Analog Devices AD5235 b Datasheet

Nonvolatile Memory, Dual

FEATURES

Dual-channel, 1024-position resolution 25 kΩ, 250 kΩ nominal resistance Low temperature coefficient: 35 ppm/°C Nonvolatile memory stores wiper settings Permanent memory write protection Wiper setting readback Resistance tolerance stored in EEMEM Predefined linear increment/decrement instructions Predefined ±6 dB/step log taper increment/decrement
instructions SPI® compatible serial interface 3 V to 5 V single supply or ±2.5 V dual supply 26 bytes extra nonvolatile memory for user-defined
information 100-year typical data retention, T Power-on refreshed with EEMEM settings

APPLICATIONS

DWDM laser diode driver, optical supervisory systems Mechanical potentiometer replacement Instrumentation: gain, offset adjustment Programmable voltage to current conversion Programmable filters, delays, time constants Programmable power supply Low resolution DAC replacement Sensor calibration

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The AD5235 is a dual-channel, nonvolatile memory,1 digitally controlled potentiometer performs the same electronic adjustment function as a mechanical potentiometer with enhanced resolution, solid state reliability, and superior low temperature coefficient perform­ance. The AD5235’s versatile programming via an SPI compatible serial interface allows 16 modes of operation and adjustment including scratchpad programming, memory storing and restoring, increment/decrement, ±6 dB/step log taper adjustment, wiper setting readback, and extra EEMEM for user-defined information such as memory data for other components, look-up table, or system identification information.
2
with 1024-step resolution. The device
= 55°C
A
1024-Position Digital Potentiometer
AD5235

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

CS
CLK
SDI
SDO
PR
WP
RDY
ADDR
DECODE
SERIAL
INTERFACE
POWER-ON
RESET
EEMEM
CONTROL
RTOL
REGISTER
REGISTER
26 BYTES
3
USER EEMEM
Figure 1.
RDAC1
EEMEM1
RDAC2
EEMEM2
In the scratchpad programming mode, a specific setting can be programmed directly to the RDAC resistance between Terminals W–A and W–B. This setting can be stored into the EEMEM and is restored automatically to the RDAC register during system power-on.
The EEMEM content can be restored dynamically or through
PR
external
strobing, and a WP function protects EEMEM contents. To simplif y the programming, the independent or simultaneous linear-step increment or decrement commands can be used to move the RDAC wiper up or down, one step at a time. For logarithmic ±6 dB changes in wiper setting, the left or right bit shift command can be used to double or half the RDAC wiper setting.
AD5235 patterned resistance tolerance is stored in the EEMEM. The actual end-to-end resistance can, therefore, be known by the host processor in readback mode. The host can execute the appropriate resistance step through a software routine that simplifies open-loop applications as well as precision calibration and tolerance matching applications.
The AD5235 is available in a thin TSSOP-16 package. The part is guaranteed to operate over the extended industrial tempera­ture range of −40°C to +85°C.
1
The terms nonvolatile memory and EEMEM are used interchangeably.
2
The terms digital potentiometer and RDAC are used interchangeably.
3
RAB tolerance.
AD5235
RDAC1
RDAC2
2
register, which sets the
V
DD
A1 W1
B1
A2 W2
B2
V
SS
GND
02816-B-001
Rev. B
One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com Fax: 781.326.8703 © 2004 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD5235
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Specifications..................................................................................... 3
AD5235EVAL Evaluation Kit................................................... 21
Electrical Characteristics—25 kΩ, 250 kΩ Versions................ 3
Interface Timing Characteristics—25 kΩ, 250 kΩ Versions... 5
Timing Diagrams.......................................................................... 6
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7
ESD Caution.................................................................................. 7
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 8
Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 9
Test Circuits................................................................................. 12
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 14
Scratchpad and EEMEM Programming.................................. 14
Basic Operation .......................................................................... 14
EEMEM Protection.................................................................... 15
Digital Input/Output Configuration........................................ 15
Serial Data Interface................................................................... 15
Daisy-Chain Operation .............................................................15
Terminal Voltage Operating Range.......................................... 16
Advanced Control Modes ......................................................... 18
RDAC Structure.......................................................................... 19
Programming the Variable Resistor .........................................20
Applications..................................................................................... 22
Bipolar Operation from Dual Supplies.................................... 22
Gain Control Compensation.................................................... 22
High Voltage Operation............................................................. 22
DAC.............................................................................................. 22
Bipolar Programmable Gain Amplifier ................................... 23
10-Bit Bipolar DAC.................................................................... 23
Programmable Voltage Source with Boosted Output............ 23
Programmable Current Source ................................................ 24
Programmable Bidirectional Current Source......................... 24
Programmable Low-Pass Filter ................................................ 24
Programmable Oscillator.......................................................... 25
Optical Transmitter Calibration with ADN2841................... 25
Resistance Scaling ...................................................................... 26
Resistance Tolerance, Drift, and Temperature Coefficient
Mismatch Considerations......................................................... 26
RDAC Circuit Simulation Model............................................. 27
Outline Dimensions....................................................................... 28
Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 28
Programming the Potentiometer Divider............................... 20
Programming Examples............................................................ 21
REVISION HISTORY
7/04—Data Sheet Changed from REV. A to REV. B
Updated Formatting........................................................... Universal
Edits to Features, General Description, and Block Diagram .......1
Changes to Specifications.................................................................3
Replaced Timing Diagrams..............................................................6
Changes to Absolute Maximum Ratings ........................................7
Changes to Pin Function Descriptions...........................................8
Changes to Typical Performance Characteristics..........................9
Additional Test Circuit (Figure 36).................................................9
Rev.B | Page 2 of 28
Edits to Theory of Operation.........................................................14
Edits to Applications .......................................................................23
Updated Outline Dimensions........................................................27
8/02—Data Sheet Changed from REV. 0 to REV. A
Change to Features and General Description................................ 1
Change to Specifications ..................................................................2
Change to Calculating Actual End-to-End Terminal
Resistance Section ..........................................................................14
AD5235

SPECIFICATIONS

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—25 KΩ, 250 KΩ VERSIONS

VDD = 3 V to 5.5 V, VSS = 0 V, VA = VDD, VB = 0 V, −40°C < TA < +85°C, unless otherwise noted. The part can be operated at 2.7 V single supply, except from 0°C to −40°C, where a minimum of 3 V is needed.
Table 1.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ1 Max Unit
DC CHARACTERISTICS— RHEOSTAT MODE (All RDACs)
Resistor Differential Nonlinearity2 R-DNL RWB −2 +2 LSB Resistor Integral Nonlinearity2 R-INL RWB −4 +4 LSB Nominal Resistor Tolerance ∆RAB/RAB Dx = 0x3FF −30 +30 % Resistance Temperature Coefficient (∆RAB/RAB)/∆T × 106 35 ppm/°C Wiper Resistance RW
= 1 V/RWB, VDD = 5 V,
I
W
Code = 0x200
= 1 V/RWB, VDD = 3 V,
I
W
Code = 0x200
Channel Resistance Matching R
Ch 1 and 2 RWB, Dx = 0x3FF ±0.1 %
AB1/RAB2
DC CHARACTERISTICS— POTENTIOMETER DIVIDER MODE (All RDACs)
Resolution N 10 Bits Differential Nonlinearity3 DNL −2 +2 LSB Integral Nonlinearity3 INL −4 +4 LSB Voltage Divider Temperature
(∆V
)/∆T × 106 Code = half-scale 15 ppm/°C
W/VW
Coefficient Full-Scale Error V Zero-Scale Error V
Code = full scale −6 0 LSB
WFSE
Code = zero scale 0 4 LSB
WZSE
RESISTOR TERMINALS
Terminal Voltage Range4 V Capacitance5 Ax, Bx C
V
A, B, W
f = 1 MHz, measured to GND,
A, B
Code = half-scale
Capacitance5 Wx CW f = 1 MHz, measured to GND,
Code = half-scale
Common-Mode Leakage Current
5 , 6
ICM V
= VDD/2 0.01 ±2 µA
W
DIGITAL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
Input Logic High VIH With respect to GND, VDD = 5 V 2.4 V Input Logic Low VIL With respect to GND, VDD = 5 V 0.8 V Input Logic High VIH With respect to GND, VDD = 3 V 2.1 V Input Logic Low VIL With respect to GND, VDD = 3 V 0.6 V Input Logic High VIH
Input Logic Low VIL
Output Logic High (SDO, RDY) VOH
With respect to GND, V +2.5 V, V
= −2.5 V
SS
With respect to GND, V +2.5 V, V
R
PULL-UP
= −2.5 V
SS
= 2.2 kΩ to 5 V
=
DD
=
DD
(see Figure 25)
Output Logic Low VOL
= 1.6 mA, V
I
OL
LOGIC
= 5 V
(see Figure 25) Input Current IIL V Input Capacitance5 C
5 pF
IL
= 0 V or VDD ±2.25 µA
IN
POWER SUPPLIES
Single-Supply Power Range VDD V
= 0 V 3.0 5.5 V
SS
Dual-Supply Power Range VDD/VSS ±2.25 ±2.75 V Positive Supply Current IDD V I
V
DD
Negative Supply Current ISS
= VDD or VIL = GND, TA = 25°C 2 4.5 µA
IH
= VDD or VIL = GND 3.5 6.0 µA
IH
= VDD or VIL = GND,
V
IH
V
= +2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V
DD
50 100
200 Ω
VDD V
SS
11 pF
80 pF
2.0 V
0.5 V
4.9 V
0.4 V
3.5 6.0 µA
Rev. B | Page 3 of 28
AD5235
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ1 Max Unit
EEMEM Store Mode Current IDD (store)
I EEMEM Restore Mode Current7 I
I Power Dissipation8 P Power Supply Sensitivity5 P
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
5, 9
(store) VDD = +2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V −35 mA
SS
(restore)
DD
(restore) VDD = +2.5 V, VSS = −2.5 V −0.3 −3 −9 mA
SS
V
DISS
∆VDD = 5 V ± 10% 0.002 0.01 %/%
SS
Bandwidth BW
Total Harmonic Distortion THDW V
VW Settling Time tS
= VDD or VIL = GND,
V
IH
V
= GND, ISS 0
SS
= VDD or VIL = GND,
V
IH
= GND, ISS 0
V
SS
= VDD or VIL = GND 18 50 µW
IH
−3 dB, V = 25 kΩ/250 kΩ
R
AB
= 1 V rms, VB = 0 V, f = 1 kHz 0.05 %
A
= 1 V rms, VB = 0 V, f = 1 kHz,
V
A
= 50 kΩ, 100 kΩ
R
AB
= VDD, VB = 0 V,
V
A
V
= 0.50% error band,
W
DD/VSS
= ±2.5 V,
Code 0x000 to 0x200, R
= 25 kΩ/250 kΩ
AB
Resistor Noise Density e Crosstalk (CW1/CW2) CT
R
N_WB
= 25 kΩ/250 kΩ, TA = 25°C 20/64
AB
= VDD, VB = 0 V, measured VW1
V
A
with V
making full-scale
W2
change
Analog Crosstalk CTA
= VA1 = +2.5 V, VSS = VB1 =
V
DD
−2.5 V, measured V
W1
with VW2 = 5 V p-p @ f = 1 kHz, Code 1 = 0x200, Code 2 = 0x3FF, R
= 25 kΩ/250 kΩ
AB
1
Typicals represent average readings at 25°C and VDD = 5 V.
2
Resistor position nonlinearity error R-INL is the deviation from an ideal value measured between the maximum resistance and the minimum resistance wiper positions.
R-DNL measures the relative step change from ideal between successive tap positions. I
3
INL and DNL are measured at VW with the RDAC configured as a potentiometer divider similar to a voltage output DAC. VA = VDD and VB = VSS. DNL specification limits of
±1 LSB maximum are guaranteed monotonic operating conditions (see Figure 26).
4
Resistor Terminals A, B, and W have no limitations on polarity with respect to each other. Dual-supply operation enables ground-referenced bipolar signal adjustment.
5
Guaranteed by design and not subject to production test.
6
Common-mode leakage current is a measure of the dc leakage from any Terminal B–W to a common-mode bias level of VDD/2.
7
EEMEM restore mode current is not continuous. Current consumed while EEMEM locations are read and transferred to the RDAC register (see Figure 22). To minimize
power dissipation, a NOP, Instruction 0 (0x0) should be issued immediately after Instruction 1 (0x1).
8
P
is calculated from (IDD × VDD) + (ISS × VSS).
DISS
9
All dynamic characteristics use VDD = +2.5 V and VSS = −2.5 V.
~ 50 µA for VDD = 2.7 V and IW ~ 400 µA for VDD = 5 V (see Figure 25).
W
35 mA
0.3 3 9 mA
125/12 kHz
0.045 %
4/36 µs
90/21
nV/√ nV-s
Hz
−81/−62 dB
Rev. B | Page 4 of 28
AD5235
INTERFACE TIMING AND EEMEM RELIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS—25 KΩ, 250 KΩ VERSIONS
Guaranteed by design and not subject to production test.
See the Timing Diagrams section for the location of measured values. All input control voltages are specified with t 90% of 3 V) and timed from a voltage level of 1.5 V. Switching characteristics are measured using both V
= 3 V and 5 V.
DD
= tF = 2.5 ns (10% to
R
Table 2.
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min Typ1 Max Unit
Clock Cycle Time (t CS Setup Time CLK Shutdown Time to CS Rise
) t1 20 ns
CYC
t
10 ns
2
t
1 t
3
CYC
Input Clock Pulse Width t4, t5 Clock level high or low 10 ns Data Setup Time t6 From positive CLK transition 5 ns Data Hold Time t7 From positive CLK transition 5 ns
t
CS to SDO-SPI Line Acquire CS to SDO-SPI Line Release CLK to SDO Propagation Delay2 t CLK to SDO Data Hold Time t11 R CS High Pulse Width3 CS High to CS High3 RDY Rise to CS Fall CS Rise to RDY Fall Time Store/Read EEMEM Time4 t CS Rise to Clock Rise/Fall Setup Preset Pulse Width (Asynchronous) t Preset Response Time to Wiper Setting t Power-On EEMEM Restore Time t
40 ns
8
t
50 ns
9
R
10
t
12
t
4 t
13
t
0 ns
14
t
0.15 0.3 ms
15
Applies to instructions 0x2, 0x3, and 0x9 30 ms
16
t
10 ns
17
Not shown in timing diagram 50 ns
PRW
PRESP
140 µs
EEMEM1
= 2.2 kΩ, CL < 20 pF 50 ns
P
= 2.2 kΩ, CL < 20 pF 0 ns
P
pulsed low to refresh wiper positions
PR
10 ns
140 µs
CYC
FLASH/EE MEMORY RELIABILITY
Endurance5 100 Data Retention6 100
kCycles Years
1
Typicals represent average readings at 25°C and VDD = 5 V.
2
Propagation delay depends on the value of VDD, R
3
Valid for commands that do not activate the RDY pin.
4
RDY pin low only for Instructions 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and the PR hardware pulse: CMD_8 ~ 1 ms; CMD_9, 10 ~ 0.1 ms; CMD_2, 3 ~ 20 ms. Device operation at TA = −40°C and
V
< 3 V extends the save time to 35 ms.
DD
5
Endurance is qualified to 100,000 cycles per JEDEC Standard 22, Method A117 and measured at −40°C, +25°C, and +85°C; typical endurance at +25°C is 700,000 cycles.
6
Retention lifetime equivalent at junction temperature (TJ) = 55°C per JEDEC Standard 22, Method A117. Retention lifetime based on an activation energy of 0.6 eV
derates with junction temperature in the Flash/EE memory.
PULL-UP
, and CL.
Rev. B | Page 5 of 28
AD5235

TIMING DIAGRAMS

CPHA = 1
CS
CLK
CPOL = 1
SDI
SDO
RDY
t
t
t
2
HIGH OR LOW
t
8
B24* B23–MSB B0–LSB
t
14
*NOTE: EXTRA BIT THAT IS NOT DEFINED, BUT NORMALLY LSB OF CHARACTER PREVIOUSLY TRANSMITTED.
THE CPOL = 1 MICROCONTROLLER COMMAND ALIGNS THE INCOMING DATA TO THE POSITIVE EDGE OF THE CLOCK.
1
t
B23 B0
5
t
4
t
7
t
6
B23–MSB
t
10
B0–LSB
t
11
3
t
12
t
13
t
17
HIGH OR LOW
t
9
t
15
t
16
02816-B-002
Figure 2. CPHA = 1 Timing Diagram
CPHA = 0
CLK
CPOL = 0
SDI
CS
HIGH OR LOW
t
2
B23–MSB IN
t
1
t
B23 B0
5
t
4
t
7
t
6
B0–LSB
t
3
t
12
t
13
t
17
HIGH OR LOW
SDO
RDY
t
8
B23–MSB OUT B0–LSB
t
14
*NOTE: EXTRA BIT THAT IS NOT DEFINED, BUT NORMALLY MSB OF CHARACTER JUST RECEIVED.
THE CPOL = 0 MICROCONTROLLER COMMAND ALIGNS THE INCOMING DATA TO THE POSITIVE EDGE OF THE CLOCK.
t
10
t
11
t
9
*
t
15
t
16
02816-B-003
Figure 3. CPHA = 0 Timing Diagram
Rev. B | Page 6 of 28
AD5235

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.
Table 3.
Parameter Rating
VDD to GND –0.3 V, +7 V VSS to GND +0.3 V, −7 V VDD to VSS 7 V VA, VB, VW to GND VSS − 0.3 V, VDD + 0.3 V IA, IB, IW
Pulsed1 ±20 mA
Continuous ±2 mA Digital Input and Output Voltage to GND −0.3 V, VDD + 0.3 V Operating Temperature Range2 −40°C to +85°C Maximum Junction Temperature (TJ max) 150°C Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature, Soldering
Vapor Phase (60 s) 215°C
Infrared (15 s) 220°C Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Ambient
θ
,TSSOP-16
JA
Thermal Resistance Junction-to-Case θJC,
TSSOP-16 Package Power Dissipation (TJ max − TA)/θJA
150°C/W
28°C/W
1
Maximum terminal current is bounded by the maximum current handling of
the switches, maximum power dissipation of the package, and maximum applied voltage across any two of the A, B, and W terminals at a given resistance.
2
Includes programming of nonvolatile memory.
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

ESD CAUTION

ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
Rev. B | Page 7 of 28
AD5235

PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS

CLK
SDI
SDO
GND
V
W1
SS
A1
B1
1
2
3
AD5235BRU
4
TOP VIEW
5
(Not to Scale)
6
7
8
16
RDY
15
CS
14
PR
13
WP V
12
DD
A2
11
10
W2
9
B2
02816-B-005
Figure 4. Pin Configuration
Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions
Pin No. Mnemonic Description
1 CLK Serial Input Register Clock. Shifts in one bit at a time on positive clock edges. 2 SDI Serial Data Input. Shifts in one bit at a time on positive clock CLK edges. MSB loads first. 3 SDO Serial Data Output. Serves readback and daisy-chain functions.
Commands 9 and 10 activate the SDO output for the readback function, delayed by 24 or 25 clock pulses, depending on the clock polarity before and after the data-word (see Figure 2, Figure 3, and Table 7).
In other commands, the SDO shifts out the previously loaded SDI bit pattern, delayed by 24 or 25 clock pulses depending on the clock polarity (see Figure 2 and Figure 3). This previously shifted-out SDI can be used for daisy­chaining multiple devices.
Whenever SDO is used, a pull-up resistor in the range of 1 kΩ to 10 kΩ is needed. 4 GND Ground Pin, Logic Ground Reference. 5 VSS
Negative Supply. Connect to 0 V for single-supply applications. If V
is used in dual supply, it must be able to sink
SS
35 mA for 30 ms when storing data to EEMEM. 6 A1 Terminal A of RDAC1. 7 W1 Wiper terminal of RDAC1. ADDR(RDAC1) = 0x0. 8 B1 Terminal B of RDAC1. 9 B2 Terminal B of RDAC2. 10 W2 Wiper terminal of RDAC2. ADDR(RDAC2) = 0x1. 11 A2 Terminal A of RDAC2. 12 VDD Positive Power Supply. 13
Optional Write Protect. When active low, WP prevents any changes to the present contents, except PR strobe.
WP
CMD_1 and COMD_8 refresh the RDAC register from EEMEM. Execute a NOP instruction before returning to WP
14
15
Optional Hardware Override Preset. Refreshes the scratchpad register with current contents of the EEMEM
PR
Serial Register Chip Select Active Low. Serial register operation takes place when CS returns to logic high.
CS
16 RDY
high. Tie WP
register. Factory default loads midscale 512
at the logic high transition. Tie PR
Ready. Active-high open-drain output. Identifies completion of Instructions 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and PR
to VDD, if not used.
until EEMEM is loaded with a new value by the user. PR is activated
10
to VDD, if not used.
.
Rev. B | Page 8 of 28
AD5235
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
–0.2
INL ERROR (LSB)
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–1.0
0 200 400 600 1000
Figure 5. INL vs. Code, T
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 –0.2 –0.4
DNL ERROR (LSB)
–0.6 –0.8 –1.0 –1.2 –1.4
0 200 400 600 1000
Figure 6. DNL vs. Code, T
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
R-INL ERROR (LSB)
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
0 200 400 600 1000
Figure 7. R-INL vs. Code, T
DIGITAL CODE
= −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 25 kΩ
A
DIGITAL CODE
= −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 25 kΩ
A
DIGITAL CODE
= −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 25 kΩ
A
800
800
800
+25°C –40°C +85°C
+25°C –40°C +85°C
+25°C –40°C +85°C
0.4
0.2
0.0
–0.2
R-DNL ERROR (LSB)
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
0 200 400 600 1000
02816-B-006
Figure 8. R-DNL vs. Code, T
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
POTENTIOMETER MODE TEMPCO (ppm/°C)
–30
02816-B-007
0 128 256 512384 640 1023
25kVERSION
250kVERSION
Figure 9. (∆V
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
RHEOSTAT MODE TEMPCO (ppm/°C)
–60
–80
0 128 256 512384 640 1023
02816-B-008
25k VERSION
250k VERSION
Figure 10. (∆R
DIGITAL CODE
= −40°C, +25°C, +85°C Overlay, RAB = 25 kΩ
A
CODE (Decimal)
)/∆T × 106 Potentiometer Mode Tempco
W/VW
CODE (Decimal)
)/∆T × 106 Rheostat Mode Tempco
WB/RWB
+25°C –40°C +85°C
800
VDD/VSS = 5V/0V T
= 25°C
A
768 896
VDD/VSS = 5V/0V T
= 25°C
A
768 896
02816-B-009
02816-B-010
02816-B-011
Rev. B | Page 9 of 28
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