Atari DOS 2.5: XF551 Owner's Manual

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~
)1\.ATARr
DOS
XF551
DISK DRIVE
"
Page 4
Page 5
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
000000000000000000
YOUR ATARI XF551 DISK DRIVE AND
DOS
What DOS
2.5
How
to
SECTION
Connecti
Connecting More Taking Care of
SECTION
Loading
The
DOS
looking
Duplicating a Diskette
FormattingaDiskette
Naming and Referring 10 Files Running a Cartridge From DOS Copying Fil Erasing Files
Does . . . . . . ............
and Your ATAAI Personal Computer System
Use This Manual . .
1:
YOUR ATARI XF551 DISK DRIVE
ng
Your
XF551
Than
Your
Diskettes
2:
GETTING STARTED WITH DOS
DOS
at a Disk
Menu
. .
.........
...............
Directory.
...............................
Disk Dri
One
ve
Disk Dr
.......
ive
.........
.
..........
. . .
. . .
..
. . .
............•..
..............
.......
......
es.
. . . . . .
........................
.............................
DOS
................
...
.....
. . .
...........
..
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
............
. .
....
. .
............
2.5
.
..............
...........
.......•....•.......
_ • . •.•• . . • • •
.
.....••...•.
...
• • . •••...•........
. .
.••.
• • • • . .
_
.................
.........
. .
...
. .......
..........
......
. _
.....
.•.......
..
,
v
vi
vii
. 1
1
3 4
7
7
10
13
14
17
19 22 24 27
SECTION 3: SELECTING A DOS MENU OPTION
A. DISK DIRECTORY B.
RU
N CARTRIDGE
C.
COPY FI
D.
DELETE FIL
E. RENAME FI
F.
LOCK FILE
G. UNLOCK FI
H. WR I
I.
FORMA
J .
DU
K.
BINARY SAVE
L BINARY LOAD
M.
RUN N. CREATE MEM.SAV O.
DU P. FORMATSI
LE.
TE
DOS FI
T
DISK
PLICATE
AT ADDR
PLICA
TE
. . . . .
E(S) ......
LE.
.....
LE ........
DISK ..........
FILE
NGLE.
.................
...................................
..
. . . • . . . . • . . . .
.
...
..
.................
. . . . . . . • . . . .
....
..........•.................
LES.
. . . . • . . . . .
...
..
.•.
. . .
......•..
........•....•....•..•....•
....
..............
.........
ESS
..............
........
..
.....
.
...•....•.....
..
.....
. . .
............
• • • •.•• • •••• . • • • •
....
.
................
..
. • . .
................
. . . . . .
........
......
...
.....
. ....
. . . ..............
....
.........
.....
.
..............
....
.........
.......
.•.....
...
. . . .
•.....
..........
...
..
..
......
.•••.....
... .... 59
29
30 34
..
35 38 39
...
41
42
.... 42
43
44 47
....
53 54
55
61
iii
Page 6
SECTION 4: USING BASIC
WITH
DOS
2.5
COMMANDS
.....
.
......
. .
...
63
BASIC
Tokenized and Untokenized Files . . . . . ..•.
Input/Output Control Blocks
Using the OPEN/CLOSE Commands Using the INPUT/PAINT Direct
The Using the
Substituting
Accessing
The AUTORUN.SVS File .
APPENDICES
A:
B: NOTATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
C:
D: DOS
E: HEXADECI
F: HOW TO SPEED UP
G:
H: USING DOS
I:
J: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
K: DOS
L:
M: N:
Commands
Used
With
DOS
. .
.........
.............................
............
Commands
Accessing
PUTIGET
STATUS
Damaged
ALPHABETICAL
BASIC RESERVED WORDS USED WITH DISK OPERATIONS
USED WITH DOS ERROR MESSAGES
AND HOW TO RECOVER. . . . . . . . • •
2.5
FOR 64K RAM SYSTEM
CONVERSION TABLE
TO DISK DRIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .
HOW DISK DRIVES YOU HAVE
DISK DRIVE OR WITH DOS 2.0S FILES
TO TELL DOS
STRUCTURE
COMPOUND BINARY FILE
2.5 THE DOS 2.5 DISK UTILITIES ... ATARI POWER CONNECTION IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM
XF551
With
the
NOTElPOINTC
Commands
.................
Command ...
the XID Command
Files
...............................
..
....
.............
. .
DIRECTORY
2.5
MEMORY
MA
2.5
OF
AND THE ATARI130XE RAM DISK
DISK DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS
MAP
...................••........
L TO DECIMA L
..................
DATA
HOW
..................
WITH
AN
ATARI
A
..
...................•......
....................
................
..........................
for
DOS Menu
....
OF
..........•..•.........
TRANSFERS
MAN
Y
810
. . . . .
...........•........
......................
.
..••......
......•..
.
.........
. ......
ommands
Options
..
. • • • • • • . . . . . 91
.................
....•.........
....
........
........
.
....
•.
........
.............
.
........
. .
. .
.....
.
...
....
....
....
.
..
63
63
66
67 6B 70
74 76
76
79
80
83
83
87
101
. 103
105
107
11
117 119
1
25
129
141
143
1
INDEX ........
.........
.....
...•..•..
CUSTOMER SUPPORT . . . . ...
..•....
..•....•..
..
...
•..
....
• .........
145
149
Page 7
YOUR
ATARI XF551 DISK
DRIVE AND DOS
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
The
AlA
Rie XF
speed storage devi
or
XLTM
Computer system. Your
re
tains the information and instructions you enter through its
keyboard. But
hout a sto
wit
each time you turn off the computer.
551™
the
rage device like the XF
Disk Dri
ce which
computer's memory
ve
is
an
greatly enhances your ATARI
ATA
extremely efficient, high-
RI
Comp
551, its
uter's memory
is
limit
ed
in size, and
contents are erased
XETM
Your ATARI
large amounts of information in separate files on diskettes. With your erase them, and manage them in many
ATARI XF551
XF551
Disk Drive enables you
, you can
ca
ll up your f iles by name, c
to
store and manage
other
way
s.
opy
or
What DOS Does
To store information allows your
each other about your file System - DOS for short - fits
nounced "
disk
and otherwise managing your diskette fi les. DOS itself is organ·
ized i n files c
You
must load
with your disk drive. Some ready-made alread y contain a version
loading it separately. B those
program an
blank diskettes
backup copies of im
in cartridge form, you have
y case, you need DOS for many essen tial tasks:
computer
doss
") is a program that enables your
drive
if
to
onta
005
you plan to use a
to
on
diskettes you need software that
and
dis
k drive
s.
That
int
work together in
ined on
into yo
store
po
the
Master Di
ur c
omputer
of
DOS, sparing you the trouble of
ut
with
other programs, especially
disk
your
rtant fi les and diskettes.
fi les, for
to
communicate with
is
where the Disk Operating
o the picture. DOS (pr
compute
stor
ing, retrieving, and
skette
before it can work
comp
to
load DOS along
drive with the program. In
exa
.
uter program s
mple, and
with
to
prepare
to
o-
r
make
the
v
Page 8
DOS
2.5
and Your ATARI Personal
Computer System
With just a few restrictions, earlier
OOS
manage files originally stored and managed versions
You
AlAR!
2.5
can
use
DOS
formats. This means that
of
DOS.
OOS
2.08.
2.5
with the AlARI
Disk Drives. However, your system
XF551.
one
DOS 2.5 allows you in either single you can record about than you can density storage only
810
the
data stored in enhanced density (including the files on your
DOS Drive tem includes
access your files, you may want
in single-density.
Disk Drive is not capable
2.5 to
begin working
with
Diskette - this is why you must have an
an
to
format diskettes and store information
or
enhanced density. With enhanced density
50 percent more data on each diskette
DOS
if you have an
with
810
Disk Drive that you will
DOS
You
can also convert DOS 3 files
2.05. But you can manage enhanced-
DOS
2.5
is compatible with the
you
can
use
DOS
using
XF551
must
AlARI
of
formatting
2.5
). If your
to
format all your diskettes
and
the
include
XF551
or
computer sys-
often
2.5
the
ATARI810™
at least
Disk Drive;
managing
XF551
use
to
to
older
Disk
to
Note: DOS
XF551
manual
"1050" for "XF551"
If your system includes both are using DOS 2.08 files are working
With either or both disk drives, use single-sided, double­density diskettes.
and
with
2.5
woo<s
1050
Disk Drives. If you happen to
an
ATARI1050 Disk Drive you can substitute
with
exactly the same
in
all sections discussing DOS 2.5.
an
XF551
with
DOS 3 files, see Appendix L.
DOS
with
both
and
2.5
, see Appendix
be
an
the
ATARI
using this
810
, and you
H.
If you
Page 9
DOS that runs on your date ATARI you can always use
data diskettes and manage files.
Many diskette-based programs designed for use with the earlier
DOS with certain protected diskette programs (see your program
user's manual if you are unsure whether a program is protected
2.5
works with any ready-made cartridge-based program
ATARI
DOS
2.5, including the AtariWriter™ word processor and
BASIC. With these and other cartridge-based programs,
DOS 2.05 can
2.5, although you may
Computer - even programs that
DOS
also
2.5
instead
be
converted from
have
to continue to use
of
DOS 2.0S
DOS 2.0S
pre-
to prepare
to
DOS
2.0S
).
How
This manual is designed to serve everyone from the beginning computer user to the advanced programmer. It includes two
sections that introduce the
detailed guide to all the capabilities for DOS 2.5, a section
more technical information primarily for programmers, and several appendices. Appendix J , a brief glossary
used in talking about beginner. As you work with this manual, consult the glossary whenever you
If you just purchased your first disk drive, you should start with
Section 1, "
instructions for setting up and using your drive.
Section 2, "Getting Started with
the most frequently used functions instructions, it explains how to load
prepare diskettes to store files, duplicate diskettes, name and
refer to your files, and copy and erase files. Most importantly, it explains how to make a System Diskette, or working copy
of
not neglect before going on to learn more about through the examples and exercises in this section, you will need at least three blank diskettes, one Diskette and two to use as practice data diskettes. Since some
DOS.
to
Use This Manual
XF551
DOS
, may be particularly helpful to the
are
unsure of a term's meaning.
Your
ATARI
This is a very important procedure that you should
XF551
Disk Drive," which provides simple
Disk Drive and
DOS
2.5, ~ introduces you to
of
DOS. With step-by-step
DOS
into your computer,
to
make your System
DOS
, a
of
terms
DOS. To
of
go
vii
Page 10
of
the exercises involve the use
need a BASIC cartridge 1200XLTM 130XE'"",
Computer. If you have an 65XETM, or
if
BOOXLTM
you have
of
AlAR I BASIC, you will also
an
AlAR I
XETM
Game System,
, your computer
4OO™,
is
equipped
8OO™, or
with
built-in BASIC.
Section 3, "Selecting a DOS Menu Option," covers every func­tion on of
how
the
DOS
to
use each one.
2.5
Menu and provides step-by-step examples
Section 4, "Using BASIC Commands
interest primarily
The appendices cover a number
nical topiCS.
See Appendix C if you run
you
get
If you have more than one
If y
our
computer system includes Drive or using the earlier
If you have
If you have diskette files created and stored using AlARI
OOS
If you live in the United Kingdom, see Appendix N for
3, see Appendix L
to
the advanced user or programmer.
of
You
may find the following especially useful :
into
started
with
DOS 2.5.
disk
if
you have diskette files created and stored
ATARI
an
AlARI130XE Computer, see Appendix K.
DOS 2.05, see Appendix H.
with
DOS 2.5
,"
both technical and nontech-
any error messages
drive, see Appendix
an
AlARI
810
additional installation i nformation.
will be
as
G.
Disk
of
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
Page 11
SECTION
1
YOUR ATARI
DISK
DRIVE
XF551
000000000000000000
When you have the following items:
ATARI
• Serial 1
AC
• DOS 2.5 Master Diskette
• Warranty/Registration Card
If you are
You should save the packing materials
the
disk
unpack
XF551
/0
Power Adapter
missing
your
Disk Drive
Cable
any
drive.
AlAR! X
of
these items,
F551
Disk
Drive, be sure you
contact
for
your dealer.
shipping
or
storing
Connecting Your
Your
XF551
with
a sturdy level surlace
up the system where
extreme sunlight,
Follow these steps
XL
Computer:
1.
Make sure the drive, the
connected
2.
Plug one end nector Plug the
1
/0
3.
Plug one end
labeled Power In on the back
other
and
your entire system should
or
to
the
of
marked Peripheral on the back
other
Connectors
end
end into one
on
of
into
an electrical outlet.
XF551
it will
high
to connect an
computer
the drive's Serial 1
the back of the drive.
the
AC
Disk
close
humidity
to an electrical outlet.
be
exposed
.
XF551
computer, and
are
switched
/0
of
the
two
Power Adapter
of
the
Drive
be
set
up
to
dust
, grease,
to your
all
other
off.
Cable
of
disk
into
the
comp
connectors
into
the
drive. Plug the
in
a location
Don't
ATARI
XE
peripherals
the con-
uter
marked
connector
set
or
.
1
Page 12
Back Panel of Computer
© • •
Serial 1
4.
Tum on the disk drive. The BUSY drive
ready
Warning: Your
will
go
on briefly. When the BUSY
to
insert a diskette.
AlARI
XF5
/0
Cable
51
Disk Drive should
inches or more from your television .
magnetic
iskettes.
d
field that could affect the information recorded on
Power Adapter
light on the front of the
light goes
Your
TV creates a strong
be
off
, you are
placed
12
You
r disk drive
is
now ready to receive the DOS 2.5 Master Disk-
ette. It is recommended that you read the next sec
manual before proceeding.
2
ti
on of this
Page 13
Connecting More Than One
You
can
connect
or
XL
Computer. Multiple
are
connected to
Gables supplied
disk
drives makes many
up
to four
each
with
XF551
disk
Disk Drives to your AlARI
drives (and other components)
other in a daisy chain, using the Serial 110
each component. Connecting additional
disk
operations more convenient.
Disk
Drive
XE
Note:
disk drives, printers,
You
may connect a total
and
of
six peripherals (including
modems) to your
ATARI
XE
or
XL
Computer.
To
connect two or more
XF551
Disk Drives follow these
instructions:
1. Connect a Serial Peripheral on Connectors on the back
nect another Serial 1/0
~
~
nectar on the first drive and second drive. Connect
1/0 Gable between
the
back
of
the
of
the first
Gable
up
to
the
connector marked
computer
and one
disk
drive. Then con·
of
the 1/0
to the remaining 110 Con·
to
either 110 Connector on the
three more disk drives in the
same way.
~
~
~
~
~
~
of
~
~
Plug one end
2.
labeled Power other
end Into an electrical outlet. Repeat for each drive
the AC Power Adapter into the connector
In
on the back
of
the
disk
drive. Plug the
In
your system.
3
Page 14
Setting Drive Select Switches
You
must set puter can correctly Ident ify each drive by a number. The drive select switches are on the back panel
Each combination numbers
order
may not have the same number.
The followi ng table shows the switch settings for each drive number.
position. Use a pen
you
the
1, 2, 3,
like
but
In
this table ~
drive select switches
of
or
switch
4.
You
one
drive
or
small screwdriver
positions corresponds
can assign drive numbers in any
must
is
the up position and iii is the down
be
of
set
so
you and your
the
disk
drive.
to
as
Drive 1 and
to
move the switches.
com
drive
drives
·
Drive
1
Switch Setting
2
3
4
of
Taking Care
Diskettes are coated
holds your data and Is read by the disk drive. To ensure long life and reliability, you must handle your diskettes properly.
Each diskette
lope and stored small write-protect notch on one edge
lope. By covering this notch with one tabs provided by the diskette manufacturer, you can accidentally erasing
See Section 2
diskettes.
is
for
Your Diskettes
with
a sensitive magnetic material that
pennanently enclosed in a protective enve-
In
a paper sleeve.
or
writing over any data on a diskette.
more infonnation on write-protecting your
Most
diskettes have a
of
the protective enve-
of
the small adhesive
aVOid
4
Page 15
Remember these rules for proper care
diskettes:
and
handling of
Do
~
~
not insert or remove diskettes when the
light is
Never tum your disk drive
drive,
on.
on
or off with a diskette in the
and
never leave diskettes in the drive when the
drive's BUSY
system is off.
of
Keep diskettes away from sources
~
~
~
~
monitors, televisions, electric motors,
Keep diskettes away from extreme heat and moisture,
and
out of direct sunlight.
Never touch a diskette's magnetic media inside its pr!>
tective casing.
Do
not use a pencil or ball·point pen to write
magnetism (such as
and
telephones).
on
a label.
Use felt-tipped pens or write on the label before attach·
it to the diskette.
ing
Do
not bend your diskettes. Handle them with care when
~
~
inserting or removing them from the drive.
Store diskettes in their paper sleeves in a covered disk·
ette box.
labeling
Most diskettes come with a set of labels you each diskette.
Your
Diskettes
can
Be sure to label every diskette on which you
copy or store programs or files.
attach to
5
Page 16
Page 17
SECTION 2
GETTING STARTED
WITH
LJDDOOOOLJOtJOOIJ
Lo
ading
Follow Ihese steps to load DOS 2.5 with
not want to load BASIC , see
the following page):
1.
Make sure that your computer and
you
ATAR
Make sure that there is no diskette in your disk drive. If you
have
built-in BASIC,
and no diskette in your disk drive.
2.
Turn on your disk drive in your syst DOS and the
DOS
have
an
ATARI
I BASIC cartridge into your computer
an
ATARI
. The drive makes a whirring sou
BUSY
400,
XE
Game
be
sure there is
drive-
em
you
light goes on.
OOS2.5
ATARI
"DOS
BOO,
System,
must
With and Without BASIC,"on
disk
or 1
2QOXL
130X
no
cartridge
if
you have more than one disk
always use Drive 1 to toad
BASIC (il you do
drive are turned off. If
Computer, insert
's
cartridge slo
E,
65XE
nd
, or
in
your
when turned on,
BOOXL
comp
an
t.
with
uter,
Caution:
the BUSY light
3.
When the of
your
position. Remove your
protective paper sleeve and insert
label faci ng up and toward you, until
Then t u
Never insert or remove a diskette
is
on .
BUSY
ATARI XF551 Disk Drive to the open (horizontal)
rn
the latch
light goes off, turn the latch on the fron t
DOS
to
the closed (vertical) pOSition.
2.5
in
your drive while
Master Diskette from its
it in your drive, with the
it clicks into place.
7
Page 18
4.
Tum on your computer. The
on again as the volume on your TV, you can hear it
OOS
loads
disk
into
your computer. If you
drive's BUSY light goes
tum
up
beep as DOS loads.
5. When the READY prompt (from your screen, type DOS and press
th
DOS Wi
Naturally, you won 't always To
load DOS without BASIC if you have
1200XL Computer, simply follow the steps explained above
and Without BASIC
be
ATARI
using DOS 2.5 with
BASIC) appears on
1 Reti.m I.
an
ATARI
400, 800 , or
ATARI
BASIC.
wi
th
out inserting your BASIC cartridge and omit step 5.
1f
you have
your
computer
into
your
load DOS - unless you first insert a program cartridge in the
computer's cartridge slot
your
computer
As you've seen, going from BASIC to DOS is easy ­DOS and press 1
easy; see " Running a Cartridge From DOS.
an
ATARI
is
equipped
computer
console as you turn
Retl.rn
XE
Game System,
with
built·in BASIC. BASIC
whenever you turn it on, including when you
or
you hold
J.
Going from DOS back to BASIC
down
it
on.
130XE
the
II
, 65XE,
~
justlype
or
8OOXL,
is
loaded
key on
is
just as
-
Boo
t Errors
Loading a program into a computer when you first turn it on is
call
ed
booting up. If a problem occurs when booting up your sys-
tem, the following appears on your screen:
8
Page 19
When you start your system, a boot error can occur for the follow­ing reasons;
• The inserted diskette does not have DOS
• The diskette was inserted incorrectly.
• The diskette has been scratched, warped, or marred. case, use another diskette.
• The diskette
810 Disk
The following conditions will also cause a boot error, but no indi­cation of it will appear
• The disk drive was turned on afterthe computer was turned
is
Drive.
an
enhanced-density diskette
on
the screen.
on
it.
in
an
ATA
In
this
RI
on.
• The disk drive is not properly connected to the computer console.
• The Power Adapter plug has loosened from its wall socket .
• The Power Adapter plug has loosened from the disk drive POWER IN socket.
• The drive swi
If you have checked and found none of these problems, take the
following steps;
1. Insert the DOS 2.5 Master Diskette or System Diskette (work­ing copy of DOS 2.5)
2. Remove the DOS diskette.
3.
Reinsert the problem diskette and save any accessible 'iles on another diskette using the process for copying files (see C. , COPY
4. With the problem diskette
function to erase all the files.
FI
LE,
tc
h setting is not correct.
in
Drive 1 and reboot the system.
in
Section 3).
in
Drive 1, use the DELETE FILE(S)
5. Try using the diskette again. If this fails, the diskette will have be
to
reformatted (see
I.
. FO
RM
AT
DISK, in Secti
on
3).
9
Page 20
The DOS Menu
if
Once you ' ve loaded DOS into your computer and, typed DOS and pressed (
TV
or
monilor
screen.
The
AetuTl
I. the DOS Menu appears on your
menu
presents a list
tions. The prompt below the menu invites you to make a selec-
tion.
You
choose the function you
want
to
use
by
letter corresponding to your selection and pressing I
then asks you for the information
" Prompts and Responses
DI
SK
OPERATING SYSTEM II
COPYRIGHT
A. DISK DIRECTORY
B . RUN CAFITRIDGE
COPY
C.
D.
DELETE
E.
RENAME
LOCK
F.
G. UNlOCK FILE
H. WRITE DOS FILES
,"
1984 ATARI
FILE
fllE{S)
FILE
FilE
it
needs to proceed (see
later in this section
VERSION
CORP
.
I. FORMAT DISK
J DUPLICATE
K. BINARY
l.
M. RUN N. CREATE O. OUPLICATE FILE P. FORMAT SINGLE
2.5
BINARY
AT
SAYE
LOAD
ADDRESS
MEM. SAY
DISK
necessary,
of
DOS func-
pressing
FIeWTl
).
the
J.
DOS
OR
(
Aeb.rn
SELECT ITEM
) FOR MENU
Here is a
summary with an • are introduced later in this section ; all are explained in detail in Section 3 .
A.
DISK DIRECTORY
This option allows you of
the files on a diskette, showing the filenames, extenders
(if any), the
number
·8
. RUN CARTRIDGE
of
(Can ONLY be used with built-in BASIC
installed in the return control
tridge inserted in the cartridge sl the ATARI800
of
the
number
DOS 2.5
to
of
sectors allocated to
call
Menu
up
options.
a complete
Those
or
selective list
each
file, and the
free sectors stilt available on the diskette.
or
with a cartridge
computer
of
your
Compu
console.) This option allows you
system
to
buill-in BASIC
ot
(the left
or
cartr
idge slot in
ter).
to
marked
the
car-
to
10
Page 21
·C. CO
• D. DE LETE FILE(S)
E.
F.
PY FILE
or
Use this option when yo u have two
you
want
this option to copy a file on the same diskette, assigning a
second
This option leIs you erase a file
available
the
RENAME FILE
Use th is option
LOCK FI
Th
is
from
will still be able to read the file , but w il . When the directory is displayed, an asteri sk is placed in front
to
copy
name
LE
option can
changing.
of
the file name to indicate that the file is locked.
files
to the
space
when
be
used
renam ing,
from
one
diskette
copy
.
fr
om
on the diskette.
you want to
to
prevent yo u - or anyone else -
or
accide
more disk drives and
to anoth
a diskette, increasing
change
ntally er
the name
ill
not be able to write to
er.
asing
Also use
of
a file.
a file.
You
G. UNL
H. WRITE DOS FILES
"I
. FORMAT DISK
• J. DUPLI
OCK FILE
of
This removes the asterisk from in front allows you to make changes to the liIe, rename it, or delete
t.
i
Use this option to add the DOS files (DOS. SYS and
OUP.SYS) on you r Master Diskette or Syste m Diskette to a
diskette in any disk drive.
Th is o essary
ou
y
ption
do
before
enhanced
is
k Dri ve;
D
CATE DI This is the option you choose when you want to create an exact duplicate of a diskette. This o format the destinati on disk.
is used
before
not have any files y
you can record any
formatting
density pro
otherwi
to
format a blank
it.
This
vided you are us
se, it will format in single-density .
SK
ou
want
option
information on it.
w
ill
pt
the filename and
diskette, wh
to
keep o n a
format
ing
ion wilt autom atically
a di
an X
F551
ich is nec-
Be sure
diskette
skette
in
or 1050
11
Page 22
K.
BINARY SAVE With this option you can save
on
memory locations
language programs.)
L. BINARY LOAD
This option lets you retrieve an object file is the reverse function semb
M. RUN
N. C RE
This option allows you to reserve space on a diskette for the
ly l
anguage
AT
ADDRESS
With this option you can enter the hexadecimal starting
of
address
RAM with a BINARY LOAD. (Executes assembly lan programs.)
ATE
an object program after it
MEM.SAV
program in RAM
used. For idea to create a MEM.SAV file on each new intend
familiar with DOS, you may find there are
MEM.SAV file serves no useful fu nction. So ience of waiting for MEM.SAV to load into rant deleting it from
to
some
use
as
a diskette. (Manipulates assembly
of
programs.)
to
be
stored while the
applicati
a System Diskette. As you
th
e diskette.
the
contents of specified
from
a diskette. It
BI NARY SAVE. (Manipulates as-
has
been loaded into
DUP.SVS
ons
like programming, it is a good
diskette
become
cases
memory
file is being
where a
the
inconven-
may
guage
you
more
war-
'0.
DUPLICATE FILE
es
This option enabl another, even
·P
. FORMAT S
Use
this option
single-de
if
you have only a single disk drive.
INGLE
when you
nsity using
you to
an X
copy a fi
want
F551 Disk
to
Prompts and Responses
T
he
questions and requests that DOS displays on
are
ca
lled prompts. The answers you type into your
responses. DOS always prompts you for
to
carry most of
information for many
12
out
your wishes.
common
You
will soon become
DOS prompts; since DOS requires
of
its functions,
it
le from
format a diskette
Drive.
the
won't
one
diskette to
your
screen
computer
inf
ormatio
familiar
be long before
n it needs
with the
the
same kind
in
are
Page 23
many of your responses become almost automatic.
As
you use each function of DOS , the program lists its successive prompts and your responses on your screen as you proceed .
After typing a response into your computer, you must press
(
FletuTl
sponse to certain prompts tells DOS to
default, response - see " Defaults
prompts require a simple yes or no answer. and press I
If
Delete
[
To and [ Delete
Lo
i to confirm your response. (Pressing (
supply
,"
later
FIetuTI
I.
To
answer no, type N
FletuTl
i only in re-
a preselected, or
in
this section). Many
To
answer yes, type Y
and
press I
FIetuTI
you make a mistake while typing in a response, press
BkSp
i to erase the error, then type in the correct information.
delete an entire response before you confirm it, press (
BkSp
) simultaneously.
oking
at
a Disk Di
recto
ry
I.
StvtL
i
Each diskette you use to store information has a disk directory that keeps track of the files stored on the diskette, how much room they take up. and how much free space is left on the disk­eUe
for stor ing more information. The DISK DIRECTORY selec­tion on the DOS Menu allows you to check what files you have on your diskettes.
Since your DOS Master Diskette itself contains files, you can try
out the function by looking at the directory of those files. With the
DOS Menu on your screen, type A, then press (
O'SK OPERATING SYSTEM II VERSION 2 . 5 COPYRIGHT
A. OISK DIRECTORY
B. RUN CARTRIDGE J DUPLICATE DI SK
C.
COPY FILE K. BINARY SAVE
D. DELETE FILE(S) L BINARY LOAD E. RENAME FILE M.
f . LOCK
G.
UNlOCK
H. WRITE
SELECT ITEM OR
DIRECTORY _
DOS DUP RAM DISK COM 009 SETUP COM 010
COPY32
DISK FiX COM 057
739 FREE SELECT ITEM OR
19U
ATARI
fiLE
fiLE
OOS F!Lfi.-.
~
SURCH
SYS SYS
COM
SECTO
~
~
CORP.
I. FORMAT DISK
RUN
N. CREATE NEM.
O. DUPLICATE FILE
P. FORMAT SINGLE
fOR
MENU
SPEC . LIST FILE?
037
0<12
0541
FOR MENU
AT
ADDRESS
Retlnl
l twice.
SAY
13
Page 24
These are the files that make up the DOS 2.5 program. The
in
three·digit numbers
sectors each file occupies
ting a Diskette " for
index tells you how many sectors remain for storing additional information on the diskette.
SYS
DOS. DOS functions . For pendix K. Explanations of SETUPCOM, DISKFIX.COM appear
and DUPSYS are the tiles that execute
the right·hand column indicate how many
on
the Master Diskette. (See " Format-
an
explanation of sectors
an
explanation of RAM DISK. COM, see Ap-
in
Appendix L.
.)
The line below the
cOPY32
the
standard
.COM, and
Duplicating a Diskette
on
With the DUPLICATE DISK option create thing from your original ,
nation,
an
exact replica at a diskette. This function copies every-
or
source, diskette onto another, or desti-
diskette. It also formats your destination diskette.
the DOS 2 .5 Menu, you c
an
Caution: The DUPLICATE DISK function erases or writes over
any information that may already be on a destination diskette.
files
Never use a destination diskette that contains valuable
To
Duplicate Your DOS Diskette
To
learn how the DUPLICATE function works, make a duplicate of your DOS guard. DOS , and keep the Master Diskette itself you can use DOS without worrying about accidental damage to your working diskette.
As your destination diskette , use a new, blank diskette.
If
1. With the DOS Menu on your screen, type
You
You
Have One Disk Drive
T
he
prompt DUP
2.5 Master Diskette. This
should use your duplicate
DISK-SOURCE
is
also an important safe-
as
your working copy of
as
a backup copy. Then
J and press I
, DEST DRIVES? appears.
.
FIetu'n
].
2.
Type
1,1 and press [
DISK, TYPE RETURN appears.
Fletu'n
14
l. The
prompt-INSERT
SOURCE
Page 25
~
~
3.
~
~
~
~
Place the diskette you
case, your
DOS
2.5 Master Diskette - and press I
disk drive begins to " read " the information contained on your
source NATION
4.
Remove
diskette. Then
DISKETTE, TYPE
your sour
blank diskette (formatted
~
I
Rew-n
source
). DOS writes the information
diskette to your destination
want
DOS
to
duplicate
prompts
RETURN.
ce
diskette from the
or
unformatted)
in the
you
to INSERT DESTI-
disk
drive
drive
Retl
and i
, then press
it
has read from your
diskette
, first fo r
- in this
.m ]. The
nsert
matting
a
the destination diskette.
How
many
destination diskettes in your disk
times
DOS
promp
ts you to
drive
insert
your
source
will depend on how
and
much
data is recorded on the source diskette and the amount of RAM
in your
( Flaum ] FOR
complete
computer
.
system.
MENU
When
appears
, the
the
prompt
duplicatio
SELECT
ITEM OR
n process is
Label your
2.5 - System Disk Write-Protect Tabs , from
now
new
copy
of
DOS
2.5 clearly -
."
Attach a write-protect tab to it (see "
"
~I
and use it as
on. Store your original
your working
DOS
safe place.
If
You
Have
1. With the DOS The appea
2. Type 1,2 and press [ Retlnl J.
DISKS, TYPE RE
3. Place
original matted
Two
prompt
rs.
your
DOS
or
unformatted) in Drive 2, then press [ Retlnl
Disk
Dri
ves
Menu
on your screen,
DUP DISK -SOURCE, DEST
The
prompt
source
TURN
diskette in Drive 1 - in this case, your
appears
.
2.5 Master Diskette -
4. DOS duplicates all the information on
your destination diskette, first
forma
diskette.
something
2.5
Master
type
J and press [
DRIVES?
INSERT BOTH
and
a blank diskette (for-
from
your
tti
ng
like "
DOS
Using
copy
of
DOS
Diskette in a
ReWTl
l.
source
diskette
the destination
).
When pears,
the
prompt
the
duplication pr
SELECT
ocess
ITEM OR {
is
complete
Return
] FO R M E
.
NU
ap-
15
Page 26
Label your new copy of DOS 2.5 clearly - something like
2.5 - System Write-Protect Tabs DOS from now on. Store your original DOS 2.5 Master Diskette in a safe place.
Disk"
. Attach a write-protect tab to it (see
,"
below) and use it as your working copy of
"DOS
"Using
(Another way to make a DOS Syslem Diskette is to use option H
WRITE DOS FILES, to write DOS.SYS and DOS .
DUP
on a for-
matted diskette. With some applications, such as AtariWriter,
is recommended that you write DOS files on every data diskette you plan to use to store files. This way, you can load DOS directly from your data diskettes as you load the application program.
See your AtariWriter User's Guide and Section 3 of this manual
The DUPLICATE DISK function is sometimes confused with the
nct
COPY FILES function of DOS. The COPY FILES fu only the files you specify from a source diskette. CATE DISK function is more efficient when you complete backup copies of data diskettes containi files.
Using
Before duplicating a diskette or copying files from another, it is a good idea to attach a write-protect tab to your source diskette. (Included with every package of diskettes that you buy, these tabs are adhesi When folded over the notch in the edge of a diskette, a write­protect tab prevents your disk drive from writing information over any files that may already be there.
Write-Protect Tabs
ve
but can easily be removed.)
The
want
ion copies
DUPLI-
to make
ng
several
one
diskette to
.,
it
.)
Particularly when you are using one disk drive to copy files, you might mistakenly insert the source diskette when your disk drive is ready to write information onto the destination diskette. A write-protect tab on the source diskette prevents the drive from writing over (and destroying) your original data.
dup
licate or
16
Page 27
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
CJ
0
0
0
~
(
~
I
Wrote· Pro
W,i"P",~
tect Tab
,
"'
"
Formatting a Diskette
Unless they 're preformatted, the diskettes you buy to store your files must be prepared to record information from your computer. This process is called matting organizes the surface
ors
so thai your computer can store and retrieve information on
t
it in an orderly way (see illustration on the next page).
formatting,
or
initializing. a diskette. For-
of
a diskette into tracks and sec-
Caution:
already be recorded on it. Never format yo data diskette that cont ains valuable files.
The
ettes. When used DISK, using an dens densit sing
If
yo
810
an using the earlier
files created
Formatting a diskette erases any information thai may
DOS
le density on an XF551 Disk Drive.
ur
2.5
Menu offers you two options for formatti
will
format the
810
Disk Drive, DOS will format the
ity. Option P.,
y.
It
should be used when you
system Disk Drive, or
incl
ATARI
with
with
an X
F551
diskette
FORMAT SINGLE, formats
udes both an
if
you have files c reated and
DOS 2.0S, see Appendix
OOS
3,
see Appendix
Disk Drive,
in enhanced density.
want
ATARI XF551 Disk Drive and
ur
Master Diskette or a
ng
to
l.
Option
disk
only
format a
I.
, FORMAT
If
you are
in
sing
in si
diskette
sto
red
H.
If
yo
ngle
disk-
le
in
u have
17
Page 28
ormatted
F
Oiskette
rite-Pfotet
Track
(one revolution)
Sector
(section 0 1 track)
To
Format a Diskette
W
Ti
Read·Write Area
To get acquainted with the formatting procedure, formal two blank diskettes to use when doing the exercises described
on
rest of this section. Wilh the DOS Menu
your screen:
t Notch
ming
in
the
Hole
1.
To
format in enhanced density on an
Retu'Tl
J;
or
to
and press [ press [
Rew-n
J. The prompt WHICH DRIVE TO FORMAT?
format in single-density, type P and
XF551
Disk Drive, type I
appears.
2.
Type wanl to format Ihe diskette. The prompt TYPE " Y "
the number of the disk drive
MAT
DISK n (where n is the number of the drive you specified)
in
your system
in
which you
TO
FOR·
appears. This gives you a chance to make sure that the speci· fied drive contains a diskette that you want to format -
member, formatting erases any files already contained
reo
on
a
diskette.
3. Place the diskette to be formatted in the drive you have speci·
fied.
Type
Y and press I
Rew-n
l. The BUSY light goes on as the
drive begins to format the diskette.
Page 29
When the prompt SELECT ITEM OR !RetlnI ] FOA MENU ap-
s,
pear DOS Files
formatting
on
is
complete.
the formatted diskette.
You
can now store files or write
Now repeat the procedure
Naming
To
manage your tiles with DOS, you have to give each tile a dis­tinctive filename. computer what part at your system - for example, Disk Drive 1
- you want to handle the file at any particular time. gether, the device code and the filename that you specify make
filespec (short for "
up a
filespec looks like:
Devic name
e~
and Referring
You also
Dl'ATAR
wi
th another diskette.
to
Files
have to use a device code to tell your
Taken
fi
le specification "
I1
30
BAS
.
'"
i-"
).
Here
is
what a typical
to-
Devic numb
(optio
col
Filena (up to chara
Period
as
exten
Exlen
(optio
includes
o to 3 characters
e
or
nal)
Ired Aequ'
on
me
a
cters)
required
sep
arator if
der is used
der
nal)
19
Page 30
Device Codes
The
01 : in
resents the part of your system you want DOS to use in carrying out a command. The 0 stands for disk drive, and the 1 specifies the number of the drive in your computer system.
must always
the
filespec illustration is a device code;
be
used with a device code.
there
Th
e colon (:)
,
it
rep-
There are
also
codes f
or
other
devices that DOS
can
access
activate. The default display device, for example (see " De­faults you could also use P:, which stands for a printer. See DISK
RECTORY
display devices. C: , for cassette program recorder, is another device code that you might specify when using drive, and a program recorder to manage files.
,"
below) is E:, which stands for your TV screen or monilor;
in Section 4 for some examples of using different
DOS
, your
disk
DI
Defaults
For your convenience, default responses
to
prompts are built in
Since on e
1 this device when you press [ SEARCH a source
[
Retl.m
using most
most DOS users have only one
of
the more convenient defaults in DOS is 01 : -
of
your
computer
SPEC, LIST FILE prompt. DOS also
and
destination device - provided that you press
) in response to
other
DOS 2.5.
system.
th
DOS functions.
You
Retl.m
e appropriate prompts - when you are
have seen how
) in response
disk
to
several
drive,
of
its own
for
example,
Disk
DOS
to
defaults
defaults
a DIRECTORY-
to 01 : as
Drive
or
-
to
If you have only
number
D:
to
when entering the device
mean Drive 1.
one
disk
drive, you
code
do
not have to
for it. DOS understands
Filenames
Each file stored on a given diskette must have a
otherwise, your co
wanted
Filenames you like
to
work
by
with.
may
be
a period and an extender
20
mputer
up
system wOUldn't know
to eight characters in length, followed
of
up
to
three
specify
unique
which
cha
racters.
a drive
filename;
file you
if
Page 31
Except lor the period that separates the filename proper from the
in
optional extender, all the characters or numbers, not punctuation marks or other symbols. So you could
use-
a filename must
be
letters
these filenames:
PROGRAM.6J
ACCT4321 LETTER1
If you try to enter an invalid filename, DOS refuses to accept it
and displays ERROR
Extenders, sometimes called file types, can you '
re
naming related but distinct files that you might want to
manage as a group (see " Wild Cards
as
an
use BAS ATARI
You LEITER.S with a word processing program, you might store the various chapters on diskette
Wild
BASIC- PROGRAM1 .BAS , PROGRAM2.BAS, and
might use LETTER .BUS to identify a business letter, and
Cards
extender when naming all programs you write
IS for a letter
but not these:
PROG.6J .BAS
ACCOUNT4321
165
on your screen.
")
. For example, you could
10
your sister.
as
CHAPTER.1, CHAPTER.
If
you were writing a book
be
useful when
2,
and
so
so on.
forth .
in
In
a game of poker, wild cards are valuable because they stand
for any card you choose. Similarly, DOS recognizes special wild
card
symbols that can stand for any character or combination of
characters
able you to refer to a group of files rather than to each one ind viduall
The two wild cards recognized by DOS are the question mark (?), which stands for any single character, and the asterisk
stands for in
an extender. Working with the following files, for example, you
could also use
including PROGRAM1.PIL. The file L
to all the business letter files.
PROGRAM1.BAS PROGRAM2 .BAS PROGRAM3.BAS
PROGRAM1.PIL
y.
in
a filename. A major convenience, wild cards en·
(*
),
an
y combination of characters in a filename proper or
PROGRAM?'
LETTER1 .BUS LETTER2.BUS LETTER3.BUS LETTER.SIS
to specify all the program files ,
EITER?BUS
would refer
io
which
21
Page 32
You
can now understand the entire default filespec used by DOS
in
a DISK DIRECTORY procedure. When you press 1
response
prompt, DOS understands your response as 01 :· you know, is the default code (Disk Drive 1). T files
to
the
DIRECTOR
on
the diskette you want to check.
Y -
SEA
RCH SPE
he'
C, LIST
Rett.m
•.
The
• stands for all
Running a Cartridge From DOS
] in
FILE
01:
, as
With computer) or any other cartridge-based programming language, you can write your own programs to run And you can use programming language commands to store and
TRIDGE function
The procedures described sumption that you '
section). However, the same procedures apply to using DOS with other programming language cartridges.
From BASIC
ATARI
retrieve your programs
age your program
erase them. By enabling you to shift control of
from DOS to a programming language cartridge , the RUN CAR-
programming language at the same time.
BASIC along with DOS - see " Loading DOS
BASIC (whether it's
on
diskette. But you need DOS to man-
fi
les
in
other ways - for exampl e, to copy or
on
the DOS Menu allows you to use DOS and a
in
this secti
re
to
using
DOS
ATARI
and Back Again
in
cartridge form
on
your
on
are based
BASIC (and that you 've loaded
ATARI
your
,"
earlier
or
built
Computer.
computer
on
the as-
in
in
this
your
When you load BASIC and DOS together, as explained earlier in this section, the READY prompt appears. Again, going from
~OS
,
BASIC to DOS is easy - just type
on
DOS Menu appears
To
go from DOS to BASIC (or any cartridge-based program),
select B, RUN CARTRIDGE, from the DOS Menu, then press
I
Aet.l.m
22
I.
your screen.
then press I Aetu'rl J. The
Page 33
Saving and Loading a BASIC Program
The BASIC computing language includes LOAD instructions thai you use to store and retrieve your pro­grams first select RUN CARTRIDGE from the DOS Menu. When the READY prompt appears, type the following program exactly as it appears (even the spaces and punctuation are crucial in pro­gramming). Press mistake, you can press I
You puter to print - display on your screen - T H IS LINE REPE ITSELF and then go back to the previous instruction. imagine what's going to happen when this program runs.
Try press
on diskette.
1(1
P~:IHT
20
GOTO
've
just written a two-line BASIC progr
it. Type RUN , then press [
[
Break.
] to stop the program from runn ing .
To
Iry saving and loading a BASIC program,
Rew'n
]
(
althe
OeIeteBkSp ! to erase il.
"THI:;: LU1E REPEATS
10
ReWTI
end of
). When
its
each
am
you've
own SAVE and
line. If you make a
ITSELF"
that tells yo ur com·
ATS
You
can
seen enough,
To
store this (or any) BASIC program on diskette, you have to
enter the appropriate BASIC command - SAVE - followed by a
your
filespec that DOS understands. Replace
Drive 1 with one of the initialized practice diskettes. Then type
BAS
SAVE " D:PROGRAM1 .
drive goes to work , your program is recorded on diskette.
Though it has now been stored on diskette, your program also
remains in your computer's back
it from memory. Then press
clear it from your screen. Next, type LOAD " D:PROGRAM1.
BAS
program is loaded back into your comput
and press I
into yo ur computer, first type NEW and press [Ret\rn ) to clear
" and press I
ReWT1
he
Not e: T as DOS LOAD and SAVE commands.
BASIC LOAD and SAVE
Re4rn
J. As your disk
) to bring the program
" and press [Ret\rn ).
memo
[
Stwft
ry. To see the program load
) and [
Clear] at
drive
back
commands
DOS diskette in
As
your disk
the same time to
goes to work, the
er
. Finally, type
up
on your screen.
are not the same
LIST
2 3
Page 34
Now, though you have loaded it into your computer's memor the program also remains on your data diskette. Once saved, your files remain on diskette until you use the DELETE
on
function
later
in
the DOS Menu to erase them (see " Erasing Files"
this section).
FILE(S)
Copying Files
LE
With the COPY FILE and DUPLICATE FI Menu, you can copy your files from one diskette to another. can also make a backup copy of a file the original, provided you give the copy a different filename.
You
Note:
and DUP.SYS - using either COPY
Instead, use option H
(see Section 3).
cannot copy the files that make up DOS - DOS.SYS
.,
WR ITE DOS FILES, to copy these files
FI
on
LE
options on the DOS
You
the same diskette as
or DUPLICATE FILE.
y,
Creating Some Practice Files
When going through the previous section of this manual, you
created a short program in BASIC and saved it on a data diskette as PROGRAM1 .BAS. To learn how to use the copying functions, create a few more practice files.
ad
Lo and have the DOS Menu on your screen, select RUN CAR­TR IDGE . Insert your data diskette (the one containing your PRO­G prompt appears, type the three SAVE commands below. Press
[
before proceeding. In effect, these files are nothing more than filenames, but they're enough for you to work with
how to copy
DOS and BASIC, if necessary; if you have already done so
RAM1
Aetl.m
.BAS file) in Drive 1 of your system . When the READY
) after each line and wait while your disk drive saves the file
as
you learn
fi
les .
SAl)E SAUE
SAl)E
"D: PROGRAt'12.
"D
: PROGRAt'13 . BA:3"
"D
:
PF::OGRA~
1
1
BAS"
.
PI
L "
To
Copy Files
Which of the two copying options you should use depends on how many disk drives file from one diskette to another or on the same diskette.
yo
u have and whether you want to copy a
24
Page 35
If
your
810
earlier
files, see
system
Disk Dri
ATARI
includes
ve,
or
if
both
an
ATARI XF551
you have fi les c reated and stored
Disk Drive and an
DOS 2.08, see Appendix H. If you have DOS 3
Appendix
L.
using
the
From
Follow th ese steps to copy a file from one diskette to another using one disk drive:
1. With the DOS Menu on your screen,
2. Type the name
One
Diskette
FILE and press MOVE? appears.
PROGRAM1 . INSERT SOURCE DISK,
to
Another
I
of
PIL
f'leW'n
l.
one
- and press [
The prompt
of your
With
practice files - say,
TYPE
One
Disk
type
NAME
Retirn
l. The prompt
RETURN appears.
Drive
0 for DUPLICATE
OF
FILE
TO
3. Place the diskette containing the file you want to duplicate in
(
the drive and press specified file on your source diskette. Then DOS prompts you
10
INSERT DESTINATION DISK, TYPE RETURN .
4. Remove your source diskette fr
RetuTl
formatted diskette, then press (
has read from your source diskette to
ette.
I.
The disk drive begins to read the
om
the disk drive a
AetlrTl
).
DOS
your
writes the file it
destination disk-
nd
insert a
How many times DOS prompts you to insert your source and destination diskettes in your disk drive will
pr
your original file is. When the FOR
MENU
From
1. With the DOS Menu on your screen, type C for
2. Type the complete filespec for the file you want to copy, a
One
and press I
comma file PROGRAM1 .PIL, type: GRAM
appears, the copying process is complete .
Diskette
Aetu'n
, and the filespec for the copy itself. For yo
.PIL.
to
Another
l.
The prompt
ompt SELE
With
COpy
Dl
:PROGRAM1 .
depend
CT
'TWo
Disk
- FROM , TO? appears.
on how large
ITEM
OR
Drives
COPY
ur
PIL,02
[
AetlrTl
FILE
practice
:PRO-
)
25
Page 36
3. Make sure Drive 1
Then press
DOS copies t he specified file from the diskette in Drive 1 to the diskette in Drive 2. When the prompt SELE FOR MENU appears, the copying process is complete.
thai
and
the diskette
Ret\rTl
[
the
).
diskette
to
containing your
which you are copying is in Drive 2.
CT
origina
ITE M
l file is in
OR
(Retlrn )
Backing
Whether option on the DOS Menu to make a
same diskette. Follow the steps oullined under "
ette
code for give the fife
you are copying your practice file PROGRAM1 .PIL on Drive 1, you
Using Wild Cards
Suppose you want tice BAS
four at
time
To
use wild
procedure you use
cards or
your FILE). wo
uld
- using the· using the DUPLICATE FILE option, DOS will tell you each
Up a File
you have one drive or two , you use the
to Another With Two Disk Drives
both
a different name in the
might
files - PROGRAM1.BAS,
, and
.
type D1:PROGRAM1 .
PROGRAM1.PIL
once
when typing your FROM filespec (when using COPY FILE)
To type
to stand for the extenders in all four filenames. If you are
fi
le.
- a time-saving alternative to
cards
NAME
copy
PROGRAM?
the?
on
the
the FADM
Same
and
the
Diskette
backup
TO
filespecs
TO
PIL,D1
to
Copy a Group
to
make
to
copy
to
copy one file on your system , but use wild
OF
FILE TO MOVE (when using
all f
our
of
to
stand for the
backup
You
all your practice files, follow
your practice files, f
* as the
numbers
copies
PROGRAM2.BAS
can use wild
name
copy
,"
but type the
and
COPY
of
From
remember to
FILE
a file on the
One
same
drive
filespec. For example.
:PROGRAM1 .
of
Files
of
all four
, PROGRAM3.
cards
copying
DUP
or
example
of the files to be copied
in all four f
BAK
of
your prac-
to copy all
them one at a
the
LICATE
, you
ilenames
as
it
Disk-
.
same
and
copies
if
of
See Section 3 for detailed examples copying files with COPY FILE and DUPLICATE FILE.
using wild
cards
when
Page 37
Erasing Files
You
can erase a file from a diskette with the DELETE FILE
function
opens
tion. After a file is erased from a diskette, its filename disappears from the directory for that diskette.
on
up
the
space
DOS
on
Menu . Erasing out-ot·date files, of course ,
your
data
diskettes
for
stori
ng
more
(S)
informa
·
Caution
be permanent.
conditions can you use the OISKFIX.COM utility to (See the DISKFIX.COM section, Appendix
For practice,
BAS file. Place the data diskette containing the fil e in your disk
dr
ive . Then follow these steps:
1. With the DOS Menu on
2. Type 01 :PROGRAM1 .
3. Type Y and press
: Use the DELETE FILE(S) function with care - it may
Once
try
The prompt DELETE FILESPEC appears.
or D2:PROGRAM1 . The prompt TYPE " Y" TO DELETE ...
verification prompt, all mind about erasi
you've
erased
erasing the copy
your
screen,
BAS
ng
the file.
RetI.rn
(
BAS
owing
if
if it is in Drive 2, then press [
I to erase the file.
a file,
you
your
you a
only
under
gel
L.)
made of your
type
0 and press (
data diskette is in Drive 1,
appea
chance
to change your
PROGRAM1
rs
-this
certain
it
back.
Fletu'n
Retln1
is a
.
J.
I.
With wild cards in you wish in one operation.
of
copies same procedure you use to erase one file,
puter prompts you to enter the OELETE FILESPEC, type
:' .BAS
01
As DOS displays each filename matching yo and press I eral but not all cards, simply type N and press I
that you want to preserve appears. This operation takes less time than going through the entire DELETE FILE(S) proced
several individual files.
files with the BAS extender on
(or 02:· .BAS
RatI.m
your
filespec, you can erase as many files as
To
if you are usi
I to delete that fil
of
the files in a
try this, erase the two remaining
your
diskette. Follow the
but
when your com-
ng
Drive 2).
ur
filespec, type Y
e.
When you want to erase sev-
group
that you specify with wild
Retln1
] as the name
of
each fite
ur
e for
27
Page 38
Page 39
SECTION 3
SELECTING A
DOS MENU OPTION
00000000000000000
To
select a
1.
Load DOS into your computer. (From BASIC, you can go to
DOS
by
DOS
typing
Menu
option :
DOS and
pressing [RetorTl
l.)
2. The Menu will appear on the screen, listing the
16
options
available.
..
DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
COPYRIGHT 1984
A .
DISK
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
B. RUN CARTRIDGE J OUPLICATE DISK
C. COPY FILE K. BINARY
D. E.
F.
G.
H. WRITEOOSFILES
SELECT ITEM OR
DIRECTORY
DELETE RENAME
LOCK
FILE
UNLOCK FilE
ATAR'
FILEIS)
Fill
[Aeurn
VERSION
CORP.
I.
l.
M.
N.
O. OUPLICATE
P.
I FOR MENU
2.5
FORMAT DISK
BINARY RUN
CREATE
FORMATSIHGLE
SAVE
LOAO
AT
ADORESS
MEM. SAY
FilE
~
Type the letter corresponding to your selection and press
~
3.
[ Retlrl'l J.
A prompt will appear, listing
4.
parameters
you
need
to
sup-
the
ply before DOS can perform the function you have chosen . A parameter is additional information (sometimes optional) specifying how the
command
is to operate.
29
Page 40
5.
The prompt SELECT ITEM OR l each time the computer system completes a request. If you choose to select another item, type the leiter for the option you need and press [ scroll upward to make room for the next option 's prompts. If you press I Menu.
ReWT1]
ReWTl
J. The bottom half of
, the screen will clear and redisplay the DOS
If your system includes both
Drive,
ATARI managing your files and diskettes files formatted with
or
if
you have files originally created and stored using
OOS
2.05, see Appendix H
OOS
3, see Appendix L.
an
ReW"n
ATARI
for
with
1 FOR MENU appears
the
screen will
XF551
detailed information
DOS
and an
2.5.
If
810
you have
Disk
on
A.
A Disk Directory is a filename, the extender
cated to each file.
list, depending used in the parameters.
With the SELECT ITEM OR [ screen , type A and press I
plays this message:
If you press I the diskette, the size (in sectors) of each file, and the number of free sectors remaining
shows the files
DISK
DIRECTORY
li
st of the files on a diskette, showing the
(i
f any), and the number of sectors allo-
It
will either display a partial list
on
the parameters entered. Wild cards can be
ReWTl
AeWTl
DI RECTORY--SEARCH
ReW"n
1 again, you will see a listing of all the files
on
the diskette. The following example
in
the directory of your DOS 2.5 System Diskette.
or
a complete
I FOR MENU prompt
I. The screen immediately dis-
SPEC.LIST
FILE'
on
the
on
SELECT ITEI'!
A 1
ABt..m
)
OR 1'"""'1 FOR
D I RECTORY--SEARCH
SPEC.
~![t.W
LIST
FILE? 1""""
1
Page 41
DOS
DUP RAt'1DISK SETUP Cot'l
COPY32 DI SKFD::
739
FREE SECTORS
8"1'8 8Y8 COt'l
COt1 COt,!
037 042
009
07
~
)
e5E,
12157
SELECT
In the unlikely cupies 1000 or more sectors on a diskette, the Disk Directory for that diskette will show the file as occupying only 999 sectors. Similarly, if there are more than 999 free sectors the directory will show 999 + FREE SECTORS. This is nol error; to maintain compatibility with programs written for DOS
2.0S, DOS 2.5 uses only three-digit numbers to indicate file sizes.
Also, when you store files, DOS 2.5 uses the lowest-numbered sectors stands a maximum of only DOS properly accessed by DOS 2.0S. When you use option A, DOS
2.5 displays the names of such " extended" files enclosed by angle brackets. For example:
on
2.5that
ITE~l
evenlthat
a diskette first. Since the earlier DOS 2.0S under-
uses sectors numbered 720 or above cannot be
OR
( Aetlrn l
you use DOS 2.5 to slore a file that oc-
719
FOR
sectors,
t'lnlU
on
a diskette,
any file created using
an
:t:DOS :t:DUP
,...",--
-=-
I .:0
c:'.',--
... ' I .:0
FILE! DAT FILE2 DAT
<FILE3
DAT>
<FILE4 DAT>
236
In this directory listing, the files FILE3.DAT and FILE4. use sectors of the diskette number
with angle brackets. Note that the size of a file does not deter­mine whether it is
ing sectors 720 or above will normally, but not necessarily, be the last files in a directory listing.
FPEE
SECTORS
so
037 12142
2(14
':;.
11
35(1
~
)22
ed
marked or not. Al
DAT
, which
720 and above , are marked
so
note that files occupy-
31
Page 42
Parameters
As
you
can
command
At
this prompt.
es
, or all files
fil
cate
a specific disk drive,
the
files
on
do
If you
not
for
see from
has
two par
you on
the diskette in Drive 1 (the
indicate
default values of
fault
all
the
parameter
files on
, 01 :· . • • tells
the
the Disk Directory Option
the
entry
ameters, SEARCH SP
can choose to search for a single file, several
the diskette
a specific filespec,
01:*.·
diskette
,E: for the two parameters . The first de-
prompt
you
DOS
will
DOS
currently
for
the
Disk
EC
and
designate. If you
assume
default
that
inserted in
that
drive).
DOS
you want
will
you
substitute
to
Drive
Directory, this
LIST FILE.
do
not
indio
wanllo
see
a listing
1.
see
the
of
The second default parameter, E
information ify neither
the
screen
serted in Drive 1.
If you have a printer, you can ing a comma parameter.
to
be
displayed
parameter
all fil
enames
(,) for the first
In
the
examp
on
and
simply
and
file sizes stored
print a copy
parameter
le below, the
the screen.
file , DOS.SYS.
1. Type A and press [
2. After the and press
3. If you
will be printed n
ot
ERROR-138 displayed on the
directory
[ Retlrn J.
have a printer
have a printer (or
Aetlrn
entry prompt
and it is on, a partial
on
the
printer
it
is
J.
not
:,
tells
DOS that you want
Therefore
press [ Aetlrn I,
of
and
a P: for
data
is
appea
instead
turned
screen
rs ,
of
the
on),
.
DOS
on
the
the dir
printed
type
directory
you
scr
ectory
the
OOS
een
will
all
, if you spec-
will list
diskette in-
for only
for Drive 1
. If you
see
on
by
us-
second
one
.SYS , P:
do
an
this
On
the
hard
copy
DO
S
739
Each displays a SELECT ITEM OR
FR
time
the
from
the
printer
8\'S
EE SE
DISK DIRECTORY
037
CTORS
32
, you will see:
option
[
Aew-n
J FOR
completes
MENU
prompt.
a taSk , it
Page 43
The following examples illustrate several different ways you can
se
this option.
u
Note
: When filenames are displayed, names and their extend·
ers are not separated by a period. However, when you wa nt to access a file, you must use a period between the filename and its extender.
Ex
ample
extender on the screen.
1: Lists all files from Drive 1 diskette with .SYS
SELECT
ITEl1
OR
A I """'" I
DIRECTORY--SEARCH
*.
. SYS I
Ex
ample
SELECT
A I
""""
Retu"n
2: Lists all files on Dri
I
ITEt'l
OR
I
DIRECTORY--SEARCH
D2' • P'
Example ette that begin with EO.
SELECT
A I
""""I
1""""'1
3: Lists
ITEt'l
allt
hree·letter filenames from the Drive 1 disk·
OR
DIRECTORY--SEARCH
EO?*. IRetu"n
1
[""""'I
SPEC.
ve
[""""'I
SPEC.
[""""'I
SPEC.
FOR
NEI~U
LIST
2 diskette
FOR
I1UIU
LIST
FOR
1'IUIU
LIST
FILE'
on
the line printer.
FILE'
FILE'
Note the files of a non·DOS disk, you may see a nonsensical lisling for the file directory. Commercial adventure games and boatable
game disks are examples of non·DOS disks. If this occurs you should turn your computer off, then on again, with your DOS
System Disk in Drive 1 before performing any further DOS tions.
Note
view the directory of a DOS 3 disk directly. See Appendix L, the
COPY32,COM
1: When you use the DOS 2.5 Disk Directory opti
2: You cannot use the DOS 2.5 Disk Directory Option to
section for
converting DOS 3 fil
es,
on
to list
fu
nc·
33
Page 44
B. RUN CARTRIDGE
Whenever
puter System to
built-in BASIC,
computer
READY prompt. If the Assembler Editor cartridge is inserted, the
screen displays tridge
sage NO CARTRIDGE appears
Warning: If
Diskette (in Drive 1) when you entered DOS, you will find that
BASIC or assembly language program
entered DOS is now gone. Your program cannot
now
, unless you previously saved
ca
lled DOS. DOS 2.5 because you share Utility Package stored in the DUP.SYS file . T he
with DUP.SYS increases the
user
.
you
select B,
the
if
any. If the BASIC cartridge is inserted or your
does have built-in BASIC, the screen displays a
an
and
your computer does not have
you
do
This
loss
DOS
inserted cartridge
EDIT
not
have a
of
your program file
gives control
prompt.
MEM.SAV
the
amount
If
you
on
the screen .
it
user program area with the Disk
of
your
or
to your
have
built-in
file
in
memory before
on a diskette before you
happens
of
RAM available to the
computer's
not
inserted a
BASIC, the
on
your System
be
sharing
ATARI Com-
car-
mes-
any
you
recovered
when using
of RAM
Example
SELECT ITEt-1
B i
If the MEM.SAV file exists on assembly diskette when you type DOS and press [ into RAM when you return control to ing that the diskette in Drive 1 is the before you called DOS and that you did not invalidate MEM.SAV by
your use of DISK. A invalidated if you try to use any CREATE
:
""""
I
language
prompt
MEM
DR
i
"'""'
program will automatically be saved to the
COPY
will appear to remind you that MEM.SAV can
.SAV, in this section).
FILE, DUPLICATE FILE,
i
FOR
the
Drive 1 diskette,
ReWTl
the
cartridge.
same
of
these
commands
t1Et~U
your
BASIC
) and then reloaded
This
is assum·
diskette
or
that
DUP
(see N. ,
was there
LICATE
or
be
34
Page 45
C. COPY FILE
Use this option if you have two copy a file from a diskette in one disk drive to another diskette in a second disk drive.
If your computer system includes both
810
Disk
Drive,
if you first format the destination diskette on the Option
as many files
in your 810.
more than If your computer system includes both an
Drive,
DOS 2.08, ing your files and diskettes with you
There are
mand:
filespec, which mayor may not contain wild cards . The use of wild cards in the first parameter gives you a very convenient of copying a group
Example
ter to allow the
second parameter
nation device such
see
(
P., FORMAT
or
if you use files originally created and stored using
have
Examples 3, 5,
DOS
FROM
6)
you
can
copy files
SINGLE,
as
will fit on the single-density formatted diskette
You
will
not
707
sectors, the capacity of a single density diskette.
see
Appendix H for detailed information on
3 formatted diskettes.
tw
o parameters associated with the COPY FILE com-
and
TO.
The first parameter,
of
files from one disk drive to another (see
. The
fA
option can
FROM
is
as
and
file to
generally a filespec , but
E:
(screen), P; (printer), or
6).
or
on
be able
be
be
appended
more
the
used with the second parame-
from
XF551)
to
copy
OOS
disk
drives and want to
an
ATARI
the
XF551
. Then you
any file that occupies
XF551
2.5.
See
FROM
to
the
can
XF551
to the
610
and
Appendix L if
, is usually a
TO
file . The
also
0:
(disk drive)
(or
an
be
810
by
can
810
manag-
and
only
using
copy
Disk
way
a desti-
an
COPY
ular
ent extender, or
you
that have been appended
of the file will
than the original file
If
tem Diskette,
FILE
can
also
be
used
file on
are copy i
you
the
same
ng
be
allemptto copy a file when a MEM.SAV
you 'Nill
diskette with the same filename but a differ-
even
a completely different filename. If the file
under a new name
compressed ; i.e
from
get a new prompt message.
to
create a backup copy of a partic-
is
made
(a
" compound " file), the new version
.,
it will take
which
it
was
copied.
up
of
several files
up
fewer sectors
file
is
on
You
your
will get the
Sys-
35
Page 46
new message after typing the source drive number (where the
is
information
(where the data
coming from) and the destination drive number
is
going). The message
TYPE'
CRUTION
appears to remind you that DOS can use all of the user program area to speed up the copy file process. A Y notifies DOS that really don't care about your user program area or MEM.SAV file
at this time - MEM.SAV wi the DOS that it cannot put anything into the user program area. It
can only use a much smaller internal buffer to move your other words, your file will still be copied when you give an N re­sponse, but it will take much longer.
You
can also use th is selection to copy the file lisling to the
screen (E:) or the printer (P
Caution
wi
th a
SAV table, and only the first file will be loaded. However, you can merge two B nary files creat (Tokenized and untokenized fil
''1'"
, A
1:
Do not append lokenized BASIC files, i.e
E command. Each toke nized file h
AS
ed
I F
OK
TO
USE PROGRAM AREA
"Y
"
INVALIDATES
ll
be
invalidated.
:)
IC files stored with a LIST command, or two bi-
by the Assembler Editor cartridge or DOS.
es
are explained
An
as
MEM.SAU
you
N response tells
fi
le.
In
.,
files stored
its own symbol
in
Section 4.)
Caution 2: Remember that
a LIST command that have matching line numbers cou
the files to interfere with each other.
1:
Example
SELE
-...
C 1
OP
Y--
C
DOS EX.
D 1 :
Ex
ample
ECT
SEL
C 1
-"'
COPY--FRm1,
Dl
'DOSEX.
36
Copies DOSEX.BAS from
CT
ITEI1
OR
1
FR
Ot'h TO?
BAS , D
2: Creates backup copy of Ii
ITEM
OR 1
1
TO?
BAS.Dl'DOSEX.
in
merge operations, files stored with
01
to
02.
1""",, 1 FOF,
2;
D
OS
D-·~
-...1
FO
l'IEt1
U
.
BA
S (
Flet
lTl"l
Ie
on same diskette.
R
11EI
1U
BA
K
]
ld
cause
Page 47
Example
3: Displa
ys
the
progr
am listi
ng
on screen
.
SELECT
C [
Rec...rn
]
COPY-
[II
E
xample
TEMPOAT
TEMP.
-FROt'h T
' [lOSEX , LST , E ' 1
4:
Copies any suc
. Ty
pe
OAT
file
SELECT ITEI'l
C 1
""""
I
COPY--FROi'
[II' TEr-1P,
E ' ,
PETER I:
ILL
I
""~
1 """" 1
RAY 1 """" STEVE
[Co-ud ] 3
1""""1
ITEr-lOR
data
on scre
. [
CaltI'OI
] 3 terminales
OR
h TO?
DAT
I
I
1"""" 1 FOR
O?
""""
ceeding
en
Ihat
1""""1
1"""" 1
I
data into
you
entry
FOR
l'
lEt~U
want
of
data
l'lENU
a fi
10
le be .
named stored
in
Exampl
e 5: lists
SELECT ITEi'1
C
I
~
I
COPY--FROI'h [l1 '
DISEX,LST
Example .
SVS
6:
Copies
extender
SELECT ITEi'1
C 1
""""
I
Y--
COP
~,~,D2
Example 7:
FROi'h TO?
'
Appends
SELECT ITEl'l
c
I
~
I
COPY--FROI'l,
the pro
.
1""""1
gram
OR
TO?
, P '
all
files
OR
PROG2
OR
TO
?
listing
1"""" 1
from
01
1"""" 1
file
1""""1
DISEKLST
FOR l'lENU
to
02
except
FOR
on
01
~lENU
to
the
FOR l'lENU
on
the
printer
those
PROG1 file.
having
.
DI ' PROG2, PROGI / A
1""""1
37
Page 48
D.
DELETE
This
option
and the disk directory. Wild cards can be used in the filespec names.
The
ver about request) step (see
deleting
allows
ific
ation
to
the filespec
Example
FILE(S)
you
to
delete
prompt
a file . If you
gives
entry, DOS
3).
one
you a c
append
or
more
hance
the
IN
will
eliminate
files
to change
option
(No
this
from a diskette
your
mind Verification verification
You can also
formatted. Example 4 illustrates the steps for deleting all the
ex
isting files
used in this example so the verification request
answered
be
locked file, the screen will display ERROR·167 (File Locked).
Example
REM
for each
and
SELECT
1:
that
such
delete
on
for
Deletes
have a .BAS
file.
ITEt-1
the
each
all files
diskette
file on the di
atlliles
OR
on a diskette
in
Drive 1.
skette
on
Drive 2 diskette
extender, with a verification
[""""[
FOR
but
Note
. It you
I'IEHU
leave
that
does
try
that
the
the
IN
not need to
to
delete
begin with
diskette
opt
ion is
prompt
D ["""" 1
DELETE FILE
D2,
RHI~,
TYPE
BAS [""""
"Y"
SPEC
TO
DELETE
I
..
REt11 . BAS?
y (
Aet\.ITI
l
REMBAA.BAS?
Y [
Aetl.rn
l
a
Example 2: Deletes
SELECT
D [
AeWTl
DELETE
D ,
TE
TY
PE ·Y·
EM
P,DAn
T
y [
Ratl..m
IT HI
]
FI
LE
MP, DAT
TO
l
38
single
OR
1""""1
SP
EC
[""""I
DE
LET
file,
with a verification
FOR
E,
prompt.
1'IEIIU
Page 49
Ex
ample
3: File wi
SELECT ITEr-I O
D I
Aeurn
]
DE
LETE
FILE
DOSDC BAS/
Ex
ample
'3
ELECT
D 1 ""'-"'I
DE
*.
4: Deletes all files from the Drive 1 diskette.
ITEr-lOR 1 "'''''' 1 FOR
LETE
.
*./t~
FILE
1
Ret.l.m
ll
be deleted without requesti
F:
1",,,,,, 1 FOR l'IEfjU
SPEC
fl
1""'-"'1
SPEC
]
ng ver
~IEN'-'
ification.
E.
This option allows you to change the name Th Th
do not specify a device
default). The
The device num ber is aut
OLD NAME parameter. If there are any illegal characters in the
NEW paramete r, the name
characters up to, but n
You
(see Example
the OLD NAM E, they must at least be matched by numb
position in the NEW filename. T
and illegal filenames entered in response to the GIVE OLD
NAM E, NEW prom pt illustrate this point:
RENAME
ere are two parameters, OLD NAME an d NEW, for this option. e parameter OLD NAME is always a
NEW
can use wild cards in both the first and second parameters
2). However, if you use one
FILE
number
paramet
oma
ot
includ ing, the illegal charact
of
one or more files .
complete
, the
computer
er
refers simply to the new filename.
tically the
of
the renamed file will consist of the
he
device
or
following examples of legal
filespec. If you
assumes Dl: (the
specified in the
er.
more wild cards in
er
and
EGAL:
L
TEST,
TEST
HD-l
.
"'~
t-1HJ
. '"
:.:.DAT,*..BAK
:.:.771,*.772
TEST3
,
DAT,FILE7.~
TEST3.DAT,FILE:.:.:.:
39
Page 50
ILLEGAL:
TE
S T
TE
ST?,
TEST
.
:':~
t~E~J
t~EW
:':
.??I,TEST3
.
??2
Note that it is legal to use more wild cards in the than in the are copied from the examples shown above would both produce the same result as entering TEST3.DAT,FILE
Remember that every file on a given diskette should have a unique filename. wildcards, DOS 2.5 allows you to give it any valid filename, in­cluding a name already assigned to a file on the same diskette. Then, if you try to work with one delete it, lock it ,
2.5 offers you a solution to this problem. If you find two files with the same filename on one diskette, NAME NEW that matches the DISKFIX.COM section, Rename File By #, in Appendix L.)
If you attempt to rename a file on a write-protected diskette, an ERROR-144 (Device Done Error) will appear on the screen. If you try to rename a file that is not on the diskette, an ERROR-HO
(File Not Found) appears.
means that you tried to rename a locked file (see F., LOCK FILE).
filename - DOS 2.5 will rename only the first file it finds
OLD
FILE option without any wild cards in either the
name; in such a case, the filename characters
OLD
name unchanged. Thus the last legal
3.DAT.
If you rename a single file without using any
of
the two files (for
etc
.) DOS will act on both files. However, DOS
OLD
NAME you have specified. (See also the
If
the screen displays
NEW
ERROR
filename
example
that
use
the RE-
OLD
, to
you have
or
-IS?,
it
Example
NAMES.
SELECT
E 1
RENAI'IE -GlUE D2' TE
Example
extenders changed to .BAS
SELECT
E 1
R
ENAME
:.:. 8KB,
40
1:
Changes the file on Drive 2 from TEMP.DAT to
DAT
.
ITEI
'I
OR
-..
1
OLD
I1P. DAT. NAI'IES . D
2:
All files on Drive 1 with extender
-..
ITn
1
-
:.:
l
GlU
. BAS [
OR
E
FEtlrn
1
1
OL
-..
1
FOR
NAI'IE. fjEI·j
AT
1
-..
-..
1
FO
R MEtjU
D NAME. N
)
l'IEl1U
1
BKB
EW
have
their
Page 51
F.
LOCK FILE
Use
this
selection to write-protect a single file. A locked file
not
be written
167 will result from trying to write to a locked file. wild cards to lock several files at the
to, appended
, renamed,
same
or
deleted
time.
can·
. An ERROR-
You
can use
A locked file will
preceding its name. Do
Warning format
ample
Ex
: If you lock
the
diskette, the locked files will still
1: L
SELECT
F
1""""'1
WHAT DOS
Ex
ample
FILE
.
'3
"I
2: Locks all files
SELECT ITE.1
appear
any
ocks
ITE~I
the DOS.SVS file on Drive 1.
OR
TO
S 1 """'" 1
OR
F I Ratu'Tl ]
WHAT
D1
: :':. B
FILE
AS
TO
[FIew'n]
on
the Disk Di r
not
confuse this asterisk with a wild card.
files
on
the Disk Directory and then
1""
..
,,
1
ectory
FOR
with an asterisk (0)
be
obliterated.
"IEt1U
LOCK?
on
Drive 1 with an
1
""""'
1
FOR
extender
"IEtKI
of .BAS
LOCK'
.
Example
3: Locks all files on Drive 1
SELECT
F 1""""1
WHAT
T:.:. *
Example
4: Locks
SELECT
F 1
""""
WHAT FILE
:.:.*
!
~
!Tnl
FILE
I
~l
!TEt1 OR
1
I
OR
TO
LOCK?
all Drive
TO
LOCK'
I
"'~
1 f
I
iles
1""""'1
FOR
.
FOR
that
begin wi
MEI1U
"IEHU
th
T.
41
Page 52
G. UNLOCK FILE
Use
this option
ing option F. When you complete this option, the asterisk preced·
ing the filename
locked) will no longer appear when you execute a OISK DIREC-
TO
RY
command (DOS Menu option A .). Wild car
in the filespec names.
to
unlock a Ii
in
the
Ie
or fil
es
you
previously locked
Disk Directory (to indicate the file
ds
can be used
us-
was
ampl
Ex
SELECT
G 1
~IHAT
DOSEX _ BA
xa
E
SELECT ITEr-r
G 1
WHAT
Tlfi
Exa
PAOe
SELECT
e 1: Unlocks DOSEX.BAS file on Drive 1.
-...
1
FILE
mple
mple
2: Unlocks files beginning with the leiter T on Drive 1.
-"'
. • [
1
FILE
RetuTI
3: Unlocks all five-letter files on Drive 1 beginning with
and having a .
G 1 """" 1
WHAT
PROB? _ DAT
FILE
ITHI
S 1
]
ITHI
OR
TO
Ut1LOC
""""
OR
TO
UNLOCK?
OAT
OR
TO
UNLOCK ?
1
-...
1
-...
K?
1
1
""""
extender.
1
-"'
1
1
FOR
1
FOR
1
FOR r-I
MENU
r-rENU
ENU
H. WRITE DOS FILES
To
write formatted MAT DISK). The inserted
As
screen is cleared and both the menu
ITEM
42
DOS
in
soon
as
OR I ABt.rn
2.5 files onto a diskette,
the
diskette using
diskette
the
disk dr
the
DOS
files
1 FOR
ive
MENU
DOS on whi of
your choice.
have
are
2.5 or
ch
DOS
been
redisplayed.
you
must have previously
DOS 2.0S
is
to
be
written
written
and
to
the diskette,
the prompt SELECT
(see
I.
,
can
FOR·
be
the
Page 53
If you t
write·protected, you will get
ry
to write a new DOS fi
le
onto a dis kette that has been
an
ERRQR·144.
SELECT
"'""'
H I
DR
I VE TO WR I TE D
1 I
"'"'"
TYPE
FIew'n
Y [
WRIT I
IT E 1'1
I
I
"Y"
]
NG
NEW DOS
I. FORMAT
Ordinarily, density, provided you are using ever, when executing swit
ch are using is manage information
Option used
single density.
to
this
option
to
single-density formatting
an
ATARI
P.
on the DOS 2.5 Menu, FORMAT SINGLE, can be
"force"
an
OR 1",,,,,,1
TO
WRIT
DISK
is
this
810
only
XF551
OS FIL
E DO:;
F I LES
used
command DOS 2.5 will automatically
(which can format diskettes and
in single
Disk Drive
FOR I'IEI'IU
ES
Tn7
TO
DR I lJE 1 .
to
format a diskette in enhanced
an
ATARI
density
XF551
if it
finds
to
format a diskette in
Disk Drive. How-
that the drive you
).
to
be
The diskette that you no longer want. Formatting writes information diskette that allows data
A diskette formatted Drive is capable
diskette formatted in single density can store information
719
sectors. However, the formatting process itself reserves some sectors for the exclusive use newly formatted in Single density will
ing)
only
707
FREE
+ FREE SECTORS. There are actually
in enhanced
for
only
density
the sake
formatted can be blank or have files
to
be stored
with
this
option
of
storing information
SECTORS,
, but DOS 2.5 uses three-digit numbers
of
compatibility
and
and
using
of
show
in
enhanced
with
DOS 2.05.
retrieved.
an
XF551
in
1023 sectors, while a
DOS. So a diskette
(in a directory list-
density
1010
sectors available
on
on
Disk
999
it
the
in
43
Page 54
If your computer system includes both
Drive,
using DOS 2.0S, see Appendix H managing your files to Remember to label your diskettes clearly with DOS used
The example below illustrates Drive 1 ted; however, you can specify any drive. If you try diskette containing bad sectors, the screen will displ
ERROR· sage from the disk drive that the diskette has bad sectors , it will keep trying to format the diskette. If this happens,
to
ERROR-173.
If a diskette is new and has bad sectors ,
the supplier for exchange.
or
if you have and use files originally created and stored
an
d diskettes w ith DOS
use fi les originally formatted with DOS
to
format each one.
173 (Bad
15
minutes trying to format a diskette before returning
Sectors at Format Time). If DOS gels a mes-
an XF551
fo
r detailed i
as
the drive to
you
and an 810 Disk
nfo
rmation on
2.5.
If you want
3,
see Appendix
the
version
be
format-
to
format a
ay
an
it may take up
an
should relurn it to
L.
of
SELECT ITEI1
I I
""""
1
WHICH
1 I
Rew-n
T'r'PE
DRIVE
]
"'y
'"
TO
OF:
1"''''''1 FOc'
TO
FORMAT?
FORI'IAT
D I
:3f<:
I'IUIU
1
y I"'''''' 1
Warning:
formal previously existing on the diskette.
J . DUPLICATE
Use this menu option to create an exact duplicate
ette.
You can u
swapping
ette on whi
complete . systems by in separate drives and all owing the duplication process to proceed
automatically.
Fo
rmatting a diskette always destroys all files and
DISK
of
any disk-
se
this option wi
so
urce (diskette with fil
ch
you are putting files) until the duplication process
You
can also use this option with multiple di
se
rting source and destination diskettes in two
th a single
es
on it) and destination (disk-
disk drive
by manually
sk
drive
is
44
Page 55
Unlike the same function DISK in keep in diskette using If
your Drive, using DOS 2.0S, see Appendix H for detailed information on managing your files and diskettes
if
you want
The duplication process is a sector·by·sector copying technique.
This means that not only are all your files copied from the source to the destination diskette , but they are also located in the same sector number on both diskettes. The directory of the source diskette is also copied onto the destination diskette. For this reason, any files previously stored on the destination diskette will have been destroyed when the duplication process is complete.
So
that none of the files on it are valuable.
DOS
2.5 will format your destination diskette. However,
mind
comp
or
if you use an old diskette for the destination diskette, be sure
that you cannot duplicate an enhanced
an
ATARI810 Disk Drive as
uter system includes both
if you have and use files originally created and stored
to
use files formatted with DOS
of
the eartier DOS 2.0S, DUPLICATE
density
your
destination drive.
an
XF551
with
DOS 2.5. See Appendix L
3.
and
an
810
Disk
You
should always save BASIC or assembly language programs
in
that are currently
ette. There is no internal buffer for DUPLICATE DISK as there is
for the COPY FILE command, and MEM.SAV (if invalidated if you give DOS permission to proceed (and to use the program area). The DUPLICATE DISK option always uses
the program area (where a RAM-resident BASIC program is
stored) as a buffer for moving the files on
the destination diskette.
Duplication
In a single disk drive system, the source
are both Drive 1 (see example).
Always write-protect your source diskette Then,
ette, the screen will display
diskette will still be intact.
if
it
is accidentally inserted
RAM before attempting to duplicate a disk·
in
use) will be
the
source diskette to
Using a Single Disk
in
an
ERROR·144, and your source
Drive
and
destination drives
as
a safety measure.
place of the destination disk-
45
Page 56
If you type any character other than Y and press ( sponseto sage, the program aborts and the SELECT ITEM MENU prompt appears on the screen.
the TYPE
"Y"
IF OK
TO
USE PROGRAM AREA mes-
Retu"fl
OR I ReWTl
l in re-
) FOR
Here is
Note: insert the source and destination ber and size of the file(s)
the amount of RAM in the system.
an
example of duplication using a single
ELE
CT
S
J
I
~
DUP
1,1 IReWTl
INSERT
I
~
I
INSERT
I
ABWTlI
The number of times the DUP program prompts you to
!TE~I
I
DISK-SOURCE,
)
SOURCE
DESTINATION
OR
10
I
""~
I
FOR l'IEl1U
DEST
DISK,
be duplicated for a given system and
DRIVES?
TYPE
DISK,
dis
kettes depends on the num-
RETURN
TYPE
Duplication Using Multiple Disk Drives
If you are using both the distinguish enhanced-density formats when labeling the will keep you from using them in the wrong
between files stored using the single-density and
ATARI
810
and
XF551
disk
disk
drive:
RETURN
Disk Drives,
diskettes
drive.
. This
For a multiple disk drive system, it is also necessary to save a RAM-resident BASIC program , as the user's program area will be altered and MEM.
source diskette is inserted in Drive 1 and the destination diskette
in
Drive 2.
This process can take several minutes if the source diskette is almost full.
SELECT
J
I
~
DUP
1,
2 [
INSERT
I
~
!TEt1
I
DISK-SOURCE,
RetI..m
)
BOTH
I
SAV
will be invalidated. Notice that the
OR
I
~
I
DEST
DISKS,
FOR
TY
I'IUIU
DRIVE
PE
RE
S
TUR
N
46
Page 57
K. BINARY SAVE
Note: This option will probably not be used by a beginning
ATARI
bers and have some kn owledge of assembly language , you may not wish to read the information beyond the first example.
Use
tions in object lite (binary) format. Programs written using the
Assembler Editor cartridge also have this format. The parame-
ters for mal rameters for any binary file
RUN addresses are optional parameters thai allow you to make
any program execute on loading. See Examples 2, 3, and 4 be­l
ow.
In the example below, a file to be called BINFIL.OBJ with the starting address a diskette in Drive 1.
Computer
this Menu selection to save the
this
selection-START
numbers
user
. Unless yo u
, END, INIT,
. The STAAT and END addresses are required pa-
or
program. Th e INIT (initialize)
3COO
and the ending address 5BFF is· saved on
understand
contents
RUN-are
hexadecimal
of
memor
y loca-
hexadeci-
num
and
-
Example
:;ELECT ITEi'l
K I
SAI)E -GJI.!E F I BINF
Advanced User Information
1:
Retlrn]
I L .
OR
1",,,,,,1
LE,
START,
OB,J, 3COO, 5BFF
FOR
EIID
l'IEI1U
( , HI
1-...1
About
IT,
RUI!)
Optional Parameters
All binary files , like those you would create with the BINARY
SAV
E option or with the Assembler Editor cartridge, have a com-
mon six-byte header that precedes the file. From the header data shown in the table,
and ending address that was used in the example above.
Th
e two optional parameters, INIT and RUN , offer the means to make a binary assembly language file execute automatically after loading. A file that makes use of
dress parameters is called a " Ioad-and-go" file. A file that does
not contain data for these parameters is called a " load" file,
yo
u can easily pick out the starting address
either
or both of these ad-
47
Page 58
since it loads into the computer but will not execute until a RUN AT
ADDRESS command is given.
Header
Byte
#
#1
#2
#3 #4
#5 #6
In general, the RUN address parameter defines the point in a program where execution will begin as soon as a whole file is loaded into RAM (i.e., when End of File is reached). For this rea­son there can only be one effective RUN address even if a file is a compound file. For example, a file could be made up of several small files appended together having their own RUN address. In this case, only the last RUN address to be loaded would execute.·
Decimal Number
255 255
0 00
Hex
Number
FF FF
Description
Identification code for
binary load file Starting address (LSB)
60 3C (MSB)
255
91
FF
58
Ending address (LSB)
File data segment contains
8192 (Dec) bytes of data.
wi
th each of the original small files
(MSB)
an
INIT address is specified, then as soon as the actual ad-
If
il
dress gets loaded into RAM, Ihe code thai cuted. This is true even if the file is made up of severalload-and-
go
files appended together. In such a case, each load-and-go
an
segment that has when the INIT address is loaded. Thus, each segment would load and be executed before the next segment would be loaded,
.••
etc precedes the execution of any code pointed to by a address.
Files created by the Assembler Editor cartridge using the load­and-go option can be stored in the desired INIT and RUN ad­dresses
RUN
• An
••
be
Execution of code pointed to by any INIT address always
in
your code followed by the code to be controlled. The
address
RTS
(RETURN) at the end
Each code segment must end with an RTS (RETURN) if the
loaded
or,
is
if desired, returned to
INIT address specified will be executed
always
slored
of
in
Localions
a program will always return control
005
control.
points to will be exe-
RU
N
2EO
(
LOW)
next
and
2E1
to
DOS .
segment
is
to
48
Page 59
(HIGH) Hex. The INIT address is always stored in Locations 2E2 (LOW) and 2E3 (HIGH) Hex. Remember, the INIT address is exe­cuted as soon as it is loaded, so the code that it points to must have been previously loaded .
Note
: lOCB #1 is open during the execution of code pointed to by any INIT address. For this reason it is not available and must not be tampered with by the user program
being
executed.
Using Binary Save With Optional Parameters
The example below ill ustrates an assembly language program that uses a data area that must be initialized before the main program can use it. Suppose the initialization code resides from
41
address 4000 (Hex) to between 4200 (Hex) and 4FFF (Hex). For purposes of illustration, assume that both the initialization code and tain executable code and the initialization code ends with an RTS (RET UR
N).
FF (Hex) and the main program resides
ma
in program can ·
In the following example, it is assumed LAGP RG.OBJ is already in memory.
Example
SELECT
2:
ITEM
OF:
[""""[
that
FOP
the program
I1EI1U
K ["""" I SAUE-GIUEFILE,STAPT,END ( ,INIT,F:UN)
LAGPRG .
The following events will occur on loading this
1. Memory from 4000 to 4FFF will be filled with the program.
2. The INIT address 4000 (Hex) is stored in Memory Locations
2E2
and
3.
Initialization program from 4000 to
OBJ,
2E3 (H
400(1,
ex).
4FFF,
4000,
41
4200jAew-n
fi
le into memory:
FF will execute.
1
4.
The RUN address 4200 (Hex) is stored in Memory Locations
2EO and 2
El (Hex)
.
49
Page 60
5. Main program from 4200 to 4FFF begins to execute and will so
continue to do
I
System
tn
the case of compound fifes , the result is more complicated, depending on how the now appended files were created. The next section illustrates several cases where files have been ap· pended.
Rese
t I or I
until a RETURN (RTS) is executed, or a
B'"eak
I occurs.
Structure
Before considering the next example, look compound files that have been appended together. pound files option with its append option . A compound file created with this command is not compatible with the Assembler Editor loader, although it can be loaded using the BINARY LOAD option of DOS. sired, BINARY SAVE option . the file you are appending to, followed by the fA Example 5.) The two types of files are illustrated The only real difference is that the FFFF (Hex) identification code is included with every segment when a compound file is created
using COPY FILE.
When BINARY for each segment (after the first one) are file. This is the only form of compound file that is compatible with the LOAD command of the Assembler Editor cartridge. The BI­NARY LOAD option of DOS, however, is compatible with both
types of compound files.
If an
of a Compound
file.
A compound file is constructed of various binary
in
one of two ways. One way is to use the COPY FILE
compatibility with the Assembler Editor cartridge is de-
alternate way to create a compound file is to use the
(To
do this, you must tell DOS the name of
SAVE
is used, the additional identification codes
Binary
You
File
at
the structure
can create com-
option-see
in
Appendix
not
included
in
the final
01
a
I.
Now consider what happens when a compound file like this is loaded-supposing ified for each of these files before they were appended. (It will help you to think of the the data
in
each segment, which they essentially are.)
various INIT and RUN addresses were spec·
IN
IT and RUN addresses as being part of
50
Page 61
Example 3:
Suppose you have three files , each of which has a RUN address
in
but no INIT address included way a file of this type might be created.
its data. Th
is
example shows one
SELECT
ITEI'
1
OF'
!""""!
FOP
t'1ENU
K [ Reurn )
SAUE-GIUE F'AF.:Tl
SELECT ITEI'1
. OBJ,200(1,2 1
FILE,START,END(,
FF
, , 200€1 [ Reurn )
OP
!""""!
FOP
t'1Et1U
K [ Retlnl ]
SAUE-GIUE PART2
The other two files, ated the same way WHOLE.O
with the append option . When this new file
1.
PART1.0BJ
2. RUN address tor
. OEU ,
BJ
FILE,START,END (
22tH~1,
PART2.0BJ
as
by using the BINARY
loads, but does not execute (no
PART1.0BJ
23FF ,
and PART3 .
PART1.0BJ
is
,2200
can then
SAVE
stored
INIT,RUN)
,I
NIT,RUN)
[
Reu.rn
0BJ
be
or
COPY FILE option
is
loaded-
in 2EO
)
, that are cre·
merged into
IN
IT)
.
and 2E1.
3.
PAR
T2.0BJ loads, but does not execute (no INIT).
4. RUN address for PART2.0BJ is stored overwrites
5. PART3 .
6. RUN address for PART3 . overwrites PART2.0BJ RUN address.
7.
Execution begins at RUN address of PART3. are now at the end of the file .
PART1.0BJ
0BJ
loads, but does not execute (no INIT).
RUN address.
0BJ
is
stored
in
in
2EO
2EO
and
2E1
, which
and
2E1
, which
0BJ, since
you
51
Page 62
Example
For another example of a compound file , consider a three­segment file, BIGFILE.OBJ. Suppose each segment loads into a different area
4:
01
memory and
that-
SEG 1.0BJ has SEG2. SEG3.0BJ has SEG2.08J
When BIGFILE.OBJ is loaded, the following events occur:
1. SEG1.0BJ
2. SEG1.0BJ executes starting al its INIT address.
3. SEG2.0BJ
4.
5. SEG3.0BJ executes starting at its INIT address.
6.
0BJ
SEG3.0BJ is loaded on top of SEG1.0BJ.
SEG2.0BJ executes starting at the RUN address specified
an
INIT address, but no RUN address;
has no INIT or RUN address;
an
IN
IT
address, and a RUN address for
and,
in
addition, is loaded
is
loaded.
is
loaded.
on
top of
SEG1.0BJ.
SEG3.08J.
in
Clearly, this option gives you great power and flexibility for creat­ing large files that load and execute immediatel
ExampleS:
To
convert an existing load-only file to a load-and-go file, you can load the file into memory and then save it under a new filename using the BINARY
as
lems,
cupies,
necessarily consecutive
would take up more space on the diskette than the old, etc. can avoid these problems by using the procedure shown in the
following example. This example illustrates a load file with a run address of
you can sometimes forget the final address the file oc-
or
the file could
4000 Hex that is changed to a load-and-go file .
SAVE
Menu option. This poses some prob-
be
compounded with the segments not
in
memory. Therefore,
y.
the
new file
You
52
Page 63
In the example, a one-byte file located at
fi
appended to the end of your
run address is the same as the address at which your load normally runs, your load
entire appended file is loaded into RAM.
CT
SELE
ITEt,!
OR 1""""
le LOADFIL.OBJ _ Since this file's
fi
le begins execution as soon as the
1 F
OR
FFOO
~!Ef
(in the OS ROM) is
lU
K I Retl.m j
SAUE-G
LOADFIL
L.
BINARY
IUE
.
OBJ
FILE
~
/ A
,
FF00,FF00,
LOAD
S T
ART,EN
D
(
,IN
IT,RUN
~
4000
fi
le
)
Note: ATARI
Use this setection to load into RAM an assembly language (bi­nary) file that was previously saved with menu option ated by the Assembler Editor cartridge. If the RUN address
INtT address was appended to the file in Locations or 2E2 and 2E3, the file will automatically run after being en­tered. In a load-and-go file, INIT and RUN addresses are ignored
when you type then be run using the RUN
To
the next menu option, M
Exam
This instruction will probably not be used by a beginning
Computer user.
K.
or cr
e-
Or
2EO
and
2E1
IN
after the filename (see Example
AT
ADDRESS menu option.
execute a file that has no appended RUN or INIT address, see
.,
ple
SELE
1:
CT
ITEt1
RUN
OF~
[
Reto.rn
AT
ADDRESS.
l
FOR t'l
ENU
1).
The file can
L I Retl.m )
LORD
t-rlFILE .
FROM
OEJ
WHAT
..
d~
[
Reto.rn
FILE?
)
The use of this option without the
2. Since this file had the starting address in Locations 2E1
appended to it (see Example 1 for K. BINARY SAVE), the file
will begin executing as soon as the load is complete.
IN
option is shown in Example
2EO
and
53
Page 64
Example 2:
SELECT
L I
Aeum
LOAD BHIF
FROM
IL,OBJ
!T
EN
OR
[
",urn
)
WHAT
FILE?
[
FOR I'IENU
[",,,,,,, I
Example 3 have a S
ELE
CT ITEM OR [
scr
een
Example 3:
SE L
L 1
LOAD
t'lACHL.OB.J I
M. RUN
Note:
ATARI
Use
this
an object
BI
NARY LOAD selection. This
ing
address h
illustrates
RUN
"'""'
as
soon
ECT
address
as
ITEI'I
I
FROM
AT
This instruction will
Computer
selection
file
program
as not
a file called
or
an
Aeum
the
file
OR
WHAT
Raum
ADDRESS
use
r.
to
enter
after
been
INIT
address.
) F
OR
MENU pr
finishes
1 "''''''' I
FILE'
I
probably
the
hexadecimal
you
have
selection
appended
MAC
HL.
loading
FOR
not
loaded
to
OBJ that
In this case ,
ompt will
.
l'IEl1U
be
used
is
used
the obj
by a beginning
starting address
it into
when
ect
file
does
the
display
RAM
with
the
.
not
on
start-
the
of
the
In
the
example 3000 hexadecimal does example , you you
will
not
to
begin
conta
reboo
address
t.
SELEC T ITEI'I
1'1
[
""""
I
RUN
3000
FROM
I
Reum
54
below, the
executing. Be
locatio
in executable
could
lock
up
OR
WHAT
)
ADDRESS~
instructions
very
caref
ns.
If
you ent
code, it
the
1
"'""'
will
system, making
1
FOR
at
hexadecimal L
ul
when
er
create
entering th
an
address
problems.
it
I'IENU
ocation
ese
that
For
necessary
for
Page 65
N.
This
MEM.SAV into which the contents
saved whenever you call computer
RAM-resident user program (if any), in the MEM.
brings ished using cartridge by typing 8 [ reload the portion
OUP.SVS into RAM. If you are not using a no
[
You when you want the CATE DISK options know if
MEM. cally invalidates the MEM.SAV will not be reloaded when control is returned to the cartridge.
CREATE
option all
saves the contents
the diskette file DUP.SYS into RAM.
the
effect.
R6tl.rn
must be careful not to allow DOS to
You
) FOR MENU prompt.
all
or
only part of your program has been saved in
SAV.
When DOS utilizes all
MEM.SAV
ows
you to create a file on
~
OS.
When you type DOS [ Retlrn ]. the
of
DOS options, you simply return control to
ReWTl
], and MEM.SAV will automatically
of
your program that
will have to respond
COPY
for
FILE, DUPLICATE FILE,
saving the existing
file.
diskette
of
lower user memory are
lower
to
of
user
If this
user
was
cartridge
the
SELECT
use
data
memory, it
occurs
memory
When
replaced
called
SAV
all
of
. DOS does not
, your program
, including the
file before
you have fin-
the
by
, typing B has
ITEM
user memory
OR
or
DUPLI-
automati-
it
Here are the steps for creating a MEM.SAV file on a diskette
1.
inserted in Drive on a diskette in Drive 1.
SELECT ITEt-l
t~
[
~u.m
l
TYPE
'y'
If
you attempt to use this option to create a MEM.SAV file on a
diskette that already has a MEM.SAV file ,
[he
message
with the prompt SE LECT ITEM
Why
This special file allows you to save your RAM·resident program
temporarily in a special file on diskette. To be effective,
MEM.SAV (which requires 45 sectors)
"Y"
I
Aeu.m
J
MEM.SAV
Have a MEM.
Note that MEM.SAV files can only by created
OR [""""
TO
CREATE
FILE
SAV
I
FOR
MEM.SAU
ALREADY
OR [Aeu.m
File?
1·[EI1'-'
the
EXISTS
J F
must
screen will display
and foll
OR
MENU.
be on the diskette
ow
i[
55
Page 66
inserted in Drive 1. This diskette must not be write-protected if
on
MEM.SAV is to work. Once MEM.SAVexists
then the area of user memory to be overwritten by DU
be stored in MEM.SAVevery time DOS is called. Essentially, you
are performing a
ing" your user prog ram area. When you return control computer system to the cartridge , the DUP.SYS file is overwritten as the contents of MEM.
RAM automatically.
"swap
-contents " operation, thereby " expand-
SAV
are loaded back into
your diskette,
P.
SYS
will
of
the
in
turn
If you are working on a BASIC program and need DOS for some reaso n, you can do so using MEM.SAV without having to save your program to diskette and reenter finish using DOS and return control of the computer system to BASIC, the MEM.SAV file is automatically reloaded into memory
and your BASIC program is restored into user program memory.
Not
e: MEM.
130XE and the RAMDISK option (see Appendix cases, DOS, then LOAD it upon returning to BASIC.
Here is
1.
2. Edit your program and then type RUN I Rew-n I.
it
Type
you want to copy.
SAV
is most time efficient when used with the
may by faster to
an
example of MEM .
SAVE your
SAV
usage:
LOAD " D:MVPROG. BAS " [
RE
NAME the original file to keep as a backup
program before calling up
""'"'
I.
to
return to
it.
When you
K).
In other
It
works , and
ATA
RI
3. Type SAVE " D:MVPROG.NEW
Type
4.
5.
6. Type E and press [
7. To return to BASIC, type B (for RUN CA
DOS I ""'"'
Next type E (for RENAM
OLD, and press I Rettrn I.
PROG.BAS and press I
I.
RetJ..m
E FILE) MVPROG.BAS , MVPROG.
). Then type MYPROG.NEW, MY
Retl.m
",
then press 1
) again.
56
RT
Retu-n1
RIDG E
.
).
Page 67
Using
MEM.SAV
to
Write Assembly
Language Programs
The
MEM.SAV file also allows you programs area load
data
number
be
open concurrentl
which
Example:
(or
load
with
DUP.SYS. This
in the
of
drives
graphics
in
area
in the
y)
mode
binary
from
system
to
you are in). See
data) that
means
LOMEM
and the
HIMEM
to
you
(which
write
are
assembly
share
free
fluctuates
number
the
to
user
write
of files
(which fluctuates
Appendix
language program
progr
with the
that
depending
D,
Memory
ams
can
Map
or
on
.
Suppose cally ge
file.
you have a
as
soon as it is loaded.
The
run
address
binary
is
already
file you
This
type
want
of
programmed into
and you will not need to select the RUN
this
case
, it
is
not diskette. Since begin
your during simply
file keep OUPSYS
Warning: areas area
your Should
to
to
execute. The
computer. If you
the
execution
executing a RETURN
overwrites
track
used
program
recover
of
after the
If the
below
by the
this
.
this fact
LOMEM
may
occur
necessary
the Ii
Ie
is
salest
have
01
DUPSVS
and
RETURN
execution
used
Operating
leave the
, you
may
to have a
load-and-go
way
not
overwritten
your
binary
(RTS)
during
the
will
automatically
in
your
of
your
by
DOS
System
computer
have
to
MEM
, it will
to
get
file , in
your
time
program
load-and-go
.SYS
, the
power
to
execute
file is
AT
back
then
it
or
RETURN
in
called
ADDRESS option. In
.SAV Ii
simp
to
the
DUPSYS
you can
program
is
loading,
reload
is
DUPSYS
an
undefined
up
the
automati-
a load-and-
such
Ie
on
ly
load
DOS
is
recover
. If a
DOS
and
executed
file writes
or a RAM
(RTS)
computer
a file
your
and
then
to reboot
program
by
binary
will
execute
.
into
any
from
state.
again
Using MEM.SAV
This cuted data
part
of
section
at the
for
the OUPSYS area,
deals
same
another
with loading a
time
program
to
Load Binary Files
binary
it
is
loaded
. If
your
then a MEM
, or
loading
LOAD
.SAV tile is not required.
file that is not
a file
that
file
does
not
to
be
contains
overlay
exe-
any
57
Page 68
If your LOAD file overlays any part of the DUPSYS file, you must have a MEM.
SAV
file on the diskette in Drive 1 if the load is to be successful. If you do have MEM.SAV, the following actions take place after you execute LOAD BINARY FILE option :
You
1.
use the LOAD BINARY FILE selection to load your file .
2. Your original MEM.SAV is loaded from disk into memory, over-
laying and invalidating DUP.SYS.
~
Your file is loaded on top of the original MEM.SAV, modifying
3.
al
part or all of the origin
4. Your new MEM,
SAV
MEM.SAV file,
file in RAM is saved in the MEM.SAV
area on the diskette.
5. OUPSYS is
You
6.
remain in DOS until you choose to:
RUN CARTRIDGE
re
loaded from diskette into memory.
at which time your file is loaded into memory from MEM.
SAV
and you
come up under the control of your
BASIC or Assembly Language
cartridge;
RUN
AT
ADDRESS
at which time your file is loaded into
memory from MEM.SAV and you begin execution of whatever code is at the address you specified; or
LOAD BINARY FILE
where you wish to load a load-and-go file ,
In
this instance, if
the
new file
also overlays a part of DUPSYS, but
not the original file, then both
MEM .
SAV
and your new file will now be in memory when the load is com­plete. If the new file
does
not overlay
DUPSVS at all, then the load will
new
complete with only the
file loaded into RAM , Since the new file is a load-and-go and loaded whether DUP,SYS is overlaid or not, you will come up under the control of this file
is
until a RETURN (RTS)
executed.
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
~
~
~
-
-
~
~
~
-
~
~
~
Page 69
Note: If
one of which resides wholly or the other of which resides
simply merge the t merged file .
you
wish to have
wo
files into
two
who
files
in
memory simultaneously,
in
part
in
the
DUP.SYS
lly outside of the
one
file, then l
oad
area
DUP
SYS
the newly
and
area ,
O. D(JPLlCATE
This option (shown disk drive Remember that a single disk drive must al Dri
ve
insert very long, diskettes several times before the duplication process
complete.
Example
and
want to copy a file from one diskette
1.
Since there is only one disk dr
and
remove the source
you
may have
1:
SELECT
(I
I
RetlTfl
NAME
DO::;D:: . E:AS [f'lmrn J
INSERT
[Roun>
[
INSERT
[
Reu.m
]
ITEI1 OR
J
OF
FILE
SOURCE
DESTINATIO
FILE
in
Example
to
1)
is
used
and
destination diskettes. If a file
alternate the source
[
Roun>
TO
MO
[
UE?
DISK. TYPE
if
you have
ways
ive, you
FOR
l'IEtKI
RETUR
N DISK.TYPE
only one
to
be
set
must manually
and
destination
N
RETUR
another.
up
as
is
N
is
Wild cards notice one at a lime. each
Example 2 illustrates using a wild card leiter filenames beginning with TEST from one diskette othe with names that satisfy TEST?
ti
r.
are
available with this option. In Example 2
that
even
le that
It
is assumed that the source diskette has only
when
You
you
using wild cards, your files are still copi
will have to alternate diskettes
want
to
copy.
to
copy fil
at
least once for
es
having five-
two
you
to
files
will
ed
an-
59
Page 70
Example 2:
'3ELECT
o (
Retlrn
N
AME OF
TEST? (AeW'n
IN
SERT
I
""""
1
COPYING---Dl:TESTl
INSERT
I
""""
1
I N
SERT
I
""""
1
COPYING---Dl
SERT
I N
I
ReW'n
1
INSERT
I
Retl.n1
1
ITEI'I
)
OR
FILE
)
SOURCE
DESTINATION
SOURCE DISK,TYPE
DESTINRTION
SOURCE
1"''''''1
TO
MOUE?
FOR
DISK,TYPE
DISK, T
: TEST2
DISK,TYPE
DISK,TYPE
rlEI1U
RETURN
YPE
RE
RETURN
RETURN
RETURN
TURN
In Example 3 both the filenames and extenders have been re-
fi
placed with wild cards . DOS will therefore copy all those th at have an extender of .
es
three fil
Note copying it.
Example
SELECT ITEt-1
o (
NA
:.:.:.:
INSE
are to be copied: MEM
: Creating MEM.
3:
Reto.rn
)
ME
OF
FI
LE
IAetl.mI
RT
SOURCE
SAV
on
OR IAetlm) FOR
TO MOUE?
DI
SYS. It
.SAV
the new disk
is
, TESn , and TEST2.
SK,TYPE
assumed that only
is
faster than
t1Et-
1U
RE
TURt
les except
l
Page 71
COPYING-Ill
INSERT
I
Retln"l
)
DESTINATION
:MEM.SAIJ
DISK,TYPE
RETURN
INSERT
[
Retln"l
)
COPY
INSERT
I
Ret....,,
)
INSERT
I
Ret.l.m
)
SOURCE
I t
·tG
- - - D 1 :
DESTINATION
SOU
RCE
COPYING---Dl '
INSERT
I Retlrn )
t·1SERT :;-:OIJ
I
I
Ret.l.m
P.
FORMAT SINGLE
DESTINATION
F.:CE
)
DISK, T
TEST
YPE
1
DISK,TYPE
DISK,TYPE
TEST2
DISK,TYPE
D I
Sf(, T\'PE
RETURN
RETURN
RETURN
RETURN
F.:ETUF.:t-l
in
Use this option to format a diskette have only option, rather than Option
Menu to format a diskette
Remember that formatting will erase any files ready stored on a diskette.
The procedure for using FORMAT SINGLE
using FORMAT DISK:
SELECT
P
~
~
IIHICH
1
TVPE
~
~
'0' I
""""
1
I
Retln"l
Retln"l
an
ATARI
!TEN
1
DRIUE
)
"'/11
)
TO
XF551
OR
TO
FORI'
Disk Drive, you must use this
I.,
FORMAT DISK, on the DOS
in
si ngle density.
I
"'"",
1
FOR
FORI'IAP
IAT
DISK
single density. If you
or
other data al-
is
just like thai for
I'
IEI~
U
1
61
Page 72
Page 73
SECTION 4
aSING BASIC
COMMANDS WITH
000000000000000000
BASIC
Before
you
need
stored and retrieved.
types
Commands
learning about the
to know
of
files that
how
can
Tokenized and
The
first
type
of
file, called " untokenized
ATASC program. These li
me
v
ariab
variable are stored.
form, you use
ll
lexl
characters
programs do
they
are loaded and saved.
le name with the
the
LIST and
DOS
Used
BASIC
the commands
The
following
contain BASIC
Untokenized
, so it looks like a
memory
To
store and retrieve a file in its untokenized
ENTER
2.5
With
commands
paragraphs
not
retain
The
location
commands
DOS
used with
will
act
programs
on
programs
explain the
.
DOS
Files
,"
contains
printout
their
symbol tables
symbol table associates the
where
standa
of a BASIC
the
values for that
.
2.5 ,
being
two
rd
each
lokenized
A
has one-byte tokens instead
sent
the BASIC back using file are sions. programs
Usually cluttered
program
line, the
and forth between the
the SAVE and LOAD
For
the
following
file is a
generally
this
in the tokenized for m.
during
with
unused
line
and
original variable
procedure
condensed
commands
shorter
reason,
program
then
many
variable
change
and
development
to
commands
name
clear
version of a BASIC
of
the ATASCIl
. You
can
move
disk
drive
load faster than untokenized
programmers
names
the
remains in
the symbol of all
and
. Tokenized versions
the
. If
variable
characters
tokenized
computer
prefer
symbol
you
use a variable in a
name
the
program
to
table
or
symbo
unused
memory
store
delete the
l table. Use
. II
to repre-
programs
of
a
ver
-
their
becomes
names
.
Page 74
1. LOAD your program (see LOAD below).
2. LIST it to disk (see LIST below).
Type
3.
4. ENT
NEW
ER table now contai ns only those variable names present program .
[ReWTl
your program from disk (see ENTER). The symbol
).
LOAD (LO.)
in
the
Format Example:
This command disk drive into the user program RAM area. Before you can use Ihis command to load a file called DOSEX.BAS,
.BAS) must have been previously saved using the BASIC com­mand program.
This command can also be used program is too big to run
LOAD command to type the LOAD statement as the last line of the first program file, as shown
program encounters the LOAD statement, il will automati
read in the next part of the program from the disket ond program file must be able 10 stand alone without depending on any variables or data in RAM from the first program file. The
loaded program will not execute until you type RUN and press
[
Rew-n
be cleared (see RUN
: LOAD filespec
LOAD
is
SAV
E. This command loads only a lokenized version of a
in
the example following this paragraph. When the
), at which lime the previous program and any variables will
"01:
used to load a file from a particular diskette in a
sp
read the program across two files. Simply
fo
DO:::EX
in
your available RAM , you can use the
r another example).
. BAS " [Rettrn )
the file (DOSEX-
in
" chaining" programs. If a
le
. The sec-
ca
lly
100
1 10 LOAD "D l
SAVE
Format: Example:
REM
(S.)
SAV
SAl)E "
CHA
IN
:C
E filespec
Dl
PROGRAM
HAIN
: D::At·lP2.
.BAS"
BAS"
!
Aetlrn
l
Page 75
This command causes the computer system to save a program
in
on diskette with the filespec name designated
SAVE is the complement of LOAD and stores programs kenized form .
the command.
in
to-
LIST (L.)
Format
xa
E
One use of the LIST command
SAVE command : it can take a program from user program RAM and store it on a particular drive with any name you want to as­sign it (illustrated by the first example). However, the program is stored in standard the formatting of data storage al flexible than SAVE . As shown can specify a can specify !ine numbers to be listed to a designated device
(e.g.
, "
s: LIST filespec ,Iineno ,!ineno
device
mpl
es:
LIST LIST LI:3T
si
ngle device (e.g. , P:, E
P:
" , 100, 200).
"D: "P:" "p:
ATASCII
DATFIL. LST"
",
10~
in
text and not
so
in
the above format examples, you
100
BASIC is very similar to the
as
tokens. Differences in
allow LIST to be much more
:,
C:, D
:,
D2:, etc.), or you
(E
ENTER
Fo rmat : ENTER filespec
xa
mpl
E
This command causes the computer to move a file on diskette with the referenced filespec into RAM .
untokenized form and is interpreted as the data is received. EN·
TER, unlike LOAD, will not destroy a RAM-resident BASIC pro-
gram, but will merge the RAM-resident program and the disk file
being loaded. If there are duplicate line numbers
grams, the line
same line
,)
e:
nnER
in
the program being entered will replace the
in
the RAM-resident program.
"D:
LIST2. LST"
The
program is entered
in
the two pro-
in
65
Page 76
RUN
Format
Example:
ThiS
command causes the computer to
ignated filespec. It
and
RUN
tokenized
LlST.LST" command.
To chain programs
and run automatically, you can use a RUN " 0 : filespec" as the
last line of the first segment. However, the second program must be
able to stand alone without dependin g
data in RAM from the first program. Before running the first seg-
ment, make sure that
the
RUN
wh
en
: RUN filespec
RU~l
. However, the
'iles
. Therefore, you cannot execute a RUN "
statement will wipe out your
the second segment
"D2:
is
and
t'
rr'FILE. :BAS"
a combination of the two commands LOAD
RUN
cause a second segment of a file
you
command
have saved
is
loaded.
LOAD
can
it
on
RAM
and
RUN
be
used only with
on
any
variables or
a diskette, because
-resident first segment
the des-
02
:
to
load
Input/Output
An
110 (input/output) operation
Block (IOCB). consisting of the type of address,
second dedicates three
commands.
IOCBs #1 through #5 IOCBs should of
one of the dedicated uses above. IOCB #0
opened or closed from a BASIC program.
IOCB IOCB IOCB
is
#0
#6 #7
An 10CB
and
two
usually O.
is
used
is
used
is
used
Control
is
a specification
110
more
as
be
avoided unless a program does not make use
auxiliary control variables of which the
ATAR
follows :
by by by
I BASIC sets
BASIC for BAS BASIC for LPRINT. CLOAD. and
can
be
Blocks
is
controlled
, the buffer length , the buffer
up
1/0
to E:
IC for
110
to
S:
used freely, but the dedicated
by
an
110 Control
of
the 110 operation ,
eight IOCBs and
SAVE
can
never
be
66
Page 77
Each
110
110
command must have an 1
commands that can be used
OPEN/CLOSE
NPUT
I PUT/GET STATUS XIO
/PRINT
0CB
in
connection with DOS 2.5 are:
associated with it. The
Using
OPEN
Format Example
The OP device handler, initializes any CIO-related control variables (see Glossary), and passes handler. The parameters
#
iocb aexp1
aexp2
filespec
the
OPEN/CLOSE
Commands
(0.)
: OPEN #iocb, aexp1 , aexp2, filespec
:
l(
H]
OPHH
A
TARI:3
EN
statement links a specific 10CB to the appropriate
Mandatory character entered by user. A number between 1 and 7 that refers to a device or file . Number that determines the type of operation to be performed.
Code 4 '" input operation; positions
6 = disk directory input operation, DOS 2.0S
7 = disk directory input, with DOS 2.5 informa-
a = output operation; positions file pointer to
9 = end-o'-file append operation; positions file
12:;; input and output operation; positions file
Device-dependent auxiliary code.
fi
Specific
definition).
le designation (see Section 3 for filespec
t2 ,:3, (
00 . B
an
start of file.
compatible.
tion.
start of file.
pointer to end gram input from screen editor without user pressing (
painter to start of lile .
AS"
y device-specific options to the device
in
this statement are defined as follows:
1,
01
RetI.rn
" Dl :
fi
le pointer to
file. Code 9 allows pro-
I.
67
Page 78
In the example OPEN #2 , 8, 0, " 01 : opened for output to a file in Drive 1 designated as BAS. If a file by that name already exists , the OPEN statement de­stroys that file and creates a new one. It the IOCB been opened, the screen displays an ERAOR-129 (File Already Opened).
Ifthere
is
no
file by that name in Drive 1, DOS creates one.
ATAR
I800.BAS
",
10CB #2 is
ATAR
has
already
I800.
CLOSE (CL.)
Format
Example:
T
he
CLOSE command releases the 10CB that had been previ­ously opened for read/write operations. The the mandatory # must be the same as the I ber
used in the OPEN statement (see example below). The same
IOCB cannot be used for more than one device at a lime.
gel
not closed.
Note: The END command will close all open files (except IOCB #
0).
: CLOSE #iocb
30
0 CLOSE # 2
number
OCB
an error message if you close a tile that has already been
10
OPEt~
2'Z1
CLC6E # 1
#1,:::,£1,
"[I:FIL
. I:AS"
following
reference num·
You
will
Using the INPUT/ PRINT Commands
INPUT (I.)
Format
Examples:
This
command
string) fr
PR INT. be from the default device (E:
PRINT).
68
: INPUT
is used to request data (either numerical or
om
a specified device. INPUT is the complement
When
it is used without a #iocb, the data is assumed to
100
100
[#iOCbU]
I
HPUT
HIPUT
{:~:;
#2;
>~,
#2;
1·1$
).INPUT
}
L{:::;}.J
y
uses record
110
of
(see
Page 79
In
the
sample INPUT/PRI
the user
the INPUT
70, the
opened file .
to type
in data on
statement
NT program listed below,
the keyboard
reads the
(default device).
contents of
the
Line
stri
ng
35
In
from
all
ows
Line
REM
5
7
REM
10 20 30 60
35 I t·1PUT
38
40
45 50 55 58
60 65
70
75 80 85 90
~~CREATE
~~OPEN
OPEN #1,8,O, DH1
~·lRT$(60)
? "ENTER A
CHARACTERS . "
RE~
••
PRINT
REM CLOSE #1 REM REM
OPEN REM
~~CLO
~~OPEN
~ ~
~~RE
INPUT
RE
M
~~PRINT
PR
UH
REM CLOSE # 1
~~CLOSE
WITH 8 CREATES DATA
SE
~lRT$
WRITE
DATA
"D:WRITE
NTENCE
DATA
FILE~~
. DAT"
~lOT
TO
DISKETTE
#l,WRTI
SE
DATA
DATA
OPEN
#1,4,0,"D:WRITE.DAT"
A
D
WITH 4
DATA
FILE~~
FILE
IS
FROM
FOR A
DISKETTE~~
#l,WRTI
DATA~
~lRT$
DATA
~
FILE~~
MORE
READ~~
READ
FILE~~
THAN
• •
ONLY~~
PRINT (PR.
Format
Examples: 10(1
This command writes arithmetic) to
nu
mber.
If
no
IOCB
to
the screen, which
directed to a device screen
.
or
7)
: PRINT \#
100
10~)
100
the
opened device wi
number is sp
io
cb I
lexp
PRINT PlUtH
? C$
PRINT
an
expressi
ecified
is
the
th
at is n
~;ll
exPl
..
J
i
~
#2;
>-~,
'I'
#2;
A$
""
- "
(,
- ,
on (whether string or
th
the same
, the system writes
default device. If the information is
ot
open, ERROR-133
....
.-.,
IOCB
reference
the
expression
displays on the
69
Page 80
PRINT performs what is called record bytes separated by end-at-line characters record is arbitrary. Record size can be determined of a string printed to a diskette file or the format of an arithmetic variable. It can also be the length of a string of characters en­tered from the keyboard and terminated by I
The INPUT statement cannot generally read a record that is
in
longer than 255 characters disk that you might later want to INPUT, it is best to limit the size of the PAINTed records to 255 characters or less.
length. If you PRINT a record to the
1/0
. Records are sets of
(98
Hex). The size of a
by
the length
Retirn
J.
Direct Accessing With the NOTE/POINT Commands
NOTE (NO.)
Format: NOTE #iocb, avar, avar Example:
tmTE #2,
A,
B
Files are created sequentially and are normally accessed from
in
beginning to end. If you want to access the records in a file nonsequential manner (directly), you can either read the file sequentially and stop at the record you want, or use a special
method of addressing the record you want.
Because the former is very time-consuming for large files, DOS
2.5 incorporates NOTE and POINT to give you the capability of To
accessing a file randomly.
through every record that precedes it, you need to let the com-
puler file 's sector, so you use a NOTE command before each write and save the returned value
This command gets the value of the current file pointer for the file using the specified 10GB. The file pointer specifies the exact position
This command stores the absolute disk sector
arithmetic variable and the current byte number
Sector numbers range from 1 to 1023
know what record you want. This requires a
in
the file where the next byte is to be read
in
enhanced density; byte numbers range from 0 to 124.
get to a record without going
in
a table.
number
719
in
single density and 1 to
"note"
or
in
the
written.
in
second.
a
of the
the first
70
Page 81
The foll of
using
tion.
owing
NOTE
program
to
store
listing keyboard
and
sample
inp
ut
into a specified
run
ill
ustrate
one
way
file loca-
Following tion
entered Type end. for
The
A$
1
2
3
4
5
20
25
27
30
40 41 42
in
the
sample
up
REM REM
REM
REM REM
DIM
OPEN
opn
REM
HIPUT PRIIH REM
45 IF
50
t·lOTE
55
REM
6£' PRIIH
61
REM
62
REM
65
PRINT #2;X;",";Y
70
PRItH
GOTO
'30
95
REM
100
1
10
PRIt
EfW
is a sample
from
program, enter
to
40
characters.
program
the
keyboard
run
uses
some
numbe
NOTEST -NOTE
THIS
FROM
THEM POINTERS
AH40)
PROGRAM
THE
ON
KEYBOARD
DISK
ARE
#1,8,0,"D:DATFIL.DAT"
~
#2,8,0',
READ
"D:
LINE A$ A$
IF
RETURN
LENCA$)=0
#l,X,'('
STORE
#L
STORE LINE
LINE
A$
POINTER
OF
DATA.
"SECTOR
4~1
INDICATE
H
#
2;0.;",
that
uses
in a Random-Access
numbers, and
rs,
but
NOTE
you
can
STATEMENT
READS
LINE
AND
IN
FILE D'DATFIL.DAT.
STORED
POHnS.
OF
DATA
ONLY,
THEN
OF
100
DATA.
TO
# =
";
END OF
"
;~1
IN
DAT"
FROM
THEN
BEGINNING
::<,
"BYTE
FILE
to
store
press
type
informa-
disk
file
[f'leW"n
any
.
i
to
string
DEMO OF
DATA
STORES
D'POINTS.DAT
K'
STOP
OF
" .
'.J
# =
, ,
.
This
sample
D
OS.SYS, numbe 90, 100,
rs
program
DUP.SYS,
may
be
and
110.
was run
and
different.
on a diskette
MEM.SAV files. Yo
Sample entr
ies
were 45,55,
that
contained
ur
sector
and
75,
the
byte
80,
71
Page 82
45 SEC10R
# = 145
55 SECTOR
# = 145
75
SEC10R
80 SEC10R 90 SEC10R 100
SECTOR # = 145
110
SEC10R
# = 145
# = 145
# = 145
# = 145
BYTE #
BYTE # =
=9
12
BYTE#=15
BYTE # =
BYTE # =
18
21
BYTE # = 24
BYTE # = 28
POINT
Format:
(P.)
POINT
Example: 1
POINT pOinter to
bles. and to) fies the byte ten.
to
1
range is you
gram to the
When
byte in reverse
is
the
complement
an
arbitrary
POINT
byte)
the
sector
As
with
719
will
listing below
read
NOTE
run, this program prints the keyboard
is used when reading
into
number, and
number
the NOTE
in single density and 1 to 1023 in enhanced density; byte
between
get
a File
data
created
command
#Iocb, avar, avar
00
F'OItH
value
RAM. The
0 and 124. If you
Number
contains
order
first arithmetic
into
which
command
by
the
.
from the
# 2
~
~b
B
of
NOTE.
determined
the
second arithmetic
Mismatch
an
program
way
This
specified
the
next
, the sector
point
error
example
shown
it
was
var
command
by the
file locations. (sector
iable
byte will
number
out
of
an
message. The
of the
POINT
as the
input
written to
sets the file
arithmetic
specifies
variable
be
read or writ-
ranges from
opened
command
example
by
sector
the
diskette.
varia-
(points
speci-
file,
pro-
for
and
After
NOTE
disks
72
you type
program
.
the
sample NOTE and
, then run
the
POINT
POINT
program
programs, run the
without
changing
Page 83
1
REM
2
REM
3
REM
4
REM
10
20 25 30 35 40 45
50
60
70
80 I F
':;'0
95
100
110
120
130
" ;Y
140 15"
160
POINTEST TH CREATED THE LI N
DH1
DHI REM
B(2(1,
A$(4'))
OPEN OPEN #1,4,0, REM
OPEN OPEN REM READ
FOR 1=0
HlPUT
B(I,O)=X:BCI,
M-B
t~EXT
REM
PRINT
FOR
X=BCI,O):Y=BCI,l)
POINT
PRItH
H~PUT
PRHlT
t·tEXT
-
I S
PROGRAM
ES
1)
DATA
POINTER
POINT
TAKES
BY
NOTEST
IN
REUERSE
FILE
"D'DATFIL .
STATEMENT
THE
AND
DAT"
FILE
PRINTS
ORDER.
#2,4,0,"D'POINTS.DAT"
POINTERS
TO
20
:lt2;X,V
AND
Y-0
I
FILE
I-LRST-l
l)=Y
TO
INTO
THEN
IN
REVERSE
0
STEP
AN
LRST-I '
- 1
#l,X,Y
":3ECTOF:
#L
A$
**
=
",;X,"B~'TE
A$
I
DEMO
FILE
ARRAY
I-20
ORDER
**
=
Here
is
the sample
SECTOR # _ 145
110
SECTOR # -
100
SECTOR # - 145
90
SECTOR # - 145
80
SECTOR # _ 145
75
SECTOR # - 145
55
SECTOR # _ 145 45
run
:
14
5
BYTE
BYTE # = 24
BYTE # =
BYTE # _ 18
BYTE # = 15
BYTE # _ 12
BYTE #
# - 28
21
_9
73
Page 84
The POT/GET Commands
PUT (PU.)
Format: PUT
Example:
The
PUT
command
the device specified by the IOCB reference number. In the sam-
ple program
number you type into an array dimensioned as A(50). enter up to 50 numbers, each of which must be less than 256 but greater than or equal to zero. This command is used to create data files or to append data to an existing file.
GET
This the
allows you to retrieve each byte stored by the PUT command.
(GE.)
Format: GET #iQcb
Example:
command
IOCB
ref~rence
Hiocb,
100
below
100
reads a single byte from the
aexp
PUT
writes a single byte (value from 0 to 255) to
, the
GET
number
#6,
PUT
, avar
#2,
A:3C(
command
X
into the specified variable.
"A")
is used
to
write
device
You
spec
each
can
ified
GET
by
The
sample
In
the
GET
usi
ng
a
(entered by you) has been used
10 REM**PUT /
20
30
EXA~lPLE·'
40
WRITE?"
50
60
GOTO
70
80
90
256":P
program
part of the
TRAP
statement
shown
program
GET
DIM
A(50),AS(10)
? "PUT AtHI
,?
?
"IS
THIS
'INPUT RI
IF
IF
AS="
A$<>"~~RITE"
F~EAD"
40
REM
OPEN
WRITE
#1,8,O,
? "ENTER A
RItH
"(0
below
to sense an
DEMO**
GET
TO
BE
'?
THE~l
ROUTINE
"D1:EXAMPL1.DAT"
NUMBER
TO
demo
(lines 130 to 230),
to
determine
TO
A
nstrates
end
·of-file
DISK
READ
error
the
PF~OC,;RA~l
OR
170
THEN
Et~D)";
PRINT
LESS
THAN
INPUT
PUT
and
rather
end
than
, a zero byte
of
data.
A
"?":
:~~
GET
.
Page 85
95
REM
1[10
110
12(1
130 GR
FILE
140 IF
150
160
170
~
180
185
190
200
210 PRitlT
220
230
Note that INPUT/PRINT and PUT/GET are incompatible types of
Input/Output commands. PRINT inserts end-ot·line (EO
acters between records and INPUT uses them to determine a
record .
separating them with EOL. A file created
will look like one large record unless you place an
character into the file. After you enter the sample PUT/G ET pro­gram , type RUN and press 67, 54, and 68. When you run the program, entered from the keyboard together with the byte location where each is stored. For example:
GET
WRITE
PUT
IF
GOTD 9(1
# 1 ,
X=0 TH
APHICS
NmF"
A$="NO"
A$<>"'r'ES"
IF
"HI
OPEt·j
FOR
REt'l
GET
IF
t~D~T
CLOSE
RE
#
E=
READ
#2 , G:A(E)=G
G=0
E
and PUT merely write single bytes to a file without
NU
MB
ER
TO
FILE
:':
EN
0 : 7 , ?
: I NP
AD
OUT
CLOSE
UT
A$:
THEN
TH
ROUTI
~l:GOTO
"READ
?
END
EN
t~E
130
2,4,O,"D:EXAMPLl
1
TO
50
t'~Ut'lBER(S)
THEfI
"B'lTE#";
# 2
COTO
(
AeW'n
E;
J. Use the
2.3(1
"
="
FRm-!
; G
using
number it
130
DATA
.DAT"
FILE
PUT statements
EOl
entries 2 , 5,
prints the numbers
IN
l)
char-
(98 hex)
BYTE#1 BYTE #2 BYTE #3 BYTE #5
= 2 = 5
~
67
= 68
75
Page 86
Using the STATUS Command
STATUS
Format
Exa mple: 10(1
The STATUS
of
a file. eral ways checks
Sector
Legal device
Legal File o n
File locked?
You
can
mand.
(ST.)
: STATUS Hiocb,
This
an
for
is
buffer
filename?
diskette?
also identify
These
STATUS
command
command
error
as follows:
might
available?
number?
are as follows:
is used
is a CIO
occur
all
110
avar
#5,
ERF.:OR
to
determine the condition (siale)
command
. The first
If no, If
no,
If
no
,
no,
If If
yes, then ERROR-167
and
set
of
then
ERROR-161
then
ERROA·20
then
ERROR-170
then
ERROR-170
checks
possible
serial bus errors with a
for sev­errors it
STATUS
com-
Device timeout Device not acknowledged Serial bus error
data
Serial bus Serial bus
Dev
ice
done
Before
file.
command
specific filename with the error you are trying to find.
you can issue a STATUS
II
is advisable that you use the XID
Substituting
frame overrun
checksum
since
it is
the
error
more
XIO
reliable and
EAAOA·138 EAAOA·139 EAA
OA·140
ERA
OR·141
EAAOA·142
ERROR-144
command,
you
comma
allows
you
Command
must
nd
form for this
to
for DOS Menu Options
XIO(X.)
Format
Example:
: XID cmdno,
100
~'~IO
Hiocb, aexp1, aexp2, filespec
3,
#6,4
,121,
"II:TEST.BA::;"
open
associate
the
a
76
Page 87
The XIO command is a generallNPUT/OUTPUT statement used for special operations.
It
is used when you want to perform some of the functions that would otherwise be performed using the DOS Menu selections. These XIO commands are used to open a
le
, read or write a record or character, close a file, reference a
fi location
in
a 'ile for reading or writing, or
to
rename, delete, lock,
or unlock a file. Note that X!O calls require filespecs.
CMDNO (command number) is used to designate just which of the operations is to be performed.
EX
C
MDNO
13
32
OPERATION
STATUS Request
RENAME XIO 32,
AMPLE
XIO
13,
#1, 0, 0, "
#1
D:
TEST,BAS"
, 0, 0, " D: OLD,
NEW"
33
DELETE
XIO 33, #1, 0, 0, " D: TEMP
BAS"
35
LOCK FILE XIO 35, #1, 0, 0, " 0 :
ATAR!.
BAS"
#1
36
UNLOCK FILE
XIO 36,
, 0 , 0, " D:DOSEX,
BAS"
253
FORMAT DISK XIO 253. #1. 0,
0, "D1
:"
Format Single Density
2
54
FORMAT DI
SK
XIO 254 , #1, 0, 0, "
01
:"
Format Enhanced Density
Not
e:
Do
not use the device name twice when renaming a file ,
i.e.,
do not use " 0 : OLD, 0 : NEW
."
Following is a mini· DOS program that lets you manipulate your
re
disk files from BASIC. Normally if you want to
lock (protect) or unlock
(u
nprotect) a file, you need to exit BASIC
name, delete,
by typing DOS to access the DOS menu, which usually erases any BASIC program in memor
By using the
X1Q
command you
y.
can perform these functions without exiting to DOS .
77
Page 88
10
REM
20
REM
30
DIM
40
REM
50
GRAPHICS TRAP
60
70
FOR
80
INPUT
~~
? FILES :
100
110 ?
MINI-DOS FUNCTIONS
FILE$ ( 40 ) ,NAME2$(20)
GET
100 :
1=1
#1,FILE$
CLOSE
"DO
#1 YOU
FILE"
120"i" : 7
LOCK
130
(lUIT"
A FILE"
?
140 7
I~
:7
"(4)
,7
"ENTER
"(2)
150 IF Nel
160
GOTO
170 198 199
200
THIS
ON
N
50 EllD REM REM
?
"ENTER
FORM
GOSUB
SUBROUTINE
USE XIO
' D' 210 nlPUT F I 220? THIS
230
235
237
240
250
299
300 ? THIS FORM'
310 320 ?
LETE
330
"ENTER
FORt'1' FILENRME. EXT"
INPUT
FILE$ (
NRt'1E2$
LENCFILE$)+l)=","
FILES(LEN(FILES )
XIO
RETURI
REM
REM
32,#1,O,O,FILE$
'~
SUBROUTINE
USE XIO
'7
"ENTER
D'FILENAME.EXT"
n~PUT
,?
FILE$
"ARE
"; FILE$;"
n~PUT
IIAt'1E2$
PROGRAM
FROM
DISK
0
0PEN
TO
NE
OR
DIRECTORY
#1,6,0,"D
64
XT I
WAIH
DELETE A
Ut~LOCK
N.5
200,300,400,500
TO
A
NUt1BER
THEN
' (
A FILE
TO
32
FILENRME FILENRME.EXT"
LE$
NEW
NRME
+I)=NAME
TO
33
FILENAME
YOU
SURE
(Y/N)";
TO
ACCESS
BASIC
:* . * "
1)
REf~At'1E
FILE"
: ? : 7
":?
(1-5)";' nWUT
140
,
170:
RENRME
TO CHAN
FOR
A FILE
GE
";FILE!;"
2!
DELETE
TO
YOU
A
FILE
DELETE
~JAln
:7
IN
TO
DOS
A
"(3)
"(5)
IN
IN
DE-
78
Page 89
340 IF NAME2$(1,1)<>"Y" 350
XIO
33,#1,0,0,FILE$
THEN
360
360
398
400
FORM'
410
420
430
498
500
THIS
5
520 530
RETURN
REM
HIPUT F I
XIO
RETURt·~
REM
?
FORM'
H3
H~PUT
XIO
RETUR~l
LOCK
"ENTER
D'
FILENRME.EXT"
FILE
FILENAME
LE$
35,#1,0,0,FILE$
UNLOCK
"ENTER
FILE
FILENRME
D'FILENRME.EXT"
F I
LE$
36,#1,0,0,FILE$
WITH
WITH
Accessing Damaged Files
Files can be (filename, directory pointer, and the can be damaged; information on accessing and repairing DISKFIX.COM section of
damaged
or
the file itself can be
in two ways. The
number
Ap
pendix L.)
XIO
TO
TO
disk
damaged. (Formore
damaged
35
LOCK
XIO
UNLOCK
directory entry
of
IN
36
IN
sectors in the fil
files , see the
THIS
e)
Should the disk directory entry be
he
access the file. If t leted , an ERROR 170 (File Not Found) will appear on the screen.
If the number of sectors indicated in the d isk directory entry are shorter than the actual number 164 (File latter case, you may be able to re falls within the sector range by initialing the Get Byte program shown below, where File 1 recovery
10
20
25
3(1
40
45
50
60
Number
fi
le.
OPEN
OPUl
TRRP
C;ET
PUT
#1, A #2,P.
GOTO CLOSE
CLOSE
disk directory entry
Mismatch) will appear
= the
#1,4,
#2,8,O,
O,
"D:
"D:
50
3(
1
#1
#2
damaged
of
sectors in the file, an ER ROR
tr
ieve
damaged file and File 2 = the
FILE. FILE
, there is
was
accidentally de-
on
the screen. In the
that
portion
1 "
.2"
no
way to
of
the file that
79
Page 90
Note: aged sector(s). All other sectors after the damage cannot be accessed. As a result , it would be best to COPY the good files on the damaged diskette to a new diskette to avoid any further prob­lems.
If the file itself is damaged, you can also use the gram to transfer each good sector from the recovery file.
You
can read only the sectors that fall BEFORE the dam-
Get
Byte pro-
damaged
file into a
The A(]TOR(]N.SYS File
When an AUTORUN.
that file will automatically be loaded into RAM and executed (if
appropriate) every time you boot the system. This is completed before control of the system is returned to you. The
AUTORUN.SYS file can be data; it can also be object code that is loaded but not executed; or it can be object code and then executed as soon as the load is complete .
The following sample program shows the use of AUTORUN. to boot up directly to DOS even if built-in BASIC or a cartridge is present. After execution, AUTORUN.SYS normally returns to the DOS initialization routine. If it does not return during your appli­cation, or if you use ! tion must be completed before proceeding. modifying two operating system storage locations: address 244 (hex) and BOOT at address 9 (hex) . should be cleared to 00 and BOOT set to 01.
The sample program sets these two locations to and then
jumps
SYS
file exists on the diskette in Drive 1,
ent
ire process
that
is loaded
Reset ) before the return , the system initializa-
You
can
do
COLDST
COLDST
the
proper value
indirectly to the start DOS vector.
SYS
this by
at
do
If you the equivalent file using BASIC POKE statements and then sav-
ing the binary file in DOS. Enter and RUN the following:
not have an Assembler Editor cartridge, you can create
80
Page 91
10
FOR
20
READ CODE
30
PO
40 flEXT
50
DATA162
60
DATA108,ll),0
J=0
KE
15000+J,CO
J
TO
~
0,142
10
,
DE
68,2,232,134,9
After runni Option
K,
ng
the program, go
Bina
ry
Save
to
DOS and
save
the
file
using
.
Example:
SAUE-GIUE
AUTOR
Note: There
turn
up function
Here
He
~
UN.SYS,3A98,3AA2,3A98
off
your computer
directly
is
x Code Assembly Language
into DOS. To enter
or
an
assemb
FILE,START,END(,INIT,RUN)
is
no
press
Autorun
;
;
Run
number
(
Reset
ly
version
DOS
entered
and
then
I.
of
Program
without
for
the INIT parameter.
turn
it
back
BASIC, use
the
program:
going
to
on,
the
cartridge
If
you
you
should
boot
RUN CARTRIDGE
~
COLDST = $244 BOOT = $09
~
DOSVEC =
$OA
• = 3A98
A200
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
8E 44 02 E8
8609 6COAOO
983A
DOSGOLDX #0
ST
XCO
LDST
INX ST
XBOO
T
JMP (DOSVEC)
• = $2EO
run address
:
WORD
DOSGO
al
.END
2EO
Page 92
Page 93
v
APPENDIX A
ALPHABETICAL
DIRECTORY OF BASIC
RESERVED WORDS
-
~
000000000000000000
This
is a list
a brief
with
Note: The
CLOSE
DOS
USED WITH
OPERATIONS
of
BASIC reserved
summary
period is
Cl.
DO
of
the
BAS
mandatory
1
10
statement
the
conclusion
.
This
command
appear. utility selections.
cartridge to DOS utilities.
The
words
IC
statement
after all
used
of
1/0
causes
Menu
contains
Passes
DISK
and
their
abbreviati
made
abbreviated
to
close
operations
a disk file at
the
DOS
all
control from
by
each
keywords.
.
Menu
DOS
ons
to
,
one
,
-
~
-
~
~
~
~
-
END
ENTER
E.
SlOps and
restarted
be
/0
1
program a program merge want
fore
RAM.
program
turns
used
command used to retrieve a listed
program
using
off
using
more
in
is resident in
the
programs
execution, closes
sounds. Program
CONT
than
untokenized
or
lines are entered when a
two
programs
merged, type
ENTER
. (N
ote: END
once
to load a
in a
(textual) form. If
RAM, ENTER
. If you
program
program
files,
may
don
NEW
be
may
.)
will
't
be-
into
83
Page 94
GE
T
GE
. Used with
gle
from a specified device.
disk
byte
of data into a
operation
spec
to
ified
ente
r a sin-
variable
~
~
~
~
~
INPUT
I.
LIST L.
LOAD
NOTE
LO. 1
NO
This command requests data from a
specified
device.
The
default device
E:(Screen Editor).
This
command
version
of a program
outputs
to a
the unl
specified
okenized
vice.
/0
command program lied
. This
sector n
umber
arithmetic
device.
com
number
of
used
in token
mand
stores
and the
the file
variables
to
retrieve a
ized
form from a
the absolute
current
pointe
.
r in its
saved
spec
byte
two
is
de-
disk
~
~
~
~
~
i-
~
~
~
~
OPE
N O.
POIN
T
PRIN T PRo
PUT
Opens the specified file for input or oUI-
put operat
This
P.
pointer and byte) on the
or? I/O
the vice
PU.
Causes i.e., a specified
operations. Determines
ions
allowed
command
to a
specified
command
computer
in
record
that
to a spec
formal.
output
character-from
device
on
a file .
is used
in
location (sector
diskette
.
causes
ified
of a single
the
.
setting the file
byte
the
type
outp
ut
from
output
of
data-
computer
of
de-
to
a -
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
84
Page 95
~
~
~
RUN
R.
Both loads and starts execution
of
des-
ignated filespec.
~
~
~
~
SAVE
STATUS
~
~
~
TRA
P
S.
ST.
T.
1/0 statement used to record a to-
kenized version
of a prog
ram in a speci-
fied file on a specified device.
Calls status routine for specified device.
Directs execution to a specified tine
n
umbe
r in case
of a program
error, al·
lowing you to maintain control of the
program and recover
XID
~
X. General 1/0 statement used
gram to perform DOS Menu selections
1
and specified
/0
from
errors.
in
commands.
a pro-
~
85
Page 96
v
Page 97
APPENDIXB
NOTATIONS AND
TERMINOLOGY USED
000000000000000000
SYSTEM RESET
RETURN
I I
WITH DOS
Press the [ Reset I key on the keyboard .
Press
Brackets enclose
EllipSiS. brackets indicates that you can repeat the
optional item any
not required to
Braces. Items stacked vertically in braces
indicate that you have a choice as to which
item you want to insert. Select only one to
put in your statement
the
[ Retlrn ) key
An
ellipsis fo llowing an item in
2.5
optiona
number
do
so.
on
the keyboard.
l items.
of
times, but are
or
command
.
CAPITAL LETTERS
. "
, . . ,
"
cmdno
exp
Capital letters are used (usually in BO LD·
FA
CE) to indicate
and other functions you must type exactly as
they appear.
Punctuation
marks must be typed as shown in the for­mal
of
a command
do
not type brackets
Command number. mands
Expression. In this manual , expressions
are divided into Ihree types: arithmetic,
logical, and string expressions.
.
commands,
marks. These
or
statement. However,
or
braces.
Used
in XIQ com-
statements,
punctuation
87
Page 98
~
~
aexp
Arit hmetic expression. Gene rally com­posed
t
wo arithmetic expressions sepa
of
a variable, function , constant,
rat
ed by
an arithmetic operator(aop).
aexpl Arithmetic expression
1.
This arith metic expression represents the first auxiliary 1/0 control byte when used in
comma
nds such
as OPEN.
aexp2 Arithmetic expression 2. This arithmetic
expression
1/0 control byte when used in com mands
such as OPEN. Usually it is set to O.
filespec Fite specification. Usually a string
expression that refers to a file and the
device where it is located, e.g
"
D1 :MVPROG .
represents the second auxiliary
.,
BAS"
for
a file on Drive 1.
~
or
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
IOCB
lineno
v
ar
ol
InputJOutpU! Contr
Block (IOCB). An
arithmetic expression that evaluates to a
number from 1 to 7. The IOCB is used to refer to a device or file. IOCB 0 is reserved in BASIC for the Screen Edi
tor
and should
only be used if the Screen Editor is not to
be used.
Line number. A constant that identifies a particular program line in a BASIC program. A line nu
hr
integer from 0 t ber
ing determines the order of program
ough 32767. Line num-
defe
rred-mode
mbe
r can be any
execution .
Va
riable. Any variable.
In
this manual, vari· abies are classified as arithmetic variables (avar
),
matrix variables (mvar), or string
va
riables (svar).
~
~
~
~
~
88
~
Page 99
-
~
~
~
~
~
~
avar
Arithmetic variable. A location where a
numeric value is stored. Variable names
can
be
from 1 to
ters, but must start with an unreversed, uppercase alphabetic character.
120
alphanumeric c
harac-
svar
String variable. A location c
hara
cters
may
be stored.
where
a string
of
89
Page 100
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