Analog Devices AN591 Application Notes

AN-591

a

APPLICATION NOTE

One Technology Way • P.O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106 • Tel: [phone] • Fax: [phone] • www.analog.com

ADM1070 Hot Swap Controller

by Alan Moloney

The ADM1070 is a negative voltage (–48 V) hot swap
controller. The device provides robust current limiting,
protects against transient and nontransient short circuits,
and offers single-pin undervoltage and overvoltage
protection. The ADM1070 has many applications, such
as central office switching, –48 V distributed systems,
and negative power supply control. This application
note describes the operation of the ADM1070 under
various hot swap insertion and removal conditions. This
document should be consulted in conjunction with the
ADM1070 data sheet and evaluation board documenta­tion. All of the tests described in this document can be
recreated with the ADM1070 evaluation board.

LONG

CONNECTOR

R

0V

LIVE

BACKPLANE

–48V

*OPTIONAL TIMER CAPACITOR

SHORT

CONNECTOR

R2

R1

LONG

CONNECTOR

*

ADM1070

UV/OV

TIMER

DROP

C

16k⍀

V

IN

GATE

SENSE

V

LOAD

EE

Q1

R

SENSE

V

OUT

Figure 1. Circuit Diagram (ADM1070 Residing on a
Plug-In Module)

The ADM1070 is designed to reside on a plug-in board
or a live backplane and uses a FET in the power path to
control the load current. It requires a few other external
components to operate, such as a shunt resistor, two
divider resistors, and a SENSE resistor. A 16 kΩ shunt
resistor is required between the 0 V line and the V

IN

pin

to power the part.

Resistors R1 and R2 form a resistor divider that scales
down the supply voltage to a range that the device can
measure. The divider output is used for undervoltage/
overvoltage detection at the UV/OV pin. By choosing the
values of R1 and R2 carefully, the part can be
programmed to apply the supply voltage to the load
only when the supply is in the desired range. The default
evaluation board resistor values give an operating
range of around –36 V to –77 V. Please refer to Table IV
of the ADM1070 data sheet for a full description of how
the operating voltage window can be programmed.

The SENSE resistor, R

, is used for current limiting.

SENSE

The ADM1070 continually senses the voltage across
R

and can detect whether the load current is above

SENSE

the maximum permitted load current value. If it is, the
ADM1070 reduces the voltage on the GATE of the FET to
reduce the load current to an acceptable level. The load
current limit is set by the choice of R

. Table I of the

SENSE

ADM1070 data sheet shows the value of the load current
permitted to flow during inrush and quiescent condi­tions for the different choices of R

SENSE

.

REV. A

© Analog Devices, Inc., 2002

AN-591

Powering Up

The timing waveforms associated with the live insertion
of a plug-in board using the ADM1070 are shown below.
In a system that has been mechanically designed such
that the power rails connect first, the GND–V
climbs to 48 V. As this voltage is applied, the voltage
at the V
(V

LKO

pin ramps above the undervoltage lockout

IN

) of 8.5 V (internal to device) to a constant 12.3 V
and is held at this level by the internal Zener diode.
Because of the staggered configuration of the connection
pins, the R1/R2 resistor divider is the last to connect to
the backplane.

potential

EE

GATE

SENSE

V

UV/OV

T

T

CH210.00VCH1

1.00VCH3

100mV M 200␮s CH3 1.96V

SENSE

GATE

V

OUT

10.00VCH3

T

T

CH25.00VCH1

100mV M 500␮s CH1 2.8V

Figure 2. Timing Waveforms Associated with a
Power-Up Sequence

When the voltage at UV/OV crosses the undervoltage
rising threshold of 0.91 V, it is now inside the operating
voltage window and the –48 V supply must be applied to
the load. After a time delay, t

, the ADM1070 begins to

POR

ramp up the GATE drive. Initially, the load capacitance
may attempt to draw a large current. When the voltage
on the SENSE pin reaches 100 mV (the analog current
limit), the GATE drive is held constant. When the board's
capacitance is fully charged, the SENSE voltage begins
to drop below the analog current limit voltage and the
GATE voltage is free to ramp up further. The GATE volt­age eventually reaches its maximum value of 12.3 V (as
set by V

).

IN

Note: Long/short connector configuration is not a
requirement.

Overvoltage Condition

The waveforms for an overvoltage glitch are shown in
Figure 3. When UV/OV rises above the overvoltage
rising threshold of 1.97 V, an overvoltage condition is
detected and the GATE voltage is pulled low. UV/OV
begins to drop back toward the operating voltage
window and the GATE drive is restored when the over­voltage falling threshold of 1.93 V is reached.

Figure 3. Timing Waveforms Associated with an
Overvoltage Glitch

Undervoltage Condition

An undervoltage glitch is dealt with in a similar way.
When

UV/OV falls below the undervoltage falling
threshold of 0.86 V, the GATE voltage is pulled low.
If UV/OV subsequently rises back above the undervoltage
rising threshold of 0.91 V, the GATE voltage is restored.
Figure 4 illustrates the ADM1070's operation in an
undervoltage situation.

GATE

SENSE

V

UV/OV

CH210.0VCH1

1.00VCH3

100mV M 200ms

Figure 4. Timing Waveforms Associated with an
Undervoltage Glitch

Current Fault Plots

Some timing waveforms associated with over current
faults are shown below. Figure 5 shows how a current
glitch (of approximately 500 µs) is dealt with when the
output is shorted after power-up. The GATE voltage is at
a constant 12.3 V before the glitch occurs. When the
SENSE voltage reaches 100 mV (V

), the ADM1070

ACL

reduces the GATE voltage to stop the load current from
increasing any further. When V
V

, the GATE voltage is increased again.

ACL

drops back below

SENSE

–2–

REV. A

SENSE

GATE

SENSE

5.00V

CH2

1.00VCH3

100mV M 100ms

CH1

t

ON

t

OFF

GATE

V

OUT

AN-591

present). This cycle repeats itself a total of seven times.
Figure 8 shows the seven consecutive faults occurring

T

T

T

on an even wider time base. If the ADM1070 detects
seven consecutive current faults, the part then latches
off (after a total time t

SHORT

).

CH3

10.00VCH1

20.00V

100mV M 500␮s CH2

CH2

34mV

Figure 5. Timing Waveforms Associated with a
Current Fault (after Power-Up)

Figures 6–8 show the operation of the ADM1070’s unique
Limited Consecutive Retry function. Figure 6 highlights what
happens when a current fault occurs for more than 14 ms
(default t

when TIMER pin tied to VEE) and a

LIMITON

current fault is registered. In this case, GATE is previously
low and the part is being powered up into a current fault
situation (shorted load). When power is applied, GATE is
allowed to ramp until SENSE reaches 100 mV. Gate is then
held constant to keep SENSE at this level. After t

LIMITON

,

the PWM cycle begins and GATE is reduced to zero.

14ms

GATE

Figure 7. Illustration of the PWM Ratio (tON/t

t

SHORT

GATE

SENSE

CH2

CH1

5.00V

1.00VCH3

100mV M 100ms

OFF

)

SENSE

5.00V CH2 100mV

M 5.00␮s

CH1 1.4VCH1

Figure 6. Timing Waveforms Associated with a Current Fault

Figure 7 shows a current fault on a wider time base. The
first spike on the SENSE line represents the first current
fault. The SENSE voltage is allowed to ramp up to
100 mV before the GATE voltage is reduced to compen­sate. The GATE and SENSE voltages remain at these
levels until the time, t
then registered and the GATE voltage, and hence the

, has expired. A current fault is

ON

SENSE voltage, are both held low for the time
period t

. Note that the PWM ratio (tON/t

OFF

) is equal to

OFF

3%. The cycle then restarts and the SENSE voltage is
free to ramp up to 100 mV again (it will if the fault is still

REV. A

Figure 8. Illustration of the Limited Consecutive Retry
Function (Seven Retries and Latch Off)

Temporary Current Fault

The ADM1070 behaves in the following way when a
temporary current fault occurs. When the fault occurs, the
SENSE voltage rises to 100 mV. The GATE voltage is
reduced to keep the SENSE voltage at this level. When
the 3% duty cycle ON time has elapsed, the GATE and
SENSE voltages both drop to zero for the remainder of
the cycle. When the cycle is complete, GATE is free to
ramp up again to a level that maintains SENSE at 100 mV.
If the current fault is removed before seven retries have
occurred (and the ADM1070 latches off), the SENSE volt­age will drop back below 79 mV (the circuit breaker limit
voltage [falling]), allowing GATE to ramp back up to

12.3 V and turning the FET fully on.

–3–

AN-591

Temporary Current Fault Followed by a Permanent
Current Fault

The next plot shows the behavior of ADM1070 when a
temporary current fault is followed by a permanent
current fault. When the first overcurrent fault occurs, the
first 100 mV spike on the SENSE line can be seen. During
the t

time, this current fault is removed. After this

OFF

time period, a no fault condition is detected and the
limited consecutive counter is reset. GATE is driven fully
on. When the overcurrent fault returns permanently, the
limited consecutive retry circuitry detects seven
consecutive faults and the part latches off.

SENSE

CH1

T

B

N

5.00VCH2100mV M 500ms

GATE

Figure 9. Waveforms Associated with a Temporary
Current Fault Followed by a Permanent Current Fault

Initially, V1 = –48 V and V2 and V3 = 0. When the plug-in
module is initially connected, V2 instantly ramps to –48 V.
The hot swap controller ramps the GATE voltage at its
maximum slew rate, which ensures that the load current
is applied in a controlled manner. V3 ramps to –48 V.

If the card is now disconnected, V2 will float, but V3 will
not fall instantly because it must be discharged by the
board load current (this may take some time). The FET is
still on at this time, holding V2 at a voltage close to V3.
The hot swap device thinks the supply is still good and
will therefore not try to turn off the FET.

If the card is now reseated, V2 instantly charges to –48 V,
but the load capacitance will be holding V3 at some volt­age between 0 V and –48 V. The drain source of the FET
will now have to handle the voltage difference between
V2 and V3 (V3 – V2). So the FET now has this voltage
across its drain source terminals with its GATE drive
fully on. Unlimited current can now flow and board failure
will occur.

RESEATED MODULE

PLUG-IN BOARD

0V

LIVE

BACKPLANE

ADM1070

C

LOAD

V3V2V1

E02907–0–9/02(A)

Reseating a Card

A standard reset procedure used in central office
systems is to reseat a card/module (i.e., the operator
removes the card from the live backplane and reinserts
it again quickly). Not all hot swap supervisory solutions
monitor the load current continuously. In these cases,
the GATE voltage is simply slew rate limited to control
the rate at which the load current is allowed to ramp up
at startup.

In Figure 10, V1 = –48 V backplane supply, V2 = the volt­age across the input connector of the plug-in card, and
V3 = the hot swapped voltage (the voltage across the
load of the card).

RESEATED MODULE

0V

LIVE

BACKPLANE

–48V

PLUG-IN BOARD

HOT SWAP

CONTROLLER

SLEW RATE LIMITED

FET

C

GATE DRIVE

LOAD

V3V2V1

Figure 10. Reseating a Module with a Slew Rate
Limited Hot Swap System

–48V

R

SENSE

FET

Figure 11. Reseating a Module Containing the
ADM1070

The ADM1070 uses a SENSE resistor to limit the load
current in both inrush and short circuit situations. The
voltage across the SENSE resistor is continually sensed
to make sure the load current is below the level permit­ted (by the choice of R

). The GATE voltage is

SENSE

increased or decreased based on the current level,
which in turn drives the FET out of or into the resistive
region, increasing or decreasing the current flowing in
the load.

If a short circuit does occur, then the ADM1070's limited
consecutive retry function will be employed. This
unique function offers an ideal trade-off between single­fault latched shutdown and infinite auto-retry features. It
also ensures that the system has adequate time to recover
if the current fault is temporary, but it will not enter an
infinite retry loop if the fault is permanent (which is
usually the case with a current fault).

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

–4–

REV. A