Atari DOS 2.5: XF551 Owner's Manual

~

)1\.ATARr

DOS

2.5:

XF551

DISK DRIVE

"

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

000000000000000000

YOUR ATARI XF551 DISK DRIVE AND

DOS

What DOS

2.5

How

to

SECTION

Connecti

Connecting More Taking Care of

SECTION

Loading

The

DOS

looking

Duplicating a Diskette

FormattingaDiskette

Naming and Referring 10 Files Running a Cartridge From DOS Copying Fil Erasing Files

Does . . . . . . ............

and Your ATAAI Personal Computer System

Use This Manual . .

1:

YOUR ATARI XF551 DISK DRIVE

ng

Your

XF551

Than

Your

Diskettes

2:

GETTING STARTED WITH DOS

DOS

at a Disk

Menu

. .

.........

...............

Directory.

...............................

Disk Dri

One

ve

Disk Dr

.......

ive

.........

.

..........

. . .

..

. . .

............•..

..............

.......

......

es.

. . . . . .

........................

.............................

DOS

................

...

.....

. . .

...........

..

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

............

. .

....

. .

............

2.5

.

..............

...........

.......•....•.......

_ • . •.•• . . • • •

.

.....••...•.

...

• • . •••...•........

. .

.••.

• • • • . .

_

.................

.........

. .

...

. .......

..........

......

. _

.....

.•.......

..

,

v

vi

vii

. 1

1

3 4

7

10

13

14

17

19 22 24 27

SECTION 3: SELECTING A DOS MENU OPTION

A. DISK DIRECTORY B.

RU

N CARTRIDGE

C.

COPY FI

D.

DELETE FIL

E. RENAME FI

F.

LOCK FILE

G. UNLOCK FI

H. WR I

I.

FORMA

J .

DU

K.

BINARY SAVE

L BINARY LOAD

M.

RUN N. CREATE MEM.SAV O.

DU P. FORMATSI

LE.

TE

DOS FI

T

DISK

PLICATE

AT ADDR

PLICA

TE

. . . . .

E(S) ......

LE.

.....

LE ........

DISK ..........

FILE

NGLE.

.................

...................................

..

. . . • . . . . • . . . .

.

...

..

.................

. . . . . . . • . . . .

....

..........•.................

LES.

. . . . • . . . . .

•

...

..

.•.

. . .

......•..

........•....•....•..•....•

....

..............

.........

ESS

..............

........

..

.....

.

...•....•.....

..

.....

. . .

............

• • • •.•• • •••• . • • • •

....

.

................

..

. • . .

................

. . . . . .

........

......

...

.....

. ....

. . . ..............

....

.........

.....

.

..............

....

.........

.......

.•.....

...

. . . .

•.....

..........

...

..

......

.•••.....

... .... 59

29

30 34

..

35 38 39

...

41

42

.... 42

43

44 47

....

53 54

55

61

iii

SECTION 4: USING BASIC

WITH

DOS

2.5

COMMANDS

.....

.

......

. .

...

63

BASIC

Tokenized and Untokenized Files . . . . . ..•.

Input/Output Control Blocks

Using the OPEN/CLOSE Commands Using the INPUT/PAINT Direct

The Using the

Substituting

Accessing

The AUTORUN.SVS File .

APPENDICES

A:

B: NOTATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

C:

D: DOS

E: HEXADECI

F: HOW TO SPEED UP

G:

H: USING DOS

I:

J: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

K: DOS

L:

M: N:

Commands

Used

With

DOS

. .

.........

.............................

............

Commands

Accessing

PUTIGET

STATUS

Damaged

ALPHABETICAL

BASIC RESERVED WORDS USED WITH DISK OPERATIONS

USED WITH DOS ERROR MESSAGES

AND HOW TO RECOVER. . . . . . . . • •

2.5

FOR 64K RAM SYSTEM

CONVERSION TABLE

TO DISK DRIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .

HOW DISK DRIVES YOU HAVE

DISK DRIVE OR WITH DOS 2.0S FILES

TO TELL DOS

STRUCTURE

COMPOUND BINARY FILE

2.5 THE DOS 2.5 DISK UTILITIES ... ATARI POWER CONNECTION IN

THE UNITED KINGDOM

XF551

With

the

NOTElPOINTC

Commands

.................

Command ...

the XID Command

Files

...............................

..

....

.............

. .

DIRECTORY

2.5

MEMORY

MA

2.5

OF

AND THE ATARI130XE RAM DISK

DISK DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS

MAP

...................••........

L TO DECIMA L

..................

DATA

HOW

..................

WITH

AN

ATARI

A

..

...................•......

....................

................

..........................

for

DOS Menu

....

OF

..........•..•.........

TRANSFERS

MAN

Y

810

. . . . .

...........•........

......................

.

..••......

......•..

.

.........

. ......

ommands

Options

..

. • • • • • • . . . . . 91

.................

....•.........

....

........

.

....

•.

........

.............

.

........

. .

.....

.

...

....

.

..

63

66

67 6B 70

74 76

76

79

80

83

87

101

. 103

105

107

11

117 119

1

25

129

141

143

1

INDEX ........

.........

.....

...•..•..

CUSTOMER SUPPORT . . . . ...

..•....

..•....•..

..

...

•..

....

• .........

145

149

YOUR

ATARI XF551 DISK

DRIVE AND DOS

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

The

AlA

Rie XF

speed storage devi

or

XLTM

Computer system. Your

re

tains the information and instructions you enter through its

keyboard. But

hout a sto

wit

each time you turn off the computer.

551™

the

rage device like the XF

Disk Dri

ce which

computer's memory

ve

is

an

greatly enhances your ATARI

ATA

extremely efficient, high-

RI

Comp

551, its

uter's memory

is

limit

ed

in size, and

contents are erased

XETM

Your ATARI

large amounts of information in separate files on diskettes. With your erase them, and manage them in many

ATARI XF551

XF551

Disk Drive enables you

, you can

ca

ll up your f iles by name, c

to

store and manage

other

way

s.

opy

or

What DOS Does

To store information allows your

each other about your file System - DOS for short - fits

nounced "

disk

and otherwise managing your diskette fi les. DOS itself is organ·

ized i n files c

You

must load

with your disk drive. Some ready-made alread y contain a version

loading it separately. B those

program an

blank diskettes

backup copies of im

in cartridge form, you have

y case, you need DOS for many essen tial tasks:

computer

doss

") is a program that enables your

drive

if

to

onta

005

you plan to use a

to

on

diskettes you need software that

and

dis

k drive

s.

That

int

work together in

ined on

into yo

store

po

the

Master Di

ur c

omputer

of

DOS, sparing you the trouble of

ut

with

other programs, especially

disk

your

rtant fi les and diskettes.

fi les, for

to

communicate with

is

where the Disk Operating

o the picture. DOS (pr

compute

stor

ing, retrieving, and

skette

before it can work

comp

to

load DOS along

drive with the program. In

exa

.

uter program s

mple, and

with

to

prepare

to

o-

r

make

the

v

DOS

2.5

and Your ATARI Personal

Computer System

With just a few restrictions, earlier

OOS

manage files originally stored and managed versions

You

AlAR!

2.5

can

use

DOS

formats. This means that

of

DOS.

OOS

2.08.

2.5

with the AlARI

Disk Drives. However, your system

XF551.

one

DOS 2.5 allows you in either single you can record about than you can density storage only

810

the

data stored in enhanced density (including the files on your

DOS Drive tem includes

access your files, you may want

in single-density.

Disk Drive is not capable

2.5 to

begin working

with

Diskette - this is why you must have an

an

to

format diskettes and store information

or

enhanced density. With enhanced density

50 percent more data on each diskette

DOS

if you have an

with

810

Disk Drive that you will

DOS

You

can also convert DOS 3 files

2.05. But you can manage enhanced-

DOS

2.5

is compatible with the

you

can

use

DOS

using

XF551

must

AlARI

of

formatting

2.5

). If your

to

format all your diskettes

and

the

include

XF551

or

computer sys-

often

2.5

the

ATARI810™

at least

Disk Drive;

managing

XF551

use

to

older

Disk

to

Note: DOS

XF551

manual

"1050" for "XF551"

If your system includes both are using DOS 2.08 files are working

With either or both disk drives, use single-sided, doubledensity diskettes.

and

with

2.5

woo<s

1050

Disk Drives. If you happen to

an

ATARI1050 Disk Drive you can substitute

with

exactly the same

in

all sections discussing DOS 2.5.

an

XF551

with

DOS 3 files, see Appendix L.

DOS

with

both

and

2.5

, see Appendix

be

an

the

ATARI

using this

810

, and you

H.

If you

DOS that runs on your date ATARI you can always use

data diskettes and manage files.

Many diskette-based programs designed for use with the earlier

DOS with certain protected diskette programs (see your program

user's manual if you are unsure whether a program is protected

2.5

works with any ready-made cartridge-based program

ATARI

DOS

2.5, including the AtariWriter™ word processor and

BASIC. With these and other cartridge-based programs,

DOS 2.05 can

2.5, although you may

Computer - even programs that

DOS

also

2.5

instead

be

converted from

have

to continue to use

of

DOS 2.0S

pre-

to prepare

to

DOS

2.0S

).

How

This manual is designed to serve everyone from the beginning computer user to the advanced programmer. It includes two

sections that introduce the

detailed guide to all the capabilities for DOS 2.5, a section

more technical information primarily for programmers, and several appendices. Appendix J , a brief glossary

used in talking about beginner. As you work with this manual, consult the glossary whenever you

If you just purchased your first disk drive, you should start with

Section 1, "

instructions for setting up and using your drive.

Section 2, "Getting Started with

the most frequently used functions instructions, it explains how to load

prepare diskettes to store files, duplicate diskettes, name and

refer to your files, and copy and erase files. Most importantly, it explains how to make a System Diskette, or working copy

of

not neglect before going on to learn more about through the examples and exercises in this section, you will need at least three blank diskettes, one Diskette and two to use as practice data diskettes. Since some

DOS.

to

Use This Manual

XF551

DOS

, may be particularly helpful to the

are

unsure of a term's meaning.

Your

ATARI

This is a very important procedure that you should

XF551

Disk Drive," which provides simple

Disk Drive and

DOS

2.5, ~ introduces you to

of

DOS. With step-by-step

DOS

into your computer,

to

make your System

DOS

, a

of

terms

DOS. To

of

go

vii

of

the exercises involve the use

need a BASIC cartridge 1200XLTM 130XE'"",

Computer. If you have an 65XETM, or

if

BOOXLTM

you have

of

AlAR I BASIC, you will also

an

AlAR I

XETM

Game System,

, your computer

4OO™,

is

equipped

8OO™, or

with

built-in BASIC.

Section 3, "Selecting a DOS Menu Option," covers every function on of

how

the

DOS

to

use each one.

2.5

Menu and provides step-by-step examples

Section 4, "Using BASIC Commands

interest primarily

The appendices cover a number

nical topiCS.

See Appendix C if you run

•

you

get

If you have more than one

•

If y

our

•

computer system includes Drive or using the earlier

If you have

•

If you have diskette files created and stored using AlARI

•

OOS

If you live in the United Kingdom, see Appendix N for

•

3, see Appendix L

to

the advanced user or programmer.

of

You

may find the following especially useful :

into

started

with

DOS 2.5.

disk

if

you have diskette files created and stored

ATARI

an

AlARI130XE Computer, see Appendix K.

DOS 2.05, see Appendix H.

with

DOS 2.5

,"

both technical and nontech-

any error messages

drive, see Appendix

an

AlARI

810

additional installation i nformation.

will be

as

G.

Disk

of

~

SECTION

1

YOUR ATARI

DISK

DRIVE

XF551

000000000000000000

When you have the following items:

•

ATARI

• Serial 1

AC

•

• DOS 2.5 Master Diskette

• Warranty/Registration Card

If you are

You should save the packing materials

the

disk

unpack

XF551

/0

Power Adapter

missing

your

Disk Drive

Cable

any

drive.

AlAR! X

of

these items,

F551

Disk

Drive, be sure you

contact

for

your dealer.

shipping

or

storing

Connecting Your

Your

XF551

with

a sturdy level surlace

up the system where

extreme sunlight,

Follow these steps

XL

Computer:

1.

Make sure the drive, the

connected

2.

Plug one end nector Plug the

1

/0

3.

Plug one end

labeled Power In on the back

other

and

your entire system should

or

to

the

of

marked Peripheral on the back

other

Connectors

end

end into one

on

of

into

an electrical outlet.

XF551

it will

high

to connect an

computer

the drive's Serial 1

the back of the drive.

the

AC

Disk

close

humidity

to an electrical outlet.

be

exposed

.

XF551

computer, and

are

switched

/0

of

the

two

Power Adapter

of

the

Drive

be

set

up

to

dust

, grease,

to your

all

other

off.

Cable

of

disk

into

the

comp

connectors

into

the

drive. Plug the

in

a location

Don't

ATARI

XE

peripherals

the con-

uter

marked

connector

set

or

.

1

Back Panel of Computer

Serial 1

4.

Tum on the disk drive. The BUSY drive

ready

Warning: Your

will

go

on briefly. When the BUSY

to

insert a diskette.

AlARI

XF5

/0

Cable

51

Disk Drive should

inches or more from your television .

magnetic

iskettes.

d

field that could affect the information recorded on

Power Adapter

light on the front of the

light goes

Your

TV creates a strong

be

off

, you are

placed

12

You

r disk drive

is

now ready to receive the DOS 2.5 Master Disk-

ette. It is recommended that you read the next sec

manual before proceeding.

2

ti

on of this

Connecting More Than One

You

can

connect

or

XL

Computer. Multiple

are

connected to

Gables supplied

disk

drives makes many

up

to four

each

with

XF551

disk

Disk Drives to your AlARI

drives (and other components)

other in a daisy chain, using the Serial 110

each component. Connecting additional

disk

operations more convenient.

Disk

Drive

XE

Note:

disk drives, printers,

You

may connect a total

and

of

six peripherals (including

modems) to your

ATARI

XE

or

XL

Computer.

To

connect two or more

XF551

Disk Drives follow these

instructions:

1. Connect a Serial Peripheral on Connectors on the back

nect another Serial 1/0

~

nectar on the first drive and second drive. Connect

1/0 Gable between

the

back

of

the

of

the first

Gable

up

to

the

connector marked

computer

and one

disk

drive. Then con·

of

the 1/0

to the remaining 110 Con·

to

either 110 Connector on the

three more disk drives in the

same way.

~

of

~

Plug one end

2.

labeled Power other

end Into an electrical outlet. Repeat for each drive

the AC Power Adapter into the connector

In

on the back

of

the

disk

drive. Plug the

In

your system.

3

Setting Drive Select Switches

You

must set puter can correctly Ident ify each drive by a number. The drive select switches are on the back panel

Each combination numbers

order

may not have the same number.

The followi ng table shows the switch settings for each drive number.

position. Use a pen

you

the

1, 2, 3,

like

but

In

this table ~

drive select switches

of

or

switch

4.

You

one

drive

or

small screwdriver

positions corresponds

can assign drive numbers in any

must

is

the up position and iii is the down

be

of

set

so

you and your

the

disk

drive.

to

as

Drive 1 and

to

move the switches.

com

drive

drives

·

Drive

1

Switch Setting

2

3

4

of

Taking Care

Diskettes are coated

holds your data and Is read by the disk drive. To ensure long life and reliability, you must handle your diskettes properly.

Each diskette

lope and stored small write-protect notch on one edge

lope. By covering this notch with one tabs provided by the diskette manufacturer, you can accidentally erasing

See Section 2

diskettes.

is

for

Your Diskettes

with

a sensitive magnetic material that

pennanently enclosed in a protective enve-

In

a paper sleeve.

or

writing over any data on a diskette.

more infonnation on write-protecting your

Most

diskettes have a

of

the protective enve-

of

the small adhesive

aVOid

4

Remember these rules for proper care

diskettes:

and

handling of

Do

•

~

•

~

not insert or remove diskettes when the

light is

Never tum your disk drive

drive,

on.

on

or off with a diskette in the

and

never leave diskettes in the drive when the

drive's BUSY

system is off.

of

Keep diskettes away from sources

•

~

monitors, televisions, electric motors,

Keep diskettes away from extreme heat and moisture,

•

and

out of direct sunlight.

Never touch a diskette's magnetic media inside its pr!>

•

tective casing.

Do

•

not use a pencil or ball·point pen to write

magnetism (such as

and

telephones).

on

a label.

Use felt-tipped pens or write on the label before attach·

it to the diskette.

•

ing

Do

not bend your diskettes. Handle them with care when

~

inserting or removing them from the drive.

Store diskettes in their paper sleeves in a covered disk·

•

ette box.

labeling

Most diskettes come with a set of labels you each diskette.

Your

Diskettes

can

Be sure to label every diskette on which you

copy or store programs or files.

attach to

5

SECTION 2

GETTING STARTED

WITH

LJDDOOOOLJOtJOOIJ

Lo

ading

Follow Ihese steps to load DOS 2.5 with

not want to load BASIC , see

the following page):

1.

Make sure that your computer and

you

ATAR

Make sure that there is no diskette in your disk drive. If you

have

built-in BASIC,

and no diskette in your disk drive.

2.

Turn on your disk drive in your syst DOS and the

DOS

have

an

ATARI

I BASIC cartridge into your computer

an

ATARI

. The drive makes a whirring sou

BUSY

400,

XE

Game

be

sure there is

drive-

em

you

light goes on.

OOS2.5

ATARI

"DOS

BOO,

System,

must

With and Without BASIC,"on

disk

or 1

2QOXL

130X

no

cartridge

if

you have more than one disk

always use Drive 1 to toad

BASIC (il you do

drive are turned off. If

Computer, insert

's

cartridge slo

E,

65XE

nd

, or

in

your

when turned on,

BOOXL

comp

an

t.

with

uter,

Caution:

the BUSY light

3.

When the of

your

position. Remove your

protective paper sleeve and insert

label faci ng up and toward you, until

Then t u

Never insert or remove a diskette

is

on .

BUSY

ATARI XF551 Disk Drive to the open (horizontal)

rn

the latch

light goes off, turn the latch on the fron t

DOS

to

the closed (vertical) pOSition.

2.5

in

your drive while

Master Diskette from its

it in your drive, with the

it clicks into place.

7

4.

Tum on your computer. The

on again as the volume on your TV, you can hear it

OOS

loads

disk

into

your computer. If you

drive's BUSY light goes

tum

up

beep as DOS loads.

5. When the READY prompt (from your screen, type DOS and press

th

DOS Wi

Naturally, you won 't always To

load DOS without BASIC if you have

1200XL Computer, simply follow the steps explained above

and Without BASIC

be

ATARI

using DOS 2.5 with

BASIC) appears on

1 Reti.m I.

an

ATARI

400, 800 , or

ATARI

BASIC.

wi

th

out inserting your BASIC cartridge and omit step 5.

1f

you have

your

computer

into

your

load DOS - unless you first insert a program cartridge in the

computer's cartridge slot

your

computer

As you've seen, going from BASIC to DOS is easy DOS and press 1

easy; see " Running a Cartridge From DOS.

an

ATARI

is

equipped

computer

console as you turn

Retl.rn

XE

Game System,

with

built·in BASIC. BASIC

whenever you turn it on, including when you

or

you hold

J.

Going from DOS back to BASIC

down

it

on.

130XE

the

II

, 65XE,

~

justlype

or

8OOXL,

is

loaded

key on

is

just as

-

Boo

t Errors

Loading a program into a computer when you first turn it on is

call

ed

booting up. If a problem occurs when booting up your sys-

tem, the following appears on your screen:

8

When you start your system, a boot error can occur for the following reasons;

• The inserted diskette does not have DOS

• The diskette was inserted incorrectly.

• The diskette has been scratched, warped, or marred. case, use another diskette.

• The diskette

810 Disk

The following conditions will also cause a boot error, but no indication of it will appear

• The disk drive was turned on afterthe computer was turned

is

Drive.

an

enhanced-density diskette

on

the screen.

on

it.

in

an

ATA

In

this

RI

on.

• The disk drive is not properly connected to the computer console.

• The Power Adapter plug has loosened from its wall socket .

• The Power Adapter plug has loosened from the disk drive POWER IN socket.

• The drive swi

If you have checked and found none of these problems, take the

following steps;

1. Insert the DOS 2.5 Master Diskette or System Diskette (working copy of DOS 2.5)

2. Remove the DOS diskette.

3.

Reinsert the problem diskette and save any accessible 'iles on another diskette using the process for copying files (see C. , COPY

4. With the problem diskette

function to erase all the files.

FI

LE,

tc

h setting is not correct.

in

Drive 1 and reboot the system.

in

Section 3).

in

Drive 1, use the DELETE FILE(S)

5. Try using the diskette again. If this fails, the diskette will have be

to

reformatted (see

I.

. FO

RM

AT

DISK, in Secti

on

3).

9

The DOS Menu

if

Once you ' ve loaded DOS into your computer and, typed DOS and pressed (

TV

or

monilor

screen.

The

AetuTl

I. the DOS Menu appears on your

menu

presents a list

tions. The prompt below the menu invites you to make a selec-

tion.

You

choose the function you

want

to

use

by

letter corresponding to your selection and pressing I

then asks you for the information

" Prompts and Responses

DI

SK

OPERATING SYSTEM II

COPYRIGHT

A. DISK DIRECTORY

B . RUN CAFITRIDGE

COPY

C.

D.

DELETE

E.

RENAME

LOCK

F.

G. UNlOCK FILE

H. WRITE DOS FILES

,"

1984 ATARI

FILE

fllE{S)

FILE

FilE

it

needs to proceed (see

later in this section

VERSION

CORP

.

I. FORMAT DISK

J DUPLICATE

K. BINARY

l.

M. RUN N. CREATE O. OUPLICATE FILE P. FORMAT SINGLE

2.5

BINARY

AT

SAYE

LOAD

ADDRESS

MEM. SAY

DISK

necessary,

of

DOS func-

pressing

FIeWTl

).

the

J.

DOS

OR

(

Aeb.rn

SELECT ITEM

) FOR MENU

•

Here is a

summary with an • are introduced later in this section ; all are explained in detail in Section 3 .

•

A.

DISK DIRECTORY

This option allows you of

the files on a diskette, showing the filenames, extenders

(if any), the

number

·8

. RUN CARTRIDGE

of

(Can ONLY be used with built-in BASIC

installed in the return control

tridge inserted in the cartridge sl the ATARI800

of

the

number

DOS 2.5

to

of

sectors allocated to

call

Menu

up

options.

a complete

Those

or

selective list

each

file, and the

free sectors stilt available on the diskette.

or

with a cartridge

computer

of

your

Compu

console.) This option allows you

system

to

buill-in BASIC

ot

(the left

or

cartr

idge slot in

ter).

to

marked

the

car-

to

10

·C. CO

• D. DE LETE FILE(S)

E.

F.

PY FILE

or

Use this option when yo u have two

you

want

this option to copy a file on the same diskette, assigning a

second

This option leIs you erase a file

available

the

RENAME FILE

Use th is option

LOCK FI

Th

is

from

will still be able to read the file , but w il . When the directory is displayed, an asteri sk is placed in front

to

copy

name

LE

option can

changing.

of

the file name to indicate that the file is locked.

files

to the

space

when

be

used

renam ing,

from

one

diskette

copy

.

fr

om

on the diskette.

you want to

to

prevent yo u - or anyone else -

or

accide

more disk drives and

to anoth

a diskette, increasing

change

ntally er

the name

ill

not be able to write to

er.

asing

Also use

of

a file.

You

G. UNL

H. WRITE DOS FILES

"I

. FORMAT DISK

• J. DUPLI

OCK FILE

of

This removes the asterisk from in front allows you to make changes to the liIe, rename it, or delete

t.

i

Use this option to add the DOS files (DOS. SYS and

OUP.SYS) on you r Master Diskette or Syste m Diskette to a

diskette in any disk drive.

Th is o essary

ou

y

ption

do

before

enhanced

is

k Dri ve;

D

CATE DI This is the option you choose when you want to create an exact duplicate of a diskette. This o format the destinati on disk.

is used

before

not have any files y

you can record any

formatting

density pro

otherwi

to

format a blank

it.

This

vided you are us

se, it will format in single-density .

SK

ou

want

option

information on it.

w

ill

pt

the filename and

diskette, wh

to

keep o n a

format

ing

ion wilt autom atically

a di

an X

F551

ich is nec-

Be sure

diskette

skette

in

or 1050

11

K.

BINARY SAVE With this option you can save

on

memory locations

language programs.)

L. BINARY LOAD

This option lets you retrieve an object file is the reverse function semb

M. RUN

N. C RE

This option allows you to reserve space on a diskette for the

ly l

anguage

AT

ADDRESS

With this option you can enter the hexadecimal starting

of

address

RAM with a BINARY LOAD. (Executes assembly lan programs.)

ATE

an object program after it

MEM.SAV

program in RAM

used. For idea to create a MEM.SAV file on each new intend

familiar with DOS, you may find there are

MEM.SAV file serves no useful fu nction. So ience of waiting for MEM.SAV to load into rant deleting it from

to

some

use

as

a diskette. (Manipulates assembly

of

programs.)

to

be

stored while the

applicati

a System Diskette. As you

th

e diskette.

the

contents of specified

from

a diskette. It

BI NARY SAVE. (Manipulates as-

has

been loaded into

DUP.SVS

ons

like programming, it is a good

diskette

become

cases

memory

file is being

where a

the

inconven-

may

guage

you

more

war-

'0.

DUPLICATE FILE

es

This option enabl another, even

·P

. FORMAT S

Use

this option

single-de

if

you have only a single disk drive.

INGLE

when you

nsity using

you to

an X

copy a fi

want

F551 Disk

to

Prompts and Responses

T

he

questions and requests that DOS displays on

are

ca

lled prompts. The answers you type into your

responses. DOS always prompts you for

to

carry most of

information for many

12

out

your wishes.

common

You

will soon become

DOS prompts; since DOS requires

of

its functions,

it

le from

format a diskette

Drive.

the

won't

one

diskette to

your

screen

computer

inf

ormatio

familiar

be long before

n it needs

with the

the

same kind

in

are

many of your responses become almost automatic.

As

you use each function of DOS , the program lists its successive prompts and your responses on your screen as you proceed .

After typing a response into your computer, you must press

(

FletuTl

sponse to certain prompts tells DOS to

default, response - see " Defaults

prompts require a simple yes or no answer. and press I

If

Delete

[

To and [ Delete

Lo

i to confirm your response. (Pressing (

supply

,"

later

FIetuTI

I.

To

answer no, type N

FletuTl

i only in re-

a preselected, or

in

this section). Many

To

answer yes, type Y

and

press I

FIetuTI

you make a mistake while typing in a response, press

BkSp

i to erase the error, then type in the correct information.

delete an entire response before you confirm it, press (

BkSp

) simultaneously.

oking

at

a Disk Di

recto

ry

I.

StvtL

i

Each diskette you use to store information has a disk directory that keeps track of the files stored on the diskette, how much room they take up. and how much free space is left on the diskeUe

for stor ing more information. The DISK DIRECTORY selection on the DOS Menu allows you to check what files you have on your diskettes.

Since your DOS Master Diskette itself contains files, you can try

out the function by looking at the directory of those files. With the

DOS Menu on your screen, type A, then press (

O'SK OPERATING SYSTEM II VERSION 2 . 5 COPYRIGHT

A. OISK DIRECTORY

B. RUN CARTRIDGE J DUPLICATE DI SK

C.

COPY FILE K. BINARY SAVE

D. DELETE FILE(S) L BINARY LOAD E. RENAME FILE M.

f . LOCK

G.

UNlOCK

H. WRITE

SELECT ITEM OR

•

DIRECTORY _

DOS DUP RAM DISK COM 009 SETUP COM 010

COPY32

DISK FiX COM 057

739 FREE SELECT ITEM OR

19U

ATARI

fiLE

OOS F!Lfi.-.

~

SURCH

SYS SYS

COM

SECTO

~

CORP.

I. FORMAT DISK

RUN

N. CREATE NEM.

O. DUPLICATE FILE

P. FORMAT SINGLE

fOR

MENU

SPEC . LIST FILE?

037

0<12

0541

FOR MENU

AT

ADDRESS

Retlnl

l twice.

SAY

•

13

These are the files that make up the DOS 2.5 program. The

in

three·digit numbers

sectors each file occupies

ting a Diskette " for

index tells you how many sectors remain for storing additional information on the diskette.

SYS

DOS. DOS functions . For pendix K. Explanations of SETUPCOM, DISKFIX.COM appear

and DUPSYS are the tiles that execute

the right·hand column indicate how many

on

the Master Diskette. (See " Format-

an

explanation of sectors

an

explanation of RAM DISK. COM, see Ap-

in

Appendix L.

.)

The line below the

cOPY32

the

standard

.COM, and

Duplicating a Diskette

on

With the DUPLICATE DISK option create thing from your original ,

nation,

an

exact replica at a diskette. This function copies every-

or

source, diskette onto another, or desti-

diskette. It also formats your destination diskette.

the DOS 2 .5 Menu, you c

an

Caution: The DUPLICATE DISK function erases or writes over

any information that may already be on a destination diskette.

files

Never use a destination diskette that contains valuable

To

Duplicate Your DOS Diskette

To

learn how the DUPLICATE function works, make a duplicate of your DOS guard. DOS , and keep the Master Diskette itself you can use DOS without worrying about accidental damage to your working diskette.

As your destination diskette , use a new, blank diskette.

If

1. With the DOS Menu on your screen, type

You

Have One Disk Drive

T

he

prompt DUP

2.5 Master Diskette. This

should use your duplicate

DISK-SOURCE

is

also an important safe-

as

your working copy of

as

a backup copy. Then

J and press I

, DEST DRIVES? appears.

.

FIetu'n

].

2.

Type

1,1 and press [

DISK, TYPE RETURN appears.

Fletu'n

14

l. The

prompt-INSERT

SOURCE

~

3.

~

Place the diskette you

case, your

DOS

2.5 Master Diskette - and press I

disk drive begins to " read " the information contained on your

source NATION

4.

Remove

diskette. Then

DISKETTE, TYPE

your sour

blank diskette (formatted

~

I

Rew-n

source

). DOS writes the information

diskette to your destination

want

DOS

to

duplicate

prompts

RETURN.

ce

diskette from the

or

unformatted)

in the

you

to INSERT DESTI-

disk

drive

Retl

and i

, then press

it

has read from your

diskette

, first fo r

- in this

.m ]. The

nsert

matting

a

the destination diskette.

How

many

destination diskettes in your disk

times

DOS

promp

ts you to

drive

insert

your

source

will depend on how

and

much

data is recorded on the source diskette and the amount of RAM

in your

( Flaum ] FOR

complete

computer

.

system.

MENU

When

appears

, the

the

prompt

duplicatio

SELECT

ITEM OR

n process is

Label your

2.5 - System Disk Write-Protect Tabs , from

now

new

copy

of

DOS

2.5 clearly -

."

Attach a write-protect tab to it (see "

"

~I

and use it as

on. Store your original

your working

DOS

safe place.

If

You

Have

1. With the DOS The appea

2. Type 1,2 and press [ Retlnl J.

DISKS, TYPE RE

3. Place

original matted

Two

prompt

rs.

your

DOS

or

unformatted) in Drive 2, then press [ Retlnl

Disk

Dri

ves

Menu

on your screen,

DUP DISK -SOURCE, DEST

The

prompt

source

TURN

diskette in Drive 1 - in this case, your

appears

.

2.5 Master Diskette -

4. DOS duplicates all the information on

your destination diskette, first

forma

diskette.

something

2.5

Master

type

J and press [

DRIVES?

INSERT BOTH

and

a blank diskette (for-

from

your

tti

ng

like "

DOS

Using

copy

of

DOS

Diskette in a

ReWTl

l.

source

diskette

the destination

).

When pears,

the

prompt

the

duplication pr

SELECT

ocess

ITEM OR {

is

complete

Return

] FO R M E

.

NU

ap-

15

Label your new copy of DOS 2.5 clearly - something like

2.5 - System Write-Protect Tabs DOS from now on. Store your original DOS 2.5 Master Diskette in a safe place.

Disk"

. Attach a write-protect tab to it (see

,"

below) and use it as your working copy of

"DOS

"Using

(Another way to make a DOS Syslem Diskette is to use option H

WRITE DOS FILES, to write DOS.SYS and DOS .

DUP

on a for-

matted diskette. With some applications, such as AtariWriter,

is recommended that you write DOS files on every data diskette you plan to use to store files. This way, you can load DOS directly from your data diskettes as you load the application program.

See your AtariWriter User's Guide and Section 3 of this manual

The DUPLICATE DISK function is sometimes confused with the

nct

COPY FILES function of DOS. The COPY FILES fu only the files you specify from a source diskette. CATE DISK function is more efficient when you complete backup copies of data diskettes containi files.

Using

Before duplicating a diskette or copying files from another, it is a good idea to attach a write-protect tab to your source diskette. (Included with every package of diskettes that you buy, these tabs are adhesi When folded over the notch in the edge of a diskette, a writeprotect tab prevents your disk drive from writing information over any files that may already be there.

Write-Protect Tabs

ve

but can easily be removed.)

The

want

ion copies

DUPLI-

to make

ng

several

one

diskette to

.,

it

.)

Particularly when you are using one disk drive to copy files, you might mistakenly insert the source diskette when your disk drive is ready to write information onto the destination diskette. A write-protect tab on the source diskette prevents the drive from writing over (and destroying) your original data.

dup

licate or

16

~

CJ

0

~

(

~

I

Wrote· Pro

W,i"P",~

tect Tab

,

"'

"

Formatting a Diskette

Unless they 're preformatted, the diskettes you buy to store your files must be prepared to record information from your computer. This process is called matting organizes the surface

ors

so thai your computer can store and retrieve information on

t

it in an orderly way (see illustration on the next page).

formatting,

or

initializing. a diskette. For-

of

a diskette into tracks and sec-

Caution:

already be recorded on it. Never format yo data diskette that cont ains valuable files.

The

ettes. When used DISK, using an dens densit sing

If

yo

810

an using the earlier

files created

Formatting a diskette erases any information thai may

DOS

le density on an XF551 Disk Drive.

ur

2.5

Menu offers you two options for formatti

will

format the

810

Disk Drive, DOS will format the

ity. Option P.,

y.

It

should be used when you

system Disk Drive, or

incl

ATARI

with

an X

F551

diskette

FORMAT SINGLE, formats

udes both an

if

you have files c reated and

DOS 2.0S, see Appendix

OOS

3,

see Appendix

Disk Drive,

in enhanced density.

want

ATARI XF551 Disk Drive and

ur

Master Diskette or a

ng

to

l.

Option

disk

only

format a

I.

, FORMAT

If

you are

in

sing

in si

diskette

sto

red

H.

If

yo

ngle

disk-

le

in

u have

17

ormatted

F

Oiskette

rite-Pfotet

Track

(one revolution)

Sector

(section 0 1 track)

To

Format a Diskette

W

Ti

Read·Write Area

To get acquainted with the formatting procedure, formal two blank diskettes to use when doing the exercises described

on

rest of this section. Wilh the DOS Menu

your screen:

t Notch

ming

in

the

Hole

1.

To

format in enhanced density on an

Retu'Tl

J;

or

to

and press [ press [

Rew-n

J. The prompt WHICH DRIVE TO FORMAT?

format in single-density, type P and

XF551

Disk Drive, type I

appears.

2.

Type wanl to format Ihe diskette. The prompt TYPE " Y "

the number of the disk drive

MAT

DISK n (where n is the number of the drive you specified)

in

your system

in

which you

TO

FOR·

appears. This gives you a chance to make sure that the speci· fied drive contains a diskette that you want to format -

member, formatting erases any files already contained

reo

on

a

diskette.

3. Place the diskette to be formatted in the drive you have speci·

fied.

Type

Y and press I

Rew-n

l. The BUSY light goes on as the

drive begins to format the diskette.

When the prompt SELECT ITEM OR !RetlnI ] FOA MENU ap-

s,

pear DOS Files

formatting

on

is

complete.

the formatted diskette.

You

can now store files or write

Now repeat the procedure

Naming

To

manage your tiles with DOS, you have to give each tile a distinctive filename. computer what part at your system - for example, Disk Drive 1

- you want to handle the file at any particular time. gether, the device code and the filename that you specify make

filespec (short for "

up a

filespec looks like:

Devic name

e~

and Referring

You also

Dl'ATAR

wi

th another diskette.

to

Files

have to use a device code to tell your

Taken

fi

le specification "

I1

30

BAS

.

'"

i-"

).

Here

is

what a typical

to-

Devic numb

(optio

col

Filena (up to chara

Period

as

exten

Exlen

(optio

includes

o to 3 characters

e

or

nal)

Ired Aequ'

on

me

a

cters)

required

sep

arator if

der is used

der

nal)

19

Device Codes

The

01 : in

resents the part of your system you want DOS to use in carrying out a command. The 0 stands for disk drive, and the 1 specifies the number of the drive in your computer system.

must always

the

filespec illustration is a device code;

be

used with a device code.

there

Th

e colon (:)

,

it

rep-

There are

also

codes f

or

other

devices that DOS

can

access

activate. The default display device, for example (see " Defaults you could also use P:, which stands for a printer. See DISK

RECTORY

display devices. C: , for cassette program recorder, is another device code that you might specify when using drive, and a program recorder to manage files.

,"

below) is E:, which stands for your TV screen or monilor;

in Section 4 for some examples of using different

DOS

, your

disk

DI

Defaults

For your convenience, default responses

to

prompts are built in

Since on e

1 this device when you press [ SEARCH a source

[

Retl.m

using most

most DOS users have only one

of

the more convenient defaults in DOS is 01 : -

of

your

computer

SPEC, LIST FILE prompt. DOS also

and

destination device - provided that you press

) in response to

other

DOS 2.5.

system.

th

DOS functions.

You

Retl.m

e appropriate prompts - when you are

have seen how

) in response

disk

to

several

drive,

of

its own

for

example,

Disk

DOS

to

defaults

a DIRECTORY-

to 01 : as

Drive

or

-

to

If you have only

number

D:

to

when entering the device

mean Drive 1.

one

disk

drive, you

code

do

not have to

for it. DOS understands

Filenames

Each file stored on a given diskette must have a

otherwise, your co

wanted

Filenames you like

to

work

by

with.

may

be

a period and an extender

20

mputer

up

system wOUldn't know

to eight characters in length, followed

of

up

to

three

specify

unique

which

cha

racters.

a drive

filename;

file you

if

Except lor the period that separates the filename proper from the

in

optional extender, all the characters or numbers, not punctuation marks or other symbols. So you could

use-

a filename must

be

letters

these filenames:

PROGRAM.6J

ACCT4321 LETTER1

If you try to enter an invalid filename, DOS refuses to accept it

and displays ERROR

Extenders, sometimes called file types, can you '

re

naming related but distinct files that you might want to

manage as a group (see " Wild Cards

as

an

use BAS ATARI

You LEITER.S with a word processing program, you might store the various chapters on diskette

Wild

BASIC- PROGRAM1 .BAS , PROGRAM2.BAS, and

might use LETTER .BUS to identify a business letter, and

Cards

extender when naming all programs you write

IS for a letter

but not these:

PROG.6J .BAS

ACCOUNT4321

165

on your screen.

")

. For example, you could

10

your sister.

as

CHAPTER.1, CHAPTER.

If

you were writing a book

be

useful when

2,

and

so

so on.

forth .

in

In

a game of poker, wild cards are valuable because they stand

for any card you choose. Similarly, DOS recognizes special wild

card

symbols that can stand for any character or combination of

characters

able you to refer to a group of files rather than to each one ind viduall

The two wild cards recognized by DOS are the question mark (?), which stands for any single character, and the asterisk

stands for in

an extender. Working with the following files, for example, you

could also use

including PROGRAM1.PIL. The file L

to all the business letter files.

PROGRAM1.BAS PROGRAM2 .BAS PROGRAM3.BAS

PROGRAM1.PIL

y.

in

a filename. A major convenience, wild cards en·

(*

),

an

y combination of characters in a filename proper or

PROGRAM?'

LETTER1 .BUS LETTER2.BUS LETTER3.BUS LETTER.SIS

to specify all the program files ,

EITER?BUS

would refer

io

which

21

You

can now understand the entire default filespec used by DOS

in

a DISK DIRECTORY procedure. When you press 1

response

prompt, DOS understands your response as 01 :· you know, is the default code (Disk Drive 1). T files

to

the

DIRECTOR

on

the diskette you want to check.

Y -

SEA

RCH SPE

he'

C, LIST

Rett.m

•.

The

• stands for all

Running a Cartridge From DOS

] in

FILE

01:

, as

With computer) or any other cartridge-based programming language, you can write your own programs to run And you can use programming language commands to store and

TRIDGE function

The procedures described sumption that you '

section). However, the same procedures apply to using DOS with other programming language cartridges.

From BASIC

ATARI

retrieve your programs

age your program

erase them. By enabling you to shift control of

from DOS to a programming language cartridge , the RUN CAR-

programming language at the same time.

BASIC along with DOS - see " Loading DOS

BASIC (whether it's

on

diskette. But you need DOS to man-

fi

les

in

other ways - for exampl e, to copy or

on

the DOS Menu allows you to use DOS and a

in

this secti

re

to

using

DOS

ATARI

and Back Again

in

cartridge form

on

your

on

are based

BASIC (and that you 've loaded

ATARI

your

,"

earlier

or

built

Computer.

computer

on

the as-

in

this

your

When you load BASIC and DOS together, as explained earlier in this section, the READY prompt appears. Again, going from

~OS

,

BASIC to DOS is easy - just type

on

DOS Menu appears

To

go from DOS to BASIC (or any cartridge-based program),

select B, RUN CARTRIDGE, from the DOS Menu, then press

I

Aet.l.m

22

I.

your screen.

then press I Aetu'rl J. The

Saving and Loading a BASIC Program

The BASIC computing language includes LOAD instructions thai you use to store and retrieve your programs first select RUN CARTRIDGE from the DOS Menu. When the READY prompt appears, type the following program exactly as it appears (even the spaces and punctuation are crucial in programming). Press mistake, you can press I

You puter to print - display on your screen - T H IS LINE REPE ITSELF and then go back to the previous instruction. imagine what's going to happen when this program runs.

Try press

on diskette.

1(1

P~:IHT

20

GOTO

've

just written a two-line BASIC progr

it. Type RUN , then press [

[

Break.

] to stop the program from runn ing .

To

Iry saving and loading a BASIC program,

Rew'n

]

(

althe

OeIeteBkSp ! to erase il.

"THI:;: LU1E REPEATS

10

ReWTI

end of

). When

its

each

am

you've

own SAVE and

line. If you make a

ITSELF"

that tells yo ur com·

ATS

You

can

seen enough,

To

store this (or any) BASIC program on diskette, you have to

enter the appropriate BASIC command - SAVE - followed by a

your

filespec that DOS understands. Replace

Drive 1 with one of the initialized practice diskettes. Then type

BAS

SAVE " D:PROGRAM1 .

drive goes to work , your program is recorded on diskette.

Though it has now been stored on diskette, your program also

remains in your computer's back

it from memory. Then press

clear it from your screen. Next, type LOAD " D:PROGRAM1.

BAS

program is loaded back into your comput

and press I

into yo ur computer, first type NEW and press [Ret\rn ) to clear

" and press I

ReWT1

he

Not e: T as DOS LOAD and SAVE commands.

BASIC LOAD and SAVE

Re4rn

J. As your disk

) to bring the program

" and press [Ret\rn ).

memo

[

Stwft

ry. To see the program load

) and [

Clear] at

drive

back

commands

DOS diskette in

As

your disk

the same time to

goes to work, the

er

. Finally, type

up

on your screen.

are not the same

LIST

2 3

Now, though you have loaded it into your computer's memor the program also remains on your data diskette. Once saved, your files remain on diskette until you use the DELETE

on

function

later

in

the DOS Menu to erase them (see " Erasing Files"

this section).

FILE(S)

Copying Files

LE

With the COPY FILE and DUPLICATE FI Menu, you can copy your files from one diskette to another. can also make a backup copy of a file the original, provided you give the copy a different filename.

You

Note:

and DUP.SYS - using either COPY

Instead, use option H

(see Section 3).

cannot copy the files that make up DOS - DOS.SYS

.,

WR ITE DOS FILES, to copy these files

FI

on

LE

options on the DOS

You

the same diskette as

or DUPLICATE FILE.

y,

Creating Some Practice Files

When going through the previous section of this manual, you

created a short program in BASIC and saved it on a data diskette as PROGRAM1 .BAS. To learn how to use the copying functions, create a few more practice files.

ad

Lo and have the DOS Menu on your screen, select RUN CARTR IDGE . Insert your data diskette (the one containing your PROG prompt appears, type the three SAVE commands below. Press

[

before proceeding. In effect, these files are nothing more than filenames, but they're enough for you to work with

how to copy

DOS and BASIC, if necessary; if you have already done so

RAM1

Aetl.m

.BAS file) in Drive 1 of your system . When the READY

) after each line and wait while your disk drive saves the file

as

you learn

fi

les .

SAl)E SAUE

SAl)E

"D: PROGRAt'12.

"D

: PROGRAt'13 . BA:3"

"D

:

PF::OGRA~

1

BAS"

.

PI

L "

To

Copy Files

Which of the two copying options you should use depends on how many disk drives file from one diskette to another or on the same diskette.

yo

u have and whether you want to copy a

24

If

your

810

earlier

files, see

system

Disk Dri

ATARI

includes

ve,

or

if

both

an

ATARI XF551

you have fi les c reated and stored

Disk Drive and an

DOS 2.08, see Appendix H. If you have DOS 3

Appendix

L.

using

the

From

Follow th ese steps to copy a file from one diskette to another using one disk drive:

1. With the DOS Menu on your screen,

2. Type the name

One

Diskette

FILE and press MOVE? appears.

PROGRAM1 . INSERT SOURCE DISK,

to

Another

I

of

PIL

f'leW'n

l.

one

- and press [

The prompt

of your

With

practice files - say,

TYPE

One

Disk

type

NAME

Retirn

l. The prompt

RETURN appears.

Drive

0 for DUPLICATE

OF

FILE

TO

3. Place the diskette containing the file you want to duplicate in

(

the drive and press specified file on your source diskette. Then DOS prompts you

10

INSERT DESTINATION DISK, TYPE RETURN .

4. Remove your source diskette fr

RetuTl

formatted diskette, then press (

has read from your source diskette to

ette.

I.

The disk drive begins to read the

om

the disk drive a

AetlrTl

).

DOS

your

writes the file it

destination disk-

nd

insert a

How many times DOS prompts you to insert your source and destination diskettes in your disk drive will

pr

your original file is. When the FOR

MENU

From

1. With the DOS Menu on your screen, type C for

2. Type the complete filespec for the file you want to copy, a

One

and press I

comma file PROGRAM1 .PIL, type: GRAM

appears, the copying process is complete .

Diskette

Aetu'n

, and the filespec for the copy itself. For yo

.PIL.

to

Another

l.

The prompt

ompt SELE

With

COpy

Dl

:PROGRAM1 .

depend

CT

'TWo

Disk

- FROM , TO? appears.

on how large

ITEM

OR

Drives

COPY

ur

PIL,02

[

AetlrTl

FILE

practice

:PRO-

)

25

3. Make sure Drive 1

Then press

DOS copies t he specified file from the diskette in Drive 1 to the diskette in Drive 2. When the prompt SELE FOR MENU appears, the copying process is complete.

thai

and

the diskette

Ret\rTl

[

the

).

diskette

to

containing your

which you are copying is in Drive 2.

CT

origina

ITE M

l file is in

OR

(Retlrn )

Backing

Whether option on the DOS Menu to make a

same diskette. Follow the steps oullined under "

ette

code for give the fife

you are copying your practice file PROGRAM1 .PIL on Drive 1, you

Using Wild Cards

Suppose you want tice BAS

four at

time

To

use wild

procedure you use

cards or

your FILE). wo

uld

- using the· using the DUPLICATE FILE option, DOS will tell you each

Up a File

you have one drive or two , you use the

to Another With Two Disk Drives

both

a different name in the

might

files - PROGRAM1.BAS,

, and

.

type D1:PROGRAM1 .

PROGRAM1.PIL

once

when typing your FROM filespec (when using COPY FILE)

To type

to stand for the extenders in all four filenames. If you are

fi

le.

- a time-saving alternative to

cards

NAME

copy

PROGRAM?

the?

on

the

the FADM

Same

and

the

Diskette

backup

TO

filespecs

TO

PIL,D1

to

Copy a Group

to

make

to

copy

to

copy one file on your system , but use wild

OF

FILE TO MOVE (when using

all f

our

of

to

stand for the

backup

You

all your practice files, follow

your practice files, f

* as the

numbers

copies

PROGRAM2.BAS

can use wild

name

copy

,"

but type the

and

COPY

of

From

remember to

FILE

a file on the

One

same

drive

filespec. For example.

:PROGRAM1 .

of

Files

of

all four

, PROGRAM3.

cards

copying

DUP

or

example

of the files to be copied

in all four f

BAK

of

your prac-

to copy all

them one at a

the

LICATE

, you

ilenames

as

it

Disk-

.

same

and

copies

if

of

See Section 3 for detailed examples copying files with COPY FILE and DUPLICATE FILE.

using wild

cards

when

Erasing Files

You

can erase a file from a diskette with the DELETE FILE

function

opens

tion. After a file is erased from a diskette, its filename disappears from the directory for that diskette.

on

up

the

space

DOS

on

Menu . Erasing out-ot·date files, of course ,

your

data

diskettes

for

stori

ng

more

(S)

informa

·

Caution

be permanent.

conditions can you use the OISKFIX.COM utility to (See the DISKFIX.COM section, Appendix

For practice,

BAS file. Place the data diskette containing the fil e in your disk

dr

ive . Then follow these steps:

1. With the DOS Menu on

2. Type 01 :PROGRAM1 .

3. Type Y and press

: Use the DELETE FILE(S) function with care - it may

Once

try

The prompt DELETE FILESPEC appears.

or D2:PROGRAM1 . The prompt TYPE " Y" TO DELETE ...

verification prompt, all mind about erasi

you've

erased

erasing the copy

your

screen,

BAS

ng

the file.

RetI.rn

(

BAS

owing

if

if it is in Drive 2, then press [

I to erase the file.

a file,

you

your

you a

only

under

gel

L.)

made of your

type

0 and press (

data diskette is in Drive 1,

appea

chance

to change your

PROGRAM1

rs

-this

certain

it

back.

Fletu'n

Retln1

is a

.

J.

I.

With wild cards in you wish in one operation.

of

copies same procedure you use to erase one file,

puter prompts you to enter the OELETE FILESPEC, type

:' .BAS

01

As DOS displays each filename matching yo and press I eral but not all cards, simply type N and press I

that you want to preserve appears. This operation takes less time than going through the entire DELETE FILE(S) proced

several individual files.

files with the BAS extender on

(or 02:· .BAS

RatI.m

your

filespec, you can erase as many files as

To

if you are usi

I to delete that fil

of

the files in a

try this, erase the two remaining

your

diskette. Follow the

but

when your com-

ng

Drive 2).

ur

filespec, type Y

e.

When you want to erase sev-

group

that you specify with wild

Retln1

] as the name

of

each fite

ur

e for

27

SECTION 3

SELECTING A

DOS MENU OPTION

00000000000000000

To

select a

1.

Load DOS into your computer. (From BASIC, you can go to

DOS

by

DOS

typing

Menu

option :

DOS and

pressing [RetorTl

l.)

2. The Menu will appear on the screen, listing the

16

options

available.

..

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

A .

DISK

~

B. RUN CARTRIDGE J OUPLICATE DISK

C. COPY FILE K. BINARY

D. E.

F.

G.

H. WRITEOOSFILES

SELECT ITEM OR

•

DIRECTORY

DELETE RENAME

LOCK

FILE

UNLOCK FilE

ATAR'

FILEIS)

Fill

[Aeurn

VERSION

CORP.

I.

l.

M.

N.

O. OUPLICATE

P.

I FOR MENU

2.5

FORMAT DISK

BINARY RUN

CREATE

FORMATSIHGLE

SAVE

LOAO

AT

ADORESS

MEM. SAY

FilE

~

Type the letter corresponding to your selection and press

~

3.

[ Retlrl'l J.

A prompt will appear, listing

4.

parameters

you

need

to

sup-

the

ply before DOS can perform the function you have chosen . A parameter is additional information (sometimes optional) specifying how the

command

is to operate.

29

5.

The prompt SELECT ITEM OR l each time the computer system completes a request. If you choose to select another item, type the leiter for the option you need and press [ scroll upward to make room for the next option 's prompts. If you press I Menu.

ReWT1]

ReWTl

J. The bottom half of

, the screen will clear and redisplay the DOS

If your system includes both

Drive,

ATARI managing your files and diskettes files formatted with

or

if

you have files originally created and stored using

OOS

2.05, see Appendix H

OOS

3, see Appendix L.

an

ReW"n

ATARI

for

with

1 FOR MENU appears

the

screen will

XF551

detailed information

DOS

and an

2.5.

If

810

you have

Disk

on

A.

A Disk Directory is a filename, the extender

cated to each file.

list, depending used in the parameters.

With the SELECT ITEM OR [ screen , type A and press I

plays this message:

If you press I the diskette, the size (in sectors) of each file, and the number of free sectors remaining

shows the files

DISK

DIRECTORY

li

st of the files on a diskette, showing the

(i

f any), and the number of sectors allo-

It

will either display a partial list

on

the parameters entered. Wild cards can be

ReWTl

AeWTl

DI RECTORY--SEARCH

ReW"n

1 again, you will see a listing of all the files

on

the diskette. The following example

in

the directory of your DOS 2.5 System Diskette.

or

a complete

I FOR MENU prompt

I. The screen immediately dis-

SPEC.LIST

FILE'

on

the

on

SELECT ITEI'!

A 1

ABt..m

)

OR 1'"""'1 FOR

D I RECTORY--SEARCH

SPEC.

~![t.W

LIST

FILE? 1""""

1

DOS

DUP RAt'1DISK SETUP Cot'l

COPY32 DI SKFD::

739

FREE SECTORS

8"1'8 8Y8 COt'l

COt1 COt,!

037 042

009

07

~

)

e5E,

12157

SELECT

In the unlikely cupies 1000 or more sectors on a diskette, the Disk Directory for that diskette will show the file as occupying only 999 sectors. Similarly, if there are more than 999 free sectors the directory will show 999 + FREE SECTORS. This is nol error; to maintain compatibility with programs written for DOS

2.0S, DOS 2.5 uses only three-digit numbers to indicate file sizes.

Also, when you store files, DOS 2.5 uses the lowest-numbered sectors stands a maximum of only DOS properly accessed by DOS 2.0S. When you use option A, DOS

2.5 displays the names of such " extended" files enclosed by angle brackets. For example:

on

2.5that

ITE~l

evenlthat

a diskette first. Since the earlier DOS 2.0S under-

uses sectors numbered 720 or above cannot be

OR

( Aetlrn l

you use DOS 2.5 to slore a file that oc-

719

FOR

sectors,

t'lnlU

on

a diskette,

any file created using

an

:t:DOS :t:DUP

,...",--

-=-

I .:0

c:'.',--

... ' I .:0

FILE! DAT FILE2 DAT

<FILE3

DAT>

236

In this directory listing, the files FILE3.DAT and FILE4. use sectors of the diskette number

with angle brackets. Note that the size of a file does not determine whether it is

ing sectors 720 or above will normally, but not necessarily, be the last files in a directory listing.

FPEE

SECTORS

so

037 12142

2(14

':;.

11

35(1

~

)22

ed

marked or not. Al

DAT

, which

720 and above , are marked

so

note that files occupy-

31

Parameters

As

you

can

command

At

this prompt.

es

, or all files

fil

cate

a specific disk drive,

the

files

on

do

If you

not

for

see from

has

two par

you on

the diskette in Drive 1 (the

indicate

default values of

fault

all

the

parameter

files on

, 01 :· . • • tells

the

the Disk Directory Option

the

entry

ameters, SEARCH SP

can choose to search for a single file, several

the diskette

a specific filespec,

01:*.·

diskette

,E: for the two parameters . The first de-

prompt

you

DOS

will

DOS

currently

for

the

Disk

EC

and

designate. If you

assume

default

that

inserted in

that

drive).

DOS

you want

will

you

substitute

to

Drive

Directory, this

LIST FILE.

do

not

indio

wanllo

see

a listing

1.

see

the

of

The second default parameter, E

information ify neither

the

screen

serted in Drive 1.

If you have a printer, you can ing a comma parameter.

to

be

displayed

parameter

all fil

enames

(,) for the first

In

the

examp

on

and

simply

and

file sizes stored

print a copy

parameter

le below, the

the screen.

file , DOS.SYS.

1. Type A and press [

2. After the and press

3. If you

will be printed n

ot

ERROR-138 displayed on the

directory

you

scr

ectory

the

OOS

een

will

all

, if you spec-

will list

diskette in-

for only

for Drive 1

. If you

see

on

by

us-

second

one

.SYS , P:

do

an

this

On

the

hard

copy

DO

S

739

Each displays a SELECT ITEM OR

FR

time

the

from

the

printer

8\'S

EE SE

DISK DIRECTORY

037

CTORS

32

, you will see:

option

[

Aew-n

J FOR

completes

MENU

prompt.

a taSk , it

The following examples illustrate several different ways you can

se

this option.

u

Note

: When filenames are displayed, names and their extend·

ers are not separated by a period. However, when you wa nt to access a file, you must use a period between the filename and its extender.

Ex

ample

extender on the screen.

1: Lists all files from Drive 1 diskette with .SYS

SELECT

ITEl1

OR

A I """'" I

DIRECTORY--SEARCH

*.

. SYS I

Ex

ample

SELECT

A I

""""

Retu"n

2: Lists all files on Dri

I

ITEt'l

OR

I

DIRECTORY--SEARCH

D2' • P'

Example ette that begin with EO.

SELECT

A I

""""I

1""""'1

3: Lists

ITEt'l

allt

hree·letter filenames from the Drive 1 disk·

OR

DIRECTORY--SEARCH

EO?*. IRetu"n

1

[""""'I

SPEC.

ve

[""""'I

SPEC.

[""""'I

SPEC.

FOR

NEI~U

LIST

2 diskette

FOR

I1UIU

LIST

FOR

1'IUIU

LIST

FILE'

on

the line printer.

FILE'

Note the files of a non·DOS disk, you may see a nonsensical lisling for the file directory. Commercial adventure games and boatable

game disks are examples of non·DOS disks. If this occurs you should turn your computer off, then on again, with your DOS

System Disk in Drive 1 before performing any further DOS tions.

Note

view the directory of a DOS 3 disk directly. See Appendix L, the

COPY32,COM

1: When you use the DOS 2.5 Disk Directory opti

2: You cannot use the DOS 2.5 Disk Directory Option to

section for

converting DOS 3 fil

es,

on

to list

fu

nc·

33

B. RUN CARTRIDGE

Whenever

puter System to

built-in BASIC,

computer

READY prompt. If the Assembler Editor cartridge is inserted, the

screen displays tridge

sage NO CARTRIDGE appears

Warning: If

Diskette (in Drive 1) when you entered DOS, you will find that

BASIC or assembly language program

entered DOS is now gone. Your program cannot

now

, unless you previously saved

ca

lled DOS. DOS 2.5 because you share Utility Package stored in the DUP.SYS file . T he

with DUP.SYS increases the

user

.

you

select B,

the

if

any. If the BASIC cartridge is inserted or your

does have built-in BASIC, the screen displays a

an

and

your computer does not have

you

do

This

loss

DOS

inserted cartridge

EDIT

not

have a

of

your program file

gives control

prompt.

MEM.SAV

the

amount

If

you

on

the screen .

it

user program area with the Disk

of

your

or

to your

have

built-in

file

in

memory before

on a diskette before you

happens

of

RAM available to the

computer's

not

inserted a

BASIC, the

on

your System

be

sharing

ATARI Com-

car-

mes-

any

you

recovered

when using

of RAM

Example

SELECT ITEt-1

B i

If the MEM.SAV file exists on assembly diskette when you type DOS and press [ into RAM when you return control to ing that the diskette in Drive 1 is the before you called DOS and that you did not invalidate MEM.SAV by

your use of DISK. A invalidated if you try to use any CREATE

:

""""

I

language

prompt

MEM

DR

i

"'""'

program will automatically be saved to the

COPY

will appear to remind you that MEM.SAV can

.SAV, in this section).

FILE, DUPLICATE FILE,

i

FOR

the

Drive 1 diskette,

ReWTl

the

cartridge.

same

of

these

commands

t1Et~U

your

BASIC

) and then reloaded

This

is assum·

diskette

or

that

DUP

(see N. ,

was there

LICATE

or

be

34

C. COPY FILE

Use this option if you have two copy a file from a diskette in one disk drive to another diskette in a second disk drive.

If your computer system includes both

810

Disk

Drive,

if you first format the destination diskette on the Option

as many files

in your 810.

more than If your computer system includes both an

Drive,

DOS 2.08, ing your files and diskettes with you

There are

mand:

filespec, which mayor may not contain wild cards . The use of wild cards in the first parameter gives you a very convenient of copying a group

Example

ter to allow the

second parameter

nation device such

see

(

P., FORMAT

or

if you use files originally created and stored using

have

Examples 3, 5,

DOS

FROM

6)

you

can

copy files

SINGLE,

as

will fit on the single-density formatted diskette

You

will

not

707

sectors, the capacity of a single density diskette.

see

Appendix H for detailed information on

3 formatted diskettes.

tw

o parameters associated with the COPY FILE com-

and

TO.

The first parameter,

of

files from one disk drive to another (see

. The

fA

option can

FROM

is

as

and

file to

generally a filespec , but

E:

(screen), P; (printer), or

6).

or

on

be able

be

appended

more

the

used with the second parame-

from

XF551)

to

copy

OOS

disk

drives and want to

an

ATARI

the

XF551

. Then you

any file that occupies

XF551

2.5.

See

FROM

to

the

can

XF551

to the

610

and

Appendix L if

, is usually a

TO

file . The

also

0:

(disk drive)

(or

an

be

810

by

can

810

manag-

and

only

using

copy

Disk

way

a desti-

an

COPY

ular

ent extender, or

you

that have been appended

of the file will

than the original file

If

tem Diskette,

FILE

can

also

be

used

file on

are copy i

you

the

same

ng

be

allemptto copy a file when a MEM.SAV

you 'Nill

diskette with the same filename but a differ-

even

a completely different filename. If the file

under a new name

compressed ; i.e

from

get a new prompt message.

to

create a backup copy of a partic-

is

made

(a

" compound " file), the new version

.,

it will take

which

it

was

copied.

up

of

several files

up

fewer sectors

file

is

on

You

your

will get the

Sys-

35

new message after typing the source drive number (where the

is

information

(where the data

coming from) and the destination drive number

is

going). The message

TYPE'

CRUTION

appears to remind you that DOS can use all of the user program area to speed up the copy file process. A Y notifies DOS that really don't care about your user program area or MEM.SAV file

at this time - MEM.SAV wi the DOS that it cannot put anything into the user program area. It

can only use a much smaller internal buffer to move your other words, your file will still be copied when you give an N response, but it will take much longer.

You

can also use th is selection to copy the file lisling to the

screen (E:) or the printer (P

Caution

wi

th a

SAV table, and only the first file will be loaded. However, you can merge two B nary files creat (Tokenized and untokenized fil

''1'"

, A

1:

Do not append lokenized BASIC files, i.e

E command. Each toke nized file h

AS

ed

I F

OK

TO

USE PROGRAM AREA

"Y

"

INVALIDATES

ll

be

invalidated.

:)

IC files stored with a LIST command, or two bi-

by the Assembler Editor cartridge or DOS.

es

are explained

An

as

MEM.SAU

you

N response tells

fi

le.

In

.,

files stored

its own symbol

in

Section 4.)

Caution 2: Remember that

a LIST command that have matching line numbers cou

the files to interfere with each other.

1:

Example

SELE

-...

C 1

OP

Y--

C

DOS EX.

D 1 :

Ex

ample

ECT

SEL

C 1

-"'

COPY--FRm1,

Dl

'DOSEX.

36

Copies DOSEX.BAS from

CT

ITEI1

OR

1

FR

Ot'h TO?

BAS , D

2: Creates backup copy of Ii

ITEM

OR 1

1

TO?

BAS.Dl'DOSEX.

in

merge operations, files stored with

01

to

02.

1""",, 1 FOF,

2;

D

OS

D-·~

-...1

FO

l'IEt1

U

.

BA

S (

Flet

lTl"l

Ie

on same diskette.

R

11EI

1U

BA

K

]

ld

cause

Example

3: Displa

ys

the

progr

am listi

ng

on screen

.

SELECT

C [

Rec...rn

]

COPY-

[II

E

xample

TEMPOAT

TEMP.

-FROt'h T

' [lOSEX , LST , E ' 1

4:

Copies any suc

. Ty

pe

OAT

file

SELECT ITEI'l

C 1

""""

I

COPY--FROi'

[II' TEr-1P,

E ' ,

PETER I:

ILL

I

""~

1 """" 1

RAY 1 """" STEVE

[Co-ud ] 3

1""""1

ITEr-lOR

data

on scre

. [

CaltI'OI

] 3 terminales

OR

h TO?

DAT

I

1"""" 1 FOR

O?

""""

ceeding

en

Ihat

1""""1

1"""" 1

I

data into

you

entry

FOR

l'

lEt~U

want

of

data

l'lENU

a fi

10

le be .

named stored

in

Exampl

e 5: lists

SELECT ITEi'1

C

I

~

I

COPY--FROI'h [l1 '

DISEX,LST

Example .

SVS

6:

Copies

extender

SELECT ITEi'1

C 1

""""

I

Y--

COP

~,~,D2

Example 7:

FROi'h TO?

'

Appends

SELECT ITEl'l

c

I

~

I

COPY--FROI'l,

the pro

.

1""""1

gram

OR

TO?

, P '

all

files

OR

PROG2

OR

TO

?

listing

1"""" 1

from

01

1"""" 1

file

1""""1

DISEKLST

FOR l'lENU

to

02

except

FOR

on

01

~lENU

to

the

FOR l'lENU

on

the

printer

those

PROG1 file.

having

.

DI ' PROG2, PROGI / A

1""""1

37

D.

DELETE

This

option

and the disk directory. Wild cards can be used in the filespec names.

The

ver about request) step (see

deleting

allows

ific

ation

to

the filespec

Example

FILE(S)

you

to

delete

prompt

a file . If you

gives

entry, DOS

3).

one

you a c

append

or

more

hance

the

IN

will

eliminate

files

to change

option

(No

this

from a diskette

your

mind Verification verification

You can also

formatted. Example 4 illustrates the steps for deleting all the

ex

isting files

used in this example so the verification request

answered

be

locked file, the screen will display ERROR·167 (File Locked).

Example

REM

for each

and

SELECT

1:

that

such

delete

on

for

Deletes

have a .BAS

file.

ITEt-1

the

each

all files

diskette

file on the di

atlliles

OR

on a diskette

in

Drive 1.

skette

on

Drive 2 diskette

extender, with a verification

[""""[

FOR

but

Note

. It you

I'IEHU

leave

that

does

try

that

the

IN

not need to

to

delete

begin with

diskette

opt

ion is

prompt

D ["""" 1

DELETE FILE

D2,

RHI~,

TYPE

BAS [""""

"Y"

SPEC

TO

DELETE

I

..

REt11 . BAS?

y (

Aet\.ITI

l

REMBAA.BAS?

Y [

Aetl.rn

l

a

Example 2: Deletes

SELECT

D [

AeWTl

DELETE

D ,

TE

TY

PE ·Y·

EM

P,DAn

T

y [

Ratl..m

IT HI

]

FI

LE

MP, DAT

TO

l

38

single

OR

1""""1

SP

EC

[""""I

DE

LET

file,

with a verification

FOR

E,

prompt.

1'IEIIU

Ex

ample

3: File wi

SELECT ITEr-I O

D I

Aeurn

]

DE

LETE

FILE

DOSDC BAS/

Ex

ample

'3

ELECT

D 1 ""'-"'I

DE

*.

4: Deletes all files from the Drive 1 diskette.

ITEr-lOR 1 "'''''' 1 FOR

LETE

.

*./t~

FILE

1

Ret.l.m

ll

be deleted without requesti

F:

1",,,,,, 1 FOR l'IEfjU

SPEC

fl

1""'-"'1

SPEC

]

ng ver

~IEN'-'

ification.

E.

This option allows you to change the name Th Th

do not specify a device

default). The

The device num ber is aut

OLD NAME parameter. If there are any illegal characters in the

NEW paramete r, the name

characters up to, but n

You

(see Example

the OLD NAM E, they must at least be matched by numb

position in the NEW filename. T

and illegal filenames entered in response to the GIVE OLD

NAM E, NEW prom pt illustrate this point:

RENAME

ere are two parameters, OLD NAME an d NEW, for this option. e parameter OLD NAME is always a

NEW

can use wild cards in both the first and second parameters

2). However, if you use one

FILE

number

paramet

oma

ot

includ ing, the illegal charact

of

one or more files .

complete

, the

computer

er

refers simply to the new filename.

tically the

of

the renamed file will consist of the

he

device

or

following examples of legal

filespec. If you

assumes Dl: (the

specified in the

er.

more wild cards in

er

and

EGAL:

L

TEST,

TEST

HD-l

.

"'~

t-1HJ

. '"

:.:.DAT,*..BAK

:.:.771,*.772

TEST3

,

DAT,FILE7.~

TEST3.DAT,FILE:.:.:.:

39

ILLEGAL:

TE

S T

TE

ST?,

TEST

.

:':~

t~E~J

t~EW

:':

.??I,TEST3

.

??2

Note that it is legal to use more wild cards in the than in the are copied from the examples shown above would both produce the same result as entering TEST3.DAT,FILE

Remember that every file on a given diskette should have a unique filename. wildcards, DOS 2.5 allows you to give it any valid filename, including a name already assigned to a file on the same diskette. Then, if you try to work with one delete it, lock it ,

2.5 offers you a solution to this problem. If you find two files with the same filename on one diskette, NAME NEW that matches the DISKFIX.COM section, Rename File By #, in Appendix L.)

If you attempt to rename a file on a write-protected diskette, an ERROR-144 (Device Done Error) will appear on the screen. If you try to rename a file that is not on the diskette, an ERROR-HO

(File Not Found) appears.

means that you tried to rename a locked file (see F., LOCK FILE).

filename - DOS 2.5 will rename only the first file it finds

OLD

FILE option without any wild cards in either the

name; in such a case, the filename characters

OLD

name unchanged. Thus the last legal

3.DAT.

If you rename a single file without using any

of

the two files (for

etc

.) DOS will act on both files. However, DOS

OLD

NAME you have specified. (See also the

If

the screen displays

NEW

ERROR

filename

example

that

use

the RE-

OLD

, to

you have

or

-IS?,

it

Example

NAMES.

SELECT

E 1

RENAI'IE -GlUE D2' TE

Example

extenders changed to .BAS

SELECT

E 1

R

ENAME

:.:. 8KB,

40

1:

Changes the file on Drive 2 from TEMP.DAT to

DAT

.

ITEI

'I

OR

-..

1

OLD

I1P. DAT. NAI'IES . D

2:

All files on Drive 1 with extender

-..

ITn

1

-

:.:

l

GlU

. BAS [

OR

E

FEtlrn

1

OL

-..

1

FOR

NAI'IE. fjEI·j

AT

1

-..

1

FO

R MEtjU

D NAME. N

)

l'IEl1U

1

BKB

EW

have

their

F.

LOCK FILE

Use

this

selection to write-protect a single file. A locked file

not

be written

167 will result from trying to write to a locked file. wild cards to lock several files at the

to, appended

, renamed,

same

or

deleted

time.

can·

. An ERROR-

You

can use

A locked file will

preceding its name. Do

Warning format

ample

Ex

: If you lock

the

diskette, the locked files will still

1: L

SELECT

F

1""""'1

WHAT DOS

Ex

ample

FILE

.

'3

"I

2: Locks all files

SELECT ITE.1

appear

any

ocks

ITE~I

the DOS.SVS file on Drive 1.

OR

TO

S 1 """'" 1

OR

F I Ratu'Tl ]

WHAT

D1

: :':. B

FILE

AS

TO

[FIew'n]

on

the Disk Di r

not

confuse this asterisk with a wild card.

files

on

the Disk Directory and then

1""

..

,,

1

ectory

FOR

with an asterisk (0)

be

obliterated.

"IEt1U

LOCK?

on

Drive 1 with an

1

""""'

1

FOR

extender

"IEtKI

of .BAS

LOCK'

.

Example

3: Locks all files on Drive 1

SELECT

F 1""""1

WHAT

T:.:. *

Example

4: Locks

SELECT

F 1

""""

WHAT FILE

:.:.*

!

~

!Tnl

FILE

I

~l

!TEt1 OR

1

I

OR

TO

LOCK?

all Drive

TO

LOCK'

I

"'~

1 f

I

iles

1""""'1

FOR

.

FOR

that

begin wi

MEI1U

"IEHU

th

T.

41

G. UNLOCK FILE

Use

this option

ing option F. When you complete this option, the asterisk preced·

ing the filename

locked) will no longer appear when you execute a OISK DIREC-

TO

RY

command (DOS Menu option A .). Wild car

in the filespec names.

to

unlock a Ii

in

the

Ie

or fil

es

you

previously locked

Disk Directory (to indicate the file

ds

can be used

us-

was

ampl

Ex

SELECT

G 1

~IHAT

DOSEX _ BA

xa

E

SELECT ITEr-r

G 1

WHAT

Tlfi

Exa

PAOe

SELECT

e 1: Unlocks DOSEX.BAS file on Drive 1.

-...

1

FILE

mple

2: Unlocks files beginning with the leiter T on Drive 1.

-"'

. • [

1

FILE

RetuTI

3: Unlocks all five-letter files on Drive 1 beginning with

and having a .

G 1 """" 1

WHAT

PROB? _ DAT

FILE

ITHI

S 1

]

ITHI

OR

TO

Ut1LOC

""""

OR

TO

UNLOCK?

OAT

OR

TO

UNLOCK ?

1

-...

1

-...

K?

1

""""

extender.

1

-"'

1

FOR

1

FOR

1

FOR r-I

MENU

r-rENU

ENU

H. WRITE DOS FILES

To

write formatted MAT DISK). The inserted

As

screen is cleared and both the menu

ITEM

42

DOS

in

soon

as

OR I ABt.rn

2.5 files onto a diskette,

the

diskette using

diskette

the

disk dr

the

DOS

files

1 FOR

ive

MENU

DOS on whi of

your choice.

have

are

2.5 or

ch

DOS

been

redisplayed.

you

must have previously

DOS 2.0S

is

to

be

written

and

to

the diskette,

the prompt SELECT

(see

I.

,

can

FOR·

be

the

If you t

write·protected, you will get

ry

to write a new DOS fi

le

onto a dis kette that has been

an

ERRQR·144.

SELECT

"'""'

H I

DR

I VE TO WR I TE D

1 I

"'"'"

TYPE

FIew'n

Y [

WRIT I

IT E 1'1

I

"Y"

]

NG

NEW DOS

I. FORMAT

Ordinarily, density, provided you are using ever, when executing swit

ch are using is manage information

Option used

single density.

to

this

option

to

single-density formatting

an

ATARI

P.

on the DOS 2.5 Menu, FORMAT SINGLE, can be

"force"

an

OR 1",,,,,,1

TO

WRIT

DISK

is

this

810

only

XF551

OS FIL

E DO:;

F I LES

used

command DOS 2.5 will automatically

(which can format diskettes and

in single

Disk Drive

FOR I'IEI'IU

ES

Tn7

TO

DR I lJE 1 .

to

format a diskette in enhanced

an

ATARI

density

XF551

if it

finds

to

format a diskette in

Disk Drive. How-

that the drive you

).

to

be

The diskette that you no longer want. Formatting writes information diskette that allows data

A diskette formatted Drive is capable

diskette formatted in single density can store information

719

sectors. However, the formatting process itself reserves some sectors for the exclusive use newly formatted in Single density will

ing)

only

707

FREE

+ FREE SECTORS. There are actually

in enhanced

for

only

density

the sake

formatted can be blank or have files

to

be stored

with

this

option

of

storing information

SECTORS,

, but DOS 2.5 uses three-digit numbers

of

compatibility

and

using

of

show

in

enhanced

with

DOS 2.05.

retrieved.

an

XF551

in

1023 sectors, while a

DOS. So a diskette

(in a directory list-

density

1010

sectors available

on

Disk

999

it

the

in

43

If your computer system includes both

Drive,

using DOS 2.0S, see Appendix H managing your files to Remember to label your diskettes clearly with DOS used

The example below illustrates Drive 1 ted; however, you can specify any drive. If you try diskette containing bad sectors, the screen will displ

ERROR· sage from the disk drive that the diskette has bad sectors , it will keep trying to format the diskette. If this happens,

to

ERROR-173.

If a diskette is new and has bad sectors ,

the supplier for exchange.

or

if you have and use files originally created and stored

an

d diskettes w ith DOS

use fi les originally formatted with DOS

to

format each one.

173 (Bad

15

minutes trying to format a diskette before returning

Sectors at Format Time). If DOS gels a mes-

an XF551

fo

r detailed i

as

the drive to

you

and an 810 Disk

nfo

rmation on

2.5.

If you want

3,

see Appendix

the

version

be

format-

to

format a

ay

an

it may take up

an

should relurn it to

L.

of

SELECT ITEI1

I I

""""

1

WHICH

1 I

Rew-n

T'r'PE

DRIVE

]

"'y

'"

TO

OF:

1"''''''1 FOc'

TO

FORMAT?

FORI'IAT

D I

:3f<:

I'IUIU

1

y I"'''''' 1

Warning:

formal previously existing on the diskette.

J . DUPLICATE

Use this menu option to create an exact duplicate

ette.

You can u

swapping

ette on whi

complete . systems by in separate drives and all owing the duplication process to proceed

automatically.

Fo

rmatting a diskette always destroys all files and

DISK

of

any disk-

se

this option wi

so

urce (diskette with fil

ch

you are putting files) until the duplication process

You

can also use this option with multiple di

se

rting source and destination diskettes in two

th a single

es

on it) and destination (disk-

disk drive

by manually

sk

drive

is

44

Unlike the same function DISK in keep in diskette using If

your Drive, using DOS 2.0S, see Appendix H for detailed information on managing your files and diskettes

if

you want

The duplication process is a sector·by·sector copying technique.

This means that not only are all your files copied from the source to the destination diskette , but they are also located in the same sector number on both diskettes. The directory of the source diskette is also copied onto the destination diskette. For this reason, any files previously stored on the destination diskette will have been destroyed when the duplication process is complete.

So

that none of the files on it are valuable.

DOS

2.5 will format your destination diskette. However,

mind

comp

or

if you use an old diskette for the destination diskette, be sure

that you cannot duplicate an enhanced

an

ATARI810 Disk Drive as

uter system includes both

if you have and use files originally created and stored

to

use files formatted with DOS

of

the eartier DOS 2.0S, DUPLICATE

density

your

destination drive.

an

XF551

with

DOS 2.5. See Appendix L

3.

and

an

810

Disk

You

should always save BASIC or assembly language programs

in

that are currently

ette. There is no internal buffer for DUPLICATE DISK as there is

for the COPY FILE command, and MEM.SAV (if invalidated if you give DOS permission to proceed (and to use the program area). The DUPLICATE DISK option always uses

the program area (where a RAM-resident BASIC program is

stored) as a buffer for moving the files on

the destination diskette.

Duplication

In a single disk drive system, the source

are both Drive 1 (see example).

Always write-protect your source diskette Then,

ette, the screen will display

diskette will still be intact.

if

it

is accidentally inserted

RAM before attempting to duplicate a disk·

in

use) will be

the

source diskette to

Using a Single Disk

in

an

ERROR·144, and your source

Drive

and

destination drives

as

a safety measure.

place of the destination disk-

45

If you type any character other than Y and press ( sponseto sage, the program aborts and the SELECT ITEM MENU prompt appears on the screen.

the TYPE

"Y"

IF OK

TO

USE PROGRAM AREA mes-

Retu"fl

OR I ReWTl

l in re-

) FOR

Here is

Note: insert the source and destination ber and size of the file(s)

the amount of RAM in the system.

an

example of duplication using a single

ELE

CT

S

J

I

~

DUP

1,1 IReWTl

INSERT

I

~

I

INSERT

I

ABWTlI

The number of times the DUP program prompts you to

!TE~I

I

DISK-SOURCE,

)

SOURCE

DESTINATION

OR

10

I

""~

I

FOR l'IEl1U

DEST

DISK,

be duplicated for a given system and

DRIVES?

TYPE

DISK,

dis

kettes depends on the num-

RETURN

TYPE

Duplication Using Multiple Disk Drives

If you are using both the distinguish enhanced-density formats when labeling the will keep you from using them in the wrong

between files stored using the single-density and

ATARI

810

and

XF551

disk

drive:

RETURN

Disk Drives,

diskettes

drive.

. This

For a multiple disk drive system, it is also necessary to save a RAM-resident BASIC program , as the user's program area will be altered and MEM.

source diskette is inserted in Drive 1 and the destination diskette

in

Drive 2.

This process can take several minutes if the source diskette is almost full.

SELECT

J

I

~

DUP

1,

2 [

INSERT

I

~

!TEt1

I

DISK-SOURCE,

RetI..m

)

BOTH

I

SAV

will be invalidated. Notice that the

OR

I

~

I

DEST

DISKS,

FOR

TY

I'IUIU

DRIVE

PE

RE

S

TUR

N

46

K. BINARY SAVE

Note: This option will probably not be used by a beginning

ATARI

bers and have some kn owledge of assembly language , you may not wish to read the information beyond the first example.

Use

tions in object lite (binary) format. Programs written using the

Assembler Editor cartridge also have this format. The parame-

ters for mal rameters for any binary file

RUN addresses are optional parameters thai allow you to make

any program execute on loading. See Examples 2, 3, and 4 bel

ow.

In the example below, a file to be called BINFIL.OBJ with the starting address a diskette in Drive 1.

Computer

this Menu selection to save the

this

selection-START

numbers

user

. Unless yo u

, END, INIT,

. The STAAT and END addresses are required pa-

or

program. Th e INIT (initialize)

3COO

and the ending address 5BFF is· saved on

understand

contents

RUN-are

hexadecimal

of

memor

y loca-

hexadeci-

num

and

-

Example

:;ELECT ITEi'l

K I

SAI)E -GJI.!E F I BINF

Advanced User Information

1:

Retlrn]

I L .

OR

1",,,,,,1

LE,

START,

OB,J, 3COO, 5BFF

FOR

EIID

l'IEI1U

( , HI

1-...1

About

IT,

RUI!)

Optional Parameters

All binary files , like those you would create with the BINARY

SAV

E option or with the Assembler Editor cartridge, have a com-

mon six-byte header that precedes the file. From the header data shown in the table,

and ending address that was used in the example above.

Th

e two optional parameters, INIT and RUN , offer the means to make a binary assembly language file execute automatically after loading. A file that makes use of

dress parameters is called a " Ioad-and-go" file. A file that does

not contain data for these parameters is called a " load" file,

yo

u can easily pick out the starting address

either

or both of these ad-

47

since it loads into the computer but will not execute until a RUN AT

ADDRESS command is given.

Header

Byte

#

#1

#2

#3 #4

#5 #6

In general, the RUN address parameter defines the point in a program where execution will begin as soon as a whole file is loaded into RAM (i.e., when End of File is reached). For this reason there can only be one effective RUN address even if a file is a compound file. For example, a file could be made up of several small files appended together having their own RUN address. In this case, only the last RUN address to be loaded would execute.·

Decimal Number

255 255

0 00

Hex

Number

FF FF

Description

Identification code for

binary load file Starting address (LSB)

60 3C (MSB)

255

91

FF

58

Ending address (LSB)

File data segment contains

8192 (Dec) bytes of data.

wi

th each of the original small files

(MSB)

an

INIT address is specified, then as soon as the actual ad-

If

il

dress gets loaded into RAM, Ihe code thai cuted. This is true even if the file is made up of severalload-and-

go

files appended together. In such a case, each load-and-go

an

segment that has when the INIT address is loaded. Thus, each segment would load and be executed before the next segment would be loaded,

.••

etc precedes the execution of any code pointed to by a address.

Files created by the Assembler Editor cartridge using the loadand-go option can be stored in the desired INIT and RUN addresses

RUN

• An

••

be

Execution of code pointed to by any INIT address always

in

your code followed by the code to be controlled. The

address

RTS

(RETURN) at the end

Each code segment must end with an RTS (RETURN) if the

loaded

or,

is

if desired, returned to

INIT address specified will be executed

always

slored

of

in

Localions

a program will always return control

005

control.

points to will be exe-

RU

N

2EO

(

LOW)

2E1

to

DOS .

segment

is

to

48

(HIGH) Hex. The INIT address is always stored in Locations 2E2 (LOW) and 2E3 (HIGH) Hex. Remember, the INIT address is executed as soon as it is loaded, so the code that it points to must have been previously loaded .

Note

: lOCB #1 is open during the execution of code pointed to by any INIT address. For this reason it is not available and must not be tampered with by the user program

being

executed.

Using Binary Save With Optional Parameters

The example below ill ustrates an assembly language program that uses a data area that must be initialized before the main program can use it. Suppose the initialization code resides from

41

address 4000 (Hex) to between 4200 (Hex) and 4FFF (Hex). For purposes of illustration, assume that both the initialization code and tain executable code and the initialization code ends with an RTS (RET UR

N).

FF (Hex) and the main program resides

ma

in program can ·

In the following example, it is assumed LAGP RG.OBJ is already in memory.

Example

SELECT

2:

ITEM

OF:

[""""[

that

FOP

the program

I1EI1U

K ["""" I SAUE-GIUEFILE,STAPT,END ( ,INIT,F:UN)

LAGPRG .

The following events will occur on loading this

1. Memory from 4000 to 4FFF will be filled with the program.

2. The INIT address 4000 (Hex) is stored in Memory Locations

2E2

and

3.

Initialization program from 4000 to

OBJ,

2E3 (H

400(1,

ex).

4FFF,

4000,

41

4200jAew-n

fi

le into memory:

FF will execute.

1

4.

The RUN address 4200 (Hex) is stored in Memory Locations

2EO and 2

El (Hex)

.

49

5. Main program from 4200 to 4FFF begins to execute and will so

continue to do

I

System

tn

the case of compound fifes , the result is more complicated, depending on how the now appended files were created. The next section illustrates several cases where files have been ap· pended.

Rese

t I or I

until a RETURN (RTS) is executed, or a

B'"eak

I occurs.

Structure

Before considering the next example, look compound files that have been appended together. pound files option with its append option . A compound file created with this command is not compatible with the Assembler Editor loader, although it can be loaded using the BINARY LOAD option of DOS. sired, BINARY SAVE option . the file you are appending to, followed by the fA Example 5.) The two types of files are illustrated The only real difference is that the FFFF (Hex) identification code is included with every segment when a compound file is created

using COPY FILE.

When BINARY for each segment (after the first one) are file. This is the only form of compound file that is compatible with the LOAD command of the Assembler Editor cartridge. The BINARY LOAD option of DOS, however, is compatible with both

types of compound files.

If an

of a Compound

file.

A compound file is constructed of various binary

in

one of two ways. One way is to use the COPY FILE

compatibility with the Assembler Editor cartridge is de-

alternate way to create a compound file is to use the

(To

do this, you must tell DOS the name of

SAVE

is used, the additional identification codes

Binary

You

File

at

the structure

can create com-

option-see

in

Appendix

not

included

in

the final

01

a

I.

Now consider what happens when a compound file like this is loaded-supposing ified for each of these files before they were appended. (It will help you to think of the the data

in

each segment, which they essentially are.)

various INIT and RUN addresses were spec·

IN

IT and RUN addresses as being part of

50

Example 3:

Suppose you have three files , each of which has a RUN address

in

but no INIT address included way a file of this type might be created.

its data. Th

is

example shows one

SELECT

ITEI'

1

OF'

!""""!

FOP

t'1ENU

K [ Reurn )

SAUE-GIUE F'AF.:Tl

SELECT ITEI'1

. OBJ,200(1,2 1

FILE,START,END(,

FF

, , 200€1 [ Reurn )

OP

!""""!

FOP

t'1Et1U

K [ Retlnl ]

SAUE-GIUE PART2

The other two files, ated the same way WHOLE.O

with the append option . When this new file

1.

PART1.0BJ

2. RUN address tor

. OEU ,

BJ

FILE,START,END (

22tH~1,

PART2.0BJ

as

by using the BINARY

loads, but does not execute (no

PART1.0BJ

23FF ,

and PART3 .

PART1.0BJ

is

,2200

can then

SAVE

stored

INIT,RUN)

,I

NIT,RUN)

[

Reu.rn

0BJ

be

or

COPY FILE option

is

loaded-

in 2EO

)

, that are cre·

merged into

IN

IT)

.

and 2E1.

3.

PAR

T2.0BJ loads, but does not execute (no INIT).

4. RUN address for PART2.0BJ is stored overwrites

5. PART3 .

6. RUN address for PART3 . overwrites PART2.0BJ RUN address.

7.

Execution begins at RUN address of PART3. are now at the end of the file .

PART1.0BJ

0BJ

loads, but does not execute (no INIT).

RUN address.

0BJ

is

stored

in

2EO

and

2E1

, which

and

2E1

, which

0BJ, since

you

51

Example

For another example of a compound file , consider a threesegment file, BIGFILE.OBJ. Suppose each segment loads into a different area

4:

01

memory and

that-

SEG 1.0BJ has SEG2. SEG3.0BJ has SEG2.08J

When BIGFILE.OBJ is loaded, the following events occur:

1. SEG1.0BJ

2. SEG1.0BJ executes starting al its INIT address.

3. SEG2.0BJ

4.

5. SEG3.0BJ executes starting at its INIT address.

6.

0BJ

SEG3.0BJ is loaded on top of SEG1.0BJ.

SEG2.0BJ executes starting at the RUN address specified

an

INIT address, but no RUN address;

has no INIT or RUN address;

an

IN

IT

address, and a RUN address for

and,

in

addition, is loaded

is

loaded.

is

loaded.

on

top of

SEG1.0BJ.

SEG3.08J.

in

Clearly, this option gives you great power and flexibility for creating large files that load and execute immediatel

ExampleS:

To

convert an existing load-only file to a load-and-go file, you can load the file into memory and then save it under a new filename using the BINARY

as

lems,

cupies,

necessarily consecutive

would take up more space on the diskette than the old, etc. can avoid these problems by using the procedure shown in the

following example. This example illustrates a load file with a run address of

you can sometimes forget the final address the file oc-

or

the file could

4000 Hex that is changed to a load-and-go file .

SAVE

Menu option. This poses some prob-

be

compounded with the segments not

in

memory. Therefore,

y.

the

new file

You

52

In the example, a one-byte file located at

fi

appended to the end of your

run address is the same as the address at which your load normally runs, your load

entire appended file is loaded into RAM.

CT

SELE

ITEt,!

OR 1""""

le LOADFIL.OBJ _ Since this file's

fi

le begins execution as soon as the

1 F

OR

FFOO

~!Ef

(in the OS ROM) is

lU

K I Retl.m j

SAUE-G

LOADFIL

L.

BINARY

IUE

.

OBJ

FILE

~

/ A

,

FF00,FF00,

LOAD

S T

ART,EN

D

(

,IN

IT,RUN

~

4000

fi

le

)

Note: ATARI

Use this setection to load into RAM an assembly language (binary) file that was previously saved with menu option ated by the Assembler Editor cartridge. If the RUN address

INtT address was appended to the file in Locations or 2E2 and 2E3, the file will automatically run after being entered. In a load-and-go file, INIT and RUN addresses are ignored

when you type then be run using the RUN

To

the next menu option, M

Exam

This instruction will probably not be used by a beginning

Computer user.

K.

or cr

e-

Or

2EO

and

2E1

IN

after the filename (see Example

AT

ADDRESS menu option.

execute a file that has no appended RUN or INIT address, see

.,

ple

SELE

1:

CT

ITEt1

RUN

OF~

[

Reto.rn

AT

ADDRESS.

l

FOR t'l

ENU

1).

The file can

L I Retl.m )

LORD

t-rlFILE .

FROM

OEJ

WHAT

..

d~

[

Reto.rn

FILE?

)

The use of this option without the

2. Since this file had the starting address in Locations 2E1

appended to it (see Example 1 for K. BINARY SAVE), the file

will begin executing as soon as the load is complete.

IN

option is shown in Example

2EO

and

53

Example 2:

SELECT

L I

Aeum

LOAD BHIF

FROM

IL,OBJ

!T

EN

OR

[

",urn

)

WHAT

FILE?

[

FOR I'IENU

[",,,,,,, I

Example 3 have a S

ELE

CT ITEM OR [

scr

een

Example 3:

SE L

L 1

LOAD

t'lACHL.OB.J I

M. RUN

Note:

ATARI

Use

this

an object

BI

NARY LOAD selection. This

ing

address h

illustrates

RUN

"'""'

as

soon

ECT

address

as

ITEI'I

I

FROM

AT

This instruction will

Computer

selection

file

program

as not

a file called

or

an

Aeum

the

file

OR

WHAT

Raum

ADDRESS

use

r.

to

enter

after

been

INIT

address.

) F

OR

MENU pr

finishes

1 "''''''' I

FILE'

I

probably

the

hexadecimal

you

have

selection

appended

MAC

HL.

loading

FOR

not

loaded

to

OBJ that

In this case ,

ompt will

.

l'IEl1U

be

used

is

used

the obj

by a beginning

starting address

it into

when

ect

file

does

the

display

RAM

with

the

.

not

on

start-

the

of

the

In

the

example 3000 hexadecimal does example , you you

will

not

to

begin

conta

reboo

address

t.

SELEC T ITEI'I

1'1

[

""""

I

RUN

3000

FROM

I

Reum

54

below, the

executing. Be

locatio

in executable

could

lock

up

OR

WHAT

)

ADDRESS~

instructions

very

caref

ns.

If

you ent

code, it

the

1

"'""'

will

system, making

1

FOR

at

hexadecimal L

ul

when

er

create

entering th

an

address

problems.

it

I'IENU

ocation

ese

that

For

necessary

for

N.

This

MEM.SAV into which the contents

saved whenever you call computer

RAM-resident user program (if any), in the MEM.

brings ished using cartridge by typing 8 [ reload the portion

OUP.SVS into RAM. If you are not using a no

[

You when you want the CATE DISK options know if

MEM. cally invalidates the MEM.SAV will not be reloaded when control is returned to the cartridge.

CREATE

option all

saves the contents

the diskette file DUP.SYS into RAM.

the

effect.

R6tl.rn

must be careful not to allow DOS to

You

) FOR MENU prompt.

all

or

only part of your program has been saved in

SAV.

When DOS utilizes all

MEM.SAV

ows

you to create a file on

~

OS.

When you type DOS [ Retlrn ]. the

of

DOS options, you simply return control to

ReWTl

], and MEM.SAV will automatically

of

your program that

will have to respond

COPY

for

FILE, DUPLICATE FILE,

saving the existing

file.

diskette

of

lower user memory are

lower

to

of

user

If this

user

was

cartridge

the

SELECT

use

data

memory, it

occurs

memory

When

replaced

called

SAV

all

of

. DOS does not

, your program

, including the

file before

you have fin-

the

by

, typing B has

ITEM

user memory

OR

or

DUPLI-

automati-

it

Here are the steps for creating a MEM.SAV file on a diskette

1.

inserted in Drive on a diskette in Drive 1.

SELECT ITEt-l

t~

[

~u.m

l

TYPE

'y'

If

you attempt to use this option to create a MEM.SAV file on a

diskette that already has a MEM.SAV file ,

[he

message

with the prompt SE LECT ITEM

Why

This special file allows you to save your RAM·resident program

temporarily in a special file on diskette. To be effective,

MEM.SAV (which requires 45 sectors)

"Y"

I

Aeu.m

J

MEM.SAV

Have a MEM.

Note that MEM.SAV files can only by created

OR [""""

TO

CREATE

FILE

SAV

I

FOR

MEM.SAU

ALREADY

OR [Aeu.m

File?

1·[EI1'-'

the

EXISTS

J F

must

screen will display

and foll

OR

MENU.

be on the diskette

ow

i[

55

inserted in Drive 1. This diskette must not be write-protected if

on

MEM.SAV is to work. Once MEM.SAVexists

then the area of user memory to be overwritten by DU

be stored in MEM.SAVevery time DOS is called. Essentially, you

are performing a

ing" your user prog ram area. When you return control computer system to the cartridge , the DUP.SYS file is overwritten as the contents of MEM.

RAM automatically.

"swap

-contents " operation, thereby " expand-

SAV

are loaded back into

your diskette,

P.

SYS

will

of

the

in

turn

If you are working on a BASIC program and need DOS for some reaso n, you can do so using MEM.SAV without having to save your program to diskette and reenter finish using DOS and return control of the computer system to BASIC, the MEM.SAV file is automatically reloaded into memory

and your BASIC program is restored into user program memory.

Not

e: MEM.

130XE and the RAMDISK option (see Appendix cases, DOS, then LOAD it upon returning to BASIC.

Here is

1.

2. Edit your program and then type RUN I Rew-n I.

it

Type

you want to copy.

SAV

is most time efficient when used with the

may by faster to

an

example of MEM .

SAVE your

SAV

usage:

LOAD " D:MVPROG. BAS " [

RE

NAME the original file to keep as a backup

program before calling up

""'"'

I.

to

return to

it.

When you

K).

In other

It

works , and

ATA

RI

3. Type SAVE " D:MVPROG.NEW

Type

4.

5.

6. Type E and press [

7. To return to BASIC, type B (for RUN CA

DOS I ""'"'

Next type E (for RENAM

OLD, and press I Rettrn I.

PROG.BAS and press I

I.

RetJ..m

E FILE) MVPROG.BAS , MVPROG.

). Then type MYPROG.NEW, MY

Retl.m

",

then press 1

) again.

56

RT

Retu-n1

RIDG E

.

).

Using

MEM.SAV

to

Write Assembly

Language Programs

The

MEM.SAV file also allows you programs area load

data

number

be

open concurrentl

which

Example:

(or

load

with

DUP.SYS. This

in the

of

drives

graphics

in

area

in the

y)

mode

binary

from

system

to

you are in). See

data) that

means

LOMEM

and the

HIMEM

to

you

(which

write

are

assembly

share

free

fluctuates

number

the

to

user

write

of files

(which fluctuates

Appendix

language program

progr

with the

that

depending

D,

Memory

ams

can

Map

or

on

.

Suppose cally ge

file.

you have a

as

soon as it is loaded.

The

run

address

binary

is

already

file you

This

type

want

of

programmed into

and you will not need to select the RUN

this

case

, it

is

not diskette. Since begin

your during simply

file keep OUPSYS

Warning: areas area

your Should

to

execute. The

computer. If you

the

execution

executing a RETURN

overwrites

track

used

program

recover

of

after the

If the

below

by the

this

.

this fact

LOMEM

may

occur

necessary

the Ii

Ie

is

salest

have

01

DUPSVS

and

RETURN

execution

used

Operating

leave the

, you

may

to have a

load-and-go

way

not

overwritten

your

binary

(RTS)

during

the

will

automatically

in

your

of

your

by

DOS

System

computer

have

to

MEM

, it will

to

get

file , in

your

time

program

load-and-go

.SYS

, the

power

to

execute

file is

AT

back

then

it

or

RETURN

in

called

ADDRESS option. In

.SAV Ii

simp

to

the

DUPSYS

you can

program

is

loading,

reload

is

DUPSYS

an

undefined

up

the

automati-

a load-and-

such

Ie

on

ly

load

DOS

is

recover

. If a

DOS

and

executed

file writes

or a RAM

(RTS)

computer

a file

your

and

then

to reboot

program

by

binary

will

execute

.

into

any

from

state.

again

Using MEM.SAV

This cuted data

part

of

section

at the

for

the OUPSYS area,

deals

same

another

with loading a

time

program

to

Load Binary Files

binary

it

is

loaded

. If

your

then a MEM

, or

loading

LOAD

.SAV tile is not required.

file that is not

a file

that

file

does

not

to

be

contains

overlay

exe-

any

57

If your LOAD file overlays any part of the DUPSYS file, you must have a MEM.

SAV

file on the diskette in Drive 1 if the load is to be successful. If you do have MEM.SAV, the following actions take place after you execute LOAD BINARY FILE option :

You

1.

use the LOAD BINARY FILE selection to load your file .

2. Your original MEM.SAV is loaded from disk into memory, over-

laying and invalidating DUP.SYS.

~

Your file is loaded on top of the original MEM.SAV, modifying

3.

al

part or all of the origin

4. Your new MEM,

SAV

MEM.SAV file,

file in RAM is saved in the MEM.SAV

area on the diskette.

5. OUPSYS is

You

6.

remain in DOS until you choose to:

RUN CARTRIDGE

re

loaded from diskette into memory.

at which time your file is loaded into memory from MEM.

SAV

and you

come up under the control of your

BASIC or Assembly Language

cartridge;

RUN

AT

ADDRESS

at which time your file is loaded into

memory from MEM.SAV and you begin execution of whatever code is at the address you specified; or

LOAD BINARY FILE

where you wish to load a load-and-go file ,

In

this instance, if

the

new file

also overlays a part of DUPSYS, but

not the original file, then both

MEM .

SAV

and your new file will now be in memory when the load is complete. If the new file

does

not overlay

DUPSVS at all, then the load will

new

complete with only the

file loaded into RAM , Since the new file is a load-and-go and loaded whether DUP,SYS is overlaid or not, you will come up under the control of this file

is

until a RETURN (RTS)

executed.

~

-

~

-

~

-

~

Note: If

one of which resides wholly or the other of which resides

simply merge the t merged file .

you

wish to have

wo

files into

two

who

files

in

memory simultaneously,

in

part

in

the

DUP.SYS

lly outside of the

one

file, then l

oad

area

DUP

SYS

the newly

and

area ,

O. D(JPLlCATE

This option (shown disk drive Remember that a single disk drive must al Dri

ve

insert very long, diskettes several times before the duplication process

complete.

Example

and

want to copy a file from one diskette

1.

Since there is only one disk dr

and

remove the source

you

may have

1:

SELECT

(I

I

RetlTfl

NAME

DO::;D:: . E:AS [f'lmrn J

INSERT

[Roun>

[

INSERT

[

Reu.m

]

ITEI1 OR

J

OF

FILE

SOURCE

DESTINATIO

FILE

in

Example

to

1)

is

used

and

destination diskettes. If a file

alternate the source

[

Roun>

TO

MO

[

UE?

DISK. TYPE

if

you have

ways

ive, you

FOR

l'IEtKI

RETUR

N DISK.TYPE

only one

to

be

set

must manually

and

destination

N

RETUR

another.

up

as

is

N

is

Wild cards notice one at a lime. each

Example 2 illustrates using a wild card leiter filenames beginning with TEST from one diskette othe with names that satisfy TEST?

ti

r.

are

available with this option. In Example 2

that

even

le that

It

is assumed that the source diskette has only

when

You

you

using wild cards, your files are still copi

will have to alternate diskettes

want

to

copy.

to

copy fil

at

least once for

es

having five-

two

you

to

files

will

ed

an-

59

Example 2:

'3ELECT

o (

Retlrn

N

AME OF

TEST? (AeW'n

IN

SERT

I

""""

1

COPYING---Dl:TESTl

INSERT

I

""""

1

I N

SERT

I

""""

1

COPYING---Dl

SERT

I N

I

ReW'n

1

INSERT

I

Retl.n1

1

ITEI'I

)

OR

FILE

)

SOURCE

DESTINATION

SOURCE DISK,TYPE

DESTINRTION

SOURCE

1"''''''1

TO

MOUE?

FOR

DISK,TYPE

DISK, T

: TEST2

DISK,TYPE

rlEI1U

RETURN

YPE

RE

RETURN

TURN

In Example 3 both the filenames and extenders have been re-

fi

placed with wild cards . DOS will therefore copy all those th at have an extender of .

es

three fil

Note copying it.

Example

SELECT ITEt-1

o (

NA

:.:.:.:

INSE

are to be copied: MEM

: Creating MEM.

3:

Reto.rn

)

ME

OF

FI

LE

IAetl.mI

RT

SOURCE

SAV

on

OR IAetlm) FOR

TO MOUE?

DI

SYS. It

.SAV

the new disk

is

, TESn , and TEST2.

SK,TYPE

assumed that only

is

faster than

t1Et-

1U

RE

TURt

les except

l

COPYING-Ill

INSERT

I

Retln"l

)

DESTINATION

:MEM.SAIJ

DISK,TYPE

RETURN

INSERT

[

Retln"l

)

COPY

INSERT

I

Ret....,,

)

INSERT

I

Ret.l.m

)

SOURCE

I t

·tG

- - - D 1 :

DESTINATION

SOU

RCE

COPYING---Dl '

INSERT

I Retlrn )

t·1SERT :;-:OIJ

I

Ret.l.m

P.

FORMAT SINGLE

DESTINATION

F.:CE

)

DISK, T

TEST

YPE

1

DISK,TYPE

TEST2

DISK,TYPE

D I

Sf(, T\'PE

RETURN

F.:ETUF.:t-l

in

Use this option to format a diskette have only option, rather than Option

Menu to format a diskette

Remember that formatting will erase any files ready stored on a diskette.

The procedure for using FORMAT SINGLE

using FORMAT DISK:

SELECT

P

~

IIHICH

1

TVPE

~

'0' I

""""

1

I

Retln"l

an

ATARI

!TEN

1

DRIUE

)

"'/11

)

TO

XF551

OR

TO

FORI'

Disk Drive, you must use this

I.,

FORMAT DISK, on the DOS

in

si ngle density.

I

"'"",

1

FOR

FORI'IAP

IAT

DISK

single density. If you

or

other data al-

is

just like thai for

I'

IEI~

U

1

61

SECTION 4

aSING BASIC

COMMANDS WITH

000000000000000000

BASIC

Before

you

need

stored and retrieved.

types

Commands

learning about the

to know

of

files that

how

can

Tokenized and

The

first

type

of

file, called " untokenized

ATASC program. These li

me

v

ariab

variable are stored.

form, you use

ll

lexl

characters

programs do

they

are loaded and saved.

le name with the

the

LIST and

DOS

Used

BASIC

the commands

The

following

contain BASIC

Untokenized

, so it looks like a

memory

To

store and retrieve a file in its untokenized

ENTER

2.5

With

commands

paragraphs

not

retain

The

location

commands

DOS

used with

will

act

programs

on

programs

explain the

.

DOS

Files

,"

contains

printout

their

symbol tables

symbol table associates the

where

standa

of a BASIC

the

values for that

.

2.5 ,

being

two

rd

each

lokenized

A

has one-byte tokens instead

sent

the BASIC back using file are sions. programs

Usually cluttered

program

line, the

and forth between the

the SAVE and LOAD

For

the

following

file is a

generally

this

in the tokenized for m.

during

with

unused

line

and

original variable

procedure

condensed

commands

shorter

reason,

program

then

many

variable

change

and

development

to

commands

name

clear

version of a BASIC

of

the ATASCIl

. You

can

move

disk

drive

load faster than untokenized

programmers

names

the

remains in

the symbol of all

and

. Tokenized versions

the

. If

variable

characters

tokenized

computer

prefer

symbol

you

use a variable in a

name

the

program

to

table

or

symbo

unused

memory

store

delete the

l table. Use

. II

to repre-

programs

of

a

ver

-

their

becomes

names

.

1. LOAD your program (see LOAD below).

2. LIST it to disk (see LIST below).

Type

3.

4. ENT

NEW

ER table now contai ns only those variable names present program .

[ReWTl

your program from disk (see ENTER). The symbol

).

LOAD (LO.)

in

the

Format Example:

This command disk drive into the user program RAM area. Before you can use Ihis command to load a file called DOSEX.BAS,

.BAS) must have been previously saved using the BASIC command program.

This command can also be used program is too big to run

LOAD command to type the LOAD statement as the last line of the first program file, as shown

program encounters the LOAD statement, il will automati

read in the next part of the program from the disket ond program file must be able 10 stand alone without depending on any variables or data in RAM from the first program file. The

loaded program will not execute until you type RUN and press

[

Rew-n

be cleared (see RUN

: LOAD filespec

LOAD

is

SAV

E. This command loads only a lokenized version of a

in

the example following this paragraph. When the

), at which lime the previous program and any variables will

"01:

used to load a file from a particular diskette in a

sp

read the program across two files. Simply

fo

DO:::EX

in

your available RAM , you can use the

r another example).

. BAS " [Rettrn )

the file (DOSEX-

in

" chaining" programs. If a

le

. The sec-

ca

lly

100

1 10 LOAD "D l

SAVE

Format: Example:

REM

(S.)

SAV

SAl)E "

CHA

IN

:C

E filespec

Dl

PROGRAM

HAIN

: D::At·lP2.

.BAS"

BAS"

!

Aetlrn

l

This command causes the computer system to save a program

in

on diskette with the filespec name designated

SAVE is the complement of LOAD and stores programs kenized form .

the command.

in

to-

LIST (L.)

Format

xa

E

One use of the LIST command

SAVE command : it can take a program from user program RAM and store it on a particular drive with any name you want to assign it (illustrated by the first example). However, the program is stored in standard the formatting of data storage al flexible than SAVE . As shown can specify a can specify !ine numbers to be listed to a designated device

(e.g.

, "

s: LIST filespec ,Iineno ,!ineno

device

mpl

es:

LIST LIST LI:3T

si

ngle device (e.g. , P:, E

P:

" , 100, 200).

"D: "P:" "p:

ATASCII

DATFIL. LST"

",

10~

in

text and not

so

in

the above format examples, you

100

BASIC is very similar to the

as

tokens. Differences in

allow LIST to be much more

:,

C:, D

:,

D2:, etc.), or you

(E

ENTER

Fo rmat : ENTER filespec

xa

mpl

E

This command causes the computer to move a file on diskette with the referenced filespec into RAM .

untokenized form and is interpreted as the data is received. EN·

TER, unlike LOAD, will not destroy a RAM-resident BASIC pro-

gram, but will merge the RAM-resident program and the disk file

being loaded. If there are duplicate line numbers

grams, the line

same line

,)

e:

nnER

in

the program being entered will replace the

in

the RAM-resident program.

"D:

LIST2. LST"

The

program is entered

in

the two pro-

in

65

RUN

Format

Example:

ThiS

command causes the computer to

ignated filespec. It

and

RUN

tokenized

LlST.LST" command.

To chain programs

and run automatically, you can use a RUN " 0 : filespec" as the

last line of the first segment. However, the second program must be

able to stand alone without dependin g

data in RAM from the first program. Before running the first seg-

ment, make sure that

the

RUN

wh

en

: RUN filespec

RU~l

. However, the

'iles

. Therefore, you cannot execute a RUN "

statement will wipe out your

the second segment

"D2:

is

and

t'

rr'FILE. :BAS"

a combination of the two commands LOAD

RUN

cause a second segment of a file

you

command

have saved

is

loaded.

LOAD

can

it

on

RAM

and

RUN

be

used only with

on

any

variables or

a diskette, because

-resident first segment

the des-

02

:

to

load

Input/Output

An

110 (input/output) operation

Block (IOCB). consisting of the type of address,

second dedicates three

commands.

IOCBs #1 through #5 IOCBs should of

one of the dedicated uses above. IOCB #0

opened or closed from a BASIC program.

IOCB IOCB IOCB

is

#0

#6 #7

An 10CB

and

two

usually O.

is

used

is

used

is

used

Control

is

a specification

110

more

as

be

avoided unless a program does not make use

auxiliary control variables of which the

ATAR

follows :

by by by

I BASIC sets

BASIC for BAS BASIC for LPRINT. CLOAD. and

can

be

Blocks

is

controlled

, the buffer length , the buffer

up

1/0

to E:

IC for

110

to

S:

used freely, but the dedicated

by

an

110 Control

of

the 110 operation ,

eight IOCBs and

SAVE

can

never

be

66

Each

110

command must have an 1

commands that can be used

OPEN/CLOSE

NPUT

I PUT/GET STATUS XIO

/PRINT

0CB

in

connection with DOS 2.5 are:

associated with it. The

Using

OPEN

Format Example

The OP device handler, initializes any CIO-related control variables (see Glossary), and passes handler. The parameters

#

iocb aexp1

aexp2

filespec

the

OPEN/CLOSE

Commands

(0.)

: OPEN #iocb, aexp1 , aexp2, filespec

:

l(

H]

OPHH

A

TARI:3

EN

statement links a specific 10CB to the appropriate

Mandatory character entered by user. A number between 1 and 7 that refers to a device or file . Number that determines the type of operation to be performed.

Code 4 '" input operation; positions

6 = disk directory input operation, DOS 2.0S

7 = disk directory input, with DOS 2.5 informa-

a = output operation; positions file pointer to

9 = end-o'-file append operation; positions file

12:;; input and output operation; positions file

Device-dependent auxiliary code.

fi

Specific

definition).

le designation (see Section 3 for filespec

t2 ,:3, (

00 . B

an

start of file.

compatible.

tion.

start of file.

pointer to end gram input from screen editor without user pressing (

painter to start of lile .

AS"

y device-specific options to the device

in

this statement are defined as follows:

1,

01

RetI.rn

" Dl :

fi

le pointer to

file. Code 9 allows pro-

I.

67

In the example OPEN #2 , 8, 0, " 01 : opened for output to a file in Drive 1 designated as BAS. If a file by that name already exists , the OPEN statement destroys that file and creates a new one. It the IOCB been opened, the screen displays an ERAOR-129 (File Already Opened).

Ifthere

is

no

file by that name in Drive 1, DOS creates one.

ATAR

I800.BAS

",

10CB #2 is

ATAR

has

already

I800.

CLOSE (CL.)

Format

Example:

T

he

CLOSE command releases the 10CB that had been previously opened for read/write operations. The the mandatory # must be the same as the I ber

used in the OPEN statement (see example below). The same

IOCB cannot be used for more than one device at a lime.

gel

not closed.

Note: The END command will close all open files (except IOCB #

0).

: CLOSE #iocb

30

0 CLOSE # 2

number

OCB

an error message if you close a tile that has already been

10

OPEt~

2'Z1

CLC6E # 1

#1,:::,£1,

"[I:FIL

. I:AS"

following

reference num·

You

will

Using the INPUT/ PRINT Commands

INPUT (I.)

Format

Examples:

This

command

string) fr

PR INT. be from the default device (E:

PRINT).

68

: INPUT

is used to request data (either numerical or

om

a specified device. INPUT is the complement

When

it is used without a #iocb, the data is assumed to

100

[#iOCbU]

I

HPUT

HIPUT

{:~:;

#2;

>~,

#2;

1·1$

).INPUT

}

L{:::;}.J

y

uses record

110

of

(see

In

the

sample INPUT/PRI

the user

the INPUT

70, the

opened file .

to type

in data on

statement

NT program listed below,

the keyboard

reads the

(default device).

contents of

the

Line

stri

ng

35

In

from

all

ows

Line

REM

5

7

REM

10 20 30 60

35 I t·1PUT

38

40

45 50 55 58

60 65

70

75 80 85 90

~~CREATE

~~OPEN

OPEN #1,8,O, DH1

~·lRT$(60)

? "ENTER A

CHARACTERS . "

RE~

••

PRINT

REM CLOSE #1 REM REM

OPEN REM

~~CLO

~~OPEN

~ ~

~~RE

INPUT

RE

M

~~PRINT

PR

UH

REM CLOSE # 1

~~CLOSE

WITH 8 CREATES DATA

SE

~lRT$

WRITE

DATA

"D:WRITE

NTENCE

DATA

FILE~~

. DAT"

~lOT

TO

DISKETTE

#l,WRTI

SE

DATA

OPEN

#1,4,0,"D:WRITE.DAT"

A

D

WITH 4

DATA

FILE~~

FILE

IS

FROM

FOR A

DISKETTE~~

#l,WRTI

DATA~

~lRT$

DATA

~

FILE~~

MORE

READ~~

READ

FILE~~

THAN

• •

ONLY~~

PRINT (PR.

Format

Examples: 10(1

This command writes arithmetic) to

nu

mber.

If

no

IOCB

to

the screen, which

directed to a device screen

.

or

7)

: PRINT \#

100

10~)

100

the

opened device wi

number is sp

io

cb I

lexp

PRINT PlUtH

? C$

PRINT

an

expressi

ecified

is

the

th

at is n

~;ll

exPl

..

J

i

~

#2;

>-~,

'I'

#2;

A$

""

- "

(,

- ,

on (whether string or

th

the same

, the system writes

default device. If the information is

ot

open, ERROR-133

....

.-.,

IOCB

reference

the

expression

displays on the

69

PRINT performs what is called record bytes separated by end-at-line characters record is arbitrary. Record size can be determined of a string printed to a diskette file or the format of an arithmetic variable. It can also be the length of a string of characters entered from the keyboard and terminated by I

The INPUT statement cannot generally read a record that is

in

longer than 255 characters disk that you might later want to INPUT, it is best to limit the size of the PAINTed records to 255 characters or less.

length. If you PRINT a record to the

1/0

. Records are sets of

(98

Hex). The size of a

by

the length

Retirn

J.

Direct Accessing With the NOTE/POINT Commands

NOTE (NO.)

Format: NOTE #iocb, avar, avar Example:

tmTE #2,

A,

B

Files are created sequentially and are normally accessed from

in

beginning to end. If you want to access the records in a file nonsequential manner (directly), you can either read the file sequentially and stop at the record you want, or use a special

method of addressing the record you want.

Because the former is very time-consuming for large files, DOS

2.5 incorporates NOTE and POINT to give you the capability of To

accessing a file randomly.

through every record that precedes it, you need to let the com-

puler file 's sector, so you use a NOTE command before each write and save the returned value

This command gets the value of the current file pointer for the file using the specified 10GB. The file pointer specifies the exact position

This command stores the absolute disk sector

arithmetic variable and the current byte number

Sector numbers range from 1 to 1023

know what record you want. This requires a

in

the file where the next byte is to be read

in

enhanced density; byte numbers range from 0 to 124.

get to a record without going

in

a table.

number

719

in

single density and 1 to

"note"

or

in

the

written.

in

second.

a

of the

the first

70

The foll of

using

tion.

owing

NOTE

program

to

store

listing keyboard

and

sample

inp

ut

into a specified

run

ill

ustrate

one

way

file loca-

Following tion

entered Type end. for

The

A$

1

2

3

4

5

20

25

27

30

40 41 42

in

the

sample

up

REM REM

REM

REM REM

DIM

OPEN

opn

REM

HIPUT PRIIH REM

45 IF

50

t·lOTE

55

REM

6£' PRIIH

61

REM

62

REM

65

PRINT #2;X;",";Y

70

PRItH

GOTO

'30

95

REM

100

1

10

PRIt

EfW

is a sample

from

program, enter

to

40

characters.

program

the

keyboard

run

uses

some

numbe

NOTEST -NOTE

THIS

FROM

THEM POINTERS

AH40)

PROGRAM

THE

ON

KEYBOARD

DISK

ARE

#1,8,0,"D:DATFIL.DAT"

~

#2,8,0',

READ

"D:

LINE A$ A$

IF

RETURN

LENCA$)=0

#l,X,'('

STORE

#L

STORE LINE

LINE

A$

POINTER

OF

DATA.

"SECTOR

4~1

INDICATE

H

#

2;0.;",

that

uses

in a Random-Access

numbers, and

rs,

but

NOTE

you

can

STATEMENT

READS

LINE

AND

IN

FILE D'DATFIL.DAT.

STORED

POHnS.

OF

DATA

ONLY,

THEN

OF

100

DATA.

TO

# =

";

END OF

"

;~1

IN

DAT"

FROM

THEN

BEGINNING

::<,

"BYTE

FILE

to

store

press

type

informa-

disk

file

[f'leW"n

any

.

i

to

string

DEMO OF

DATA

STORES

D'POINTS.DAT

K'

STOP

OF

" .

'.J

# =

, ,

.

This

sample

D

OS.SYS, numbe 90, 100,

rs

program

DUP.SYS,

may

be

and

110.

was run

and

different.

on a diskette

MEM.SAV files. Yo

Sample entr

ies

were 45,55,

that

contained

ur

sector

and

75,

the

byte

80,

71

45 SEC10R

# = 145

55 SECTOR

# = 145

75

SEC10R

80 SEC10R 90 SEC10R 100

SECTOR # = 145

110

SEC10R

# = 145

BYTE #

BYTE # =

=9

12

BYTE#=15

BYTE # =

18

21

BYTE # = 24

BYTE # = 28

POINT

Format:

(P.)

POINT

Example: 1

POINT pOinter to

bles. and to) fies the byte ten.

to

1

range is you

gram to the

When

byte in reverse

is

the

complement

an

arbitrary

POINT

byte)

the

sector

As

with

719

will

listing below

read

NOTE

run, this program prints the keyboard

is used when reading

into

number, and

number

the NOTE

in single density and 1 to 1023 in enhanced density; byte

between

get

a File

data

created

command

#Iocb, avar, avar

00

F'OItH

value

RAM. The

0 and 124. If you

Number

contains

order

first arithmetic

into

which

command

by

the

.

from the

# 2

~

~b

B

of

NOTE.

determined

the

second arithmetic

Mismatch

an

program

way

This

specified

the

point

error

example

shown

it

was

var

command

by the

file locations. (sector

iable

byte will

number

out

of

an

message. The

of the

POINT

as the

input

written to

sets the file

arithmetic

specifies

variable

be

read or writ-

ranges from

opened

command

example

by

sector

the

diskette.

varia-

(points

speci-

file,

pro-

for

and

After

NOTE

disks

72

you type

program

.

the

sample NOTE and

, then run

the

POINT

program

programs, run the

without

changing

1

REM

2

REM

3

REM

4

REM

10

20 25 30 35 40 45

50

60

70

80 I F

':;'0

95

100

110

120

130

" ;Y

140 15"

160

POINTEST TH CREATED THE LI N

DH1

DHI REM

B(2(1,

A$(4'))

OPEN OPEN #1,4,0, REM

OPEN OPEN REM READ

FOR 1=0

HlPUT

B(I,O)=X:BCI,

M-B

t~EXT

REM

PRINT

FOR

X=BCI,O):Y=BCI,l)

POINT

PRItH

H~PUT

PRHlT

t·tEXT

-

I S

PROGRAM

ES

1)

DATA

POINTER

POINT

TAKES

BY

NOTEST

IN

REUERSE

FILE

"D'DATFIL .

STATEMENT

THE

AND

DAT"

FILE

PRINTS

ORDER.

#2,4,0,"D'POINTS.DAT"

POINTERS

TO

20

:lt2;X,V

AND

Y-0

I

FILE

I-LRST-l

l)=Y

TO

INTO

THEN

IN

REVERSE

0

STEP

AN

LRST-I '

- 1

#l,X,Y

":3ECTOF:

#L

A$

**

=

",;X,"B~'TE

A$

I

DEMO

FILE

ARRAY

I-20

ORDER

**

=

Here

is

the sample

SECTOR # _ 145

110

SECTOR # -

100

SECTOR # - 145

90

SECTOR # - 145

80

SECTOR # _ 145

75

SECTOR # - 145

55

SECTOR # _ 145 45

run

:

14

5

BYTE

BYTE # = 24

BYTE # =

BYTE # _ 18

BYTE # = 15

BYTE # _ 12

BYTE #

# - 28

21

_9

73

The POT/GET Commands

PUT (PU.)

Format: PUT

Example:

The

PUT

command

the device specified by the IOCB reference number. In the sam-

ple program

number you type into an array dimensioned as A(50). enter up to 50 numbers, each of which must be less than 256 but greater than or equal to zero. This command is used to create data files or to append data to an existing file.

GET

This the

allows you to retrieve each byte stored by the PUT command.

(GE.)

Format: GET #iQcb

Example:

command

IOCB

ref~rence

Hiocb,

100

below

100

reads a single byte from the

aexp

PUT

writes a single byte (value from 0 to 255) to

, the

GET

number

#6,

PUT

, avar

#2,

A:3C(

command

X

into the specified variable.

"A")

is used

to

write

device

You

spec

each

can

ified

GET

by

The

sample

In

the

GET

usi

ng

a

(entered by you) has been used

10 REM**PUT /

20

30

EXA~lPLE·'

40

WRITE?"

50

60

GOTO

70

80

90

256":P

program

part of the

TRAP

statement

shown

program

GET

DIM

A(50),AS(10)

? "PUT AtHI

,?

?

"IS

THIS

'INPUT RI

IF

AS="

A$<>"~~RITE"

F~EAD"

40

REM

OPEN

WRITE

#1,8,O,

? "ENTER A

RItH

"(0

below

to sense an

DEMO**

GET

TO

BE

'?

THE~l

ROUTINE

"D1:EXAMPL1.DAT"

NUMBER

TO

demo

(lines 130 to 230),

to

determine

TO

A

nstrates

end

·of-file

DISK

READ

error

the

PF~OC,;RA~l

OR

170

THEN

Et~D)";

PRINT

LESS

THAN

INPUT

PUT

and

rather

end

than

, a zero byte

of

data.

A

"?":

:~~

GET

.

95

REM

1[10

110

12(1

130 GR

FILE

140 IF

150

160

170

~

180

185

190

200

210 PRitlT

220

230

Note that INPUT/PRINT and PUT/GET are incompatible types of

Input/Output commands. PRINT inserts end-ot·line (EO

acters between records and INPUT uses them to determine a

record .

separating them with EOL. A file created

will look like one large record unless you place an

character into the file. After you enter the sample PUT/G ET program , type RUN and press 67, 54, and 68. When you run the program, entered from the keyboard together with the byte location where each is stored. For example:

GET

WRITE

PUT

IF

GOTD 9(1

# 1 ,

X=0 TH

APHICS

NmF"

A$="NO"

A$<>"'r'ES"

IF

"HI

OPEt·j

FOR

REt'l

GET

IF

t~D~T

CLOSE

RE

#

E=

READ

#2 , G:A(E)=G

G=0

E

and PUT merely write single bytes to a file without

NU

MB

ER

TO

FILE

:':

EN

0 : 7 , ?

: I NP

AD

OUT

CLOSE

UT

A$:

THEN

TH

ROUTI

~l:GOTO

"READ

?

END

EN

t~E

130

2,4,O,"D:EXAMPLl

1

TO

50

t'~Ut'lBER(S)

THEfI

"B'lTE#";

# 2

COTO

(

AeW'n

E;

J. Use the

2.3(1

"

="

FRm-!

; G

using

number it

130

DATA

.DAT"

FILE

PUT statements

EOl

entries 2 , 5,

prints the numbers

IN

l)

char-

(98 hex)

BYTE#1 BYTE #2 BYTE #3 BYTE #5

= 2 = 5

~

67

= 68

75

Using the STATUS Command

STATUS

Format

Exa mple: 10(1

The STATUS

of

a file. eral ways checks

Sector

Legal device

Legal File o n

File locked?

You

can

mand.

(ST.)

: STATUS Hiocb,

This

an

for

is

buffer

filename?

diskette?

also identify

These

STATUS

command

error

as follows:

might

available?

number?

are as follows:

is used

is a CIO

occur

all

110

avar

#5,

ERF.:OR

to

determine the condition (siale)

command

. The first

If no, If

no,

If

no

,

no,

If If

yes, then ERROR-167

and

set

of

then

ERROR-161

then

ERROA·20

then

ERROR-170

then

ERROR-170

checks

possible

serial bus errors with a

for severrors it

STATUS

com-

Device timeout Device not acknowledged Serial bus error

data

Serial bus Serial bus

Dev

ice

done

Before

file.

command

specific filename with the error you are trying to find.

you can issue a STATUS

II

is advisable that you use the XID

Substituting

frame overrun

checksum

since

it is

the

error

more

XIO

reliable and

EAAOA·138 EAAOA·139 EAA

OA·140

ERA

OR·141

EAAOA·142

ERROR-144

command,

you

comma

allows

you

Command

must

nd

form for this

to

for DOS Menu Options

XIO(X.)

Format

Example:

: XID cmdno,

100

~'~IO

Hiocb, aexp1, aexp2, filespec

3,

#6,4

,121,

"II:TEST.BA::;"

open

associate

the

a

76

The XIO command is a generallNPUT/OUTPUT statement used for special operations.

It

is used when you want to perform some of the functions that would otherwise be performed using the DOS Menu selections. These XIO commands are used to open a

le

, read or write a record or character, close a file, reference a

fi location

in

a 'ile for reading or writing, or

to

rename, delete, lock,

or unlock a file. Note that X!O calls require filespecs.

CMDNO (command number) is used to designate just which of the operations is to be performed.

EX

C

MDNO

13

32

OPERATION

STATUS Request

RENAME XIO 32,

AMPLE

XIO

13,

#1, 0, 0, "

#1

D:

TEST,BAS"

, 0, 0, " D: OLD,

NEW"

33

DELETE

XIO 33, #1, 0, 0, " D: TEMP

BAS"

35

LOCK FILE XIO 35, #1, 0, 0, " 0 :

ATAR!.

BAS"

#1

36

UNLOCK FILE

XIO 36,

, 0 , 0, " D:DOSEX,

BAS"

253

FORMAT DISK XIO 253. #1. 0,

0, "D1

:"

Format Single Density

2

54

FORMAT DI

SK

XIO 254 , #1, 0, 0, "

01

:"

Format Enhanced Density

Not

e:

Do

not use the device name twice when renaming a file ,

i.e.,

do not use " 0 : OLD, 0 : NEW

."

Following is a mini· DOS program that lets you manipulate your

re

disk files from BASIC. Normally if you want to

lock (protect) or unlock

(u

nprotect) a file, you need to exit BASIC

name, delete,

by typing DOS to access the DOS menu, which usually erases any BASIC program in memor

By using the

X1Q

command you

y.

can perform these functions without exiting to DOS .

77

10

REM

20

REM

30

DIM

40

REM

50

GRAPHICS TRAP

60

70

FOR

80

INPUT

~~

? FILES :

100

110 ?

MINI-DOS FUNCTIONS

FILE$ ( 40 ) ,NAME2$(20)

GET

100 :

1=1

#1,FILE$

CLOSE

"DO

#1 YOU

FILE"

120"i" : 7

LOCK

130

(lUIT"

A FILE"

?

140 7

I~

:7

"(4)

,7

"ENTER

"(2)

150 IF Nel

160

GOTO

170 198 199

200

THIS

ON

N

50 EllD REM REM

?

"ENTER

FORM

GOSUB

SUBROUTINE

USE XIO

' D' 210 nlPUT F I 220? THIS

230

235

237

240

250

299

300 ? THIS FORM'

310 320 ?

LETE

330

"ENTER

FORt'1' FILENRME. EXT"

INPUT

FILE$ (

NRt'1E2$

LENCFILE$)+l)=","

FILES(LEN(FILES )

XIO

RETURI

REM

32,#1,O,O,FILE$

'~

SUBROUTINE

USE XIO

'7

"ENTER

D'FILENAME.EXT"

n~PUT

,?

FILE$

"ARE

"; FILE$;"

n~PUT

IIAt'1E2$

PROGRAM

FROM

DISK

0

0PEN

TO

NE

OR

DIRECTORY

#1,6,0,"D

64

XT I

WAIH

DELETE A

Ut~LOCK

N.5

200,300,400,500

TO

A

NUt1BER

THEN

' (

A FILE

TO

32

FILENRME FILENRME.EXT"

LE$

NEW

NRME

+I)=NAME

TO

33

FILENAME

YOU

SURE

(Y/N)";

TO

ACCESS

BASIC

:* . * "

1)

REf~At'1E

FILE"

: ? : 7

":?

(1-5)";' nWUT

140

,

170:

RENRME

TO CHAN

FOR

A FILE

GE

";FILE!;"

2!

DELETE

TO

YOU

A

FILE

DELETE

~JAln

:7

IN

TO

DOS

A

"(3)

"(5)

IN

DE-

78

340 IF NAME2$(1,1)<>"Y" 350

XIO

33,#1,0,0,FILE$

THEN

360

398

400

FORM'

410

420

430

498

500

THIS

5

520 530

RETURN

REM

•

HIPUT F I

XIO

RETURt·~

REM

?

FORM'

H3

H~PUT

XIO

RETUR~l

LOCK

"ENTER

D'

FILENRME.EXT"

FILE

FILENAME

LE$

35,#1,0,0,FILE$

UNLOCK

"ENTER

FILE

FILENRME

D'FILENRME.EXT"

F I

LE$

36,#1,0,0,FILE$

WITH

Accessing Damaged Files

Files can be (filename, directory pointer, and the can be damaged; information on accessing and repairing DISKFIX.COM section of

damaged

or

the file itself can be

in two ways. The

number

Ap

pendix L.)

XIO

TO

disk

damaged. (Formore

damaged

35

LOCK

XIO

UNLOCK

directory entry

of

IN

36

IN

sectors in the fil

files , see the

THIS

e)

Should the disk directory entry be

he

access the file. If t leted , an ERROR 170 (File Not Found) will appear on the screen.

If the number of sectors indicated in the d isk directory entry are shorter than the actual number 164 (File latter case, you may be able to re falls within the sector range by initialing the Get Byte program shown below, where File 1 recovery

10

20

25

3(1

40

45

50

60

Number

fi

le.

OPEN

OPUl

TRRP

C;ET

PUT

#1, A #2,P.

GOTO CLOSE

CLOSE

disk directory entry

Mismatch) will appear

= the

#1,4,

#2,8,O,

O,

"D:

50

3(

1

#1

#2

damaged

of

sectors in the file, an ER ROR

tr

ieve

damaged file and File 2 = the

FILE. FILE

, there is

was

accidentally de-

on

the screen. In the

that

portion

1 "

.2"

no

way to

of

the file that

79

Note: aged sector(s). All other sectors after the damage cannot be accessed. As a result , it would be best to COPY the good files on the damaged diskette to a new diskette to avoid any further problems.

If the file itself is damaged, you can also use the gram to transfer each good sector from the recovery file.

You

can read only the sectors that fall BEFORE the dam-

Get

Byte pro-

damaged

file into a

The A(]TOR(]N.SYS File

When an AUTORUN.

that file will automatically be loaded into RAM and executed (if

appropriate) every time you boot the system. This is completed before control of the system is returned to you. The

AUTORUN.SYS file can be data; it can also be object code that is loaded but not executed; or it can be object code and then executed as soon as the load is complete .

The following sample program shows the use of AUTORUN. to boot up directly to DOS even if built-in BASIC or a cartridge is present. After execution, AUTORUN.SYS normally returns to the DOS initialization routine. If it does not return during your application, or if you use ! tion must be completed before proceeding. modifying two operating system storage locations: address 244 (hex) and BOOT at address 9 (hex) . should be cleared to 00 and BOOT set to 01.

The sample program sets these two locations to and then

jumps

SYS

file exists on the diskette in Drive 1,

ent

ire process

that

is loaded

Reset ) before the return , the system initializa-

You

can

do

COLDST

the

proper value

indirectly to the start DOS vector.

SYS

this by

at

do

If you the equivalent file using BASIC POKE statements and then sav-

ing the binary file in DOS. Enter and RUN the following:

not have an Assembler Editor cartridge, you can create

80

10

FOR

20

READ CODE

30

PO

40 flEXT

50

DATA162

60

DATA108,ll),0

J=0

KE

15000+J,CO

J

TO

~

0,142

10

,

DE

68,2,232,134,9

After runni Option

K,

ng

the program, go

Bina

ry

Save

to

DOS and

save

the

file

using

.

Example:

SAUE-GIUE

AUTOR

Note: There

turn

up function

Here

He

~

UN.SYS,3A98,3AA2,3A98

off

your computer

directly

is

x Code Assembly Language

into DOS. To enter

or

an

assemb

FILE,START,END(,INIT,RUN)

is

no

press

Autorun

;

Run

number

(

Reset

ly

version

DOS

entered

and

then

I.

of

Program

without

for

the INIT parameter.

turn

it

back

BASIC, use

the

program:

going

to

on,

the

cartridge

If

you

should

boot

RUN CARTRIDGE

~

COLDST = $244 BOOT = $09

~

DOSVEC =

$OA

• = 3A98

A200

~

8E 44 02 E8

8609 6COAOO

983A

DOSGOLDX #0

ST

XCO

LDST

INX ST

XBOO

T

JMP (DOSVEC)

• = $2EO

run address

:

WORD

DOSGO

al

.END

2EO

v

APPENDIX A

ALPHABETICAL

DIRECTORY OF BASIC

RESERVED WORDS

-

~

000000000000000000

This

is a list

a brief

with

Note: The

CLOSE

DOS

USED WITH

OPERATIONS

of

BASIC reserved

summary

period is

Cl.

DO

of

the

BAS

mandatory

1

10

statement

the

conclusion

.

This

command

appear. utility selections.

cartridge to DOS utilities.

The

words

IC

statement

after all

used

of

1/0

causes

Menu

contains

Passes

DISK

and

their

abbreviati

made

abbreviated

to

close

operations

a disk file at

the

DOS

all

control from

by

each

keywords.

.

Menu

DOS

ons

to

,

one

,

-

~

-

~

-

END

ENTER

E.

SlOps and

restarted

be

/0

1

program a program merge want

fore

RAM.

program

turns

used

command used to retrieve a listed

program

using

off

using

more

in

is resident in

the

programs

execution, closes

sounds. Program

CONT

than

untokenized

or

lines are entered when a

two

programs

merged, type

ENTER

. (N

ote: END

once

to load a

in a

(textual) form. If

RAM, ENTER

. If you

program

files,

may

don

NEW

be

may

.)

will

't

be-

into

83

GE

T

GE

. Used with

gle

from a specified device.

disk

byte

of data into a

operation

spec

to

ified

ente

r a sin-

variable

~

INPUT

I.

LIST L.

LOAD

NOTE

LO. 1

NO

This command requests data from a

specified

device.

The

default device

E:(Screen Editor).

This

command

version

of a program

outputs

to a

the unl

specified

okenized

vice.

/0

command program lied

. This

sector n

umber

arithmetic

device.

com

number

of

used

in token

mand

stores

and the

the file

variables

to

retrieve a

ized

form from a

the absolute

current

pointe

.

r in its

saved

spec

byte

two

is

de-

disk

~

i-

~

OPE

N O.

POIN

T

PRIN T PRo

PUT

Opens the specified file for input or oUI-

put operat

This

P.

pointer and byte) on the

or? I/O

the vice

PU.

Causes i.e., a specified

operations. Determines

ions

allowed

command

to a

specified

command

computer

in

record

that

to a spec

formal.

output

character-from

device

on

a file .

is used

in

location (sector

diskette

.

causes

ified

of a single

the

.

setting the file

byte

the

type

outp

ut

from

output

of

data-

computer

of

de-

to

a -

~

84

~

RUN

R.

Both loads and starts execution

of

des-

ignated filespec.

~

SAVE

STATUS

~

TRA

P

S.

ST.

T.

1/0 statement used to record a to-

kenized version

of a prog

ram in a speci-

fied file on a specified device.

Calls status routine for specified device.

Directs execution to a specified tine

n

umbe

r in case

of a program

error, al·

lowing you to maintain control of the

program and recover

XID

~

X. General 1/0 statement used

gram to perform DOS Menu selections

1

and specified

/0

from

errors.

in

commands.

a pro-

~

85

v

APPENDIXB

NOTATIONS AND

TERMINOLOGY USED

000000000000000000

SYSTEM RESET

RETURN

I I

WITH DOS

Press the [ Reset I key on the keyboard .

Press

Brackets enclose

EllipSiS. brackets indicates that you can repeat the

optional item any

not required to

Braces. Items stacked vertically in braces

indicate that you have a choice as to which

item you want to insert. Select only one to

put in your statement

the

[ Retlrn ) key

An

ellipsis fo llowing an item in

2.5

optiona

number

do

so.

on

the keyboard.

l items.

of

times, but are

or

command

.

CAPITAL LETTERS

. "

, . . ,

"

cmdno

exp

Capital letters are used (usually in BO LD·

FA

CE) to indicate

and other functions you must type exactly as

they appear.

Punctuation

marks must be typed as shown in the formal

of

a command

do

not type brackets

Command number. mands

Expression. In this manual , expressions

are divided into Ihree types: arithmetic,

logical, and string expressions.

.

commands,

marks. These

or

statement. However,

or

braces.

Used

in XIQ com-

statements,

punctuation

87

~

aexp

Arit hmetic expression. Gene rally composed

t

wo arithmetic expressions sepa

of

a variable, function , constant,

rat

ed by

an arithmetic operator(aop).

aexpl Arithmetic expression

1.

This arith metic expression represents the first auxiliary 1/0 control byte when used in

comma

nds such

as OPEN.

aexp2 Arithmetic expression 2. This arithmetic

expression

1/0 control byte when used in com mands

such as OPEN. Usually it is set to O.

filespec Fite specification. Usually a string

expression that refers to a file and the

device where it is located, e.g

"

D1 :MVPROG .

represents the second auxiliary

.,

BAS"

for

a file on Drive 1.

~

or

~

IOCB

lineno

v

ar

ol

InputJOutpU! Contr

Block (IOCB). An

arithmetic expression that evaluates to a

number from 1 to 7. The IOCB is used to refer to a device or file. IOCB 0 is reserved in BASIC for the Screen Edi

tor

and should

only be used if the Screen Editor is not to

be used.

Line number. A constant that identifies a particular program line in a BASIC program. A line nu

hr

integer from 0 t ber

ing determines the order of program

ough 32767. Line num-

defe

rred-mode

mbe

r can be any

execution .

Va

riable. Any variable.

In

this manual, vari· abies are classified as arithmetic variables (avar

),

matrix variables (mvar), or string

va

riables (svar).

~

88

~

-

~

avar

Arithmetic variable. A location where a

numeric value is stored. Variable names

can

be

from 1 to

ters, but must start with an unreversed, uppercase alphabetic character.

120

alphanumeric c

harac-

svar

String variable. A location c

hara

cters

may

be stored.

where

a string

of

89