpredictable results
on any internally clocked line. Clocking sources must be the same for each device
within the network.
Packet-level Parameters: Max Window Size and Max Packet
Length
When you configure X.25 packet-level parameters, make certain to set the Max
Window Size and Max Packet Length parameters for peer routers to the same
value. If you do not, the routers cannot perform network service-level
negotiations.
For example, if you set the Max Window Size for Router A to 7, set the
Max Window Size for peer Router B to 7. Similarly, if you set the Max Packet
Length for Router A to 512, set the Max Packet Length for peer Router B to 512.
2-2
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