Altai Technologies WA1011N G User Manual

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Altai C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP

Configuration Manual

For

Firmware Version 1.0.0.x

Version 1.0

Date: 16-Aug-2012

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Copyright © 2012 Altai Technologies Limited

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Altai Technologies Limited

Unit 209, 2nd Floor,
No.10 Science Park West Avenue, Phase 2,
Hong Kong Science Park,
Shatin, New Territories,
Hong Kong

Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Web: www.altaitechnologies.com

Customer Support Centre:

Email: [e-mail]

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Radio Frequency Interference Requirements

This device complies with Part 15 of FCC Rules.
Operation is subject to the following conditions:

1. This device may not cause harmful interference.

2. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause

undesired operation.

3. This device should not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna

or transmitter.

Interference Statement

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,
pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can
radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions,
may cause harmful interference to radio communications.

However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one of the following measures:

- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.

- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.

- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the

receiver is connected.

- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

FCC Caution: To assure continued compliance, (example – use only shielded interface cables
when connecting to computer or peripheral devices). Any changes or modifications not
expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to
operate this equipment.

FCC Radiation Exposure Statement

This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled
environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm
between the radiator and your body.

Important Note

For product available in the USA/Canada market, only channel 1-11 can be operated. Selection
of other channels is not possible.

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Disclaimer

All specifications are subject to change without prior notice. Altai Technologies assumes no
responsibilities for any inaccuracies in this document or for any obligation to update information
in this document. This document is provided for information purposes only. Altai Technologies
reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice.

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8

2 C1N MODEL AND FIRMWARE VERSION ................................................................................................... 8

3 GETTING START ....................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Setup Local Area Connection on Your PC ................................................................................. 8

3.2 Check Access ............................................................................................................................ 10

4 CONFIGURATION WITH WEB-ADMIN ..................................................................................................... 10

4.1 Web Browser Connection ......................................................................................................... 10

4.2 Checking the C1n Versions ...................................................................................................... 12

4.3 Setup – User Name, Password and System Name .................................................................... 14

4.4 NTP Configuration ................................................................................................................... 15

4.5 SNMP Configuration ................................................................................................................ 15

4.6 Telnet ........................................................................................................................................ 16

4.7 Network Operation Mode ......................................................................................................... 16

4.8 Switch Mode ............................................................................................................................. 18

4.9 Gateway Mode .......................................................................................................................... 21

4.10 Access Link Safe Mode/ Backhaul Link Self-healing .............................................................. 26

4.11 Setup – 2.4GHz Radio Parameter ............................................................................................. 27

4.12 System Log ............................................................................................................................... 40

4.13 Reboot ....................................................................................................................................... 41

4.14 Restore Configuration to Default Setting ................................................................................. 42

5 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT MONITORING IN WEB-ADMIN ............................................................. 43

5.1 System ....................................................................................................................................... 43

5.2 2.4GHz Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 44

5.3 2.4GHz Association Client ....................................................................................................... 45

5.4 2.4GHz Association AP ............................................................................................................ 46

6 SOFTWARE UPGRADE THROUGH WEB-ADMIN ...................................................................................... 47

6.1 Firmware Update Through HTTP or HTTPS ........................................................................... 47

7 GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................................. 51

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Table of Figures

FIGURE 1 CONTROL PANEL IN WINDOWS XP .............................................................................................................. 8

FIGURE 2 NETWORK CONNECTIONS IN WINDOWS XP................................................................................................. 9

FIGURE 3 LOCAL AREA CONNECTION PROPERTIES IN WINDOWS XP .......................................................................... 9

FIGURE 4 INTERNET PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) PROPERTIES IN WINDOWS XP .................................................................. 10

FIGURE 5 ENTER USER NAME AND PASSWORD ......................................................................................................... 11

FIGURE 6 WEB-ADMIN LOGIN PAGE ......................................................................................................................... 12

FIGURE 7 VERSION OF C1N SUPER WIFI CPE/AP ..................................................................................................... 13

FIGURE 8 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION .......................................................................................................................... 14

FIGURE 9 NTP CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................................................... 15

FIGURE 10 SNMP CONFIGURATION .......................................................................................................................... 16

FIGURE 11 THE IP ADDRESS HERE IS THE ETHERNET INTERFACE OF THE C1N ........................................................... 18

FIGURE 12 DHCP CLIENT UNDER SWITCH MODE ...................................................................................................... 19

FIGURE 13 STATIC IP UNDER SWITCH MODE ............................................................................................................. 19

FIGURE 14 NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS UNDER GATEWAY MODE .......................................................................... 21

FIGURE 15 PPPOE CONFIGURATION ......................................................................................................................... 22

FIGURE 16 CONFIGURE DHCP SERVER .................................................................................................................... 23

FIGURE 17 CONFIGURE DHCP RELAY SERVER ......................................................................................................... 24

FIGURE 18 CONFIGURE PORT FORWARDING ............................................................................................................. 25

FIGURE 19 DMZ CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................................................ 26

FIGURE 20 2.4GHZ RADIO PARAMETER CONFIGURATION ........................................................................................ 27

FIGURE 21 ADVANCED 2.4GHZ RADIO SETTING ..................................................................................................... 31

FIGURE 22 BANDWIDTH CONTROL CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................ 32

FIGURE 23 STATION MODE CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................................ 33

FIGURE 24 2.4G RADIO CHANNEL SCANNING ........................................................................................................... 33

FIGURE 25 AP MODE SETTING .................................................................................................................................. 34

FIGURE 26 AP MODE VAP SETTING .......................................................................................................................... 35

FIGURE 27 ACL ........................................................................................................................................................ 36

FIGURE 28 2.4GHZ RADIO SECURITY CONFIGURATION ............................................................................................ 37

FIGURE 29 WEP KEY SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................... 37

FIGURE 30 WPA-AES SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................. 38

FIGURE 31 WPA-TKIP SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................ 39

FIGURE 32 WPA-PSK SETTINGS ............................................................................................................................. 39

FIGURE 33 SYSTEM LOG SETTING ............................................................................................................................. 40

FIGURE 34 REBOOT WINDOW ................................................................................................................................... 41

FIGURE 35 C1N IS REBOOTING .................................................................................................................................. 41

FIGURE 36 RESET TO FACTORY DEFAULT SETTING IN WEB-ADMIN.......................................................................... 42

FIGURE 37 DETAILS OF THE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................... 43

FIGURE 38 STATUSES OF THE VAPS ......................................................................................................................... 44

FIGURE 39 2.4GHZ RADIO STATISTICS MENU .......................................................................................................... 44

FIGURE 40 2.4GHZ ASSOCIATION TABLE ................................................................................................................. 45

FIGURE 41 2.4GHZ RADIO STATISTICS PER MAC ADDRESS (DATA IS CUMULATIVE) ............................................... 46

FIGURE 42 2.4G RADIO ASSOCIATION AP LIST ........................................................................................................ 46

FIGURE 43 UPLOAD THE FIRMWARE THROUGH HTTP .............................................................................................. 48

FIGURE 44 SUCCESSFUL FIRMWARE UPDATE - WEB-ADMIN ..................................................................................... 48

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Bold

Bold type within paragraph text indicates commands, files names,
directory names, paths, output, or returned values.

Italic

Within commands, italics indicate a variable that the user must specify.
Titles of manuals or other published documents are also set in italics.

_____

Underline means that the words you have to pay attention.

Courier

The courier font indicates output or display.

[ ]

Within commands, items enclosed in square brackets are optional
parameters or values that the user can choose to specify or omit.

{ }

Within commands, item enclosed in braces are options from which the
user must choose.

|

Within commands, the vertical bar separates options.

…

An ellipsis indicates a repetition of preceding parameter.

>

The right angle bracket separates successive menu selection.

Manual Conventions

NOTE: This message denotes neutral or positive information that calls out important points

to the text. A note provides information that applies only in special cases.

Caution: Cautions call special attention to hazards that can cause system damage or

data corruption, to a lesser degree than warnings.

Warnings: Warnings call special attention to hazards that can cause system damage,

data corruption, personal injury, or death.

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1 INTRODUCTION

This manual is to summarize how to perform configuration for the ALTAI C1n Super WiFi
CPE/AP through web-admin interface.

2 C1N MODEL AND FIRMWARE VERSION

This manual is applicable for the following models and firmware version:

Product name : C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP
Model number : WA1011N-G
Firmware version: v1.0.0.x

3 GETTING START

3.1 SETUP LOCAL AREA CONNECTION ON YOUR PC

C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP can be connected with your PC in wired mode or in wireless mode. In
the followings, wired mode will be introduced. This is because the configurations are similar in
wireless mode, unless SSID has to be configured in both C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP and PC.

 RJ-45 Ethernet Cable Straight Cable has to be used if C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP and your

PC are connected by a switch or a hub.

 RJ-45 Ethernet Cable Crossover Cable has to be used if C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP and

your PC are connected directly.

Please kindly refer to the Altai C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP Installation Guide.

Start Network Configuration on your PC.

For Windows XP user,

1. Click the “start” menu and choose “Control Panel”.

2. Click “Network Connections”.

Figure 1 Control Panel in Windows XP

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3. Right-click on the “Local Area Connection” and select “Properties”.

Figure 2 Network Connections in Windows XP

4. After clicking on “Properties”, you will see the diagram as below.

Figure 3 Local Area Connection Properties in Windows XP

5. Marking the “Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)” and click the “Properties”.

6. Type in an “IP address”, for example, 192.168.1.2, which is under the same subnet as

the Default IP address of C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP (192.168.1.20).

7. Using the default “Subnet mask” (default: 255.255.255.0) setting at the first time.

8. Keep the “Default gateway” as “Blank”.

9. Keep the “Preferred DNS server” and “Alternate DNS server” as “Blank” also.

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10. Click “OK” when you finish setting and close the Window.

Figure 4 Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties in Windows XP

3.2 CHECK ACCESS

“ping” utility of DOS mode is a handy tool to check the access to the C1n Super WiFi
CPE/AP.

1. Go to DOS mode by typing “cmd” in “Run”.

2. Type command:

ping 192.168.1.20

The C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP shall respond to your ping request if it has a correct
connection with your PC.

NOTE: Using the same PC to ping different C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP may cause ping failure.
This is because the C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP have the same default IP address but different
MAC addresses. You need to type a command “arp –d” in DOS mode to clear ARP table on
PC before each ping.

4 CONFIGURATION WITH WEB-ADMIN

4.1 WEB BROWSER CONNECTION

The C1n can be accessed through a Web Browser, for example, Internet Explorer (IE).

1. Open an IE session and type the IP address of the C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP. Example:

http://192.168.1.20, where 192.168.1.20 is the C1n’s IP address. The C1n default IP

Address is 192.168.1.20. Note: the release version 1.0.0.16 only supports http format
URL link.

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Default User Name

Default Password

From version 1.0. onwards

altai

wag

2. A window will pop up, as shown in Figure 5. Enter the user name and password in the

corresponding fields. The default User Name and Password are shown in Table 1.
They are case sensitive.

Table 1 Default User Name and Password for logging in C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP

Figure 5 Enter User Name and Password

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3. A Menu Bar is located on the left hand side of the IE window. Different configurations

can be chosen through the menu bar.

Figure 6 Web-admin Login Page

4.2 CHECKING THE C1N VERSIONS

The running version can be checked by selecting About under Administration in the menu bar.
In Figure 7 Version of C1n Super WiFi CPE, it shows:

Firmware Version: v1.2.0.0

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Figure 7 Version of C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP

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4.3 SETUP – USER NAME, PASSWORD AND SYSTEM NAME

The Password and System Name can be configured by selecting System under Configuration
in the menu bar, as shown in Figure 8 System Configuration

Figure 8 System Configuration

The User Name and Password for login are mentioned in Section 4.1, but only password can be
changed by entering a new string in the field of Password. Note: it is need to re-enter to
confirm the password. Please press Change Password button to store the new password.

The System Name is the name of the C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP.

NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.

4.4 NTP CONFIGURATION

NTP is a network time protocol for the AP to synchronize the system time. There is no NTP
server IP address by default. If NTP is needed, IP address of the NTP server must be added and
C1n will synchronize with the NTP server. This measure is useful to maintain the network and
make sure all APs using the same system time by setting the same NTP server.

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Figure 9 NTP Configuration

NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.

4.5 SNMP CONFIGURATION

In the SNMP Manager, the administrator can change the Read Community and Write
Community. Access Subnet IP and Access Subnet Mask can be configured to specify the

C1n’s SNMP Manger. Notification Server IP addresses can be added for SNMP control. They
are parameters used for SNMP control between Altai C1n and AWMS system.

By enabling SNMP Manager ACL mode, the C1n will only be managed by the AWMS which IP
is located in the ACL list with correct Read Community, Write Community and SNMP IP
address.

It also supports SNMP Manager Access Control List which allows user to configure a list of
allowed SNMP manager IPs for managing the C1n. When the SNMP manger ACL mode is
enabled, only SNMP request generated from the any of configured SNMP manger on the ACL
will be handled.

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Figure 10 SNMP Configuration

NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.

4.6 TELNET

Administrator can login to the C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP by telnet command in Command
Prompt via Ethernet or WiFi. For example, to telnet C1n with IP address of 192.168.1.20; telnet
command is “telnet 192.168.1.20 2223”.

NOTE: The telnet port number is limited at 2223.

4.7 NETWORK OPERATION MODE

The default setting for the Network Operation Mode is Switch Mode. If the C1n Super WiFi
CPE/AP is set to Switch Mode, it acts as a switch and routes traffic between the DS and wireless
clients accordingly. When it is in Gateway mode, it acts as a gateway and the Local IP Address

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and Local IP Address Mask information must be entered to specify the C1n local interface for
serving the wireless client.

In Switch mode, VLAN mode is by default disabled and clients in different SSID under the
same C1n can communicate with each other. However, if VLAN is enabled, each SSID can be
edited with a specific VLAN tag value. Only clients with same VLAN tag in same or different
SSID can communicate. Moreover, in this mode, DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE configuration have
no effort.

However, in Gateway mode, the DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE configurations can be configured but
the VLAN has no effort.

In Switch mode,

 VLAN can be configured
 DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE are disabled

In Gateway mode

 VLAN is disabled
 DHCPS, NAT and PPPoE can be configured

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4.8 SWITCH MODE

4.8.1 Static IP address

In IP Assignation, there are two kinds of working mode for C1n CPE/AP: Static IP address
and DHCP Client. By default, C1n CPE/AP is set to DHCP Client under switch mode. In

Switch mode, by clicking Network Configuration in the System page, users can configure the
IP Address, Subnet Mask and Gateway Address, as shown in Figure 11 , Figure 12 and Figure

12.

Figure 11 The IP address here is the Ethernet interface of the C1n

Figure 12 DHCP client under Switch mode

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Figure 13 Static IP under switch mode

4.8.2 VLAN Configuration

Default setting of VLAN is “Disabled”. By clicking “Enabled”, VLAN can be enabled. C1n
supports VLAN to VAP mappings to provide network security.

Management VLAN is used to configure the management VLAN of C1n. C1n can only be
accessed through the specified management VLAN when VLAN is enabled. It will be ignored
when VLAN is disabled.

Native VLAN Tagging control is used to control the untagged packet when VLAN is enabled.
All the packets without VLAN tags should be sent to the VLAN with Native VLAN Tag ID.
The default setting of Native VLAN Tagging is “Disabled”. Native VLAN Tagging can be
enabled when VLAN is enabled.

NOTE: VLAN could only be modified when C1n works under AP mode.

4.8.3 DHCP Client

By default, DHCP Client is enabled; the C1n CPE/AP will acquire a dynamic IP address from a
DHCP server.

Without enabling DHCP Client, the IP Address, Subnet Mask and the Gateway Address should
be configured by the user.

NOTE: By enabling DHCP client, IP address of C1n CPE/AP is hard to predict after
rebooting the C1n. Administrator can use default IP address ‘192.168.1.20’ to access the
web-admin to maintain C1n.

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4.8.4 Static IP address

By enabling Static IP address and clicking the icon Update, the C1n CPE/AP will be fixed an
IP address by administrator after rebooting.

The IP Address, Subnet Mask and the Gateway Address should be configured by the user,

unless the user prefers using the DHCP client setting.

4.8.5 DNS Auto Update

By setting DNS Auto Update to Enabled and clicking the icon Update, the C1n Super WiFi
CPE/AP will acquire a DNS Server IP address via the DHCP Server after rebooting. User need
not to set a DNS Server IP Address manually.

Without enabling the C1n as a DHCP Client, the DNS IP Address and DNS Domain Name
should be configured by the user.

NOTE: DNS Auto Update can only be enabled when DHCP client is enabled. If the
DNS Auto Update is enabled, it must be used in conjugation with either the DHCP Client or the
PPPoE Mode being enabled. If both the DHCP Client and the PPPoE Mode are disabled then the
DNS Auto Update must also be set to Disabled.

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4.9 GATEWAY MODE

In Gateway mode, by clicking Network Configuration in the System page, users can configure
the WAN and LAN settings.

Figure 14 Network Configurations under Gateway mode

4.9.1 WAN Configuration

NAT is set to “Enabled” as default.

The settings for Static IP address and DHCP Client are similar to those in switch mode. Please
refer to the previous section for details.

4.9.1.1 WAN Interface

Default setting is "Ethernet". This control is used to specify the WAN interface. The Ethernet
interface or 5G bridge interfaces can be used as the WAN interface when VAP0 works on the
AP mode. Use the pull down menu to select either one. The 2.4G Radio Client interface is
used as the WAN interface when VAP0 works on the Station mode.

4.9.1.2 PPPoE Configuration

If PPPoE is chosen, a PPPoE login will be attempted for the PPPoE Username, PPPoE
Password and PPPoE Service Name, see Figure 15.

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Figure 15 PPPoE Configuration

NOTE: The DNS Auto Update should be set to Disable when using PPPoE. User need
to configure the DNS server IP address manually.

PPPoE Active Mode, Max Idle Time and Redial Period can be configured.

When “Connect on Demand” is selected, PPPoE will establish the connection with the remote
access concentrator only when hosts in the local subnet need to access the internet. If the
parameter is set “Keep Alive”, PPPoE will establish the connection with the remote access
concentrator upon boot-up.

Default setting of Max Idle Time is 30 minutes. Only when PPPoE works under Connect on
Demand mode, it will be disconnected if PPPoE connection has been idle for the Max Idle
Time.

When last attempt failed, C1n CPE/AP will attempt to establish the PPPoE connection at Redial
Period.

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4.9.2 LAN Configuration

In Gateway Mode, the C1n can be a DHCP server, a DHCP relay or none of them.

When the DHCP Server Mode sets to Server, the C1n will act as a DHCP server and use the
settings specified in the field Start IP Address, Maximum Number of DHCP Users and DNS to
serve the wireless clients.

1. Configure the Local IP Address and Subnet Mask Length. Local IP Address is the

gateway IP address for the client who associates C1n CPE/AP. Only the clients under
the same subnet of local IP address can get IP address from C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP.

2. Configure the Start IP Address, Maximum Number of DHCP Users, and DNS, see

Figure 16.

3. Reboot the C1n

Figure 16 Configure DHCP Server

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When the DHCP Server Mode sets to Relay, the C1n will redirect all DHCP requests from the
wireless clients to a backend DHCP server with IP address specified by the Relay Server IP
Address.

1. Configure the Relay Server IP Address, see Figure 17.

2. Reboot the C1n

Figure 17 Configure DHCP Relay Server

When the DHCP Server Mode sets to Disabled, the C1n will neither be a DHCP server nor a
DHCP Relay and hence the wireless clients CANNOT get IP addresses from the C1n CPE/AP to
access the Internet. Instead, each wireless client should set a fixed static IP address which is in
the same network domain as the C1n.

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4.9.3 Port Forwarding Configuration

In Gateway mode, the user can configure the Port Forwarding. Port Forwarding is the technique
to forward a private port to public port. The external user can reach a port on a private IP address
from the outside via C1n. This allows the remote computers to connect a specific computer with
a private LAN.

1. Configure the Private IP, Private Port, Type and Public Port, see Figure 18.

2. Choose Enable

3. Reboot the C1n

Figure 18 Configure Port Forwarding

4.9.4 DMZ Configuration

Demilitarized Zone is a physical or logical sub network that contains and exposes services to
external network. By enable DMZ zone, external user can only access client with IP configured
in DMZ IP. DMZ feature could be configured only under gateway mode and DMZ IP should be
under LAN IP subnet.

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Figure 19 DMZ Configuration

4.10 ACCESS LINK SAFE MODE/ BACKHAUL LINK SELF-HEALING

Access Link Safe Mode is for detecting the backhaul link integrity. If the AP loses its backhaul
connectivity, it forces the clients to re-associate with another AP by changing its SSID to a
default “C1n Safe Mode XXX”, where “XXX” is the MAC address of the 2.4GHz radio in
hexadecimal. This action can protect the client from connecting to a AP which has no backhaul
to the Internet end. Default Access Link Safe Mode is Disabled. Press the icon Enabled, C1n
CPE will work under Access Link Safe Mode.

In the case where multiple physical backhauls are available, the Backhaul Link Self-Healing
feature will switch to other backhaul if the current one goes down. For example, when default
backhaul is set to 5GHz Radio, once the 5GHz Bridge link is broken down, C1n Super WiFi
CPE/AP will try Ethernet end as its new backhaul. Default setting is Disabled. After enabled the
Backhaul Link Self-Healing, Default Backhaul Link can be configured.

Three different Ping Host can be added to the list for monitoring the connectivity. If either
Access Link Safe Mode or Backhaul Link Self-Healing is enabled, the AP will ping those
specified hosts periodically at the Ping Interval configured.

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4.11 SETUP – 2.4GHZ RADIO PARAMETER

The Radio Operation Mode, 2.4GHz Radio, Wireless Mode, Auto Channel Selection, Radio
Frequency (Channel), Transmit Power, Channel Bandwidth, Advanced Settings and VAP can

be configured by selecting 2.4GHz Radio under Configuration in the menu bar, as shown in
Figure 20.

Figure 20 2.4GHz Radio Parameter Configuration

The 2.4GHz Radio can be enabled or disabled by selecting 2.4GHz Radio.

Under Station, C1n will follow the master AP channel. Under AP mode, the Auto Channel
Selection is disabled by default; the C1n is fixed on Channel 6. When Enabled of Auto Channel
Selection is chosen, C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP can scan all available radio channels which are
assigned to the regulatory domain. The “cleanest” channel is then selected as the operating
channel.

NOTE: After changing frequency channel, it takes around 3 minutes for C1n to optimize
its 2.4GHz radio performance.

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2.4GHz Radio Mode

Data Rate

Channels

Radio Frequency

802.11b

11Mbps

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11

2412MHz-2462MHz

802.11b/g

54Mbps

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11

2412MHz-2462MHz

802.11ng HT20

130Mbps

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11

2412MHz-2462MHz

802.11ng HT40

300Mbps

3,4,5,6,7,8,9

2422MHz-2452MHz

4.11.1 Service Set IDentifier (SSID) and Virtual Access Point (VAP)

In order for the C1n CPE/AP and mobile clients to communicate, they must all be configured to
use the same SSID for communication both at the VAP and clients ends. SSID broadcast can be
enabled or disabled by selecting Suppress SSID. Suppress SSID is used to prevent unauthorized
users scanning for SSID while still allowing users who know the correct SSID to connect.

NOTE: Suppress SSID can be enabled only when C1n works under AP mode.

4.11.2 Wireless Mode and Radio Frequency

Altai C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP can offer 2.4GHz radio access, the following tables list the
operation mode and available frequency under the particularly wireless mode. Default setting of
AP mode radio is working on 2.4GHz 300Mbps (802.11ng HT40) and default channel is
channel 3 (2422MHz).

Table 2 2.4GHz Radio Frequency

4.11.3 Transmit Power

The value of the Transmit Power depends on both the gain of the 2.4GHz antenna and the
maximum value of the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (Max EIRP) allowed by the country
in which C1n is used. The Transmit Power should be configured within the given range as
shown in Figure 20

NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the changed settings.

4.11.4 Channel Bandwidth

There are two kinds of Channel Bandwidth, 20MHz and 10MHz.

4.11.5 Bridge Distance

This feature is used to specify the Bridge distance value in kilometers using slider or enter the
value manually. The value could be modified between 0 and 5.Changing the distance value will
change the ACK Timeout to the appropriate value of the distance in order to make C1n getting
best performance at that distance.

4.11.6 LED signal

There are 6 LEDs at the back of C1n, the 4 LEDs in the right side are used for signal strength
indication in CPE mode or AP mode. These 4 LEDs altogether can display 8 levels of signal
strength in the following manner.

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Signal level

PWR

LAN

SS1

SS2

SS3

SS4

1(Weakest)

Blink

Off

Off

Off 2 On

Off

Off

Off 3 On

Blink

Off

Off 4 On

On

Off

Off 5 On

On

Blink

Off 6 On

On

On

Off 7 On

On

On

Blink

8

On

On

On

On

Signal level

Signal range

SS1

SS2

SS3

SS4

1(Weakest)

-94 to -88

Blink

off

off

Off 2 -87 to -81

On

Off

Off

Off 3 -80 to -77

On

Blink

Off

Off 4 -76 to -73

On

On

Off

Off 5 -72 to -69

On

On

Blink

Off 6 -68 to -65

On

On

On

Off 7 -65 to -60

On

On

On

Blink

8

-60 to -55

On

On

On

On

Table 3 LED indicate method

The LED Signal indicator range could be configured from web page. The 4 signal level input
should be in ascending order form left to right. The value range of these 4 signal level is

-94~-10dBm. The default setting of LED signal threshold is -94, -80, -73 and -65. The 8
displayed signal levels are classified as:

Table 4 LED signal level

4.11.7 Advanced Radio Setting

More radio parameters can be verified and altered by selecting the Advanced icon in the field of
Advanced Setting. The parameters are shown in Figure 21.

Data Rate: Default setting is "best". When the "best" data rate is chosen, the C1n AP attempts to
deliver unicast data frames at the highest possible "optimal" data rate that allows for reliable
data transmission. If there are obstacles or interferences, the AP automatically steps down to a
lower optimal data rate. Furthermore, the optimal data rate is adjusted periodically by the AP,
based on past performance of the data transmissions at different data rates.

Fragment Threshold: It means the size of each frame. If it is set to 256 bytes and the size of
data block is 1024 bytes, the data block will be divided to four frames to send.

RTS/CTS Threshold: RTS is a flow control mechanism to prevent collision between 802.11b
and 802.11g mobile stations to send data to the access point in the same time. CTS is another
flow control mechanism to prevent collision when two mobile stations, who do not know the
existence of each other, send data to the access point in the same time. RTS and CTS are used
for point-to-multipoint bridge application and they are enabled when the threshold set to 2346.

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Number of active

VAPs

Auto Beacon Interval

(ms)

1

100

2

200

3

300

4

400

Beacon Interval: Default setting is 100 ms. The C1n AP transmits beacons for each supported

BSS, with each BSS using the same beacon interval. The beacon interval is a value between 25
and 1000 ms. The following table showed is the best suggested interval worked with the current
operated APs. Note that it is not suggested to change the parameters in Advanced Radio Settings
unless you are experienced administrators.

Table 5 Beacon Interval Table

DTIM: Default setting is 1. The DTIM interval, also known as the data beacon rate, denotes the
frequency at which AP beacon will include a DTIM. This frequency is measured in the number
of beacon intervals, and is a value between 1 and 255.

Multicast Rate: This option allows Multicast packets to be sent in higher rates (up to the 54
Mbps) than commonly used (1 Mbps at IEEE 802.11b mode, 6 Mbps at IEEE 802.11g/a mode).
This is ALTAI's C1n proprietary feature thus it may be incompatible with the devices from other
vendors. Both C1n based devices the sender (Station) and the receiver (Access Point) must have
the same Multicast Rate configured in order to achieve better multicast packet throughput
performance

Short Preamble: Default setting is "Enabled". Short preamble usage is only available for

802.11b. If this option is set to "Enabled", both short and long preamble are used. Only long
preambles are used when Short Preamble is set to ‘Disabled’.

Protection Mode: Default setting is "None". C1n turns off CTS protection under protection
mode disabled. C1n will turns on CTS protection when Protection Mode is set to ‘always’. If
Protection Mode is set to "Auto", the C1n dynamically turns on and off CTS protection
depending on whether there are any 802.11b STAs associated/any traffic from associated

802.11b STAs.

Short Slot Time: Default setting is "disable". In 802.11g mode, if this feature is enabled, the
C1n advertises and uses 9 us slot times until the first client associates that cannot support 9 us.
Then, C1n advertises and uses 20 us slot times until all the stations that cannot support 9 us have
timed out. If it is disabled, the C1n only uses long slot times. In 802.11b mode only long slot
times are used.

QoS: Default setting is "Enabled". If QoS Mode is set to "Disabled", all traffic has equal priority
and equal chance of being delivered in a timely manner. When congestion occurs, all traffic has
an equal chance of being dropped. If QoS Mode is set to "Enabled", the QoS implementation is
based on WMM, which is a subset of the 802.11e draft. It prioritizes traffic between the
AP/Bridge and wireless client device/peer bridge device, on a per VAP basis. This control
enables QoS for 2.4GHz radios.

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Figure 21 Advanced 2.4GHz Radio Setting

4.11.8 Bandwidth Control

Under 2.4GHz Radio Advance setting, administer can enable ‘Traffic shaping’. This feature
provides radio level bandwidth control in both UL & DL. This feature is disabled by default. By
enable ‘Traffic Shaping’, user can define value of Incoming Traffic Limit, Incoming Traffic
Burst, Outgoing Traffic Limit and Outgoing Traffic Burst.

Incoming Traffic Limit: Default value is 512Kbit/s. It can specify the maximum bandwidth
value for traffic passing from wireless interface to Ethernet interface.

Incoming Traffic Burst: Default value is 0Kbytes. It can specify the data volume to which
incoming Traffic Limit will not be effective afterwards data connection is initiated.

Outgoing Traffic Limit: Default value is 512Kbit/s. It can specify the maximum bandwidth
value for traffic passing from Ethernet interface to wireless interface.

Outgoing Traffic Burst: Default value is 0Kbytes. It can specify the data volume to which
outgoing Traffic Limit will not be effective afterwards data connection is initiated.

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Station Mode

System Mode

VAP0 working mode

WDS status

NAT mode

Gateway mode

Station mode

Disabled

WDS mode

Switch mode

Station mode

Enabled

MAT mode

Switch mode

Station mode

Disabled

Figure 22 Bandwidth Control Configuration

4.11.9 Station Mode

Under VAP web-site interface, AP mode and Station mode can be chosen. By default, C1n is
set to Station, and backhaul link can be established through associating the Station VAP with
the remote APs. That means Station VAP works as backhaul link, clients can connect with C1n
by Ethernet end. The Security configuration should match to the remote SSID security type and
pass phase.

There are three different station modes: NAT mode, WDS mode and MAC address
translation mode (MAT mode).

When station works in NAT mode, C1n works in Gateway mode and the Station mode VAP is
enabled. Repeater works in WDS mode when WDS is enabled and C1n works in Station mode.
The MAT mode can be enabled when C1n runs in Switch mode and WDS is disabled.

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Table 6 Repeater Mode Setting Method

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Figure 23 Station Mode Configuration

4.11.10 2.4G Radio Channel Scanning and Channel Scan List

Under Station Mode, C1n will automatically scans neighboring AP SSID by clicking Scan icon.
Channel scanning result is list on the web-page, as shown in Figure 24 2.4G Radio Channel
Scanning. The channel scan results includes: SSID, MAC address, Security, Signal Strength
and Channel. Administrator can choose the appropriate SSID as C1n station mode wireless
backhaul.

User can select one of choices on the list for C1n association. By enable ‘Channel Scan List’,
C1n will scan the surrounding AP working in the predefined channel list in ‘Selecting Channel’
only.

Figure 24 2.4G Radio Channel Scanning

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4.11.11 Lock to AP MAC and Min. AP Signal

The “Lock to AP Mac” function is used to allow the CPE to maintain connection to a particular
AP with a specific MAC under Station mode. With AP lock on, the CPE will lock to the defined
MAC address and no roam between several Access Points with the same SSID. The MAC
address will be automatically filled in when user chooses the preferred SSID from scanning list.

Min AP signal can be configured under station mode VAP. C1n measure the signal strength of
remote SSID. Station mode VAP can only associate to remote SSID with higher signal strength
than min AP signal threshold. Default Min.ap signal Strength value is "-94". The value can be
set from -94 to -10.

The MAC address of the preferred AP can be inputted, if the AP is found and the signal strength
is higher than the min.ap signal strength, the C1n will connect to the AP. If the C1n received
signal is lower than the min.ap signal strength and does not have the Lock MAC address set, it
will connect to another AP with same broadcast SSID.

4.11.12 AP Mode

By clicking AP, user can switch C1n from Station mode to AP mode. When C1n works under
AP mode, C1n is as an access point. Clients can associate to C1n with wired backhaul. Under
AP mode there are 4 VAP, each of the VAPs can be set to different SSID, security and
encryption.

Figure 25 AP mode Setting

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Figure 26 AP mode VAP Setting

4.11.13 VLAN Tag

VLAN can be enabled by adding different VLAN Tag ID. The traffic will pass through the
specific VLAN switch port when VLAN is enabled.

Each VAP setting (including SSID) can be altered by selecting Edit. The setting of each VAP is
shown in Error! Reference source not found.. The default SSID for each VAP ID is Altai
Wireless Network. VLAN Tag can also be set here.

NOTE: VLAN Tag can be enabled only when C1n works under AP mode.

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4.11.14 Access Control List (ACL)

By selecting Access Configurations, a window, as shown in Figure 27 ACL, is brought up for
choosing the ACL mode, adding MAC Address with ACL Type (Allow or Deny).

There are three modes in the Access Control List (ACL). They are Disabled, Enabled-Allow and
Strict-Deny:

1. Disabled

- The function of ACL is disabled.

2. Enabled–Allow

- The function of ACL is enabled.

- The MAC addresses which are specified in the ACL will consider as Allow.

- i.e. No computer can access to the base station, unless the computer which has an

MAC address matches one of the entries of the ACL with its ACL Type is Allow.

3. Enabled–Deny

- The function of ACL is enabled.

- The MAC addresses which are specified in the ACL will consider as Deny.

- i.e. Every computer can access to the base station, unless the computer which has

an MAC address matches one of the entries of the ACL with its ACL Type is
Deny.

Figure 27 ACL

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4.11.15 Encryption and Authentication

By selecting Security Configurations, a window, as shown in Figure 28, is brought up for
choosing the Authentication Mode and Cipher Mode.

Figure 28 2.4GHz Radio Security Configuration

After selecting Open or Shared-Key for Authentication Mode, WEP for Cipher Mode, the WEP
key settings can be defined as shown in Figure 29.

Figure 29 WEP Key Settings

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WPA/WPA2 or WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK can be enabled by selecting WPA/WPA2 or
WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK for Authentication Mode. The AES and TKIP are the two available

options for Cipher Mode. The related settings are shown in Figure 28, Figure 32 and Figure 32
respectively.

NOTE: Click the Update icon to store the WEP or WPA settings.

Figure 30 WPA-AES Settings

RADIUS server is used for authentication. C1n can store separate RADIUS server address for
each VAP. It is only visible when the Authentication Mode is set to “WPA”. The default setting
of RADIUS server port is 1812. RADIUS secret shared password between the RADIUS server
and C1n CPE/AP. A password up to 128 characters long can be added. The VLAN IP address
and VLAN Subnet Mask configured on the VAP security web page will be used only when C1n
runs in the following conditions.

1. C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP runs in switch mode and VLAN is enabled.

2. The VAP does not belong to native VLAN.

3. The authentication mode is WPA

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Figure 31 WPA-TKIP Settings

Figure 32 WPA-PSK Settings

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Digit

Kernel Log Level

0

KERNER_EMERG

1

KERNER_ALERT

2

KERNER_CRIT

3

KERNER_ERR

4

KERNER_WARNING

5

KERNER_NOTICE

6

KERNER_INFO

7

KERNER_DEBUG

4.12 SYSTEM LOG

C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP supports event logs for diagnostic purpose. The System Log can be
chosen under the System Log in the menu bar. Administrator can classify system log by
configuring digit of Kernel Log Level. The following from lists Kernel log level which is
presented by digits.

Table 7 Kernel Log Level

System Log allows C1n sending system log messages into a System Log server instantaneously
to the IP address of the System Log Server. Administrator could choose either Local System
Log Server or Remote System Log Server. When System Log To Local is enabled, the system
message is send to Local System Log Server and listed on the Web-Admin Interface. Click the
Browser button will load the system messages stored in the AP buffer. By typing remote
System Log server IP address in System Log to Remote IP field, C1n will send System
messages to remote server.

NOTE: All event logs will be lost after A8 is rebooted.

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Figure 33 System Log Setting

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4.13 REBOOT

System reboot of C1n CPE/AP can be chosen by selecting Reboot under Administration in the
menu bar. It is required to select Reboot Device to confirm this action, as shown in Figure 34
Reboot Window.

When the C1n CPE/AP is rebooting, a message “Please wait… Device is Rebooting” is
shown on the window, as shown in Figure 35 C1n is Rebooting. It will take about 20 seconds
for C1n to boot up.

Figure 34 Reboot Window

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Figure 35 C1n is Rebooting

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4.14 RESTORE CONFIGURATION TO DEFAULT SETTING

Restoring configuration to factory default can be achieved by hardware reset or software reset.
For software reset, the choices of factory default can be chosen by selecting Factory Default
under Administrations in the menu bar.

The default settings (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway Address and Remote

Bridge Configurations are retained) can be restored by selecting the icon Reset to Factory
Default (address retained) or Reset to Factory Default, as shown in Figure 36 Reset to

Factory Default Setting in Web-admin. Please reboot the C1n CPE/AP afterwards.

Note: after resetting to factory default without address retained, please type

<http://192.168.1.20> to open C1n CPE/AP web-admin.

Figure 36 Reset to Factory Default Setting in Web-admin

For hardware reset, a reset button can be found next to the Ethernet port on C1n. First, make
sure the C1n is already powered up. Then, press and hold the C1n reset button until the power
LED turns off. Hardware reset will reset the C1n to factory default without retaining IP

address.

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5 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT MONITORING IN WEB-ADMIN

5.1 SYSTEM

The statistics can be monitored by selecting System under Status in the menu bar. All details
are shown on the window, as shown in Figure .

Figure 37 Details of the system

When C1n works as a Access Point, the status of each VAP can be shown by clicking Vap under
the field of 2.4GHz Radio, as shown in Figure .

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Figure 38 Statuses of the Vaps

5.2 2.4GHZ STATISTICS

The 2.4GHz radio statistics can be monitored by selecting 2.4GHz Statistics under the field of

Status in the menu bar, as shown in Figure .

The Address Lease Table shows the Client MAC Address, Client IP Address of each end user.

Figure 39 2.4GHz Radio Statistics Menu

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Status

Description

ID

Station ID, a number randomly generated by C1n
to represent a mobile client

Mac Address

Station Mac Address

RSSI

Receiver Signal Strength

VAP

Virtual Access Point ID Number that the mobile
client associates to

5.3 2.4GHZ ASSOCIATION CLIENT

The 2.4GHz radio association can be monitored by selecting 2.4GHz Association Client under
the field of Status in the menu bar. The 2.4GHz Association Table shows the ID, Mac Address,
RSSI, and VAP of each station as shown in Figure . A more detailed 2.4GHz Association
Statistic of each station can be brought up by selecting the related Mac Address as shown in
Figure 41.

Table 8 2.4GHz Client Association Status

NOTE: The association page would be refreshed for every 15 seconds

Figure 40 2.4GHz Association Table

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Figure 41 2.4GHz Radio Statistics per MAC Address (data is cumulative)

5.4 2.4GHZ ASSOCIATION AP

The 2.4GHz radio association can be monitored by selecting 2.4GHz Association Client under
the field of Status in the menu bar.

Figure 42 2.4G Radio Association AP List

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6 SOFTWARE UPGRADE THROUGH WEB-ADMIN

The firmware can be upgraded by selecting Firmware Update under the field of

Administrations in the menu bar respectively. Please note that the connection link should be

maintained during file transfer to prevent interruption to the system.

6.1 FIRMWARE UPDATE THROUGH HTTP OR HTTPS

Follow the steps below to perform the Firmware Update with a firmware image file (.bin) in
local directory through HTTP or HTTPS.

1. Click the Browse… bottom to bring up a file chooser dialog which you can specify the

name and location of the firmware image you want to import.

2. Click the Update Firmware bottom to start uploading the new firmware from the local

directory, see Figure .

3. If the firmware upgrade is successful, a window will appear as Figure 44 Successful

Firmware Update - Web-admin. C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP will reboot automatically.

4. Type in URL with http://<ip address of C1n>, note ‘http’ can not link to the web admin

of C1n under the new firmware version.

5. After the C1n reboots, check the firmware version by selecting About under the field of

Administrations in the menu bar, as discussed in Section 4.2, to ensure the expected

firmware is uploaded.

6. Select Factory Default under the field Administrations in the menu bar and click Reset

to Factory Default (address retained) or Reset to Factory Default to make the default

settings effective. Note: If press Reset to Factory Default with address retained, the IP
address of C1n web-admin will not be changed after rebooting the AP. While Reset to

Factory Default is chosen, IP address of C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP will be changed into

192.168.1.20 .

7. Click the icon REBOOT AP to reboot the C1n Super WiFi CPE/AP.

Warning: The C1n Access Point will not be working properly if there is some mistaken in the
upgrade process. You are NOT advised to perform firmware upgrade if you have not received
any training from ALTAI or its partners.

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Figure 43 Upload the Firmware through HTTP

Figure 44 Successful Firmware Update - Web-admin

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7 FREQUENCY ASK QUESTION

Q1) Before any configuration, why my computer cannot access to C1n web page?

 Make sure C1n Power LED lights green
 Make sure C1n Ethernet LED lights green
 Make sure your computer LAN Connection IP address is configured as 192.168.1.2. The IP

address of your LAN can be found in LAN connection status.

First, click Start -> Control Panel -> Network Connections. Double click on Local Area

Connection. Under General tab, the Status should be displayed as Connected. If not, please

check the network cable connection or replace the network cable.

Then, click on Support tab. Address type should be Manually Configured and it shows the IP

address.

 Make sure your computer can ping to C1n.

First, click Start -> Accessories -> Command Prompt.

Second, type ping 192.168.1.20

If the connection is successful, the result should be shown as the following:

If the ping result appears request timed out, please verify the network cable connection.

Q2) Why C1n CPE mode cannot associate to my AP?

 Verify the connection status by clicking on 2.4GHz associated AP
 Make sure C1n is configured as station mode
 Verify the SSID, authentication and cipher mode are correctly configured.
 Make sure the AP side MAC address filter has included the C1n 2.4GHz radio MAC

address or the filter is disabled.

 Verify the network cable between C1n and laptop is working properly.

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Q3) Why my laptop cannot access to Internet through C1n CPE mode?

 Verify the connection status by clicking on 2.4GHz associated AP
 Check if WDS is enabled on AP side. If WDS is not enabled and it is not used, WDS

should be disabled on C1n. Otherwise, WDS should be enabled on AP side. Please notice
that WDS has to be enabled for certain applications.

 Check if the C1n is associated to AP on AP connection client
 Check it the AP is already accessible to Internet.

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8 GLOSSARY

802.1q IEEE 802.1Q was a project in the IEEE 802 standards process to develop a mechanism

to allow multiple bridged networks to transparently share the same physical network link
without leakage of information between networks (i.e. trunking). IEEE 802.1Q is also the
name of the standard issued by this process, and in common usage the name of the encapsulation
protocol used to implement this mechanism over Ethernet networks. This protocol allows for
individual VLANs to communicate with one another with the use of a layer-3 (network) router.

802.11 802.11 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN
technology. 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base
station or between two wireless clients. The IEEE accepted the specification in 1997.

802.11a An extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in
the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
encoding scheme rather than Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) or Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum.

802.11b Also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi. It is an extension to 802.11 that
applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1
Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the
original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet.

802.11e A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) specification for
enhancements to the 802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) to improve and manage Quality of
Service (QoS), provide Classes of Service (CoS), and enhanced security and authentication
mechanisms.

802.11g The 802.11g specification is a standard for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
that offers transmission over relatively short distances at up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps),
compared with the 11 Mbps theoretical maximum with the earlier 802.11b standard. Networks
employing 802.11g operate at radio frequencies between 2.400 GHz and 2.4835 GHz, the same
band as 802.11b. But the 802.11g specification employs Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), the modulation scheme used in 802.11a, to obtain higher data speed.
Computers or terminals set up for 802.11g can fall back to speeds of 11 Mbps. This feature
makes 802.11b and 802.11g devices compatible within a single network. Modification of an

802.11b access point to 802.11g compliance usually involves only a firmware upgrade.

802.11i A supplement to the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) specification for enhanced
security through the use of stronger encryption protocols such as the Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP) and AES Counter-Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code
Protocol (AES-CCMP). These protocols provide replay protection, cryptographically keyed
integrity checks, and key derivation based on the IEEE 802.1X port authentication standard.

ACL Access Control List: It is a table that tells a computer operating system which access
rights each user has to a particular system object, such as a file directory or individual file.

ad-hoc mode An 802.11 networking framework in which devices or stations communicate
directly with each other, without the use of an Access Point (AP). Ad-hoc mode is also
referred to as peer-to-peer mode or an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). Ad-hoc mode is
useful for establishing a network where wireless infrastructure does not exist or where services
are not required.

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antenna gain The measure of an antenna assembly performance relative to a theoretical
antenna, called an isotropic radiator (radiator is another term for antenna). Certain antenna
designs feature higher performance relative to vectors or frequencies.

AP Access Point: A hardware unit that acts as a communication hub by linking wireless
mobile 802.11 stations such as PCs to a wired backbone network. A Trapeze Networks
Mobility System has Mobility Point APs.

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange: An 8-bit code for representing
characters, consisting of 7 data bits plus 1 parity bit.

association The relationship established between mobile (wireless) stations and a wireless AP
(AP) in which the stations receive services from the AP.

bandwidth The gap between the highest and lowest frequencies employed by network signals.
More commonly, it refers to the rated throughput capacity of a network protocol or medium.
The frequency range necessary to convey a signal measured in units of hertz (Hz).

broadcast A data frame or packet that is transmitted to every node on the local network
segment (as defined by the broadcast domain). Broadcasts are known by their broadcast
address, which is a destination network and host address with all the bits turned on.

channel Communication path wide enough to permit a single RF transmission. Multiple
channels can be multiplexed over a single cable in certain environments.

dB decibels: Unit for measuring relative power ratios in terms of gain or loss. Units are
expressed in terms of the logarithm to base 10 of a ratio and typically are expressed in watts.
dB is not an absolute value, rather it is the measure of power lost or gained between two devices.
Because antennas and other RF devices/systems commonly have power gains or losses on the
orders of magnitude or even orders of four orders of magnitude, dB is a more easily used
expression.

dBd decibels over Dipole: A relative gain measurement with respect to a half wave dipole (0
dBd = 2.14 dBi) using a standard dipole antenna as a reference.

dBi dBi referenced to an isotropic antenna, which theoretically is perfect in terms of
symmetric patterns of radiation. Real world antennas do not perform with even nominal
amounts of symmetry, but this effect generally is used to the advantage of the system designer.

dBm decibels per Milliwatt: 0 dBm is defined as 1 mw at 1 kHz of frequency at 600 ohms of
impedance.

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: Provides a mechanism for allocating IP
addresses dynamically so that addresses can be reused when hosts no longer need them.

DNS Domain Name Server: System used on the Internet for translating names of network
nodes into addresses.

DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: One of two types of spread spectrum radio
technology used in wireless LAN (WLAN) transmissions. To increase a data signal's
resistance to interference, the signal at the sending station is combined with a higher-rate bit
sequence that spreads the user data in frequency by a factor equal to the spreading ratio.

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EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power: Term for the expression of the performance of an
antenna in a given direction relative to the performance of a theoretical (isotropic) antenna and is
expressed in watts or dBW. EIRP is the sum of the power sent to the antenna plus antenna
gain.

encryption The conversion of information into a scrambled form that effectively disguises it
to prevent unauthorized access. Every encryption scheme uses some well-defined algorithm,
which is reversed at the receiving end by an opposite algorithm in a process known as
decryption.

Ethernet Baseband LAN specification invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly
by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD and
run over a variety of cable types at 10 Mbps. Ethernet is similar to the IEEE 802.3 series of
standards.

FastRoamingTM The Trapeze Mobility System feature that quickly hands off a roaming user's

credentials. Mobility Exchanges in a Trapeze Mobility Domain pass each other this vital user
information to permit seamless roaming. This allows 802.1X and non-802.1X,
MAC-authenticated devices, such as 802.11 phones, to roam quickly between Mobility
Exchanges.

FCC Federal Communications Commission: U.S. government agency that supervises, licenses,
and controls electronic and electromagnetic transmission standards. The FCC Rules in Title 47
of the Code of Federal Regulations govern telecommunications in the United States. Wireless
LANs must comply with Part 15 of the FCC rules, which are written specifically for RF devices.

firmware Software instructions set permanently or semipermanently in ROM.

FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum: One of two types of spread spectrum radio

technology used in wireless LAN (WLAN) transmissions. The FHSS technique modulates the
data signal with a narrowband carrier signal that “hops” in a predictable sequence from
frequency to frequency as a function of time over a wide band of frequencies. Interference is
reduced, because a narrowband interferer affects the spread spectrum signal only if both are
transmitting at the same frequency at the same time. The transmission frequencies are
determined by a spreading (hopping) code. The receiver must be set to the same hopping code
and must listen to the incoming signal at the proper time and frequency to receive the signal.

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array: An FPGA is a specially made digital semiconductor
often used for prototyping. With an FPGA, a design engineer is able to program electrical
connections on site for a specific application, without paying thousands of dollars to have the
chip manufactured in mass quantities.

FTP File Transfer Protocol: Defined in RFC 959, it is a Application protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP protocol stack, used for transferring files between network nodes.

gateway In the IP community, an older term referring to a routing device. Today, the term
router is used to describe nodes that perform this function, and gateway refers to a
special-purpose device that performs an application-layer conversion of information from one
protocol stack to another.

handoff The process of transferring the handling of that cellular call to the new base station.

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host address Logical address configured by an administrator or server on a device.
Logically identifies this device on an internetwork.

https Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer: An Internet protocol developed
by Netscape to encrypt and decrypt network connections to web servers. Built into all secure
browsers, HTTPS uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol as a sublayer under the regular
HTTP application layer, and uses port 443 instead of HTTP Port 80 in its interactions with the
lower layer, TCP/IP.

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol: Defined in RFC 792, it is a Network layer Internet
protocol that reports errors and provides other information relevant to IP packet processing.

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: An American professional society
whose standards for the computer and electronics industry often become national or international
standards. In particular, the IEEE 802 standards for LANs are widely followed.

infrastructure network In an infrastructure network, all communications are relayed through
an AP (AP). Wireless devices can communicate with each other or with a wired network.
The network is defined by the distance of mobile stations from the AP, but no restriction is
placed on the distance between stations. Stations must request association with the AP to
obtain network services, which the AP can grant or deny based on the contents of the association
request. Like most corporate wireless LANs (WLANs), which must access a wired LAN for
file servers and printers, Trapeze Networks Mobility System is an infrastructure network.

IP Internet Protocol: Defined in RFC 791, it is a Network Layer protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP stack and allows connectionless service. IP furnishes an array of features for
addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security.

IP address Often called an “Internet address”, this is an address uniquely identifying any
device (host) on the Internet (or any TCP/IP network). Each address consists of four octets (32
bits), represented as decimal numbers separated by periods (a format known as
“dotted-decimal”). Every address is made up of a network number, an optional subnetwork
number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together are used for
routing, while the host number addresses an individual host within the network or subnetwork.
The network and subnetwork information is extracted from the IP address by using the subnet
mask. There are five classes of IP addresses (A-E), which allocate different numbers of bits to
the network, subnetwork, and host portions of the address.

LOS Line Of Sight: Refers to the fact that there must be a clear, unobstructed path between
the transmitters and receivers. This is essential for our LMDS products and enhances general
performance in every RF deployment as opposed to partial or completely obstructed data paths.
The opposite to LOS is NLOS, or Non Line Of Sight.

MAC address Media Access Control address: A Data Link Layer hardware address that every
port or device needs to connect to a LAN segment. These addresses are used by various
devices in the network for accurate location of logical addresses. MAC addresses are defined
by the IEEE standard, and their length is six characters, typically using the burned-in address
(BIA) of the local LAN interface. Variously called “hardware address”, “physical address”,
“burned-in address” or “MAC-layer address”.

MTU Maximum Transmission Unit: The largest packet size, measured in bytes, that an
interface can handle.

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NAT Network Address Translation: An algorithm instrumental in minimizing the requirement
for globally unique IP addresses, permitting an organization whose addresses are not all globally
unique to connect to the Internet, regardless, by translating those addresses into globally routable
address space.

NLOS Non Line Of Sight. Also known as obstructed path or pathway.

noise Undesirable communications channel signals.

NTP Network Time Protocol: Protocol built on top of TCP that ensures accurate local

time-keeping with reference to radio and atomic clocks located on the Internet. This protocol is
capable of synchronizing distributed clocks within milliseconds over long time periods.

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: A technique that splits a wide
frequency band into a number of narrow frequency bands and sends data across the subchannels.
The wireless networking standards 802.11a and 802.11g are based on OFDM.

open system authentication The sender and the recipient do not share a secret key. Each
party generates its own key-pair and asks the receiver to accept the (usually randomly) generated
key. Once accepted, this key is used for a short time only, then a new key is generated and
agreed upon. So, it is a two-step authentication method, in which sender first sends its identity
and in response of that it gets the authentication results.

ping Packet Internet Groper: ICMP echo message and its reply. Often used in IP networks to
test the reach ability of a network device.

PoE Power over Ethernet: A technology, defined in the developing IEEE 802.3af standard, to
deliver dc power over twisted-pair Ethernet data cables rather than power cords. The electrical
current, which enters the data cable at the power-supply end and comes out at the device end, is
kept separate from the data signal so neither interferes with the other.

Remote Bridge A bridge located on a network system separate from the host system.

RF Radio Frequency: Any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with

radio wave propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic
field is created that then is able to propagate through space. Many wireless technologies are
based on RF field propagation.

RFC Request For Comments: Document series used as the primary means for communicating
information about the Internet. Some RFCs are designated by the IAB as Internet standards.
Most RFCs document protocol specifications, such as Telnet and FTP, but some are humorous
or historical. RFCs are available online from numerous sources.

shared key authentication Shared key authentication supports authentication of STAs as
either a member of those who know a shared secret key or a member of those who do not.
Shared key authentication accomplishes this with the use of the WEP privacy mechanism.
Therefore, this authentication scheme is only available if the WEP option is implemented. The
required secret, shared key is presumed to have been delivered to participating STAs via a
secure channel that is independent of IEEE 802.11. During the shared key authentication
exchange, both the challenge and the encrypted challenge are transmitted. This facilitates
unauthorized discovery of the pseudorandom number (PRN) sequence for the key/IV pair used
for the exchange. Implementations should therefore avoid using the same key/IV pair for
subsequent frames.

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SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol: SNMP forms part of the Internet Protocol
suite, as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It is a Network management
protocol used almost exclusively in TCP/IP networks. SNMP provides a means to monitor and
control network devices, and to manage configurations, statistics collection, performance, and
security.

SNMP2 Simple Network Management Protocol Version 2: Version 2 of the popular network
management protocol. SNMP2 supports centralized as well as distributed network
management strategies, and includes improvements in the SMI, protocol operations,
management architecture, and security.

SSID Service Set Identifier: A 32-character (maximum) unique identifier attached to the
header of packets sent over a WLAN that acts as a password when a mobile device tries to
connect to the Basic Service Set.

STP Spanning-Tree Protocol: Bridge protocol that uses the spanning-tree algorithm, enabling
a learning bridge to dynamically work around loops in a network topology by creating a
spanning tree. Bridges exchange BPDU messages with other bridges to detect loops, and then
remove the loops by shutting down selected bridge interfaces. Refers to both the IEEE 802.1
Spanning-Tree Protocol standard and the earlier Digital Equipment Corporation Spanning-Tree
Protocol upon which it is based. The IEEE version supports bridge domains and allows the
bridge to construct a loop-free topology across an extended LAN. The IEEE version generally
is preferred over the Digital version.

subnet mask A 32-bit address mask used in IP to identify the bits of an IP address that are
used for the subnet address. Using a mask, the router does not need to examine all 32 bits, only
those selected by the mask.

telnet The standard terminal emulation protocol within the TCP/IP protocol stack. Defined
in RFC 854, it is a method of remote terminal connection, enabling users to log in to remote
networks and use those resources as if they were locally connected.

throughput Rate of information arriving at, and possibly passing through, a particular point in
a network system.

VAP Virtual Access Point: It is a logical entity that exists within a physical Access Point (AP).
When a single physical AP supports multiple “Virtual APs”, each Virtual AP appears to stations
(STAs) to be an independent physical AP, even though only a single physical AP is present.

VLAN Virtual LAN: Group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured (using
management software) so that they can communicate as if they were attached to the same wire,
when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because VLANs are
based on logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.

VLAN tag It works by tagging each frame, i.e. an Ethernet header extension that enlarges the
header from 14 to 18 bytes. The VLAN tag contains the VLAN ID and priority.

WDS can preserve the MAC address of client packets across links between accent points. WDS
have to be enabled when repeater AP WDS is enabled.

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WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy: A security protocol for wireless local area networks
(WLANs) defined in the 802.11b standard. WEP is designed to provide the same level of
security as that of a wired LAN. LANs are inherently more secure than WLANs because
LANs are somewhat protected by the physicalities of their structure, having some or all part of
the network inside a building that can be protected from unauthorized access. WLANs, which
are over radio waves, do not have the same physical structure and therefore are more vulnerable
to tampering. WEP aims to provide security by encrypting data over radio waves so that it is
protected as it is transmitted from one end point to another. However, it has been found that
WEP is not as secure as once believed. WEP is used at the two lowest layers of the OSI model

- the data link and physical layers; it therefore does not offer end-to-end security.

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity: Wi-Fi is a label for devices conforming to the IEEE 802.11b standard
for WLAN. The IEEE 802.11b standard has been published by the IEEE, which does not
perform conformance testing. In order to establish such a conformance testing process, the
Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly known as WECA) has been formed, which tests devices for
conformance with the IEEE 802.11b standard and issues the Wi-Fi label for conforming devices.

WME Wireless Multimedia Extensions: Also known as Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM), it is a
Wi-Fi Alliance interpretability certification, based on the IEEE 802.11e draft standard. It
provides basic Quality of service (QoS) features to IEEE 802.11 networks. WMM prioritizes
traffic according to 4 AC (Access Categories) - voice, video, best effort and background.
However, it does not provide guaranteed throughput. It is suitable for simple applications that
require QoS, such as Wi-Fi Voice over IP (VoIP) phone.

WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access: WPA was created by the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2002, in part out of
impatience with the slow-moving IEEE 802.11i standard. The industry consortium’s
consensus was that an alternative to WEP was needed quickly, and WPA was the result. To
avoid multiple standards and conflicts later on, WPA was designed from the get-go to be
compatible with IEEE 802.11i and was based on its early draft specifications.

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