Analog Microelectronics AME7107Y, AME7107RCPL, AME7107CPL, AME7107ACKW, AME7106Y Datasheet

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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Key Features
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l 100µV Resolution l High Impedance Differential Inputs l Differential Reference l Drive LCD (AME7106) or LED (AME7107)
Directly
l Four New Convenient Features
(AME7106A/AME7107A)
l Display-Hold l Low-Battery Indication l Integration Status Indication l De-Integration Status Indication
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n Applications
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l Digital multimeter l pH meter l Capacitance meter l Thermometer l Digital Panel meter l Photometer
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
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n General Description
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The AME7106 and AME7107 family are high perfor­mance, low power, 3-1/2 digit, dual-slope integrating A/ D converters, with on-chip display drivers. The AME7106 is designed for a single battery operated sys­tem, will drive non-multiplexed LCD display directly. The AME7107 is designed for a dual power supply sys­tem, will directly drive common anode LED display.
These A/D converters are inherently versatile and ac­curate. They are immune to the high noise environ­ments. The true differential high impedance inputs and differential reference are very useful for making ratiometric measurement, such as resistance, strain gauge and bridge transducers. The built-in auto-zero feature automatically corrects the system offset with­out any external adjustments.
Display-hold, low-battery flag, integration and de-inte­gration status flags are four additional features which are available in the 44-pin package, AME7106ACKW and AME7107ACKW.
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n Typical Operating Circuit
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* For the operating circuit of the reverse-pins version, please refer
to pin configuration on page 4 and pin description on page 5 & 6
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Absolute Maximum Ratings
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AME7106
Supply Voltage (V+ to V-) 12V Analog Input Volt ag e (Either inputs) V+ TO V­Reference Input Vol tage (Eith er i np uts ) V+ TO V­Clock Input Test to V+ Power Di ssipation 800mW Operat ing Tempera ture 0 Storage Temperature -55 Lead Temperature (S ol d eri ng 60 s e c ond s)
AME7107
Supply Voltage V+ 6V V- -6V Analog Input Voltage (Either inputs) V+ to V­Reference Input Voltage (Either inputs) V+ to V­Clock Input Gnd to V+ Power Dissipati o n 800mW
Operating Temperature 0 Storage Temperature -55 Lead Temperatur e (Solder ing 60 seconds)
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
o
C to 70oC
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C to 150oC
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300
C
o
C to 70oC
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C to 150oC
o
C
300
Static sensitive device. Unused devices must be stored in the conductive material. Protect device from static discharge and static field. Stresses exceed the above Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to Absolute Maximum Rating Con­ditions for extended periods may affect the reliability of the device.
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Ordering Information
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Pa rt Numbe r Displa y Marki ng Pa cka ge Pin Layout Tem p. Ra nge
AME7106CPL LCD
AME7106RCPL LCD
AME7106ACKW LCD
AME7106Y LCD
AME7107CPL LED
AME7107RCPL LED
AME7107ACKW LED
AME7107Y LED
AME7106CPL
AME7106RCPL
AME7106ACKW
AME7107CPL
AME7107RCPL
AME7107ACKW
YYWW
YYWW
YYWW
AME7106Y
YYWW
YYWW
YYWW
YYWW
AME7107Y
YYWW
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
40 Pin P DIP Normal
40 Pin P DIP Reverse
44 Pin P Q F P Normal
44 Pin Di ce Normal
40 Pin P DIP Normal
40 Pin P DIP Reverse
44 Pin P Q F P Normal
44 Pin Di ce Normal
o
C to 70oC
0
o
0
C to 71oC
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C to 72oC
0
o
0
C to 73oC
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0
C to 74oC
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C to 75oC
0
o
0
C to 76oC
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0
C to 77oC
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Electrical Characteristics
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Unless otherwise noted, AME7106 & AME7107 are specified at TA = 25
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C, fclock = 48KHz. Supply voltage = 9V (V+ to V-)
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Unit
Zero Input Reading
Ratiometric Reading Vi n = Vref = 100.0mV 999 999/1000 1000 Digi tal Reading Roll-Over Error -1 –0.2 +1 Counts (Difference in Reading for Equal Positive and Negative Reading Near Full-Sc ale) Linearity (Max. Deviation Full-Scale = 200.0mV -1 –0.2 +1 Counts From B est Straight Li ne Fit) Common-Mode Vcm = –1V, Vin =0V 50 Rejection Ratio Full-Sc ale = 200.0mV Noise (Pk-Pk V alue Not Vi n = 0V 15 Exceeded 95% of Tim e) Full-Scale = 200.0mV Leakage Current at Input Vi n = 0V 1 10 pA Zero Reading Drift Vi n = 0V, 0 Suppl y Current Vi n = 0V 0.8 1.2 mA (Excluding LED current for 7107) Anal og Com m on Voltage 25KΩ Between 2.8 3.0 3.2 V (With respect to V+) Common and V+ Temp. Coeff. of Analog 25KΩ Between 50 75 ppm/ Common (With respect to V+) Common and V+
Low Bat tery Flag V+ to V- 6.3 7.0 7.7 V Test Pin Voltage With respect to V+ 4 5 6 V (AME7106 only) LCD Segment Drive Voltage V+ to V- = 9V 4 5 6 V (AME7106 only) Backplane Drive Voltage V+ to V- = 9V 4 5 6 V (AME7106 only) Segment Si nking Current V+ = 5.0V 5 8.0 mA (Except Segment AB4) Segment Voltage = 3V (AME7107 only) Segment Si nking Current V+ = 5.0V 10 16 mA (Segment AB4) Segment Voltage = 3V (AME7107 only)
Vi n = 0V 0 Digi tal Reading Full-Scale = 200.0mV
-Vin=+Vin ≈200.0mV
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C to 70OC0.21
O
0
C ≤TA ≤70OC
µ
µ
V/OC
µ
V/V
V
O
C
Notes: 1.Input voltage may exceed the supply voltages provided the input current is limited to ±100µA.
2.Dissipation rating assumes a device is mounted with all leads soldered to printed circuit board.
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
Pin Configurations
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3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
5
AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Pin Description
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40-pin DIP 40-pin DIP 44-pin P QF P
Pin Number (Reverse) Pin Number
1 (40) 8 V+ Posi t ive supply voltage 2 (39) 9 D1 Unit s -digit D-s egm ent driver 3 (38) 10 C1 Units -digit C-s egment driver 4 (37) 11 B1 Unit s -digit B -s egm ent driver 5 (36) 12 A1 Unit s -digit A -s egm ent driver 6 (35) 13 F1 Unit s -digit F-s egm ent driver 7 (34) 14 G1 Units -digit G -segm ent driver 8 (33) 15 E1 Unit s -digit E -s egm ent driver
9 (32) 16 D2 Tens-digit D-s egm ent driver 10 (31) 17 C2 Tens-digit C-s egm ent driver 11 (30) 18 B 2 Tens-digi t B -s egm ent driver 12 (29) 19 A 2 Tens-digi t A -s egm ent driver 13 (28) 20 F 2 Tens-digit F-s egm ent driver 14 (27) 21 E 2 Tens-digi t E -s egm ent driver 15 (26) 22 D3 Hundreds -digit D-segm ent driver 16 (25) 23 B 3 Hundreds -digit B -s egm ent driver 17 (24) 24 F 3 Hundreds -digit F -s egm ent driver 18 (23) 25 E 3 Hundreds -digit E -s egm ent driver 19 (22) 26 AB4 Thousands-digit , B& C segment s driver 20 (21) 27 POL Negative-polarity driver 21 (20) 28 B P / LCD back plane driver (AM E 7106)
22 (19) 29 G 3 Hundreds-digit G-s egm ent driver 23 (18) 30 A 3 Hundreds -digit A -s egm ent driver 24 (17) 31 C3 Hundreds -digit C-segm ent driver 25 (16) 32 G 2 Tens-digit G -segment driver
¢w 33 LB Low-batt ery flag segm ent driver
26 (15) 34 V- Negative power suppl y voltage 27 (14) 35 INT Integrator output . Connec t ion point for
28 (13) 36 BUF Integrator resistor c onnec ti on-point . 29 (12) 37 A/Z Aut o-zero c apac i t or connection-point 30 (11) 38 INLO Analog-input l ow 31 (10) 39 INHI Analog-input high 32 (9) 40 COM Analog-c ommon
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
Symbol Description
GND Digital ground (A ME7107)
integrati on c apac i tor.
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Pin Description (Cont.)
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40-pin DIP 40-pin DIP 44-pin PQFP
Pin Number (Reverse) Pin Number
33 (8) 41 CREF- Referenc e capacitor, negative terminal 34 (7) 42 CREF+ Reference c apacitor, pos it ive t erm inal 35 (6) 43 VREF+ Analog-referenc e input , negative termi nal 36 (5) 44 VREF- Analog-reference input, positive terminal
37 (4) 3 TES T Display -test pin, When pulled to V+,
38 (3) 4 OSC3 S ee OSC1
39 (2) 6 OCS2 S ee OSC1 40 (1) 7 OCS1 Pin OS C1, OSC2, OSC3 make up the
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
Symbol Description
1 DEEN De-integration status flag 2 INTEN Integration st atus flag
displ ay s hould read -1888.
5 HOLD Hold pin, Logic 1 holds display
osci lla tor. See Clock sec ti on for detai ls
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n Function Description
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
The A/D conversion has the following three phases:
1. Auto-Zero Phase
2. Integration Phase
3. De-integration Phase
Auto-Zero Phase
The INHI and INLO are shorted to analog common in­ternally . The reference capacitor is charged to the ref­erence voltage. A feedback loop is closed around the system to cancel the offset voltage of buffer, integrator and comparator.
Signal Integration phase
The converter integrates the differential voltage across the INHI and INLO for a fixed time, 1000 system clocks. The polarity of the signal is determined at the end of this phase.
Reference Integration Phase
INLO is internally connected to the Analog Common, INHI is connected across the reference capacitor with appropriate polarity determined by the control circuit. The integrator output will then return to zero. The time it takes to return to zero, 1000 X VIN /VREF, is the digital representation of the analog signal.
Differential Signal Inputs (INHI & INLO)
The AME7106/AME7107 has true differential inputs and accepts input signals within the input common mode voltage range (Vcm). Typical range is from 1V above the V- to 1V below the V+. The integrator output can swing within 0.3 V of V+ or V- without increasing
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
linearity errors. Care must be exercised to make sure the integrator output does not saturate. In a typical application, the common mode is eliminated by con­necting the INLO to COM, Analog Common.
Differential Reference (VREF+ & VREF-)
The reference voltage can be generated anywhere within the V+ to V-. Under a large common mode volt­age, reference capacitor can gain charge during the de-integration of a positive signal. The reference ca­pacitor will lose charge when de-integrating a negative input signal. The difference in reference voltage for positive or negative input voltages can cause the rollover error. To prevent rollover error from being in­duced by large common-mode voltages, reference ca­pacitor should be large compared to stray node capaci­tance.
Analog Common (COM)
The Analog Common is to set a common mode volt­age for the analog signal. The analog common is typi­cally 3.0V below V+, set primary for the battery oper­ated application. Analog common is capable to sink 20 mA. It’s source current is limited to 10 µA. Analog common is therefore easily pulled to a more negative voltage to override the internal reference. When sup­ply voltage is greater than 7V, analog common can be used as reference source with temperature coefficient of typically 50 ppm/OC. The internal heating by the LED display drivers of the AME7107 may degrade the sta­bility of the Analog Common. An external reference is recommended.
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Digital Block Diagrams
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3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Digital Section
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Digital Ground
AME7106 generates an internal digital ground, typically 5V below the V+. The digital ground of AME7107 is supplied externally.
Clock Circuit
The clock can be generated in either of the following three methods.
1. An external oscillator connected to“OSC1”
2. A crystal between pins” OSC1” and “OOSC2”
3. A R-C oscillator using “OOSC1”, “OOSC2” and “OSC3”
Notes: There is no on-chip feedback resister across osc1 and osc2.
Systems Timing
The oscillator frequency is divided by 4 prior to clock­ing the internal decade counters. Each conversion takes 4000 counts or 16000 oscillator clock pulses. The tim­ing of each phase are as follows:
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
Auto-Zero Phase: 1000 to 3000 Counts Signal Integration Phase: 1000 Counts (Fixed) Reference Integration Phase : 0 to 2000 Counts
For signals less than full-The A/D conversion has the following three phases:scale, the unused reference
integration time is assigned to the autozero phase.
Segment Drivers (AME7106)
The backplane frequency is 1/800 of the oscillator clock frequency. For example if the oscillator frequency is 48 KHz (3 conversions per second) the backplane fre­quency will be 60 Hz. The segment and backplane are at the same frequency with a nominal 5 volt amplitude. The segment is visible (ON) when the segment and the backplane are out of phase, otherwise it is invisible (OFF). The polarity segment is “ON” for negative ana­log inputs. When the TEST pin on the AME7106 is pulled to V+, all segments are turned “ON”. The dis­play reads -1888. During this mode the LCD segments have a constant DC voltage impressed. DO NOT LEA VE THE DISPLAY IN THIS MODE FOR MORE THAN SEVERAL MINUTES! LCD displays may be destroyed if operated with DC levels for extended periods.
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
Segment Drivers (AME7107)
The AME7107 is designed to drive common anode LEDs. All segment drivers are N-channel transistors with a typically 8 mA current driving capability. The 1000’s segment AB4 sinks current from two LED seg­ments, and has a 16 mA driving capability. The polar­ity indication is “on” when the analog input voltage is negative.
Test
When the TEST is pulled to V+ all segments and the minus sign will be activated. The TEST pin is tied to the internally generated digital ground through a 500 resistor in the AME7106. It is typically 5V lower than V+. TEST pin may be used as the negative power sup­ply for external CMOS logic at the maximum current of 1 mA.
Data Hold
When the Hold pin is connected to V+ the conversion result will not be updated. The conversion is still free running during the hold mode. It is available in 44 pin package.
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
Integration Status (INTEN)
The INTEN is an output signal of the converter, it is “high” during the signal integration phase. This signal can be used as a status indicator or a control to con­nect the analog signal to the converter for processing. It is available in 44 pin package.
De-integration Status (DEEN)
The DEEN is an output signal of the converter, it is “high” during the reference de-integration phase. The period of the DEEN is proportional to the conversion result. Users may calculate the conversion result by counting the number of clock pulse on the OSC3 pin when DEEN is “high”. The conversion result is equal to (N/4) - 1/2 where N is the number of the pulse at the OSC3 pin. It is available in 44 pin package.
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n Component Value Selection
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Auto-Zero Capacitor (Caz)
The Caz capacitor size has some influence on system noise. A 0.47µF capacitor is recommended for 200 mV full-scale applications. A 0.047µF capacitor is
recommended for 2.0V full-scale applications. A mylar dielectric capacitor is adequate.
Reference Capacitor (Cref)
A 0.1µF capacitor is acceptable when “INLO” is tied to analog common. If a large common-mode voltage
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Component Value Selection
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Auto-Zero Capacitor (Caz)
The Caz capacitor size has some influence on system noise. A 0.47µF capacitor is recommended for 200 mV full-scale applications. A 0.047µF capacitor is recom­mended for 2.0V full-scale applications. A mylar di­electric capacitor is adequate.
Reference Capacitor (Cref)
A 0.1µF capacitor is acceptable when “INLO” is tied to analog common. If a large common-mode voltage exists and the application requires 200 mV full-scale, increase Cref to 1.0 µF. A mylar dielectric capacitor is adequate.
Integrating Capacitor (Cint)
Cint should be selected to maximize the integrator out­put voltage swing without causing output saturation. A ±2V full-scale integrator output swing is recommended if “ANALOG COMMON” is used as signal reference. For 3 readings/second (fosc = 48 KHz) a 0.22 µF value is suggested. If a different oscillator frequency is used, Cint must be changed in inverse proportion to maintain the nominal 2V integrator swing. An exact expression for Cint is:
Cint = [(4000)(1/fosc)(Vfs/Rint)] / Vint where:
fosc= Oscillator clock frequency Vfs = Full-scale input voltage Rint = Integrating resistor Vint = Desired full-scale integrator output swing
Cint must have low dielectric absorption to minimize rollover error. A polypropylene capacitor is recom­mended.
Integrating Resistor (Rint)
The input buffer amplifier and integrator both have a class A output stage with 100 µA quiescent current. The integrator and buffer can supply 20 µA drive cur­rents with negligible linearity errors. Rint is chosen to keep the output stage in the linear region. For a 200mV full-scale, it is 47K; 2.0V full-scale requires 470KΩ.
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
Oscillator Components
R-C Oscillator
A 100 KΩ Rosc is recommended for all frequencies. Cosc is selected by using the equation: fosc = 0.45/(RC)
For fosc of 48KHz, Cosc is 100pF nominally. To achieve maximum line noise rejection, the signal-
integrate period should be a multiple of line period. The optimum oscillator frequencies for 60 Hz and 50 Hz rejection are listed as follows:
For 60 Hz rejection: 40KHz, 48KHz, 60KHz etc.
For 50 Hz rejection: 40KHz, 50KHz, 66-2/3KHz etc.
Reference Voltage Selection
A full-scale reading (2000 counts) requires the input signal be twice the reference voltage.
F u ll-S c a le Vo lta g e V re f
200.0 m V 100.0 m V
2.000 V 1.000 V
In some applications a scale factor other than unity may exist between a transducer output voltage and the re­quired digital reading. Assume, for example, a pres­sure transducer output is 600 mV for 2000 Ib/in2. Rather than dividing the input voltage by three the reference voltage should be set to 300 mV . This permits the trans­ducer input to be used directly. The integrator resistor would be 120KΩ. In some temperature and weighting system with variable tare, the offset reading can be generated by connecting the voltage transducer be­tween INHI and COMMON and the variable offset volt­age between COMMON and INLO.
Summary of component selection:
Full scale 200.0m V 2.000V
Caz 0.47µF0.047µF R int 47 K
Cint 0.22µF0.22
Vref 100.0mV 1.000V
Note: fosc = 48 KHz
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470 K
F
µ
AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
Power Supplies
The AME7107 is designed to work from ±5V supplies. However, if a negative supply is not available, it can be generated from the clock output with two diodes, two capacitors, and an inexpensive IC. The 7660 DC to DC converter may also be used to generate -5V from +5V.
Low Battery Flag (LB)
The low battery flag is set when the supply voltage (V+ to V-) is lower than seven volts, typical. Once the LB is set, the waveform of the LB will be out of phase with the BP (Back Plane) to turn on a low battery annuncia­tor for AME7106; LB pin will be low (Ground)
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
for AME7107 and is capable to sink 8 mA to turn on a LED indicator.
AME7107 Power Dissipation Reduction
The AME7107 sinks the LED display current and this generates heat in the IC package. If the internal volt­age reference is used, the fluctuating chip temperature can cause the display to change reading. The AME7107 package power dissipation can be reduced by reducing the LED common anode voltage.
A typical LED has 1.8 volts across it, at 7mA. When its common anode is connected to +5V, the AME7107
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
output is at 3.2V . Maximum power dissipation is 8.1 mA X 3.2 V X 24 segments = 622mW. However, once the AME7107 output voltage is above two volts, the LED cur­rent is essentially constant as output voltage increases. Reducing the output voltage by 0.7V , results in 7.7mA of LED current, only a 5 percent reduction. Maximum power dissipation is only 7.7mA X 2.5V X 24 = 462 mW, a re­duction of 26%. An output voltage reduction of 1 volt reduces LED current by 10% (7.3mA) power dissipation by 38%. (7.3mA X 2.2V X 24 = 385mW).
There are two ways to reduce the power dissipation: either a 5.1 ohm resistor or a 1 Amp diode placed in series with the display (but not in series with the AME7107). The resistor will reduce the AME7107 out­put voltage, when all 24 segments are “ON”. When segments turn off, the output voltage will increase. The
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
diode, on the other hand, will result in a relatively steady output voltage.
In addition to limiting maximum power dissipation, the resistor reduces the change in power dissipation as the display changes. As fewer segments are “ON,” each “ON” output drops more voltage and current. For the best case of six segments (a “111” display) to worst case (a “1888” display) the resistor will change about 230 mW. While a circuit without the resistor will change about 470 mW. Therefore, the resistor will reduce the variation of power dissipation by about 50%.
The change in LED brightness caused by the resistor is almost unnoticeable as more segments turn off. If steady display brightness is very important, a diode is recom­mended.
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n T ypical Applications
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AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
15
AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
16
AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
17
AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
18
AME, Inc.
AME7106/AME7106A/AME7106R AME7107/AME7107A/AME7107R
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n Package Dimension
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PDIP-40
SYMBOLS
A
A
B
B
D
E
F
e
E
θθθθ
3-1/2 Digit A/D Converter
High Accuracy, Low Power
MILLIMETERS INCHES
MIN MAX MIN MAX
0.150 0.165 0.0059 0.0065
1
1
1
B
0.072 (TYP) 0.0028
0.018(TYP) 0.0007
0.050(TY P) 0.0020
2.049 2.074 0.0807 0.0817
0.540 0.555 0.0213 0.0219
0.600(TY P) 0.0236
0.100(TY P) 0.0039
0.600 0.700 0.0236 0.0276
o
0
15
o
o
0
15
o
19
www.ame.com.tw
E-Mail: info@ame.com.tw
Life Support Policy:
These products of AME, Inc. are not authorized for use as critical components in life-support devices or
systems, without the express written approval of the president
of AME, Inc.
AME, Inc. reserves the right to make changes in the circuitry and specifications of its devices and
advises its customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information.
ã AME, Inc. , February 2002
Document: 1021-DS7106/7107-C
U.S. Headquarter Corporate Headquarter
Analog Microelectronics, Inc. AME, Inc.
3100 De La Cruz Blvd. Suite 201 2F , 189 Kang-Chien Road, Nei-Hu District Santa Clara, CA. 95054-2046 Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel : (408) 988-2388 Tel : 886 2 2627-8687 Fax: (408) 988-2489 Fax: 886 2 2659-2989
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